Vol.41 1/2013 Skopje, Macedonia

RESEARCH IN KINESIOLOGY

RIK Vol. 41 No. 1 pp. 1 - 130 Skopje, 2013

UDC 796 ISSN 1857-7679

RESEARCH IN KINESIOLOGY International Journal of Kinesiology and Other Related Sciences

RIK Vol. 41 No. 1 pp. 1-130 Skopje, 2013

CONTENTS

Podstawski Robert, Borysławski Krzysztof and Choszcz Dariusz (Original scientific paper) SECULAR TRENDS OBSERVED IN ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS ACCOUNTING FOR THE PLACE OF PERMANENT RESIDENCE...... 4-11 Evagelia Boli, Dragan Popović, Jasna Popović, Zoran Savić and Miloš Popović (Original scientific paper) THE MEASURES OF THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE LATENT DIMENSIONS’ RELIABILITY OBTAINED BY THE SEMIORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS...... 12-22 Aleksandar Naumovski, Sladjan Karaleić, Zoran Savić, Vesko Milenković, Veselin Bunčić, Mladen Živković (Original scientific paper) CONTRIBUTION TO THE EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SOME DIMENSIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS ON SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE OF SPORTS ELEMENTS...... 23-32 Slaviša Djurdjević1, Vladimir Velicković, Ivana Mladenović Cirić and Gordana Dedić (Original scientific paper) KINESIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT MUSCLE GROUP PER SPORTSMAN PARACHUTIST JUMP...... 33-36 Kanwaljeet Singh and Gurpreet Singh (Original scientific paper) NORMATIVE SCALES FOR STUDENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION...... 37-43

RIK, (1), 2013 1 Saša Milenković, Saša Bubanj, Mladen Živković, Dobrica Živković, Radoslav Bubanj, Ivana Ćirić-Mladenović, and Slobodan Stojiljković

(Original scientific paper) A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POSTURAL STATUS IN TWO ELITE ATHLETES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY...... 44- 54

Ratko Pavlović1, Jelica Stojanović and Nataša Branković (Original scientific paper) RELATIONSHIP IN ABDOMINAL MUSCLE FORCE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS...... 55-60 Milica Mitrović, Petar Mitić, Milena Belić3 and Ivana Zubić (Original scientific paper) COMPARISON OF DIMENSIONS OF SELF-CONCEPT AMONG STUDENTS OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING...... 61-68 Ivana Zubić, Dušan Todorović and Petar Mitić (Original scientific paper) EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE AND AGGRESSION WITHIN STUDENTS OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND STUDENTS OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING...... 69-75 Vuk Stevanović (Original scientific paper) RELATION SHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG JUDOISTS...... 76-82 Slaviša Djurdjević, Vladimir Velicković, Ivana Mladenović Cirić and Gordana Dedić (Original scientific paper) REVIEWING OF MELOXICAM CONCENTRATION APPLICATED PERORALY AND BY ELECTROPHORESIS ON INJURIED KNEE ANKLE OF PARACHUTISTS...... 83-86 Ibri Lulzim (Original scientific paper) CANONICAL RELATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG FOOTBAL PLAYERS...... 87-91 Anna T. Bozhkova (Research note) PLAYING EFFICIENCY OF THE BEST VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN THE WORLD...... 92-95 Natasha Meshkovska (Research note) STRUCTURE OF SOME RELEVANT BIOMEHANICAL PARAMETERS AND RELATIONS WITH SUCCESS IN THE WOMAN’S SWIMMING DISCIPLINE 200 METERS FREESTYLE STROKE ...... 96-100 Nevenka Zrnzević, Ljubiša Lilić and Jovana Zrnzević (Research note) CONTRIBUTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULA TO THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES DEVELOPMENT...... 101-105 Astrit Iseni (Research note) INFLUENCE OF SOME MOTOR SKILLS IN 10-14 AGE KARATE ATHLETES ON SUCCESSFUL 20 AND 60 METERS SPRINT RUNNING ...... 106-110 Stefaniya Belomazheva-Dimitrova (Review) ELBOW STIFFNESS – NATURE AND ETHIOPATHOGENESIS...... 111-116

RIK, (1), 2013 2 Dimitar E. Obreshkov (Preliminary communication) TEACHING FOREIGN STUDENTS – PARTICIPANTS IN PROFILED FITNESS GROUPS ...... 117-120 Andrijana Zafirovska and Borče Daskalovski (Preliminari communication) RELATIONS BETWEEN SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SITUATION- MOTORIC KNOWLEDGE SMASH FROM THE ZONE 4 FOR THE WOMEN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN THE AGE OF 14-18...... 121-123 Borče Daskalovski, Andrijana Zafirovska and Daniela Shukova-Stojmanovska (Preliminari communication) VALUE OF BMI (BODY MASS INDEX) IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS OF BC VARDAR –SKOPJE...... 124-126

RIK, (1), 2013 3 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 4 -11

SECULAR TRENDS OBSERVED IN ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS ACCOUNTING FOR THE PLACE OF PERMANENT RESIDENCE (Original scientific paper)

Podstawski Robert1, Borysławski Krzysztof 2 and Choszcz Dariusz3 1University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Study Centre for Physical Education & Sport Olsztyn, Poland 2Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Wrocław, Poland 3University of Warmia & Mazury, Chair of Foundations of Safety, Faculty of Technical Science, Olsztyn, Poland

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the rate and direction of changes in the level of anaerobic performance observed among first year students enrolled at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, accounting for their place of permanent residence. The research was conducted biannually over the years 2000-2006, during the obligatory P.E. classes. The research group consisted of 1,143 full-time students aged 19-21 (2000 – 499, 2002 – 337, 2004 – 155, and 2006 – 152). Four indirect anaerobic trials were applied, i.e., the standing long jump, sit ups – 30 s, 4x10 m shuttle run, and skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s. Statistically significant linear trends indicating a decrease in the students’ level of anaerobic abilities were observed in three trials, and found to be dependent on the place of permanent residence. These were: the standing long jump for village residents, sit ups – 30 s for village residents and students residing in big towns, and skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s for residents of small towns. The changes therefore pertained only to students who came from places with a population of less than 50,000 inhabitants.

Keywords: secular changes, anaerobic abilities, male students, urbanization status anaerobic tests, variance analysis method, regression analysis

INTRODUCTION 1999). Such an approach is not fully justified because, The opinions about secular trends concerning from the practical point of view, in most sport disciplines the motor fitness of children and youth vary. Some the human body has to constantly repeat short sequences authors think that the level of motor fitness has recently of movements, which involve acceleration, slowing decreased, whilst others have not observed any changes. down, and the change of direction (Balsom, Ekblom, & According to Tomkinson fewer than two studies per year Sjodin, 1994). In many sports, athletes are required to are devoted to secular trends of children’s motor fitness perform short, all out sprints (approx. 10 s), separated (Tomkinson, 2007). Moreover, most of the published by short breaks (< 30 s) often referred to as repeated- studies are superficial, i.e., they do not account for sprint ability (RSA), and connected rather with agility environmental factors (Tomkinson, Olds, & Gulbin, than strictly speed (Dawson, Fitzsimons, & Ward, 1993; 2003). Tomkinson et al., also note that most of the Wadley & Le Rossignol, 1998; Spencer, et al., 2006). research refers to the changes in endurance (aerobic) Various interpretations and classifications of abilities (Tomkinson, Hamlin, & Olds, 2006), and very anaerobic abilities (Hirtz, Hummel, & Rostock, 1985; few research articles concern anaerobic abilities, even Szopa, Chwała, & Ruchlewicz, 1998; Raczek, 2010), though people perform far more anaerobic efforts during are the consequence of the confrontation between theory movement (Tomkinson, 2007). and practice. As a result of this, tests applied to assess the Anaerobic abilities are often defined as an level of anaerobic abilities include trials for measuring organism’s capability to perform motor tasks, which power, speed, and agility (Szopa, 1998; Szopa et al., neither last long nor cause fatigue that decreases the 1998; Tomkinson, 2007). intensity of muscle work (Wachowski & Strzelczyk, A review of literature pertaining to the

RIK, (1), 2013 4 Podstawski, Borysławski, and Choszcz assessment of the level of anaerobic abilities, reveals numerous works focused on professional athletes, however there is a lack of data concerning the assessment of these abilities among physically inactive people. Our research defines physically inactive people as those exhibiting an average level of physical activity for a given population. According to the World Health Organization and many researchers dealing with human physical activity, the level of physical activity is insufficient in the vast majority of countries, especially in highly developed ones. The intensity of human activity is too low to cover the daily requirements for movement, and the scale of this worrisome phenomenon is continuously spreading (World Health Organization, 1998; United State Department of Health and Human Services & Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2002; National Association for Sport and Physical Education, 2004; Council on Sports Medicine Fig. 1. Polish voivodeship in which research was and Fitness & Council on School Health Active Healthy conducted Living, 2006; Church, Earnest, Skinner, & Blair, 2007). phocreatine and muscle glycogen (anaerobic glycolysis) The scope of the research presented in this (Górski, 2006). Research revealed that the selected in- article constitutes a part of longitudinal observations direct motor trials accurately and reliably measure the regarding the health of university students and includes, level of given motor abilities (e.g., anaerobic abilities). among others, changes over time in the level of anaerobic What is more, similarly to our research, the accuracy of abilities exhibited by physically inactive men, deriving these tests was proven on a group of physically inactive from various socio-economic environments (SEE). university students. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the In accordance with Szopa’s theory (1998), each intensity, speed, and direction of changes in anaerobic participant performed four indirect anaerobic trials: st abilities among 1 year students attending the University tAll students were given a demonstration and of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM) over the instructed on how to perform the motor trials, after years 2000-2006, while accounting for their place of which they took part in a 10-minute warm-up. Each permanent residence. student performed the anaerobic trials twice, with the better of the two results recorded. The results of the re- METHODS search were statistically calculated using Statistical PL The research was conducted biannually on the V.8, applying the variance analysis method (F-test) for breakthrough of April and May over the years 2000- one factor analysis. The means calculated for the “time 2006. One thousand one hundred and forty-three full variable” (years = study year) were compared using the st time 1 year students aged 19-21 who participated in the Newman-Keuls test (Stanisz, 2008). For clearer inter- obligatory P.E. classes during the course of the experi- pretation of the results the study subjects were divided ment took part in the research (2000 – 499, 2002 – 337, into the following categories based on the population of 2004 – 155, and 2006 – 152). The research was approved their place of permanent residence: villages, small towns by the Bioethical Committee and governing bodies of (< 20,000 residents), big towns (20,000 – 50,000 resi- the UWM, and each participant gave his written consent dents), small cities (50,000 – 100,000 residents), and big to take part in the research. All men in the randomly se- cities > (>100,000 residents). lected groups of students were tested. The vast majority of research subjects came from the Warmia & Mazury RESULTS region of Poland (Fig. 1). The results obtained by 1st year students in the Szopa’s et al. classification was used when se- individual motor trials are presented in tables 1-4 lecting indirect anaerobic tests. These authors state, that and account for the place of permanent residence.In factors which integrate the group of anaerobic abilities the standing long jump trial, statistically significant (speed abilities) are, above all: the energy base (an- differences were observed in all categories of residence, aerobic sources) and the speed of muscle construction with the exception of big cities (Tab. 1). The results of (the time required to reach maximal strength) (Szopa, village residents in 2000 were significantly higher than Mleczko, & Żak, 1996). These assumptions are in ac- those in 2004 and 2006. Students permanently residing in cordance with the theory and practical application of the small towns achieved significantly better results in 2004 physiology of physical activity concerning anaerobic than in 2000 (α = 0.01) and 2006 (α = 0.05). In the group performance. This is because the main source of energy of students residing in big towns, the results recorded in during maximal short-term effort (lasting up to 60 s) are 2006 were significantly higher than in 2004 (α = 0.01), anaerobic processes based on the breakdown of phos- as well as 2000 and 2002 (α = 0.05). A statistically

RIK, (1), 2013 5 Podstawski, Borysławski, and Choszcz

Table 1. Average results in the standing long jump trial accounting for the place of permanent residence in the years 2000-2006 ( X ± sd)

Years of the study - T Significant Place of permanent differences residence 2000 2002 2004 2006 among years 208.3 ± 208.8 ± 215.5 ± 29.62 210 ± 26.77 A - Villages 28.86 28.96 1>3,4* (N=166) (N=118) (N=41) (N=47) 218.0 ± 213.3 ± B – Small towns: 212.4 ± 26.73 215.2 ± 23.57 20.63 29.03 3>1**, 3>4* (N=187) (N=114) < 20,000 inhabitants (N=48) (N=23) 208.1 ± 230.6 ± C – Big towns: 20,000- 217.5 ± 27.35 215.5± 24.64 4>3**, 29.86 55.99 50,000 inhabitants (N=52) (N=26) 4>1,2* (N=16) (N=23) 213.7 ± D – Small cities: 50,000- 215.3± 22.84 207.0 ± 22.37 204.0 ± 2.83 47.21 1>3**, 4>3* 100,000 inhabitants (N=24) (N=27) (N=7) (N=17) 215.5 ± 217.6 ± E – Big cities: 219.0 ± 20.67 211.2 ± 34.16 24.93 40.80 Lack > 100,000 inhabitants (N=70) (N=52) (N=43) (N=42) Results of regression analysis Percent of Place of permanent Correlation explained F value Regression equation residence coefficient variability A -0.850 72.25 2.603 A=-2.18T+216.10 B -0.032 0.10 0.001 Lack C 0.440 19.33 0.240 Lack D -0.187 3.51 0.036 Lack E 0.004 0.01 0.000 Lack * Statistically significant differences at a = 0.05.0 05 **Statistically significant differences at a = 0.01.0 01 significant linear regression trend was observed only in 4x10 m shuttle run trial occurred only among students the case of students residing in the country (Tab. 1). permanently residing in big towns (2004>2002 and Similarly to the above, a lack of differences in the 2006), and in small cities (2002 and 2006>2004). results of the sit ups – 30 s trial was observed in the These differences however, appear to be of a random group of students permanently residing in big cities (Tab. nature since no significant compatibility with the linear 2). In the case of village residents, highly significant function was observed in any of the analyzed residential differences (α = 0.01) were recorded between 2000 and categories (Tab. 3). 2004, whereas significant differences (α = 0.05) were In the case of the skipping with clapping of noted between 2000>2006 and 2002>2004. The results hands 8 s trial, statistically significant differences achieved by permanent residents of small towns in 2006 were observed in all analyzed categories of permanent were significantly worse (α = 0.01) than in the earlier residence with the exception of small towns (Tab. 4). years. In the group of students residing in big towns the The results of students permanently residing in villages results from 2000 and 2002 were significantly higher (α achieved in this trial were significantly higher (α = 0.01) = 0.01) than those from 2004 and 2006. Men residing in the years 2002 and 2006, than in 2004. Statistically in small cities achieved significantly worse results in significant differences (α = 0.05) were also observed 2006 (α = 0.05) than in 2002 and 2004. A statistically between the years 2000>2004. The results of students significant decreasing linear trend for the sit ups – 30 permanently residing in big towns obtained in 2000 s trial, was observed in the years 2000-2006 among were significantly higher than in 2002 (α = 0.01), and inhabitants of three different places, i.e., villages, small 2004 (α = 0.05). The inhabitants of small as well as big towns, and big towns. cities achieved significantly better results (α = 0.01) in Statistically significant differences between results 2000 and 2002, than in 2006 (and also 2004 in the case recorded in the successive years of research for the of small city inhabitants). Further significant differences RIK, (1), 2013 6 Podstawski, Borysławski, and Choszcz

Table 2. Average results in the sit-ups – 30 s trialaccounting for the place of permanent residence in the years 2000-2006 ( X ±sd)

Years of the study - T Significant Place of permanent differences residence 2000 2002 2004 2006 among years A - Village 26.3 ± 25.9 ± 1>3**,,2>3*, 24.6 ± 4.57 25.2 ± 4.34 4.23 3.78 1>4* B – Small town < 20,000 25.8 ± 25.8 ± 25.9 ± 4.47 22.8 ± 4.70 1,2,3>4** inhabitants 4.50 3.92 C – Big town of 20,000- 25.8 ± 26.0± 4.35 24.14 ± 3.52 24.6 ± 4.06 1,2>3,4** 50,000 inhabitants 3.97 D – Small city of 50,000- 26.5 ± 25.7± 4.09 27.5 ± 0.71 25.0 ± 3.03 2,3>4* 100,000 inhabitants 3.34 E – Big city > 100,000 25.5 ± 26.1 ± 26.8 ± 5.21 25.4 ± 3.65 Lack inhabitants 4.45 3.91 Results of regression analysis Percent of Place of permanent Correlation explained F value Regression equation residence coefficient variability A -0.789 62.24 1.648 A=-0.46T+26.65 B -0.757 57.34 1.344 B=-0.89T+27.30 C -0.788 62.04 1.635 C=-0.54T+26.50 D -0.132 1.74 0.016 Lack E 0.080 0.64 0.006 Lack * Statistically significant differences at a = 0.05.0 05 **Statistically significant differences at a = 0.01.0 01 The numbers of individuals as in table 1

(α = 0.05) were noted between 2002>2000 in the group compare them. of men residing in big cities. A statistically significant In the case of students (women and men) linear trend indicating a regression of results for the beginning their studies at the Warsaw Technical skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s trial occurred only University, gradual positive changes in the level of among students residing in small towns. anaerobic abilities occurred between the years 1953 and 1987. The observed changes concerned two motor DISCUSSION tests: the standing long jump and zig-zag run (envelope Only nine publications concerning secular run). Research conducted on female students of the trends in the level of children’s and youths’ anaerobic UWM in Olsztyn over the years 2000-2006 accounting abilities (Przewęda & Trześniowski, 1996; Lefévre, for the permanent place of residence, showed statistical Bouckaert, & Duget, 1998; Hamlin, Ross, & Hong, differences in the results of nearly all applied anaerobic 2002; Tomkinson et al., 2003; Tomkinson, Hamlin, tests: the standing long jump, skipping with clapping of Ross, & Hong , 2006; Tomkinson, 2007; Przewęda & hands, sit ups – 30 s, and shuttle run 4x10 m), with Dobosz. 2007; Albon, Hamlin, & Ross, 2010; Moliner- a few exceptions. In trials such us the standing long Urdiales et al., 2010) were published over the past two jump, skipping with clapping of hands, and the 4x10 m decades and even fewer were conducted on students shuttle run, a lack of significant differences was noted at the onset of their university education (Tamotsu, among women residing in small cities, and in the case Yoshihide, & Minoru, 1989; Cleassens & Lefevre, 1992; of the sit ups – 30 s trial, among women residing in big Pilicz, 2000; Cuberek & Machova, 2009; Podstawski, towns. Linear trends were not analyzed in this research Siemianowska, & Skibniewska, 2010). The results of (Podstawskiet al., 2010). our studies on university youth enrich knowledge on this Similar research was also conducted on Czech topic, especially that many of the available publications physical education students enrolled of the Palacky date back over half a century. This fact significantly University in Olomouc applying the 100 m dash trial increases the value of the results presented within this (Cuberek & Machova, 2009). These studies revealed that article but on the other hand, makes it impossible to a decrease in the level of anaerobic abilities occurred in

RIK, (1), 2013 7 Podstawski, Borysławski, and Choszcz

Table 3. Average results in the 4x10 m shuttle run trial accounting for the place of permanent residence in the years 2000-2006 ( X ±sd)

Years of the study - T Significant Place of permanent differences residence 2000 2002 2004 2006 among years A - Village 11.2 ± 10.9 ± 1.96 11.0 ± 1.06 10.7 ± 1.52 Lack 3.15 B – Small town < 20,000 11.3 ± 11.0 ± 1.87 11.2 ± 1.39 11.2 ± 1.19 Lack inhabitants 3.07 C – Big town of 20,000- 11.1 ± 1.31 10.8± 0.90 11.6 ± 2.08 10.5 ± 1.66 3>2,4* 50,000 inhabitants D – Small city of 50,000- 11.3 ± 10.5± 0.90 10.2 ± 0.35 11.2 ± 1.30 2,4>3* 100,000 inhabitants 4.01 E – Big city > 100,000 10.6 ± 10.8 ± 0.85 10.9 ± 1.68 10.7 ± 1.44 Lack inhabitants 0.90 Results of regression analysis Percent of Place of permanent Correlation explained F value Regression equation residence coefficient variability A -0.496 24.62 0.327 Lack B 0.513 26.32 0.357 Lack C -0.275 7.58 0.082 Lack D 0.241 85.81 0.062 Lack E 0.000 0.00 0.000 Lack * Statistically significant differences at a = 0.05.0 05 **Statistically significant differences at a = 0.01.0 01 The numbers of individuals as in table 1

Table 4. Average results in the skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s trial accounting for the place of permanent residence in the years 2000-2006 ( X ±sd)

Years of the study - T Significant Place of permanent differences residence 2000 2002 2004 2006 among years 28.7 ± 27.2 ± 29.0 ± A - Village 28.1 ± 4.61 4,2>3**,1>3* 4.32 3.21 5.06 B – Small town < 20,000 27,8 ± 27.6 ± 28.4 ± 4.56 28.5 ± 4.3 Lack inhabitants 3.95 2.95 C – Big town of 20,000- 28.0± 28.6 ± 28.8 ± 29.3 ± 4.79 1>2**, 1>3* 50,000 inhabitants 6.21 3.03 4.28 D – Small city of 50,000- 29.6 ± 30.5 ± 27.9 ± 30.0± 5.74 1,2,3>4** 100,000 inhabitants 4.72 3.54 3.99 E – Big city > 100,000 29.7 ± 27.0 ± 27.3 ± 28.2 ± 4.50 1,2>3,4**,2>1* inhabitants 2.94 4.25 4.06 Results of regression analysis Percent of Place of permanent Correlation explained F value Regression equation residence coefficient variability A 0.195 3.81 0.400 Lack B -0.904 81.79 4.491 B=-0.31T+28.85 C -0.216 4.67 0.049 Lack D -0.618 38.17 0.617 Lack E -0.575 33.06 0.494 Lack * Statistically significant differences at a = 0.05.0 05 **Statistically significant differences at a = 0.01.0 01 The numbers of individuals as in table 1

RIK, (1), 2013 8 Podstawski, Borysławski, and Choszcz

the first three years (1991-1993) followed by an increase collective structure i.e., the majority of indirect motor over the next eight years (1993-2001), but once again trials do not measure specific motor abilities, but lower results in 2006 than at the commencement of rather their combinations (Szopa, 1998). This is why, research. On the other hand, observations regarding according to Raczek’s theory (2011) speed abilities have changes in the speed abilities of Belgian students at the been included in the group of hybrid abilities (without Katholieke Universiteit Leuven showed that students a clear dominant). The accuracy and reliability of the tested in the academic year 1988/1989 achieved faster skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s trial remains in the times when running 100 m than their peers assessed 15 initial phase of research, however preliminary studies years earlier (Cleassens & Lefevre, 1992). A similar revealed that it is significantly positively correlated with phenomenon took place among Japanese students other anaerobic trials, such as: the 4x10 m shuttle run (r performing anaerobic motor trials in the years 1964- = +0.73), sit ups – 30 s (r = +0.62) and the standing long 1987. Results of the standing long jump and 100 m dash jump (r = +0.58) (Podstawski, Borysławski, & Grymuza, trials in those years indicated a positive linear trend 2010). Such a correlation is one of the criteria for (improvement of results) (Tamotsu et al., 1989). assessing the above mentioned trial’s level of accuracy. Our analysis of changes in the level of 1st year students’ anaerobic abilities, when accounting for CONCLUSIONS the place of permanent residence revealed statistically An influence of the place of permanent significant differences in every applied anaerobic trial residence on the average values of results achieved in all over the years 2000 – 2006. Such studies serve as an the applied anaerobic tests, which changed significantly example of an observation of changes in a smaller over the analyzed time period, was observed. Three area and population, and due to the fact that they were of the analyzed anaerobic trials displayed statistically conducted systematically (every two years) give a more significant linear trends, which indicated a decrease accurate picture of changes over time. They also provide in the level of the students’ motor abilities dependent significant differentiation of results based on the applied on the place of their permanent residency. These trials environmental factor (place of permanent residence). were: the standing long jump – village residents, sit Regression analysis revealed a negative linear ups 30 s – village residents as well as small and big trend in the students’ performance of certain trials i.e., town residents, and skipping with clapping of hands the standing long jump (village residents), sit ups – 30 s – residents of small towns. These changes, therefore, (residents of villages, as well as small and big towns) and pertained only to students from villages and towns. The skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s (residents of small research ought to be continued and its scope extended to towns). The decrease in the level of anaerobic motor include further years, in an effort to lengthen the study fitness among male students beginning their education at period and give us a better understanding to the reason the UWM in Olsztyn, may be the negative consequence behind the changes in anaerobic performance observed of the continuously decreasing level of physical activity, over time and to what extent they are influenced by the which coincides with the growing number of overweight subjects’ place of permanent residence. and obese adults (Donnelly, et al., 2009; Van Tuyckom & Scheerder, 2010). According to the National College REFERENCES Health Risk Behavior Survey, approximately 35% of Albon, H. M., Hamlin, M. J. & Ross, J. J. (2010). 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Martinéz-Gómez, P., Casajús J.A., Mesana, M.I., Marcos, Szopa, J. (1998). Structure of Motor Abilities – Identification A., Noriega-Borge, M.G., Sjöström, M., Castillo, M.G., and Measurement. Antropomotoryka, 18, 79-86. & Moreno, L.A. (2010). Secular trends in health-related Szopa, J., Chwała, W. & Ruchlewicz, T. (1998). Investi- physical fitness in Spanish adolescents: the Avena and gations on Structure of „Energetic” Motor Abilities and Helena studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Validity of their Testing. Antropomotoryka 17, 3-41. (on line version, doi: 10.1016/j.jsams. 2010.03.004). Tamotsu, Y., Yoshihide, T., & Minoru I (1989). Secular trends Mynarski W. (2000). Struktura wewnętrzna zdolności moto- in physicue and physical fitness in Japanese students dur- rycznych dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 8-18 lat [Latent ing the last 20 years. American Journal of Human Biol- structure of motor skills of children and youth aged 8-18 ogy, 1, 581-587. years. In Polish]. Studia nad motorycznością ludzką 2, Tomkinson, G. R., Olds, T. S. & Gulbin, J. (2003) Secular 143-151. trends in physical performance of Australian children: ev- National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Physi- idence from the talent search program. Journal of Sports cal activity for children: A statement of guidelines for Medicine & Physical Fitness, 43, 90-98. children ages 5-12. Reston, VA: Author 2004. Tomkinson, G.R. (2007). Global changes in anaerobic fitness Pilicz, S. (2000). Kierunki zmian w rozwoju fizycznym i test performance of children and adolescents. Scandina- sprawności fizycznej studentek i studentów Politechni- vian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 17, 497- ki Warszawskiej [The change in physical development 507. and phisical skills of female and male students of War- Tomkinson, G.R., Hamlin, M.J. & Olds, T.S. (2006). Secular saw Technical Unuversity. In Polish]. In Z. Dziubiński changes in anaerobic test performance in Australasian i B. Gorski (Ed.), Kultura fizyczna studentów w okresie children and adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18, transformacji szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce (pp.67–72). 314-328. RIK, (1), 2013 10 Podstawski, Borysławski, and Choszcz

United State Department of Health and Human Services & Of- tween Repeated Sprint Ability and the Aerobic and Aero- fice of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.Healthy bic Energy Systems. Journal of Science and Medicine in Children 2010. Washington 2002. Sport, 1, 100-110. Van Tuyckom, C., & Scheerder J. (2010). A multilevel analysis World Health Organization. (1998). Obesity-preventing and of social stratification patterns of leisure-time physical ac- managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consul- tivity among Europeans. Science & Sports, 25, 304-311. tation on obesity. Geneva: WHO Wachowski, E. & Strzelczyk, R. (1999). Investigate the Valid- ity of the Speed Measure. Wychowanie Fizyczne i Sport, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XLII, 3-19. The authors of the article would like to thank all students Wadley, G. & Le Rossignol, P. (1998). The Relationship Be- taking part in the experiment.

СОГЛЕДУВАЊЕ НА СЕКУЛАРНИТЕ ТРЕНДОВИ ПРИ АНАЕРОБНИТЕ ПЕРФОРМАНСИ КАЈ СТУДЕНТИТЕ СО ПОСТОЈАНО МЕСТО НА ЖИВЕЕЊЕ

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Podstawski Robert1, Borysławski Krzysztof 2 and Choszcz Dariusz3 1Univerzitet Varmia i Mazuri vo Olstin, Studiski centar za fizi~ko vospituvawe i sport Olstin, Polska 2Univerzitet za nauki vo za{tita na ~ovekovata okolina vo Vroclav, Oddel za antropologija, Vroclav, Polska 3Pretsedatelstvo na fondacii za za{ita, Fakultet za tehniki nauki, Olstin, Polska

Апстракт Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди односот и насоката на промените на ниво на анаеробна изведба забележана кај студенти на првата година на Универзитетот Вармиа и Мазури во Олстин според местото на нивниот постојан престој. Истражувањето се спроведуваше двапати годишно во периодот од 2000 до 2006 година, за време на задолжителните часови по физичко образование. Испитуваната група се состоеше од 1,143 редовни студенти на возраст од 19 до 21 година (2000 - 499, 2002 - 337, 2004 - 155, и 2006 - 152). Притоа беа употребени четири индиректни анаеробни теста, т.е. скокови од место во далечина, вежби од лежечка во седечка положба – 30 с, 4х10 м шатл трчање и прескокнување со плескање со раце – 8 с. Во три теста беа забележани статистички значајни линеарни трендови кои покажуваат намалување на нивото на анаеробните способности на студентите и беше утврдено дека тие зависат од местото на постојан престој. Тоа се однесуваше на: скоковите од место во далечина за жители на селски средини, вежби од лежечка во седечка положба – 30 с за жители на селски средини и студенти кои живеат во големи градови, и прескокнување со плескање со раце – 8 с за жители на мали градови. Овие промени се однесуваа само на студенти кои доаѓаат од места населени со помалку од 50,000 жители.

Клучни зборови: sekularni promeni, anaerobni sposobnosti, studenti, urbaniziran status, anaerobni testovi, analiza na varijansata, regresivna analiza

Correspondence: Robert Podstawski University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn Study Centre for Physical Education & Sport Prawocheńskiego 7, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 11 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 12 -22

THE MEASURES OF THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE LATENT DIMENSIONS’ RELIABILITY OBTAINED BY THE SEMIORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS

(Original scientific paper)

Evagelia Boli, Dragan Popović, Jasna Popović, Zoran Savić and Miloš Popović University of Pristina Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, with temporal base in Leposavić, Serbia

Abstract The research was conducted in order to determine the motor abilities structure of dancers occupied with standard and Latin American dance. For estimating the motor abilities, 267 dancers age from 11 to13 age were included. Twenty motor tests for evaluation of the motor abilities were also included, selected according to the structural Gredelj, Metikosh, Hoshekov and Momirovich’s model from 1975, defined as the mechanisms for movement structuring, for sinergical and tonus regulation, and mechanism for the regulation of intensity and proceeding of the excitation. All the data gathered in this research were processed in the Multidiscipline Research Centre of the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University in Pristina, supported by the system of programmes for data processing developed by Popović, 1980, 1993, Momirović and D. Popović, 2003.. The analysis of complement structure of motor dimensions indicates that four factors were achieved: the first factor is responsible for the movement structuring, the second for the regulation of excitation intensity, the third for excitation proceeding the and the fourth is responsible for the tonus and synergy regulation.

Keywords: motor tests, motor abilities, dancers, functional factorial approach, program-Guttman, Primcipal component analysis, oblimin factors, confirmative factor analysis

INTRODUCTION dimensions has been noticeably improved. More In every motor act, a complex, multiplanned, classical approach to the problem of motor abilities integral activity of the nervous system has been applied: consisted of determination of motor factors where some the analysis of incoming impulses, interference of latent motor structures were responsible for various external and internal conditions, production of complex manifestations. In determination of motor abilities and command signals and control of their expression. in the attempts of applying some relevant information Therefore, if a movement is observed, not the about motor abilities in diagnostic, prognostic, and isolated one, but the one which is in inherent connection transformation processes, the measuring instruments, or with a specific situation, many important indicators of better to say the motor tests assume the weakest link all human systems’ functioning may be determined by Besides the weak reliability, the motor tests typically their motor characteristics. A long time ago, some well- emit the extremely small amount of information. In order known terms were established, like strength, speed, to diminish these disadvantages, multi-item tests are agility, expressiveness and rationality of a movement, being consistently constructed and applied, according to etc. Those terms include the research and observation of which the measurement mistake can be minimized. Both motor functions. The motor abilities are closely related the problem of decreasing the measurement mistakes as to the specific situation because only their integrative well as of specifying one-item tests (tests for repetitive development leads to the favorable results, that is to the and statistical strength) still follow a researcher because victory. of the examinees’ inability to manage the maximum The approach to the analysis of motor abilities loading several times in a row for a short period of time. and of determination of manifested and latent motor RIK, (1), 2013 12 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

METHODS the structural model of Gredelja, Metikoša, Hošekove The sample of examinees and Momirovića in 1975, defined as a mechanism The sample of examinees is conditioned by for movement structuring (MSK), a mechanism for financial possibilities that are necessary for proceeding functional synergy and tonus regulation (SRT), a the research. Moreover, the sample depends on the mechanism for regulation of the excitation intensity number of qualified and trained persons who measure (RIE), and a mechanism for regulation of excitation the instruments and standardized conditions for realizing continuance. the anticipated research. For estimating the motor abilities some significant If the research may be correctly conducted as motor dimensions were evaluated, with the help of the well as the results may be satisfactorily stabile, it is following measuring instruments: obligatory to include sufficient number examinees a) the mechanism for movement structuring into the sample. Most of the samples for this type of a (MSK) research must be conditioned by the aims and tasks of 1.) agility on ground (MONT) the research and by the size of a population as well as the 2.) hand tapping (MTAR) variability degree of the applied system of parameters 3.) foot tapping (MTAN) (Popović, 1993b). 4.) coordination with baton (MKOOP) On the basis of the selected statistical- 5.) hand and foot drumming (MBNIR) mathematical model and the aim of the research, the b) the mechanism for functional synergy and sample of examinees include 267 dancers, age from 11 tonus regulation (SRT) to13, actively involved in standard and Latin American 1.) deep forward bend (MDPK) dances in Serbian dancing clubs. 2.) transverse standing on a beam (MPSG) Most of such determined samples should fulfill 3.) flex baton (MISP) the following criteria: 4.) darts (MPIK) • The sample’s effect has to be planned in 5.) horizontal target shooting (MGHC) a way to provide as many degrees of freedom as any c) the mechanism for excitation intensity coefficient in a connection matrix, or correlation, so that regulation (RIE) it is equal or higher than 0.22, therefore considered a 1.) long jump from place (MSDM) different from zero with a conclusion mistake less than 2.) 20m running high start (M20VS) 0.01. 3.) throwing a medicine ball from a supine • Some adequate statistical methods should be position (MBMIL) successfully supplied according to the latest convictions, 4.) high jump from place (MSVIS) if the number in the sample is five times larger than the 5.) hand dynamometry (MDŠAK) number of applied variables. d) the mechanism for excitation continuity During all these procedures it should be kept regulation (RTE) in mind that the analysis results depend on three 1.) stand in the knuckle (MIZG) major systems which determine the selection and 2.) chin-ups with venture (MZGP) transformation of information : the samples of variables, 3.) trunk raising for 60 sec. (MPTR) examinees and selected extraction, meaning rotation 4.) legs lifting form a supine position method (Popović, 1993b). (MDNL) 5.) legs endurance in a bend position (MINP) The sample of variables This research could not include the whole sphere Methods for data processing of motor abilities. Instead of that, the certain reduction Except the well-known Mulak’s book about factor of tests was completed and only those segments, that analysis, where some issues about the evaluation of main could supply adequate and, for this research, significant components efficiency were inserted (Mulak,1972), information, were involved. as well as Kaiser and Caffrey’s work, where, based on As being previously stated, for the selection of maximizing the reliability of latent dimensions, their the tests which define the sphere of motor abilities it has method of alpha factor analysis was derived (Kaisre and been taken into account that the previous researches, Caffrey, 1965), it seems that the constructors of various based on the Yugoslavian population, were verified as methods of component and factor analysis and the relevant for this age. The test battery was constructed authors of books about this class of methods for a latent to satisfy, primarily, the needs that arise from subjects, structure analysis, were not so concerned about the level aims and tasks of this research. The greatest influence on of reliance on the real existence of latent dimensions constructing the test battery had the intent to realize the achieved by these methods. This also refers to the latent possible comparison between the obtained results and dimensions achieved by an orthoblique transformation other results suggested by the group of authors: Kurelic of main components, the method, which became the et al. (1975), Grdelj and ass.(1975). standard procedure for latent structure analysis among For estimating the motor abilities 20 motor all these people who did not gain their information about tests have been included, that are selected according to factor analysis through false reading of seriously written RIK, (1), 2013 13 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović texts in this sphere, or those who did not analyze their spherical distribution may be discarded, therefore they data according to some badly conceived and even worse are the inherent values of correlation matrix in a popula- written commercially statistical program package, like tion P out of which the sample E has been derived. SPSS, CSS, Statistica, BMDP, and Stratgraphis, not to Hence mention other products which popularity is significantly U2 = (diag R-1)-1 lower, but not constantly because they are substantially Guttman’s evaluation of the unice variances of weaker than those which are nowadays exclusively the variables from V, and moreover lp , p = 1,...,m are applied y some scientists and a special sort of human the inherent values of a matrix R. Nevertheless beings classified as the strain of processors. c = trag (I - U2). Nevertheless, in one text where a proposed com- If the scalar K is defined in the following way k k-1 petitive application of semi orthogonal transformation Sp lp > c, Sp lp < c. of main components in the explorative and confirmative Now, K is the number of main components of a matrix analyses of the latent structures ( Momirovic, Erjavec, Z determined according to PB Štalec and Momirovic’s and Radakovic, 1988), a procedure for estimating the criteria (Štalec and Momirovic, 1971). reliability of latent dimensions is suggested and also Since L = (lp); p = 1,...,k A diagonal matrix based on Cronbach’s strategy for the evaluation of gen- of the first K inherent values of a matrix R and hence X eralizability; but, that procedure is justified as much as = (xp); p = 1,...,k matrica njima pridruženih svojstvenih the assumptions out of which the Cronbach’s α coeffi- vektora skaliranih tako da je XtX = I. If T is some cient has been derived, and even today for unknown rea- orthonormal matrix, so that it optimizes the function t sons it is nominated by his name, although long before XT = Q = (qp) ; p (Q) = extremum, T T = I, him and as well with virtually the same assumptions, Where p (Q) is some parsimonic fundtion, for Spearman and Brown, Kuder and Richardson, Guttman, instance a regular Varimax function - S m S k 4 - S k (S m 2)2 also described in a slightly simplified form by Momi j p qjp p j qjp = maximum rovic, Wolf and Popovic (1999), suggested the same measure; yet, some other psychometric scientists who Where the coefficients jpq are the elments of a worked and created in a nascent stage of a development matrix Q (Kaiser, 1958). of a measuring theory and at the same time in the period Presently, the transformation of the main unaffected by the computer revolution. componenets, defined by the vectors in a matrix Therefore, the aim of this research is to suggest K = ZX, three measures for lower limits of the reliability of la- In semi orthogonal latent dimensions tent dimensions, obtained by semi orthogonal transfor- determined by the type II of orthoblique procedure is mations of main components. All those measures are defined by the operation derived within the classical model of variance decom- L = KT = ZXT. position of quantitative variables; the measures, derived The matrix of covariances of those dimensions from some other models in the theory of measurement, is will be proposed in some of the further works. The first C = LtL n-1 = QtRQ = TtLT; is the evaluation measure of the absolute lower limit of Thus, this can be marked 2 2 reliability, and its logistic basis is the same as the logis- S = (sp ) = diag C tic basis of Guttman’s measure λ1 .The second measure as the matrix of their covariances is the evaluation of a lower limit of the reliability of If the latent dimensions are standardized by the latent dimensions according to the evaluation of a lower operation limit of the reliability of variables with the same mean- D = LS-1, ing; the logistic basis is equal to the logistic basis of In the matrix t -1 -1 t -1 Guttman’s measure λ6 . The third measure is determined M = D Dn = S T LTS with the assumption that the coefficients of variables Those will be their intercorrelations;observe, reliability, which are the subject of the analysis, are fa- that neither C, nor M, could be diagonal matrices , miliar; therefore, its validity depends on the validity of and the latent dimensions obtained in this way are not processes according to which the coefficients are calcu- orthogonal in the sphere of the entity from E. lated or estimated. The matrix of correlations between the variables from V and latent variables, which is usually Semi-orthogonal transformation classified as the matrix of factor structure,will be of the main components F = ZtDn-1 = RXTS-1 = XLTS-1; Hence, a matrix Z of the standardized data is ob- And since the elements of the matrix F are tained according to the description of some set E from orthogonal projections of a vector from Z on the vectors some n entity in some V of quantitative, normally or from D, the coordinates of these vectors in the space at least elliptically distributed variables. Allow the ma- stretched by the vectors from D are the elements of a trix R to be the intercorrelation between those variables. matrix Suppose, R is certainly a regular matrix and, as well cer- A = FM-1 = XTS. tainly the hypothesis that the variables from V possess Moreover,

RIK, (1), 2013 14 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

AtA = S2 Proposition 1.

Those are the latent dimensions obtained by this The coefficients gp vary in the range (0,1) and procedure and they are orthogonal in the space stretched they may adopt the value 1 only when R = I, furthermore by the vectors of the variables from Z; squared norms if all the variables are measured without a mistake, and of the vectors of these dimensions in the sphere of the a value 0 only when R = 0 andR = I, so that if the whole variables are equal to the variances of these dimensions. variance of all the variables consists only of the variance The evaluations of latent of a measurement error, and variables from V have a dimensions’ reliabilty spherical normal distribution. Owing to its simplicity and clear algebraic and The evidence: goemetric meaning as well as the latent dimensions and If the whole variance of each variable from identifiable structures associated with these dimensions, some set of the variables consists only of the variance the reliablity of the latent dimensions obtained by the of the measurement error, then it is necessary to add 2 orthoblique transformation of the main components E = I and R = I, so that all the coefficients gp are could be determined clearly and unambiguously. equal to zero. The first part of the propositon is evident Thus g G = (gij); i = 1,...,n; j = 1,...,m some, from the definition of the coefficients p ; this means tolerably unknown, matrix of measurement errrors in that reliability of each latent dimension, no matter how the description of a set E on a set V. Then the matrix of that latent dimension was determined equal to 1 if the the real results of the entity from E on the variables from variables out of which that dimension had been derived, V will be is measured with no mistakes. Y = Z - G. However, the matrix of the reliability R r If, in accordiance with a classical theory of coefficients = ( j) is often unknown, so that the matrix measurement it can be assumed that the matrix G is so of measurement error variance E2 is also unknown . constructed that But, if the variables from V are selected in a way to YtG = 0 represent a universe of the variables U with the same and sphere of meaning, the upper limit of the measurement t n-1 2 2) 2 G G = E = (ejj error variance is defined by the elements of a matrix U where E2 is a diagonal matrix, then the (Guttman, 1945; 1953), therefore the unice variances of covariances of the real results will be those variables. Because of this,in that case, the lower H = YtYn-1 = R - E2 limit of reliability of the latent dimensions may be if evaluated by the coefficients t -1 t 2 t -1 R = Z Zn bp = 1 - (qp U qp)(qp Rqp) The matrix of intercorelations of the variables p = 1,...,k from V is determined on the set E. Hypothetically, the which are derived from the procedure identical coefficients of reliability of the variables from V are to the one out of which the coefficients gp with the familiar; thus P is a diagonal matrix whose elements definitionE 2 = U2 were derived, furthermore at the same r l . j are the reliability coefficients. Therefore, the way at which na Guttman derived his measure 6 measurement variances for the standardized results on the variables from V will be precisely those elements Proposition 2. of the The coefficientsi bp vary in the range (0,1), but E2 = I - R. still they cannot reach the value 1. Now the real valyes on the latent dimensions The evidence: 2 will be the elements of a matrix If R = I, then U = I, so all the coefficients bp G = (Z - G)Q equal zero. But, since U2 = 0 then it is not possible if

With the matrix of covariances the matrix R is regular, that all the coefficients bp are W GtGn-1 t t - t 2 w ). = = Q HQ = Q RQ Q E Q = ( pq inevitably less than 1 and tend towards 1 when the Hence, the real variances of the latent unice variance of the variables, out of which the latent dimensions will be the diagonal elements of a matrix W; dimensions have been derived, tendes towards zero. 2 those elements can be marked as wp . According to the By applying the same technology it is simple formal definition of the reliability coefficients of some to derive the measures of the absolut lower limit of variable the reliability of the latent dimensions defined by this 2 2 r = st / s procedure in the same way in which Guttman derived 2 2 where st is the real variance of a variable, his measure l1 . For this purpose, it can be posted E = and s2 is a total variance of that variable, therefore I. Then t -1 the variance which includes the error variance, the ap = 1 - (qp Rqp) reliability coefficientsbof the latent dimensions, but if Will be the measures of the absolut lower the coefficients of the reliability variables are familiar, limit of the reliability of the latent dimensions, because, there will be naturally, QtQ = I. 2 2 t 2 t -1 gp = wp / sp = 1 - (qp E qp )(qp Rq ) p = 1,...,k

RIK, (1), 2013 15 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

Proposition 3. * with a regular and singular matrix of the covariances

All the coefficientsa p are always less than 1. of particles The evidence: * Technical report, The Institute for criminal and

It is obvious that all the coefficients ap are sociological researches, Gracanicka 18, Beograd. inevitably less than 1, and that they tend towards 1 in * The program modificated for a work in SAS the case when m, a number of variables in the set V, tends environment by D.Popović (2005) towards infinity, because only then every squared form * Version 1.0.1 of the matrix R tends towards infinity. If R = I, then, * The program GUTTMAN is activated in a following evidently, all the coefficients ap equal zero. However, a way: lower value of the coefficients ap doesn’t have to be * include ‘guttman.sas’. The program can be zero, since it is possible, but not for all the coefficients downloaded from the work Momirović and Popović, 2 ap, that the variance sp of some latent dimension is less 2003. than 1. Certainly, the fact that a latent dimension which emits less information than any other variable out of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION which it has been derived has no sense, and maybe the The interpretation of the correlations of certain best way to discover that is according to the values of the tests from the set of the measuring instruments for the coefficientsa p. evaluation of motor abilities is based on the primary

The measures of a type b6 (Momirović, 1996) hypothetical latent dimensions. that are determined by the functions a1 and a2 will be, The intercorrelations matrix has been taken for a result defined by the functionh , as a starting matrix for the extraction of the latent 2 -2 b61 = g l variables by the method of the main components, and while their number has been determined according to 2 -2 b62 = 1 - d l . the Momirović’s B6 criterion. The preference of the It is not hard to demonstrate that, for the regular method of the main components has been determined sets of particles, measures of a type a1 the evaluations of particularly by the entropy that emits a total amount the lower limit of reliability of the measures of a type of information. A maximal entropy will emit the part l6 and b6, as well as that the measures of a type a2 are of the system that is connected to the characteristical the evaluations of the uppe of the measures of a type l6 roots which are equal or bigger than the demands of andb6. B6. The main components present such asystem of the linear combinations of variables within which each PROGRAM GUTTMAN subsequent factor withdraws the maximum of the system Since the existing programs, including the programs variability. According to Momirović’s B6 criterion four RTT9G and RTT10G (Knežević and Momirović, 1996) characteristical roots have been proclaimed significant calculate these measures neither for the regular nor so consequently the manifested space of the motor for the singular sets of the particles, a special smaller abilities is reduced to the same number of the latent program has been written that may be performed in a dimensions. standard SPSS environment. The program GUTTMAN The first main component with a characteristical calculates these measures either for the regular or the root 8.25 explains 40.12% from the overall explained singular sets of particles because in that case when a variability that amounts 70.45% (table 1). Providing that generalized inverse of the intercorrelation matrix may this is about the first main component the percentage of be automatically calculated. the explained variability completely satisfisfies ans with preserve that percentageof the variance it is possible to classify the first main component as a general motor factor. The * GUTTMAN greatest projections on the first main component have * Two measures of a lower and upper limit of the tests for coordination (MONT, MTAP, MTAN, reliability of the tests MKOP, MBNR), tests for equilibrium (MPSG), * with a regular and singular matrix of the precision (MPIK), speed (M20m), explosive strength covariances of particles (MSV), repetitive strength (MDNL, MPTR, MZBP) * Version 1.0 and force(MIZG). * Although other main components could not be * Konstantin Momirovic given a particular kineziological reality as in the case * 10.5.1999 of the first main component, through their inspection * those generators of the variabilty, that are according to * The definitions of the measures implemented into the their validity position responsible for the variability of macro program GUTTMAN may be encountered in the the analized space, could be revealed. work of The greatest projections with the second main * K. Momirovic (1999): component possess the tests for estimating the strength: * Two measures of a lower and upper limit of reliability hand dynamometry (MDŠ), explosive strength for of the tests throwing a medicine ball from a supine position

RIK, (1), 2013 16 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

(MBML) and long jump (MSD) i flex baton (MIP). The the performnce of the test 20 meters running. According second main component explains 16.34% of the overall to Kureliću, the explosive strength is the ability of a variability and may be considered as a general strength short maximal mobilisation of the muscular tissues for factor. acceleration of body movements, that is reflected either The third main component is accomplished by in moving a body in a space or in affecting the objects the test for a trunk force leg endurance in a bend position in that environment. In the research of the explosive (MINP), so that it stands for a single factor of this test. strength, it has been defined also as: a capacity ofa The one with a characteristical root 2.11 explains 7.98% system of organisms to develop, in a short period of of a variance of the overall variability. time, the maximal amount of force used for accelerating The fourth main component is accomplished by the own body, a partner ili a projectile; as a capacity the precision test horizontal target shooting (MGHC). subordinated to the functioning of a mechanism for This main component with a characteristical root 1.33 regulation and control of the excitation intensity in the explains 6.01% of the variances of a total variability. primary mptor and subcortical centers which overtake It may be interpreted as a single factor of the precision the role of an amplifier or a modulator. In the energy shooting. output that mechanism is responsible for the number In order to obtain a parsimonic structure the of the activated motor items and for the speed of initial coordinate system is rotated in an oblique-angular transferring the impulse from a center to the effector. It oblimin solution and afterwards the same number of the depends on activating the muscular unitsand moreover latent variables has been preserved. The applied oblimin it is exposed in those activities that should activate a rotation leads to the assumption that the sum of squared large amount of energy in a short period. This strength factor coefficients for the same variable may be different factor is a dimension of a general type, that is it is not afetr rotation from the sum obtained before the rotation. determined topologically. This latent motor dimension For the reason that there are two sorts of the coordinates could be defined as a mechanism for regulation of the in the oblique-angular frame of the reference, which excitation intensity. differ in a factor analysis, but arise from the different The largest projections on the third oblimin projections of vector tests, after applying oblimin factor possess the tests for the evaluation of force and rotation what was obtained were the matrix of a set repetitive strength: legs lifting in a supine position that includes parallel projections of particular variables (MDNL), leg endurance in a bend position (MINP), vectors (table 2), a matrix of a structure, with orthogonal endurance in knuckle (MIZG), knuckles (MZGP) and projections of the variables vectors (table 3) and a matrix atest for trunk lifting in a supine position (MPTR). An of the factors of intercorrelations (table 4). efficiently performance of those tests depends on the The first latent dimension of the greatest prolonged retention of the isometric muscle contraction projecton has together with the tests used for estimating in a certain position, furthermore of a prolonged the movement structuring mechanism : legs and dynamic contraction where the eccentric and concentric arms drumming (MBNP), coordination with a baton contractions are alternately rotated. A psychiologically (MKOP), agility in a ground (MONT), hand tapping significant source of energy for a prolonged muscular (MTAR) and foot tapping (MTAN). Providing that this operations is glycogen in terms of the oxidative is about the instrumentss whose variability depends on processes. A rapid enzymatic degradation of glycogen to the space and time accuracy of movement but as well a pirogroždjane acid and lactic acid releases the energy on the movement performing with a constant amplitude that is used to transfer ADP to ATP, and ATP afterwards this latent dimension may be defined as a mechanism for may be used directly ass a source of energy for a muscle movement structuring with a coordination factor. contraction or for regeneration of a phosphocreatine The largest projections on the second oblimin storage. The final source of energy is a process of the factor have the tests according to which the mechanism oxidative metabolism. That means that combining for the regulation of an intesity of excitation was the oxygen with cellular, nutritive matterss in order estimated : hand dynamometry (MDŠ), throwing a to release ATP. More than 95% of a complete energy medicine ball from a supine position (MBML), high which is used by a muscle for a maintained prolonged jump (MSV), long jump from a place (MSD) and 20 contraction come from this source. Considering the meters running (M20m). It is obvious that this is about projections of these tests this factor may be defined as a complex mechanism characteristical for the young a mechanism for a regulation of excitation continuance selected dancers. For performing the motor tasks like and this mechanism is expressed by dancers when they the explosive strength, the energy component has a perform the elements specific for the eastern dances very dominant significance. The explosive strength with standing on one leg and fast steps with squats as is the one that relates to the „ability to infuse the demended by some Russian dances. maximum of energy into onle one explosive movement The fourth oblimin factor is explained by the tests “ (Fleishman). The imperfection of this definition lies in foe estimating the mechanism for a tonus regulation the limitation to only one movement. Good indicators and synergy regulation: tests for a precise horizontal of the explosive strength may be even smaller groups of shooting (MGHC) and darts (MPIK) and tests for several explosive movements realte to the whole, as in flexible depth reach on a bench (MDP). Precision as a

RIK, (1), 2013 17 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

Table 1.The matrix of the main components of the motor variables of dancers . Size FAC1 FAC2 FAC3 FAC4 h2 MONT (-68) .45 .16 .32 .79 MTAR (.72) .05 .27 -.29 .67 MTAN (.79) -.02 .09 -.10 .64 MKOP (-.77) .35 .09 .31 .82 MBNR (.74) -.24 .38 -.19 .80 MDP (68) -.11 .08 .27 .56 MPSG (.62) -.22 .29 -.38 .66 MIP -.12 (.62) -.09 -.15 .43 MPIK (.57) -.31 .25 .33 .59 MGHC .37 -.08 .52 (.54) .70 MSD .59 (69) -.02 .09 .74 M20m (-.74) -.35 .04 -.12 .68 MBML .54 (.70) .14 .04 .80 MSV (66) .57 -.03 -.05 .76 MDŠ .27 (.85) .00 -.05 .79 MIZG (.55) -.38 -.19 .34 .59 MZGP (.74) -.06 -.21 .12 .61 MPTR (80) -.04 -.19 .05 .68 MDNL (.59) -.08 -.54 .18 .68 MINP .38 -.11 (-66) -.02 .60 Lambda 8.25 4.01 2.11 1.33 % 40.12 16.34 7.98 6.01 Cum % 40.12 56.46 64.44 70.45

Table 2. The matrix of a set of motor variables of dancers

Size OBL1 OBL2 OBL3 OBL4 MONT -.75 .23 .35 .14 MTAR .75 .28 .11 .03 MTAN .55 .24 -.19 .14 MKOP -.82 .09 .23 .05 MBNR .82 .02 .14 .23 MDP .18 .13 -.27 .49 MPSG .88 -.02 .15 -.03 MIP -.16 .55 .09 -.31 MPIK .19 -.09 -.11 .63 MGHC -.07 .07 .19 .88 MSD .02 .79 -.16 .13 M20m -.16 -.58 .28 -.22 MBML .09 .86 .05 .14 MSV .21 .76 -.16 .01 MDŠ -.08 .90 .06 -.10 MIZG .01 -.18 -.55 .42 MZGP .20 .18 -.52 .20 MPTR .30 .23 -.49 .16 MDNL -.04 .11 -.81 .06 MINP -.05 .01 -.79 -.23

RIK, (1), 2013 18 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

Table 3. The matrix of the structure of motor variables of dancers

Size OBL1 OBL2 OBL3 OBL 4 MONT -.80 .06 .61 -.25 MTAR .78 .41 -.24 .36 MTAN .73 .38 -.48 .44 MKOP -.88 -.08 .56 -.35 MBNR .86 .17 -.27 .56 MDP .53 .24 -.47 .64 MPSG .81 .12 -.22 .32 MIP -.24 .48 .17 -.36 MPIK .50 .02 -.33 .73 MGHC .25 .12 .01 .81 MSD .29 .83 -.29 .24 M20m -.48 -.66 .46 -.41 MBML .29 .88 -.12 .24 MSV .42 .82 -.33 .21 MDŠ .01 .87 .02 -.07 MIZG .39 -.07 -.63 .53 MZGP .55 .30 -.68 .43 MPTR .63 .35 -.68 .43 MDNL .34 .20 -.82 .23 MINP .22 .08 -.74 -.05

Table 4. The matrix of intercorrelations of oblimin factors

Size OBL1 OBL2 OBL3 OBL4 OBL1 1.00 .18 -.42 .43 OBL2 .18 1.00 -.11 .09 OBL3 -.42 -.11 1.00 -.22 OBL4 .43 .09 -.22 1.00

basic motor abiliti is related to the accuracy of the mark to the conclusion that factor axes are not reciprocally of space and time paremeters of a proposed system. It is alienated, that is the cosine of the angle that they well-known that precision, being an extremely sensitive reciprocally form is bigger. Based on the structural ability,depends on the emotional state. In the previous analysis of Latin-American and standard dance it is research the majority of authors emphasizes a high logical that the motor abilities, speed and explosive negative correlation with neuroticism and dissociative strength are considered as the most necessary for a syndrome. The mutual basis of, at the first sight, successful dance in most of the dances. Without these, completely different motor movements (precision and extremely stressed motor abilities it is inevitably to flexibility) llies in a muscular synergism because for the achieve the average results in dancing. successful performing of both motor tasks, the muscular Reference aspects of speed (a speed of reaction, coactivation is responsible for, as well as the synergic a speed of motion and a speed of movement) enable action of muscles that are located at both sides of the the dancers harmonious and continuous movement that passive elements oflocomotor apparatus. Undoubtfully, is performance of some dancing elements. A high level this factor may be defined as a mechanism of a synergy of the explosive strength, especially of legs, as well as regulation and tonus regulation. a high or equal level of speed, could be considered as a The matrix of factor intercorrelations (table 33) main characteristics of quality dancers. indicates that the obtained correlations of the first, third The explosive strength of legs is important for and fourth factor are statistically relevant, which leads dancers and therefore it provides faster movements

RIK, (1), 2013 19 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

(bouncing) in performing very complex elements in nosti i karakteristike ličnosti devojčica koje se bave stan- dance structures. dardnim i latino-američkim plesovima [The structure of During the performance of some dancing intellectual and musical abilities and personal traits of elements, the dancers have to synchronize the footwork girls involved in standard and Latin American dance. In (movement) with the coordination of arms, also they Serbian]. (Unbublished Master’s thrsis, Magistarska teza, must change the direction rapidly, realize closed motor University of Priština). Priština: Fakultet za fizičku kul- structures quickly, thus realize complex motor structures turu. by moving the whole body in space for what a high level Boli, E., Popović, D., & Hošek, A. (2009). Sort i kriminal of coordination is needed. One of the characteristics of [Sort i crime. In Serbian]. Leposavić: Univerzitet u Prišti- quality dancers is the ability to change a direction quickly ni, Centar za multidisciplinarna istraživanja Fakulteta za and in the same way to combine various manners of sport i fizičko vaspitanje. dance structures, which implicates that agility interfers Boli, E. (2011). Struktura antropoloških dimenzija plesača the success in dancing to a great extent. i plesačica i izrada postupaka za njihovu procenu i The coordination of legs is the ability which praćenje [The structure of anthropological dimensions allows the dancers to establish the balance and i maintain of male and female dancers and procedures processing it in terms of dance performance, as well as combining for their evaluation and monitiring. In Serbian]. Leposa- various manners of movement. vić: Univerzitet u Prištini, Centar za multidisciplinarna The necessity of quick perfomances of basic istraživanja Fakulteta za sport i fizičkog vaspitanja. movement structures in a dance, that are concurrently Gredelj, M., D. Metikoš, A. Hošek, & Momirović, K. (1975). polystructural, demands form dancers a significant level Model herarhijske strukture motoričkih sposobnosti of coordination defined as „the speed of performing the [A model of hierarchical structure of motor abilities. In complex motor tasks “. Croatian]. Kineziologija, 5(1-2), 7-81. As for the dancers of Latin American dances Guttman, L. (1945). A basis for analysis test-retest reliability. continuous movement is typical and also a performance Psychometrika, 10, 255-282. of very complex dance structures, it may be stated that Guttman, L. (1953). Image theory for the structure of quantita- a certain influence on the success in the dance has the tive variates. Psychometrika, 18, 277 - 296. body coordination. For that reson, the obtained results Harris, C. W., & Kaiser, H. F. (1964). Oblique factor analytic of the factor analysis, rather justify its application in this solutions by orthogonal transformations. Psychometri- research. Hence, the factor analysis could be treated as a ka, 29, 347-362. confirmative method. Knežević, G., Momirović, K. (1996). Algoritam i program za Orthoblique transformaciju glavnih komponenata zna- CONCLUSION čajnih na osnovu PB kriterijuma [An algorithm and a The research has been conducted with the aim to program for transforming Orthoblique significant prin- establish the structure of motor abilities of the dancers cipal components based on the PB criterion. In Serbian]. involved in the standard and Latin American dances. Technical report, Institute of criminological and sociolo- For the purpose of estimating the structure of gical research. Belgrad: Institut za kriminologiju i soci- motor abilities, 267 dancers, age from 11 to 13 were oloških istraživanja. included. Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rota- For the evaluation of motor abilities 20 motor tion in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, 187-200. tests have been used, and they were selected according Kaiser, H. F., & Caffrey, J. (1965). Alpha factor analysis. Psy- to the the model of Gredelj, Metikoš, Hošek and chometrika, 30, 1-14. Momirović from 1975. defined as a mechanism for Kurelić, N., Momirović, K, Stojanović, M., Šturm, J. movement structuring, for synergy and tonus regulation, Radojević, Đ., & Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktuta for regulation of the exitation intensity. i razvoj motoričkih i morfoloških dimenzija omladine All data in this research have been processed in [Structure and development of morphological and mo- the Center for multidisciplinary research of the Faculty tor dimensions of youth. In Serbian]. Beograd: Institut za of Sport and Physical Education of the University in naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Uni- Priština with the assistance of the system of program verziteta u Beogradu. for data processing developed by Popović, D. (1980), Momirović, K.; Erjavec, N.; Radaković, J. (1988). Metoda, (1993) i Momirović, K. and Popović, D. (2003). algoritam i program za konkurentnu validaciju mjernih The analysis of the structure of motor dimensions instrumenata pod konfirmativnim i eksplorativnim indicates that four factors were obtained: the first factor modelom komponentne analize [Method, an algorithm responsible for the movement structuing, the second for and program for competitive validation of measuring the regulation of the exitation intensity, the third for the instruments, confirmative and explorative component exitation continuance, and the fourth responsible for the analiysis model. In Croatian]. Primijenjena psihologija, regulation of tonus and synergy. 9, 157-162. Momirović, K. (1996). O merama pouzdanosti latentnih REFERENCES dimenzija određenih semiortogonalnim transformacijama Boli, E. (1996). Struktura intelektualnih i muzičkih sposob- glavnih komponenata [A measure of reliability of the

RIK, (1), 2013 20 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

latent dimensions of certain orthogonal transformation dimenzija u borenjima i izrada postupka za njihovu of principal components. In Serbian]. Beograd: Savezni procenu i praćenje [Determination of the structure of zavod za statistiku. psychosomatic dimensions in combats and procedures Momirović, D, Wolf, B., & Popović, D. (1999). Uvod u teoriju processing for their evaluation and monitoring. In merenja i interne metrijske karakteristike kompozitnih Serbian]. Priština: Univerzitet u Prištini, Fakultet za mernih instrumenata [The introduction to the theory of fizičku kulturu, Priština measurement and internal metric properties of composite Popović, D., Kocić, J., Boli, E. & Stanković, V. (1995). Co- measuring instruments. In Serbian] Priština: Univerzitet u native characteristics of female dancers. Abstract: Inter- Prištini, Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. national Congress “Images of Sport in the World”, 75th Momirovic, K & Popović, D. (2003). Konstrukcija i Anniversary of the German Sport University, (pp. 96), primena taksonomskih neuronskih mreža [Construction Open Forum, Cologne. Germany. and application of taxonomic neural networks. In Popović, D., Petrović, J., Boli, E. & Stanković, V. (1995) The Serbian]. Leposavić: Univerzitet u Prištini, Centar structure of the personality of female dancers. 3rd In- za multidisciplinarna istraživanja fakulteta za fizičku ternational Congress on Physical education and Sport, kulturu. Exercise & society supplement issue No. 11 (pp. 196), Mulaik, S. A. (1972). The foundations of factor analysis. New Komotini, Greece. York: McGraw-Hill. Popović, D., Stanković, V., Kulić, R. & Grigoropulos, P. Popović, D.: (1980) Metodologija istraživanja u Fizičkoj (1996). The structure of personality of handball players. kulturi [Research methodology in Physical education. In 4th International Congress on Physical education and Serbian]. Naučni podmladak, Univerzitet u Nišu. Sport, Exercise & society supplement issue No. 15 (pp. Popović, D. (1988) Application methods of factorial analysis 164), Komotini, Greece. for determining morphological types. 4rd international Savić, Z.: Uticaj situacionog treninga na transformaciju nekih symposium on the methodology of matematical modelling, antropoloških dimenzija kod seleksionisanih fudbalera Varna, Bulgarija. [Imact of situational taining on transformation of some Popović, D., Antić, K., Stanković, V., Petković, V. & Stanković, anthropological dimensions of selected football. In Ser- S. (1989) Postupci za objektivizaciju ocenjivanja bian] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of efikasnosti izvođenja džudo tehnika [The procedures Priština, Leposavić) Leposavić: Fakultet za fizičku kul- for objectification of estimating the effectiveness in turu. performing the judo techniques. In Serbian]. Naučni Štalec, J., & Momirović, K. (1971). Ukupna količina valjane podmladak, 21(1-2), 83-89. varijance kao osnov kriterija za određivanje broja Popović, D. (1991) Metodologija istraživanja u Fizičkoj značajnih glavnih komponenata [Total amount of valid kulturi [Research methodology in Physical education. In variance criteria as basis for determining the number of Serbian]. Niš: Univerzitet u Nišu, Naučni podmladak. significant principal components. Kineziologija , 1(1), Popović, D. (1992). Methodologia Erevnas Sti Fisiki 83-90. Agogi [Methodology of research in physical education. In Stanković, V. & Popović, D. (2009). Ishodi različitih faktorskih Greek]. Athina, Greece. postupaka za utvrđivanje kognitivnih sposobnosti Popović, D. (1993a). Programi i potprogrami za analizu rukometaša [The results of various factor procedures for kvantitativnih promena [Programs and subprograms for establishing the cognitive abilities of handball players. In the analysis of quantitative modifications. In Serbian]. Serbian]. I Međunarodni naučni kongres “Antropološki Priština. Univerzitet u Prištini, Fakultet za fizičku kulturu, aspekti sporta, fizičkog vaspitanja i rekreacije” (pp. 209- Centar za multidisciplinarna istraživanja, Priština. 213), Banja Luka. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Popović, D. (1993b). Utvrđivanje strukture psihosomatskih

RIK, (1), 2013 21 Boli, Popović, Popović, Savić and Popović

МЕРКИ НА ДОЛНАТА ГРАНИЦА НА РЕЛИЈАБИЛНОСТА НА ЛАТЕНТНИТЕ ДИМЕНЗИИ КОИ СЕ ДОБИЕНИ СО СЕМИОРТОГОНАЛНИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ НА ГЛАВНИТЕ КОМПОНЕНТИ (Originalen nau~en trud)

Evangelia Boli, Dragan Popovi}, Zoran Savi} i Milo{ Popovi} Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, so privremeno sedi{te vo Leposavi}, Srbija

Апстракт Истражувањето беше спроведено со цел да се утврди структурата на моторните способности на танчари кои се занимаваат со стандардни и латино американски танци. Во оценувањето на моторните способности беа вклучени 267 танцувачи на возраст од 11 до 13 години. Во испитувањето беа користени дваесет моторни тестови за оценување на моторните способности, избрани според структурниот модел на Гредељ, Метикош, Хошеков и Момировиќ од 1975 година, дефиниран како механизми за структурирање на движењето, синергична и тонусна регулација, и механизам за регулирање на интензитетот и за продолжена стимулација. Сите собрани материјали во истражувањето беа обработени во Центарот за мултидисциплинарни истражувања на Факултетот за спорт и физичко образование, на Универзитетот во Приштина, со помош на програмски системи за обработка на податоци изработени од Поповиќ, 1980, 1993, Момировиќ и Д. Поповиќ, 2003. Анализата на комплементарната структура на моторните димензии покажа дека се постигнати четири фактори: првиот фактор е одговорен за структурирањето на движењата, вториот за регулирање на интензитетот на стимулацијата, третиот за продолжена стимулација, а четвртиот е одговорен за тонусот и за регулирање на синергијата.

Клучни зборови: motorni testovi, motorni sposobnosti, tan~eri, fuknkcionalen faktorski pristap, programa – Gutman, metoda na glavni komponenti, oblimin faktori, konfirmativna faktorska analiza

Evagelia Boli University in Pristina with temporal base in Leposavić, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, Str. Dositej Obradović bb, 38218, Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija,Serbia E-mail:[email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 22 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 23 -32

CONTRIBUTION TO THE EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SOME DIMENSIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS ON SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE OF SPORTS ELEMENTS

(Original scientific paper)

Aleksandar Naumovski1, Sladjan Karaleić2, Zoran Savić2, Vesko Milenković2, Veselin Bunčić3, Mladen Živković4 1Ss. Ciril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculti of Physical Education, Skopje, Macedonia University of Pristina Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, with temporal base in Leposavić, Serbia 3College of professional studies for school teachers and coaches, Subotica, Serbia 4 University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia

Abstract This research was conducted on a sample of 208 high school students, aged 15. They were researched for 27 anthropological variables (9 anthropometric, 10 motor, 4 cognitive and 4 connative variables) and one criterion variable – evaluation. High school students were prior trained to perform four sports elements which are defined as common success in practical physical education teaching process. Successful performance of sports elements was graded by 8 highly competent physical education teachers. Grading objectivity was controlled by the Hotelling method of main components and by means of three reliability coefficients. Data on the anthropological variables were processed by means of the component factor analysis. For the anthropological variables and grading variable a regression analysis in manifest and latent areas was applied. Regression analysis in manifest area has shown statistically significant difference and in the latent area it has shown statistically insignificant difference on a multivariate level. This research was conducted as an example aiming to compare methodological values of the regression analysis application in the manifest and latent areas. In this line, research results have indicated that the manifest variables have shown statistically significant influence and the latent variables have not shown statistically significant influence on a multivariate level, on an overall success in sports elements performance.

Keywords: high school students, anthropometric variables, motor variables, cognitive variables, conative variables, anthropological factors, sports elements grading, factor analysis, reliability coefficients, regression analysis

INTRODUCTION applying multivariate regression analysis to define the In kinesiology studies one often uses certain influence of the predictive variables on successful body methodological – statistical procedures which relative movement, defined as a criterion variable. On condition to their manner of use and their interpretation can that the final results of the statistical significance of the exhibit different level of values, showing more or less predictive system variables influence on a multivariate exact corresponding scientific conclusions in relation level, in the manifest and latent areas, in the same to the objectives set by the realized research. In some subject sample, coincide in the same direction (whether cases this is valid for the application of the methods this influence is evident or not), then there is no problem in the manifest and latent areas. One such case is a to determine non-contradictory interpretations of this methodological – statistical procedure, interpretation of influence.

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In this way, the obtained methodological – single manifest motor variables, or out of them isolated statistical concluding results upon the applied regression latent dimensions were applied, statistically significant analysis in the manifest and latent areas will be equally correlation on the level of .01. was found. exact for the scientific and practical kinesiological needs. The same case is the analysis where as the If this concordance direction differs, then the values of predictors latent dimensions were defined, isolated the final statistically significant results on a multivariate from these anthropometric manifest variables, and as level, in the manifest area, will be of higher significance criteria motor latent dimensions were defined, isolated for the practical than for the scientific needs. from these motor variables. Therefore, in all these Parallel to this, statistically insignificant results, combinations of the regression analyses there were found in the latent area, will obviously not be important either similar statistical significances on a multivariate level, for practical or the scientific needs. which in turn, enables reaching similar conclusions in In these relations, regression analysis can be the manifest and the latent areas of these analyses. applied in the following combinations of the manifest However, in some combinations of the and latent areas: applied regression analyses where as the predictors • predictors and criterion are manifest variables anthropometric latent dimensions were defined and as (criterion can be one single or common the criterion manifest motor variables were defined, manifest variable, for example, defined as statistically significant differences on a multivariate common Z-value), level do not coincide. For example, predictive system • predictors are manifest variables, and criterion of anthropometric latent dimensions did not exert is a latent variable (criterion can be one single statistically significant influence on the criterion which variable, or a variable obtained from several is defined as motor manifest variable “trunk lifting”. variables, for example, general latent variable As a matter of fact, non-concordance is reflected in that which is reduced from some system of regression analysis for this manifest variable where variables), predictive system was defined with the anthropometric • predictors and criterion are latent variables manifest variables there was a statistically significant (criterion is defined in the previous way), difference. • predictors are latent variables, and criterion In the study of Milanović (1976) regression is one single or common manifest variable correlation of the system of applied manifest variables – (common manifest variable, for example, can weight lifting has pointed to the statistically significant be defined as a common Z-value). influence on the success in athletics disciplines: shot-put, disc and javelin. This kind of influence on these athletics Numerous researchers have conducted disciplines was found also in the regression analysis previous studies applying the regression analysis where where predictors were isolated latent dimensions from predictors and criteria are defined in some of the above the same applied manifest variables in the given research. cited combinations. Therefore, final results of the regression analysis in the In the research of Strahonja (1974) it was combined area, where predictors were latent dimensions determined that the predictive system of the manifest and criterion single throwing athletics disciplines, are in anthropometric variables exerts statistically significant concordance with the final results of this analysis where influence on the criterion variable, defined with the predictors and criteria were manifest variables. jumping height (Sargent-test), on a level of .01. The Quite contrary to the previous research influence of this same predictive anthropometric system Katarniček (1982) has found that statistically significant coincided with the statistical significance on the same differences match, but in such manner that there is no level in the criterion variable too – maximal vertical take statistically significant influence on a multivariate level, off in the specific volleyball player jump. In the same in the applied regression analyses. Namely, in the first way, in regression correlation between the predictive set regression analysis (predictive system was composed of the latent anthropometric dimensions, derived from of conative manifest variables, and the criterion was the same applied anthropometric manifest variables, in defined with manifest variable - high jump) and in the the same research, in both mentioned manifest criterion second regression analysis as well (predictive system variables, similar statistical significances were found. was defined with the isolated latent dimensions from In one important and notable research there applied conative manifest variables and the criterion were applied multiple regression analyses in different was variable - high jump) no statistically significant combinations (Kurelić et al., 1975), where separately as difference on the multivariate level was revealed. predictors the anthropometric manifest variables were Naumovski (1993) found a discrepancy in defined, or out of them isolated latent dimensions, statistically significant differences in the regression and as a criterion single manifest motor variables, or analyses on a multivariate level with predictive manifest out of them isolated motor latent dimensions, were and latent anthropometric variables and the criterion defined. In all cases of the regression analyses inthis variable defined as common success in several sports research where the system of predictive set of manifest elements performance on a factorized first principal anthropometric variables was applied and as the criterion, component. In an analysis in which predictors were RIK, (1), 2013 24 Naumovski, Karaleić, Savić, Milenković, Bunčić, Živković manifest variables, the author found statistically ce beam (MPSG), deep forward bend (MDPK), significant difference and in the analysis with the standing triple jump (MTRS), 20 meter flying predictive latent dimensions, the author found no start run (M20L), 50 meter run from the stan- statistically significant difference on the multivariate ding start position (M50), flexed arm hang level. - (MVIS), trunk lifting - (MDTK) and half Similar results in studies applying multiple squat wall sit load (MIZP). regression analyses were obtained by Gligorov (2008). • For cognitive area: S1 - visual spacialization, In regression analyses with defined basic manifest motor V1 – simbolic (verbal) reasoning, P1 – percep- variables and the criterion of individual situational tual reasoning, and N1 – numeric reasoning. manifest motor variables, he found statistically • For conative area: A1– anxiety, I7 – inhibito- significant differences on the multivariate level. ry conversion, T15 – aggressivness and L17 – In regression analyses with the same predictors of schizoid personality. manifest basic motor variables, but with the criterion Anthropometric and motor variables were of individual situational latent dimensions, isolated applied according to the recommendations and referrals from the situational manifest motor variables, he also of Kurelić et al. Cognitive variables were applied based found statistically significant differences at this level. on the SVPN-1 battery according to Reuchlin and But in the regression analyses with the predictive latent Valine (1953). Cognitive variables were drawn from the dimensions, isolated from the basic manifest motor reduced battery 18 PF composed of the factor analysis of variables, and with the criteria of the single situational verbal stimuli intercorrelation, from the battery Cornell latent dimensions, isolated from the situational motor Index N4, scale MMPI and MPI, as well as his own manifest variables, there was no statistically significant verbal stimuli, constructed by Momirović. difference on the multuvariate level. In addition to the variables of the Determined statistically significant and anthropological status the criterion variable - overall insignificant differences between abovementioned success of the previously trained sports elements combinations of applied regression analyses point to performance, was applied. Success is defined by the the subject and problem of this research problem and ordinal scale measuring from 5 to 10 points with an the acquisition of knowledge for more careful and accuracy of estimation of 0.1 points. Evaluation of the apprehensive approach towards the interpretation of success was made ​by 8 highly qualified experts in the obtained results on the influence of predictive variables field of sports and physical education. on the criterion variables so that one can draw correct Four sports elements were evaluated. Each and methodologically grounded conclusions for any element was a representative of one of four groups of given research. sports according to the classification of MRAKOVIĆ All things considered the aim of this study (1971). From the group of monostructural sports (in was defined by the methodological orientation. To put athletics) the following was evaluated - ,”O’Brian shotput it more precisely, this research will utilize one example technique”, from the polystructural acyclic sports group to determine the influence of some anthropological (in judo) - “Uchi-mata” throwing technique, from the variables (anthropometric, motor, cognitive, conative) polystructural complex sports group (from basketball) - on the overall successful performance of some sports a two-step overhead jump shot after receiving the ball elements, taking into account the importance of matching from the teammate, from the polystructural conventional statistically significant and insignificant differences in sports group (in gymnastics) - hands stand and forward the various regression analyses which treat the same roll on the floor. Assessment is defined as an overall variables in the manifest and the latent areas. successful performance of sports elements, that is, as sufficiently expressed representative of success in RESEARCH METHODS physical education curricula. Assessed sports elements The research was conducted on a sample of in 9 school classes, with appropriate work load, were 208 high school students at the age of 15 ± 6 months. taught using a complex (combined) method. Students were included in regular physical education The research data were analyzed by using a classes and did not exhibit any apparent psychosomatic variety of univariate and multivariate statistical methods. aberrations or defects of the locomotor apparatus. Among others, the following statistical methods were For this sample the following 27 variables were applied, of which only a part (which is related to the applied to assess the hypothetical latent dimensions of primary objective of this study) is presented in this certain anthropological status areas. paper: For anhtropometrics: body height (AV), arm • Testing the normality of the distribution of length (ADR), leg length, (AND), stretched upper each variable, using the method of Kolmogorov and arm circumference (AOON), lower leg circumference Smirnov, (AOPK), body weight (AT), forearm skin fold (ANN), • Hotelling method of principal components. back skinfold (ANL) and abdominal skinfold (ANT). The number of significant principal components was • For motor area: floor agility - (MONT), leg determined according to Guttman - Kaiser criteria by tapping (MTAN), cross standing on the ballan- which each component is considered significant with the RIK, (1), 2013 25 Naumovski, Karaleić, Savić, Milenković, Bunčić, Živković characteristic root size which is equal to or greater than that would prevent further methodologically sound 1.00, processing of the collected data. • The characteristic roots of (Lambda) and Data of the Hotelling procedure (Table 1) percentages (%) of valid variable variance, show that the evaluation of the overall success of sports • Parallel and orthogonal projection oblimin elements performance is reliable, valid and impartial. latent dimensions (factors) This can be concluded on the basis of some parameters • Reliability coefficients of the sporting of this procedure and the calculated values ​of reliability elements success grading: coefficients (these coefficients, as well as many other - General reliability by Spearman and Brown processed statistical data, to save text space, are not (RTT1) presented in Tables). - Common variance reliability (RTT2) First of all, only one statistically significant - Reliability of the first principal component main component was isolated, whose value of the (RTT3). characteristic root (Lambda) and the percentage of the • Normalization and standardization of total valid variance are quite pronounced as well as success grades for sports elements on the first principal rapid decrease of other roots that are not statistically component, defined as the common subject of significant, showing that to a large extent variance measurement (values of subjects ​obtained on vector K knowledge was assessed as the real and unique subject -1), of the overall success of sports elements performance • Regression analysis in the manifest and latent evaluation. This coincides with the high correlations areas: of the grades from individual assessors with the main - Correlation between each predictor and component, that is, with the object of measurement. The criterion variable (r), data show that all assessors have such correlations. Even - Partial correlation of each predictor with the the lowest correlation of the fourth assessor, which is criterion variable (Pr), .92, is a very high value for the definition of the high • Standardized partial regression coefficients of degree of reliability of the assessment of the overall each predictor on the criterion variable (Beta) success. • Measure of statistical significance (Q) of In accordance with such evaluation are very the correlation coefficients, partial correlation and high values of the ​obtained reliability coefficients. standardized partial regression coefficients of each General reliability coefficient (RTTL) had a value of .97. predictor on the criterion variable (on the univariate Joint reliability coefficient of variance (RTT2), which level) and the multiple correlation coefficient (Ro) gives the lowest value was .95, and the coefficient of the and the coefficient of determination (Delta) system of first principle single component had the highest value variables on the criterion variable. (.99). • The degrees of freedom (Df1 i Df2) After determination of the values ​of the Procedure for Hotelling method with the reliability coefficients and analysis of data from the transformation of the principle components in the oblimin Hotelling method of principal components, the next step latent dimensions, as well as defining the predictive was to further the implementation of planned methods set of variables, is treated in a unique anthropological for statistical analysis of data. It is quite understandable system, made ​up of the anthropometric, motor, cognitive that if one does not obtain methodologically satisfactory and conative variables. This was done for practical and and highly reliable assessment, such data processing rational reasons to get general and time cost-effective would not be correct because there would be no knowledge on the influence of the anthropological status methodological justification for the realization of the of the entities (students, athletes, etc.) on the overall main research aim. success of the sports elements performance which for the Factorization of the treated anthropological same reason has a certain significance. In fact, the goal variables (Table 2), based on their saturation in the of this research is designed in this regard. Otherwise, matrix of parallel and orthogonal projections oblim it is understandable that in some cases, a survey of the rotation of principal component, that is, transformation partial influence of individual segments (for example, of varimax factors, indicated deliberate existence and motor segment only) of the anthropological status of the interpretation of all statistically significant isolated entity, has specific scientific and practical significance. anthropometric, motor, cognitive and conative latent oblimin dimensions (factors). Out of them, two are RESULTS anthropometric, three motor, one cognitive and one The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov conative factor. Their deliberate interpretation is based methods (these results, as well as many other results, to on the logical and similar saturations in the matrices save text space, are not reported in the paper) on testing of parallel and orthogonal projection on the targeted normality distribution of data variables, showed that manifest variables. only 10% of them deviate from the normal distribution Anthropometric factors can be defined as: body with an error of less than. 01. Therefore, it could be voluminosity and subcutaneous adipose tissue (F1) and assumed that there were no prominant disruptive factors the longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton (F3). RIK, (1), 2013 26 Naumovski, Karaleić, Savić, Milenković, Bunčić, Živković

Table 1 Factor analysis (principal components method) criterion variables (evaluation)

Lambda % Assessors Н1

1 7.07 .88 O1 . 96 2 .29 .92 O1 . 95 3 .14 .94 О3 .93 4 .13 .95 О4 .92 5 .13 .97 О5 .95 6 .10 .98 О6 .95 7 .08 .99 О7 .94 8 .06 1.00 О8 .93

Table 2 Factor analysis of anthropometric (parallel and orthogonal projection)

Variables Paralel projections Orthogonal projections

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 АV -.07 -.02 -.00 -.91 -.08 -.02 -.02 .30 .20 -.05 -.94 .22 -.08 -.02 АDR .03 -.03 -.03 .92 .01 .01 -.03 .26 .15 -.07 .92 .15 -.05 -.04 АDN -.00 -.11 -.04 .91 .03 -.12 -.07 .24 .05 -.08 .90 .16 -.19 -.10 АООN .81 .29 -.01 .15 .00 .05 .08 .83 .33 .01 .41 .07 -.02 .09 АОPК .68 .19 .00 .33 .06 .02 .01 .75 .26 .01 .54 .14 .06 .00 АТ .66 .13 .04 .52 .00 -.01 .02 .79 .22 .06 .70 .10 -.10 -.01 АNN .89 -.13 -.05 -.18 .03 -.09 -.01 .86 -.19 .05 .03 -.01 -.21 -.13 АNL .87 .10 .07 -.01 -.08 .01 -.01 .87 -.13 .16 .17 -.09 -.11 -.11 АNT .90 -.08 .04 -.04 -.02 -.05 -.03 .91 -.12 .13 .17 -.03 .18 -.14 MONT .05 -.47 .08 .07 .11 .40 -.34 .06 -.49 .16 -.01 .04 .30 -.41 MTAN .03 -.06 -.01 -.16 .07 -.04 .84 -.08 .11 -.05 -.15 .09 .05 .83 MPSG .09 .11 -.26 -.27 .04 .46 .16 -.07 .17 -.25 -.23 .04 .48 .24 MDPK .04 -.13 .07 .25 -.05 .38 .53 .01 .07 .06 .20 .01 .41 .53 MTRS -.34 .41 -.04 .49 .01 .08 .27 .26 .59 -.16 .49 .16 .17 .41 M20L .03 .88 .01 -.04 .03 .06 -.12 .00 .86 -.07 .14 .13 .14 .10 M50 -.02 .82 .03 -.06 .11 .03 -.05 -.04 .81 -.06 .11 .20 .13 .15 MVIS .38 .09 .07 .02 -.08 .51 .20 -.45 .19 .04 -.10 -.06 .59 .30 MDTK .07 .62 -.11 -.06 -.08 -.05 .20 .02 .65 -.18 .07 .01 .03 .35 MIZP -.06 .06 -.01 -.18 .01 .74 -.06 -.20 .10 .02 -.22 .00 .76 .05 S1 .05 .02 .01 .04 .75 .13 .01 .04 .14 -.02 .17 .76 .13 .08 V1 -.13 .07 .04 .04 .64 -.22 .17 -.10 .18 -.04 .13 .66 -.17 .22 P1 .01 .04 -.06 .01 .81 -.02 -.12 .01 .12 -.01 .15 .81 .02 -.05 N1 -.01 -.05 .03 .01 .81 .02 .06 -.01 .07 -.01 .12 .80 .04 .10 A1 -.06 .03 .82 .01 -.18 -.10 -.08 .03 -.11 .83 -.07 -.23 -.07 -.15 I7 -.03 .02 .88 .03 .01 .12 -.03 .04 -.06 .88 -.02 -.03 .15 -.07 T15 .12 .05 .72 -.13 .11 .05 .09 .13 -.02 .72 -11 .06 .08 .06 L17 .04 -.05 .90 -.03 .07 -.07 .06 .12 -.14 .90 -.06 .01 -.05 -.01

LAMBDA 5.56 4.00 2.62 2.24 1.98 1.33 1.04 % .20 .35 .45 .53 .60 .65 69

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Table 3 Regression analysis of criterion variable in manifest area

Variables R Rp Beta Q АV .05 0.7 .22 .32 ADR .03 -.01 -.02 .90 АDN -.01 -.06 -.14 .45 АООN .13 -.01 -.03 .86 АОPК .14 .10 .20 .16 АТ .07 -.07 -.19 .37 АNN .03 .17 .29 .02 АNL .03 .05 .10 .49 АNT -.08 -.15 -.33 .04 MONT -.07 .04 .04 .63 MTAN .16 .15 .15 .04 MPSG .08 -.02 -.02 .79 MDPK .09 .01 .01 .87 MTRS .23 .11 .16 .12 M20L .21 .04 .05 .60 M50 .22 .12 .15 .11 MVIS .06 -.06 -.07 .38 MDTK .22 .08 .09 .28 MIZP .07 .08 .08 .30 S1 .06 .03 .04 .65 V1 -.10 -.23 -.26 .00 P1 .04 .07 .08 .38 N1 -.03 -.04 -.05 .61 A1 -.03 .02 .03 .79 I7 .02 -.03 .05 .66 T15 -.06 -.07 -.09 .31 L17 -.02 .07 .12 .32 Delta Ro Df1 Df2 Q .21 .46 27 183 .00

Table 4 Regression analysis of criterion variable in latent area

Variable R Rp Beta Q FOBL1 .05 -.04 .04 .55 FOBL2 .17 .10 .11 .14 FOBL3 -.03 .00 .00 .96 FOBL4 .06 .05 .05 .46 FOBL5 .00 -.03 -.03 .64 FOBL6 .05 .01 .01 .88 FOBL7 .24 .21 .21 .00 Delta Ro Df1 Df2 Q .08 .27 7 203 .03

These factors are defined with very high saturations, so basic mechanisms that really exist in the basis of the that their existence is stable, which allows a high degree movement regulation (Kurelić et al., 1975). It is of of knowledge in the consideration of relations with other special scientific interest, because this approach can be variables and parameters in kinesiological analysis. said to allow pronounced exactness in defining factors The existence of motor factors can be decoded which is based on the neurophysiological causation of by the functional-centered approach, that is, by the the entities motorics. Following this approach, there

RIK, (1), 2013 28 Naumovski, Karaleić, Savić, Milenković, Bunčić, Živković were isolated three motor factors: regulation factor of exert statistically significant influence on the criterion the excitation intensity (F2), factor of regulation of the variable. excitation duration, that is functional synergy and tonus Of these variables, the largest contribution regulation (F6) and factor of movement structuring (F7). to this influence on the multivariate level have both Out of cognitive and conative variables there anthropometric variables, and then motor and cognitive were isolated single clean and stable factors with high variables. Abdominal skinfold and verbal reasoning saturation. Factor isolated from the cognitive variables have Beta coefficients with a negative sign. The negative is clearly defined as a general cognitive factor (F5), and influence of these variables is understandable, because also general conative factor (F3) was isolated from the stomach fat interferes with the locomotor activity, even conative variables. more so during the technical sports elements performance Results of the regression analysis in the manifest where the result is defined by the subjective qualitative area (Table 3) have shown that the predictive system on assessments, and not with the quantitative results, a multivariate level has significantly influenced (Q <05) requiring from the subjects to exhibit a higher level of the criterion variable, defined as the overall successful the motor skills development. Also, it is understandable performance of sports elements which was defined that speaking skills could not logically be significantly by the first principal component (vector K-1). At the correlated with the motor skills. However, why they univariate level, out of the system of manifest predictive have shown negative statistically significant correlation variables a statistically significant influence was found with the success of sports elements performance, is not in the anthropometric variables - forearm skin fold easy to specify and explain logically. (ANN) and abdominal skinfold (ANT), as well as the For upper arm skin fold influence on the motor variable - agility on the floor (MEST). Similarly, criterion variable, it could be said that it is at the age but at a level of .01, a statistically significant influence that is researched in this study, not a ballast weight and was found for the cognitive variable -symbolic (verbal) disturbing factor that could negatively influence motor reasoning (V1). skills required for enough successful sport elements Based on the results of the regression analysis performance that at the same time did not necessitate in Table 4, in which the predictor system is presented a more pronounced topological engagement of the with the latent dimensions, and the criterion variable respondents’ hands. In support to this claim one can take with the overall success in sports elements performance, into account the insufficiently reliable measurements of defined by the first principal component (vector K-1), skinfold variables, and in this sense also the measurement there was not found statistically significant difference of the upper arm skin fold. (Q>. 01) on the multivariate level. On the univariate Other anthropological predictive variables level, only the factor of movement structuring (F7) have been considered sufficient despite the fact has shown statistically significant correlation with the that they have not individually shown statistically criterion variable. However, there is not a sufficient significant relationship with the criterion variable. contribution or its relations are just random relations However, because of their greater number, included in with the criterion variable. the predictive system, they are seen as contributing on the multivariate level of the regression analysis in the DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS manifest area, to the statistically significant difference. Taking into account the characteristics of the Results of regression analysis in the latent area subject and the research problem, the discussion of the with a predictive system of latent variables that were obtained results and reaching conclusions refer primarily isolated from the applied anthropological variables show to the interpretation of data for the applied regression that there is no statistically significant difference with analyses in the manifest and latent areas. the estimation error of less than 1% on the multivariate In regression analysis in the manifest area it level. Multiple correlation (Rho = .27) and the coefficient was noted that multiple correlation (Rho = .46) shows of determination (.08), had significantly lower values​ a statistically significant difference (Table 3) on the than in the regression analysis in the manifest area on level of .01. Correspondent value to this relatively the multivariate level. high correlation is represented by the coefficient of In the regression analysis of the latent area on determination (Delta), which is .21. Thus, the predictive the univariate level, out of all isolated predictive latent system of the applied anthropological variables dimensions of the applied anthropological systems of generally influences the overall successul performance manifest variables, only the motor factor of movement of the treated sports elements. structuring (F7) has had statistically significant influence Individual impact of the anthropological with an error of less than 1% on the criterion variable variables of this system on the criterion variable is - overall success in sports elements performance. Beta noticeable from a relatively small number of these coefficient of this factor, whose value is .21, is consistent variables. Of these four variables, two variables are with the correlation (.24) and partial correlation anthropometric (forearm skinfold - ANN, abdominal (.21). Thus these values ​are markedly higher than the skinfold - ANT), one is motor variable (leg tapping) and corresponding values ​of all other isolated predictive one is cognitive variable (verbal reasoning-V1) and they factors in this study. RIK, (1), 2013 29 Naumovski, Karaleić, Savić, Milenković, Bunčić, Živković

However, a statistically significant influence of insignificant difference of influence of the the latent the factor- movement structuring (defined by a functional predictive variables on the criterion variable at a level approach to the existence of latent motor dimensions), of .01. But if we take into consideration that the latent which is determined by the factor of body movement variables have greater degree of significance than the coordination (according to the phenomenological manifest variables, then it is clear that the interpretation approach to the existence of motor dimensions), due of the conclusion obtained from that regression analysis, to the non-corresponding and insignificant impact of is deemed to be more important. In any case, regardless the whole system of predictive latent variables on the of whether it is about the statistical or non- statistical multivariate level, can be considered as a coincidence. difference, it is scientifically more accurate, due to the Therefore, one can mention only a few possible fact that latent dimensions represent ability, that is, they causes of the influence of this factor on the criterion explain causes of the influences on the criterion variable. variable. Namely, the acquisition, that is success in the Therefore, the results of the regression analysis performance of any motor activity, and thus the success in the latent area are of much more objective and of the criterion variable in this study, is to a large extent, scientific importance for the scientific generalization of determined by the ability to coordinate body movement. the results in kinesiological research and for the solution This may be important, but it must be kept of its problems, then are the results of the regression in mind that the contribution of the factor – body analysis in the manifest area. Thus, conclusions about coordinating, along with the contributions from other the statistical significance of differences, which were latent dimensions of the predictive anthropological obtained from a regression analysis where the predictors system, was not enough to establish statistically and criteria were latent dimensions (factors), compared significant correlation of that system with the criterion to the manifest predictive variables, have an advantage in variable on the multivariate level of the regression solving scientific and practical problems in kinesiology analysis. In addition, this is certainly influenced by the and sports activities. fact that some other predictive variables have not been applied that condition the overal success of the sports elements performance treated in this study. REFERENCES Comparing the results of the first regression Baumgartner, T.A., Jackson, A.S., Mahar, M.T., & Rowe, D.A. analysisin the manifest area (with the predictors of the (2003). 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[Predictive value of some motor tests, analyized from Conclusion from the first regression analysis different methodological and statistical procedures on would be more acceptable and more feasible when there the success of situational motor tests in subjects with is a need to solve the relevant problems of practice. This above average motor abilities. In Macedonian]. (Un- conclusion would be more applicable for a preliminary bulised doctoral dissertatin, Ss Cyril and Methodius period of time and time pressing rapid practical needs University of Skopje, Faculty of Physical Education) that require in the dominant sense the professional - Скопје: Факултет за физичка култура. scientific organizational solutions related to the massive Holidey, D.B., Ballard, J.E., & McKeown, B.C. (1995). group of entities involved in sports activities. PRESS-related statistics: Regression tools for cross- The conclusion of the second regression validation and case diagnostics. 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Measurement concepts in physical education and ex- учениците во успехот на некои обучувани спортски ercise science (pp. 181-207). Champaign, IL: Human елемемти [The contributon of some of the manifest Kinetics. and latent dimensions of anthropological status of the Katarinček, R. (1982). Relacije između patoloških konativnih students success trained sports elements. In Macedo- faktora i rezultata u skoku u vis [Relations between nian]. Физичка култура, 21(1), 3-8. pathological conative factors and results in the high O’Connor, D.P., Mahar, M.T, Lauglin, M.S, & Jackson, A.S. jump. In Sovenian]. Kineziologija, 13(1-2), 71-82. (2011). The Bland-Altman method should not be used Knechtle, B., Wirth, A., Knechtle, P., & Rosemann, T. (2009). in regression cross-validation studies. Research Quar- Moderate association anthropometry, but not training terly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4), 610-616. volume, with race performance in male ultra endurance Oliver, J.L., & Stembridge, M. (2011). Use of a heart rate- cyclists. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, to-ground contact time index to monitor and predict 80(3), 563-568. middle-distance running. European Journal of Sport Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., Science, 11(6), 437-456. Radojević, Đ. i Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura i Reuchelin, M., & Valin, E. (1953). ,,Test Colletifs” du Centre razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine de researches B.C.R. – BINOP, (3). [Structure and development of morphological and mo- Robinson, L.E., Wadsworth D.D. & Peoples, C.M. (2012). tor dimensions of youth. In Srbian]. Beograd: Institut Correlates of School-day physical Activity in Pre- za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje. school. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Milanović, D. (1976). Relacije između manifestnih i latentnih 83(1), 20-26. dimenzija dizanja utega i rezultata u bacanju kugle, Snee, R.D. (1977). Validation of regression models: Methods diska i koplja [Relations between the manifest and la- and examples. Technometrics, 19, 415-428. tent dimensions and weight lifting results in shot put, Strahonja, A. (1974). Utjecaj manifestnih i latentnih antrop- javelin and disc. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 6(1-2), ometrijskih varijabli na visinu odraza i maksimalni 193-204. dohvat kod odbojkaša juniora [The impact of the man- Mraković, M. (1971). Kineziologija [Kinesiology. In Croa- ifest and latent anthropometric variables on the height tian]. Kineziologija,1(1), 1-5. of the reflection and maximum reach of the junior vol- Naumovski, A. (1984). Neke relacije uticaja antropomorfnih, leyball players. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 4(1), 5-15. antropomotornih, kognitivnih i konativnih manifest- Stodden, D., Langerdorfen, S., & Roberton, M.A. (2009). The nih i latentnih varijabli u predikciji uspeha izvođenja association between motor skill competence and physi- izučenih sportskih elemenata kod učenika [Some re- cal fitness in yang adults.Research Quarterly for Exer- lations impact, antrhropomorfic and anthropomotor, cise and Sport, 80(2), 223-229. cognitive, conative manifest and latent variables in the Tomas, J.R., & Nelson, J.K. (1990). Research methods in phys- prediction of success performing trained sports ele- ical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ments in students. In Serbian]. Fizička kultura, 38(2), Williams, C., & Wragg, C. (2006). Data analysis and research 98-104. for Sport and Exercise science. London and New York: Наумовски, А. (1993). Придонесот на одделни манифестни Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group. и латентни димензии на антрополошкиот статус на

RIK, (1), 2013 31 Naumovski, Karaleić, Savić, Milenković, Bunčić, Živković

ПРИДОНЕС ВО ЕВАЛУАЦИЈА НА МЕТОДОЛОШКАТА ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЈА НА РЕГРЕСИВНАТА АНАЛИЗА НИЗ ПРИМЕР НА ИСТРАЖУВАЊЕ ЗА ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА НЕКОИ ДИМЕНЗИИ НА АНТРОПОЛОШКИОТ СТАТУС ВРЗ УСПЕХОТ НА СПОРТСКИТЕ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Александар Наумовски1, Слаѓан Карелиќ2, Зоран Савиќ2, Веско Миленковиќ2, Веселин Бунчиќ3, Младен Живковиќ4 1Univerzitet ,,Sv, Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija 2Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe , so privremeno sedi{te vo Leposavi}, Srbija 3Visoka {kola za stru~ni studii za {koluvawe na vospituva~i i treneri, Subotica, Srbija 4Uviverzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija

Apstrakt Истражувањето е реализирано на примерок од 208 ученици на возраст од 15 години. На нив се применети 27 антрополошки варијабли (9 антропометриски, 10 моторни, 4 когнитивни и 4 конативни) и една критериумска вараијабла – оценување. Учениците предходно обучуваa 4 спортски елемети кои беа дефинирани како заеднички успех од практичната настава по физичко воспитување. Успехот на изведувањето на спортските елементи го оценуваа 8 компетентни високообразовани наставници по физичко воспитување. Објективноста на оценувањето е проверена со Хотелинговата метода на главните компоненти и со помош на три коефициенти на релијабилносата. Податоците од антрополошките варијабли се обработени со компонентна факторска анализа. На антрополошките варијабли и варијаблата на оценувањето е применета регресивна анализа во манифестен и латентен простор. Регресивната анализа во манифестнипт простор, покажа статистички значајна, а во латентниот простор, статистички незначајна разлика на мултиваријантното ниво. Истражувањето е реализирано како пример со цел да се утврди компарирањето на методолошката вредност при компарирањето на регресивната анализа во манифестниот и латентниот простор. Во тој контекст резултатите на истражувањето покажаа дека манифестните варијабли статистички значајно влијаеле, а латентните варијабли стаистички не влијаеле значајно на муливаријантното ниво врз успехот на изведувањето на третираните спортски елемети.

Клучни зборови: u~enici, antropometriski varijabli, motorni varijabli, kognitivni varijabli, konativni varijabli, antropolo{ki faktori, ocenuvawe na sposrtski elementi, faktorska analiza, koeficienti na relijabilnosta, regresivna analiza

Corresponding address: Aleksandar Naumovski St Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of physical education Zeleznicka, bb, 1000 Skopje Republic of Macedonia Е-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 32 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 33 -36

KINESIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT MUSCLE GROUP PER SPORTSMAN PARACHUTIST JUMP

(Original scientific paper)

Slaviša Djurdjević1, Vladimir Velicković2, Ivana Mladenović Cirić3 and Gordana Dedić1 1University of Defense, Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia. 2University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, student PhD, Pale, RS, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia.

Abstract Important kinesiological parameter which we track during sport training and competition is muscle force, which in biomedical terms represents maximal muscle concentration under maximal pressure expressed in watts. The goal of the Research was to estimate muscle strength of important muscle groups of parachutes, muscle flexor of lower leg, forearm and adductors of thigh and upper arm during a sport parachute jump. The sample included 20 trained sport-landing parachutes of the Serbian Army, and during 2007-2010 the listed variables were applied and monitored. The research results point to a significant fall of muscle strength: flexor of lower arm and thigh adductor, after a sport-parachute jump, within base significance p<0,005. It was concluded that the parachute jump as specific bio-motor activity of extreme sport, due to numerous exogenous and endogenous factors which lead to statistical important muscle group strength fall and lower extremity.

Keywords: tensiometer, extremity force, forearm and shins flexors, thigh and upper arm adductors, t-test for small dependent samples

INTRODUCTION and parachutes of Serbian Army,we use in basic Muscule strength in kinesiological term includes conditions training on isokinetic and isogravitational ability of muscles to efficiently and significantly oppose computerisation,dinamometric and goniometric device pressure, while in fisical term it represents work done for movment aplitude (in different phasis of movement), per time measurment, otherwords kinesiotherapicly determins frequency of load,time of break,optimal represents maximal contraction of muscles under traning of marked muscle groups.This highly- maximal load (Djurdjević, Andrejic, Rudnjanin, & resolutive,sofisticated device of Americ production is Damjanović,1999; Kostć, 2002). used in training program and aviation of modern world Muscule strength depends on numerable endoge- armies such as USA,France,Great Britain,Turkey,and nic and exogenic factors: starting length of muscle fiber, Italy. degree of their distension, transverse cut of muscle fi- Because of rapid, fast and significant growth + Gz ber core number, state of porpriceptor like neuromuscle speed increasment which stay constant per parachutist spindle, Golgi Complex, stelat receptors, training, gen- jump, and especially in modern army aviation 3. And der, age, genetical factors, psychological factors, exter- 4. Generations per performing certain manouver figures nal envirorment condition such as temperature and ba- such as „cobra“,“roller“,“bell“,“spiral“ and others,it rometric pressure (Andre, Cumin, Nicholson, Arnold, comes to rapid and significant overflow of blood from 2002). central vascular base of central neuro system and heart For effective and fast strenghtening of muscle forwards surface,which leads to loss of consciousness force vulnerable and demanding population of pilots and convulsion,and therefore fatal outcome.Muscule

RIK, (1), 2013 33 Djurdjević, Velicković, Mladenović Cirić and Dedić

Tabel 1. Strength of muscles reciever but and overholder of lowerhand expressed in W before and during parachutist jump.

Variables X±SD t-test p Muscle strength Muscle strength after Muscle strength abductors thigh before the jump the jump 112,34±0,18 98,95 ±0,42 3,45 < 0.005 Forearm flexors muscle strength 54,75±0,12 48,84±0.34 3,67 < 0.005

mass and it’s strength, especially „hamstring, abdomi- into pascals we get by multiplying with coficient nal, lower extremities, significantly resists with it’s to- 133,3),which values 160mmHg x 133,3 = 21328 pa per nus to blood overflow from central vascular base,making surface measurment folded mengetne of tensiometer strong elastic barrier with anti G suit.By this,we accom- fixal supracubital,dimension 14x10cm=0,014 m²,so this plish succesful sport desant and training activity of pa- pressure,otherwords muscle force per volume counts P rachute and pilot (Clarkson, Nosaka, Braun, 1992). ( otherwords F) ) = 21328 x 0,014 = 298,59N.Impact The goal of the research was to overview degree angle of active force of biceps is one of start pressure of lowering muscule strength of significant muscule gro- on mangetne untill end of compression of mangetne and ups of sport-desant parachutes of Serbian Military due to it counts around 10°,and it’s cosinus counts 0,28,while over flying with parachute „wing“ from 5000m height, passed trip lowerhand from semiflexion to complete in the period 2007-2010, in order to find measurment for compression of mangetne counts around 20cm (0,2m). lowering fall of the same Due to replacement of parameters,we get next values: The research sample included representative po- A = F • S • cos α,otherowrds (21328 • 0,014) • 0,2 • pulation from 20 trained, sport-desant parachutes, mem- cos 10°=298,59 • 0,2 • 0,98 = 58,52 Nm,and if P=A/ bers of sport team of Serbian Army „Sky Otters“ with si- t,and concentration lasts for ex. 1 second,than we have gnificant international characteristics.All examinee were P= 58,52/1 =58,52W. Therefore strength of m.byceps male gender.Per biological constitution,there were 15 brachi per flexion of lowerhand is 58,5W ( Djurdjević et „mesomorph“ and 5 „ektomorph“ according to Schel- al.1999).. don, BMI < 25,age 23-37,from whom 17 „right handed“ and 3 „left handed“ also with tested non dominant body RESULTS parts. Tracked variables were: muscle strength of flexor From muscle group agonist, we examined mus- forearm,therefor adductor of but and upper arm before cle strength of lower and upper extremities,especially and during parachute jump from 5000 meter height. flexor muscles of lowerhand and but aductor,therefore flexor muscle of lowerhand and upductor of METHODS upperhand,expressed in wats,before and after parachut- Dynamometricly, in W, practically, cheap, ist overfly type wing.Results are presentated in table n.1 newly included method tensiomeric, whose values were and tested by Student t-test for small even samples tested in pilots consisting of 5 examinees,comparing By overviewing muscle strength of adduc- results with values of muscle force, tested using tor but and flexor lowerhand,significant fall can be sofisticated computerized isokinetic device Cybex-340, noticed,lowering of muscle strength per jump,compared we did not note significant deviations, so method of to strength of same before jump,with high values of t- determining muscle force „by Djurdjević“, which will test and straight ange of significance p<0,005.Koda of be explained in detils here, we can highly recommand muscle antagonist and flexor of lowerhand,and aductor in clinical and sport practice,especially in kinesiology, of upperhand didnt show statistically significant lowe- kinesiometry, and kinesiotherapy, as cheap, practical, ring of muscule strength after parachutist jump,which to reliable and appliable in terran conditions ( Djurdjević, some degree corelates with some studies in world 2005). Determination of muscle force in healthy DISCUSSION muscle agonist,for example flexor of upper hand,we can For it’s purpose, parachute jump can be: execute precisely by tensiometer,with help of physical sport-competetory, like jumps of our examinees in postulates.We know that muscle force,executed work this research, but they can also be tactical desant and in time measurment ( P=A/t ),while done muscle work training.They are preformed with parachute type „wing“ А = F • S • cos α Muscle work is equal to product or „cupole“ with around 5000m and in avrege duration of pressure foce of byceps on device part for blood of 20 minutes.Parachute is „invisible“ for radar, so is pressure pumped to ex. 50 mmHg,during what pressure unexpecting desant action inside jumps to ex. 210mmHg,therefore,real outcome (Ashenden et al.1999). of pressure 210-50=160 mmHg (conversion mmHg Untill fall of muscle strength of mentioned

RIK, (1), 2013 34 Djurdjević, Velicković, Mladenović Cirić and Dedić muscle groups,it comes probably due to multiple CONCLUSIONS fisiological and biobernet reasons.Elevational position Sport parachutist flight by type wing, as specific of arm,because forcing system string due controling cognitive and biomotoric phenomenology of extreme parachute,during jump every time it affects on lowering sport, due to numerous endogenic and egsogenic muscle strength because of circulatory reaons,as well as biomotoric factors, lead to significant lowering of muscle so called dynamic strike during opening parachute,where strength: mm.adductores femoris and mm.fllexores acceleration comes close to 100m/s in couple seconds antebrachii,influencing on sport results in following all- lowered to 5-7 m/s, with strong contraction and strike on around competition or battle-desant influence per over shoulder area ( Puffer, 2001). jump. Compression of trigonum inguinale „Pouparti“ Addition to eventual rejecting sedal belt with where veins are streched from inside out,so artery and modern biokibernetic system of wind connections,as well n. Femoralis,system of streches,occurs in majority as programic kinesitherapy preparations of parachutes parachutes in 7. Minute of jump to overcomming could lower degree of muscle strength fall,which would parestesis,lower extremities,always with reflection on be goal of our newer research. neuromuscular status and in last stage on muscle strength of lower extremity,before all but reciever.Acceleration REFERENCES influences on lowering strength of mentioned muscle Andre, W.R. , Cumin, C., Nicholson, A.N., & Arnold, L.D. groups,deceleration per opening parachute and per (2002). Aviation Medicine and the Airline passenger. overjump,which fits free fall with around 3m of height. Emergergency Mededicine Journal., London-NY-New Hyperadrenalenemy during leaving craft from fear and Delhi, 177-178. euphory,occured during opening parachute,influences Ashenden, M.J., Gore, C. J., Dobson, G.P., et al. (1999). on lowering muscle force,followed by higher level of “Livehigh train low” does not change the total vanil-mandelic acid in urine (Beers & Berkow,1999). haemoglobin mass of male endurance athletes sleeping at Reflection on muscle force has also temperature distres a simulated altitude of 3000 m for 23 nights. Eurropena and low temperature on large heights, because on every Journal of Physiology, 80, 479-484. 1000m exponentional parabolic curve temperature falls Beers, H.M. , & Berkow, R. (1999). The Merck Manual. NY: around 5 degrees,so at 5000m in minus for over 20°Cu Merck Research Laboratories ; related to basic conditions. Hypoxis on large heights 68, 615-643. on it’s side has lowered partial pressure of oxygen with Clarkson, P.M., Nosaka, K., & Braun, B. (1992). Muscle lowering muscular strength groups.Why there has not function after exercise - induced muscle damage and come to significant lowering of muscle force of flexor of rapid adaptation. Medicine Sciience Sport Exercise, 24, lowerhand and aductors of upphand,we were not able to 512 -520. accurately determine,but it is most likely because lower Kostić, O. (2002). Fizikalna medicina i rehabilitacija. Niš: engagement of these muscle groups during parachutist Univerzitet u Nišu. jump ( Hockberger, 1990 ).] Puffer, C. J. (2001). Sports Medicine. LA, California: Mc Graw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.

RIK, (1), 2013 35 Djurdjević, Velicković, Mladenović Cirić and Dedić

КИНЕЗИОЛОШКО СОГЛЕДУВАЊЕ НА ЗНАЧАЈНИТЕ МУСКУЛНИ ГРУПИ ВО ТЕКОТ НА СПОРТСКИОТ ПАДОБРАНСКИ СКОК

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Slavi{a \ur|evi}1, Vladimir Veli~kovi}2, Ivana Mladenovi} ]iri}3 i Gordana Dedi}1 1Univerzitet za odbrana vo Belgrad, Medicinski fakultet na Vojno medicinskata akademija, Belgrad, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Isto~no Sarajevo, Fakultet za sport i fiz~ko vospituvawe, doktorant, Pale, RS, Bosna i Hercegovina 3Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija

Apstrakt Еден од позначајните кинезиолошки параметри кои се следат во текот на спортскиот тренинг и натпреварите е мускулната снага која во медицинска смисла претставува максимална мускулна контракција со максимално оптоварување, изразено во вати. Целта на трудот беше да се процени мускулната снага на позначајните мускулни групи кај падобранците, односно на мускулите - флексори на подколеницата, подлактицата и адуктороте на надколеницата и надлактицата, при спортскиот падобрански скок. Примерокот на испитаниците го сочинуваа 20 тренирани спортско- десантни падобранци во Војската на Србија. На нив, во текот од 2007 до 2010 година се применети и следени се наведените варијабли. Резултатите од истражувањето покажаа статистички значајно опаѓање на мускулната снага на нивото од p<0,05, на флексорите на подлактицата и адукторите на надколеницата, по изведувањето на спортско-падобранскиот скок. Utvrdeno e deka падобранскиот скок, како специфична и екстремна биомоторна дејност, поради бројни егзогени и ендогени фактори, доведува до статистички значајно опаѓање на снагата на позначајните мускулни групи на горните и долните екстремитети.

Klu~ni zborovi: tenziometar, snaga na ekstremitetite, fleksori na podlakticata i podkolenicata, aduktori na nadkolenicata i nadlakticata, t-test za mali zavisni primeroci.

Corespondence: Slaviša Đurđević Military Medical Academy, Aerospace Medical Institute (VMA,vmi) Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 36 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 37 -43

NORMATIVE SCALES FOR STUDENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

(Origimal scientific paper)

Kanwaljeet Singh1 and Gurpreet Singh2 1Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab (India) 2Lovely Professional University, Department of Physical Education, Phagwara, Punjab (India)

Abstract The aim of the study was to prepare normative scales for evaluating the performance of physical education students, in jumping events (athletics). A sample of 1400 students was taken from different physical education colleges and department of universities of Punjab and Chandigarh. Subjects were divided in two groups according to their chronological age i.e. 18 to 21 year and 21 to 25 year boys and girls, in each age group 700 students, of which 400 boys and 300 girl students of physical education. Performance data of subjects in jumping events were collected through three tests respectively: high jump, long jump and triple jump. Norms were prepared for jumping events (athletics) with four normative scales such as percentile, Hull, sigma and T scale and a standard for student’s evaluation also has been established under the Normal Distribution.

Keywords: physical education students, high jump, long jump, triple jump, physical activities, sport coaches, standardized values

INTRODUCTION and during the time period they become famous in Within the physical education, evaluation a competitive way. With development of the human plays a vital role since the beginning. The phases of the being, sport activities have also been changed and physical education and sports process are connected with many of new activities became a new trend of physical the tests, measurements and evaluations. These involve education and sports. The history reveals that as the techniques to measure student’s status and growth human become more civilized, the science subsequently progress, their development and the achievements. The is discovering more exact ways of specific evaluation results of such application indicate not only changes in of the sport activities. The history of measurement and the product in these areas, but also the magnitude of such evaluation in physical education and sports has been changes, as well as the direction they have taken. developed according the growth of the researches which “Norms are the values considered to be the has elevated the field to a more respected position in the representative of a specified population. A test that has educational spectrum. Today, measurement of the skills accompanying norms is definitely preferred to one that and the knowledge of fitness testing are also deemed as is usually based on age, weight, grade, height or various a necessary part of professional preparation of physical combinations of these characteristics” (Johnson & education teachers and coaches. Today every country Nelson, 1988.). has a number of Professional colleges and departments There are several types of norms, such as of Physical Education in various universities. In these Percentile norms, standard norms, T-score norms, age colleges and departments, various programs and courses norms and grade norms. These norms are most popular of physical education are caring out such as Diploma in and widely used in physical education and sports. physical education (DP.Ed) as a 2 year course, Bachelor As we know that physical education is as old as the of physical education (B.P.E) a 4 year course, where the beginning of human culture. In pre-historical period both are after 10+2, Bachelor in physical education (BP. physical activities were part of the recreational activities Ed) one year course, after the graduation and Master RIK, (1), 2013 37 Singh and Singh of physical education (M.P.Ed) as a 2 year course after education students of different age groups, such as the BP.Ed. In these courses various theory and practical 18-21 and 21-25 years. subjects are being taught. Practical aspects of the METHOD AND PROCEDURE curriculum include various aspects of sports game and the athletics. A Sample of 1400 Subjects, 400 boys and 300 The training of teaching for the practical courses girls between 18 to 21 years of age, and 400 boys and 300 of physical education and sports such as the sport games girls between 21 to 25 years of age, were selected. These and athletics are given by teachers at the Professional Subjects were students of different physical education colleges and universities. Athletics is a major practical colleges and departments of few universities. The course of a physical education curriculum, because performance data of students was taken by administering the activities, like running, jumping and throwing, are three test items: high jump, long jump, and triple jump. taking part only in the athletics. During the time period, all these events are Table 1. Percentile norms of evaluated only by observational techniques, which is not long jump (in mtr.) a valid test/tool of measurement, because it always shows Age Group Age Group partial and imperfect/biased opinions and teachers are Percentile 18-21 Years 21-25 Years bound to respond to a false impression of the teaching Boys Girls Boys Girls and training effects. Teachings of theoretical subjects are 95th 5.73 4.27 6.49 4.85 evaluated by taking the written tests. As the curriculum 90th 5.47 3.91 6.25 4.31 th of Physical Education contains both theoretical and 85 5.32 3.75 6.14 4.11 th practical aspects, the effective teaching in Physical 80 5.12 3.60 5.92 3.84 75th 4.87 3.44 5.62 3.70 Education and sports should depend largely upon the 70th 4.67 3.27 5.46 3.64 ability of the teacher/coach to test and evaluate the 65th 4.59 3.25 5.35 3.54 students with the help of standardized athletic tests and 60th 4.50 3.22 5.29 3.45 norms. 55th 4.39 3.18 5.23 3.29 Research scholar should know that if the 50th 4.33 3.13 5.19 3.26 athletic performance norms are made available to the 45th 4.26 3.08 5.14 3.19 teachers/coaches, the students and the athletes will 40th 4.13 2.97 5.01 3.16 definitely improve their performance, because of the 35th 3.82 2.78 4.89 3.11 possibility of comparison of their current performance 30th 3.64 2.71 4.78 3.00 th scores with their previous scores. It can be used as 25 3.55 2.60 4.69 2.88 20th 3.33 2.50 4.47 2.76 motivational factor toward developing the area of sports 15th 3.24 2.39 4.28 2.66 performance and Physical Education teaching. With the 10th 3.12 2.34 4.12 2.55 standardized performance norms availability, the partial 5th 2.74 2.17 3.69 2.38 evaluation can be minimized. On the other hand the job of the teacher will be made easier and more reliable on Table 2. Percentile norms of the basis of the performance norms, which will help triple jump (in mtr.) to evaluate the students of physical education. Within the Physical Education, the practical teaching plays an Age Group Age Group important role as it is an integral part of this education Percentile 18-21 Years 21-25 Years system. In every curriculum of physical education Boys Girls Boys Girls th programs, the practical teaching should have equal 95 11.33 7.43 11.41 9.24 quantification toward the theoretical courses/subjects, 90th 10.32 7.22 10.85 8.47 th but at the elementary and the high school level, more 85 9.46 7.11 10.35 8.21 th emphases are given on practical teaching. Therefore, 80 9.23 6.86 9.78 7.63 th the objectivity in the evaluation is highly required and 75 8.57 6.67 9.58 7.25 th can be achieved through preparing and evaluating of 70 8.42 6.55 9.46 7.13 th the teachers of physical education, for making a valid 65 8.24 6.47 9.34 6.77 60th 7.84 6.40 9.25 6.58 tests and ideal norms. If the teachers have more practical 55th 7.58 6.32 9.21 6.49 knowledge, then the physical development of the nation 50th 7.48 6.19 9.14 6.33 should be in positive manner and than the practitioner 45th 7.35 6.05 8.75 6.31 teachers can be more productive in the physical 40th 7.21 5.80 8.49 6.28 education profession. 35th 6.84 5.67 8.30 6.19 30th 6.63 5.47 8.19 5.71 Objectives of the study 25th 6.47 5.38 8.14 5.47 1) To establish athletic performance norms for students 20th 6.29 5.34 7.37 5.27 th of physical education in Punjab and Chandigarh. 15 5.96 5.23 6.99 5.14 10th 5.67 4.81 6.37 4.32 2) To establish athletic performance norms for physical 5th 5.35 4.27 5.98 4.16

RIK, (1), 2013 38 Singh and Singh

The collected data was analyzed with SPSS 16.0 and Table 3. Percentile norms of Microsoft Excel to construct norms for testing of the high jump (in mtr.) items. Four normative scales, such as percentile, Hull, sigma and T scales, were constructed. Toward student Age Group Age Group evaluation, a five mark standard: Excellent, Good, Percentile 18-21 Years 21-25 Years Girls Average, Fair and Poor, was also established under the Boys Girls Boys th Normal Distribution. 95 1.56 1.25 1.57 1.45 90th 1.45 1.23 1.55 1.20 RESULTS OF THE STUDY 85th 1.43 1.22 1.52 1.18 The data was analyzed and the findings were 80th 1.41 1.21 1.48 1.16 presented in two different phases. The first phase deals 75th 1.36 1.21 1.44 1.16 with the percentile scale and evaluation standards of 70th 1.34 1.20 1.38 1.14 student’s physical education, and the second phase, 65th 1.32 1.20 1.38 1.14 which deals with the T-scale, hull scale, and sigma scale. 60th 1.31 1.20 1.35 1.14 PHASE – I 55th 1.28 1.19 1.35 1.12 Percentile norms and standard of evaluation 50th 1.27 1.18 1.32 1.12 Percentile scales for the students of physical 45th 1.25 1.14 1.32 1.10 education with an age range from 18-21 and 21-25 40th 1.24 1.12 1.31 1.08 years, have been presented as follow: 35th 1.23 1.11 1.30 1.06 30th 1.23 1.08 1.30 1.06 th Table 3. shows that the maximum scores of jumping 25 1.22 1.08 1.28 1.05 20th 1.20 .98 1.25 1.04 events are at 95th percentile and the minimum scores 15th 1.17 .98 1.25 1.02 are at 5th percentile for the age group of 18 to 21 year 10th 1.14 .98 1.23 1.02 boys and girls, as well as 21 to 25 boys and girls. The 5th 1.12 .87 1.21 .98 highest scores are at the top and the lowest scores are at the bottom of the table. In the following tables the standards of physical education with an age ranging from 18-21 and evaluation are presented from Table 4. to Table 6. for 21-25 years have been presented as follow: evaluation of the students. Standards of evaluation were based on the mean and Standard deviation values. Table-7 to 9 shows the highest scores of jumping events are at 100th percentile and the lowest scores are at PHASE – II Zero percentile for age group of 18 to 21 year old boys. The highest scores are at the bottom of the table and the In this section T scale, Hull scale, and Sigma lowest scores are at the top of the table. scale were constructed. It is considered as a standard scale because it is based on the mean and standard Tables 10. to 12. shows that the highest scores deviation values. These scales for the students of of jumping events are at 100th percentile and the lowest

Table 4. Evaluation standards for long jump (in mtr.)

Standards SCORE LIMIT FOR SCORE LIMIT FOR 18-21 Age Group 21-25 Age Group Boys Girls Boys Girls Excellent Above 5.93 Above 4.20 Above 6.68 Above 4.61 Good 4.82 - 5.92 4.19 - 3.46 5.66 – 6.68 3.78 – 4.60 Average 3.71 - 4.81 3.45 – 2.72 4.63 – 5.65 2.96 – 3.77 Fair 2.60 - 3.70 2.71- 2.00 3.60- 4.62 2.14- 2.95 Poor Below 2.60 Below 2.00 Below 3.59 Below 2.13

Table 5. Evaluation standards for triple jump (in mtr.)

Standards SCORE LIMIT FOR SCORE LIMIT FOR 18-21 Age Group 21-25 Age Group Boys Girls Boys Girls Excellent Above 10.50 Above 7.72 Above 11.65 Above 9.03 Good 8.50 – 10.49 7.71 – 6.62 9.73 – 11.64 7.29 – 9.02 Average 6.50 – 8.49 6.61 – 5.51 7.80 – 9.73 5.55 - 7.30 Fair 4.50 – 6.49 5.51- 4.41 5.88 - 7.80 3.82 - 5.56 Poor Below 4.49 Below 4.40 Below 5.88 Below 3.82

RIK, (1), 2013 39 Singh and Singh

Table 6. Evaluation standards for high jump (in mtr.)

Standards SCORE LIMIT FOR SCORE LIMIT FOR 18-21 Age Group 21-25 AGE GROUP Boys Girls Boys Girls Excellent Above 1.52 Above 1.32 Above 1.56 Above 1.29 Good 1.36 - 1.51 1.19 - 1.31 1.42 – 1.55 1.28 – 1.17 Average 1.21 - 1.35 1.06 - 1.18 1.29 – 1.41 1.16 – 1.05 Fair 1.07 - 1.20 .94 - 1.05 1.15 - 1.28 1.04 - .93 Poor Below 1.06 Below 93 Below 1.15 Below .93

Table 7. Norms of long jump for 18 –21 year age group (in cm.)

Boys Girls Hull Sigma Hull Sigma T-scale Percentile T-scale scale scale scale scale -34.88 103.42 149.52 0 2.82 94.7 125.32 57.32 167.96 204.84 10th 64.07 137.57 162.07 149.52 232.5 260.16 20th 125.32 180.45 198.82 241.72 297.04 315.48 30th 186.57 223.32 235.57 333.92 361.58 370.8 40th 247.82 266.2 272.32 426.12 426.12 426.12 50th 309.07 309.07 309.07 518.32 490.66 481.44 60th 370.32 351.95 345.82 610.52 555.2 536.76 70th 431.57 394.82 382.57 702.72 619.74 592.08 80th 492.82 437.7 419.32 794.92 684.28 647.4 90th 554.07 480.57 456.07 887.12 748.82 702.72 100th 615.32 523.45 492.82

Table 8. Norms of triple jump for age group 18 – 21 (in cm.)

Boys Girls Hull Sigma Hull Sigma T-scale Percentile T-scale scale scale scale scale -93.04 167.02 253.7 0 147 284.94 330.92 80.33 288.37 357.72 10th 238.96 349.31 386.1 253.7 409.73 461.74 20th 330.92 413.68 441.27 427.07 531.09 565.77 30th 422.88 478.06 496.45 600.44 652.45 669.79 40th 514.84 542.43 551.62 773.81 773.81 773.81 50th 606.8 606.8 606.8 947.18 895.17 877.83 60th 698.76 671.17 661.98 1120.55 1016.53 981.85 70th 790.72 735.54 717.15 1293.92 1137.89 1085.88 80th 882.68 799.92 772.33 1467.29 1259.25 1189.9 90th 974.64 864.29 827.5 1640.66 1380.6 1293.92 100th 1066.6 928.66 882.68

RIK, (1), 2013 40 Singh and Singh

Table 9. Norms of high jump for age group 18 – 21 (in cm.)

Boys Girls Sigma Hull Sigma T-scale Hull scale Percentile T-scale scale scale scale 67.08 85.76 91.98 0 58.91 75.08 80.47 79.53 94.47 99.45 10th 69.69 82.63 86.94 91.98 103.19 106.92 20th 80.47 90.17 93.41 104.43 111.9 114.39 30th 91.25 97.72 99.87 116.88 120.62 121.86 40th 102.03 105.26 106.34 129.33 129.33 129.33 50th 112.81 112.81 112.81 141.78 138.04 136.8 60th 123.59 120.36 119.28 154.23 146.76 144.27 70th 134.37 127.9 125.75 166.68 155.48 151.74 80th 145.15 135.45 132.21 179.13 164.19 159.21 90th 155.93 142.99 138.68 191.58 172.9 166.68 100th 166.71 150.54 145.15

Table 10. Norms of long jump for age group 21-25 (in cm.)

Boys Girls Hull Sigma Hull sigma T-scale Percentile T-scale scale scale scale scale 86.95 215.27 258.05 0 - 6.08 96.83 131.14 172.5 275.16 309.38 10th 62.53 144.86 172.31 258.05 335.05 360.71 20th 131.14 192.89 213.47 343.6 394.93 412.04 30th 199.75 240.92 254.64 429.15 454.82 463.37 40th 268.36 288.94 295.8 514.7 514.7 514.7 50th 336.97 336.97 336.97 600.25 574.59 566.03 60th 405.58 385 378.14 685.8 634.47 617.36 70th 474.19 433.02 419.3 771.35 694.35 668.69 80th 542.8 481.05 460.47 856.9 754.24 720.02 90th 611.41 529.08 501.63 942.45 814.13 771.35 100th 680.02 577.1 542.8

Table 11. Norms of triple jump for age group 21-25 (in cm.)

Boys Girls Hull Sigma Hull Sigma T-scale Percentile T-scale scale scale scale scale 75.37 315.91 396.09 0 - 80.74 136.31 208.66 235.73 428.16 492.31 10th 63.96 237.6 295.48 396.09 540.41 588.52 20th 208.66 338.89 382.3 556.45 652.67 684.74 30th 353.36 440.18 469.12 716.81 764.92 780.95 40th 498.06 541.47 555.94 877.17 877.17 877.17 50th 642.76 642.76 642.76 1037.53 989.42 973.39 60th 787.46 744.05 729.58 1197.89 1101.67 1069.6 70th 932.16 845.34 816.4 1358.25 1213.93 1165.82 80th 1076.86 946.63 903.22 1518.61 1326.18 1262.03 90th 1221.56 1047.92 990.04 1678.97 1438.43 1358.25 100th 1366.26 1149.21 1076.86

RIK, (1), 2013 41 Singh and Singh

Table 12. Norms of high jump for age group 21-25 (in cm.)

Boys Girls Hull Sigma Hull Sigma T-scale Percentile T-scale scale scale scale scale 80.01 96.84 102.45 0 60.35 75.67 80.77 91.23 104.69 109.18 10th 70.56 82.81 86.9 102.45 112.55 115.91 20th 80.77 89.96 93.02 113.67 120.4 122.65 30th 90.98 97.11 99.15 124.89 128.26 129.38 40th 101.19 104.25 105.27 136.11 136.11 136.11 50th 111.4 111.4 111.4 147.33 143.96 142.84 60th 121.61 118.55 117.53 158.55 151.82 149.57 70th 131.82 125.69 123.65 169.77 159.67 156.31 80th 142.03 132.84 129.78 180.99 167.53 163.04 90th 152.24 139.99 135.9 192.21 175.38 169.77 100th 162.45 147.13 142.03 scores are at Zero percentile for the age group of 21 to results in high jump as compared to the subjects of 21-25 25 year girls. The highest scores are at the bottom of the years of age. table and the lowest scores are at the top of the table. The researcher revealed the fact that the differ- ence in performance of girls’ subjects in the field events DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS may be influenced by a number of factors such as: age, Four normative scales: Percentile, Hull, Sigma body constitution, experience, physical and psychologi- and T-scale were constructed for the students of physical cal maturity and fitness of subjects. This may be due to education colleges and universities of Punjab (State) and the above mentioned facts. Chandigarh (U.T.). The differences in the performance IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY of boys’ students belonging to two age groups i.e. 18-21 Present study will be helpful as following: and 21-25 years old, in long triple and high jumps were 1) Providing criteria to teachers of physical education found. The mean scores in long jump, triple jump and for objective evaluation. high jump of the subjects of two groups have been found 2) Helping the coaches and physical education teach- to be 426.12, 773.81, 129.32 and 514.70, 877.17 and ers to know the effects of their training, teaching 136.11 respectively. It indicates that there is a significant and coaching toward athlete’s performance. difference in the performance of the students in long 3) Helping physical education teachers and coaches jump, triple jump and high jump of the above mentioned toward proper evaluation of the students. two groups. The results reveal that the subjects of 21- 25 years of age group performed better results in long, 4) Helping students to compare their current perfor- triple and high jumps as compared to the boy’s subjects mance with previous performance in the athletic at 18-21 years of age. disciplines. The researcher’s opinion is that the difference 5) Providing norms which will be helpful to Physical in the performance of male subjects in the field events education students, teachers and coaches for the might be due to the influence of factors such as age, evaluation, classification and selection of students body constitution, experience, physical and psychologi- for different levels of competition. cal maturity and fitness of subjects. This may be due to the above mentioned facts. 6) Providing scientifically constructed athletic perfor- The differences in the performance of girls mance norms toward the students of physical edu- students which belongs to the two age groups i.e. 18- cation evaluation. 21 and 21-25 years, are considering the long, triple and 7) Enabling students to evaluate self performance in high jumps. The mean scores in long jump, triple jump the athletic disciplines. and high jump of the subjects of two groups have been found to be 309.07, 606.80, 112.81 and 336.97, 642.76 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS and 111.40 respectively. It indicates that there is a sig- In the light of the conclusions of the presen study, nificant difference in the performance of long jump and the following recommendations have been made: triple jump, but insignificant difference in high jump of 1. Same study can be conducted on students of arts the above mentioned two groups. The result shows that colleges of Punjab and Chandigarh. the subjects of 21-25 years of age group performed bet- 2. The normative scale constructed in this study may ter in long and triple jumps as compared to the subjects be used to evaluate the performance of students of 18-21 years of age, as well as in high jump event the of physical education colleges and universities of subjects of 18-21 years of age group performed better Punjab and Chandigarh. RIK, (1), 2013 42 Singh and Singh

3. It is recommended that similar study can be con- REFERENCES ducted on school students of Punjab and other states. Guleria, P. S. (2007). Standardization of athletic norms 4. Norms should be revised each year as when the fit- for boys and girls of senior secondary school of Him- ness/performance levels of the student are improv- achal Pradesh. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ku- ing. rukshetra University) Haryana: Kurukshetra University. 5. It is suggested that prepared norms in the study may Jay, C. J. (1998). Sport in Society, Issues & Controversies (6th be adopted by the college and department of physi- ed.).WCB/McGraw-Hill (pp.19). Singapore: A Division cal education of universities to evaluate the athletics of the McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-115671-2. performance of students of Punjab and Chandigarh. Johnson, B. L. & Nelson, J. K. (1988). Practical measure- 6. On the basis of present study, athletics performance ments for evaluation in physical education (3rd ed.). of physical education students may be compared New Delhi: Surjeet publication, with students of physical education of other states. Verma, P.J. (2000). Sports statistics. Gwalior: Venus publica- 7. Same study can be conducted on professional ath- tion. letes of different levels.

НОРМАТИВНИ СКАЛИ ЗА СТУДЕНTИТЕ ПО ФИЗИЧКО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Kanwaljeet Singh1 and Gurpreet Singh2 1Guru Nanak Dev Univerзиtet, Amritsar, Penxap, Indija 2 Visoko-profesionalen Univerzitet, Department za fizi~ko obrazovanie, Penxap, Indija

Апстракт Намерата на ова истражување е да се подготват нормативни скали за оценување на изведбата на студентите по физичко образование во натпревари во скок (атлетика). Земен е примерок од 1400 студенти од различни колеџи и факултети за физичко образование на универзитети во Пенџап и Чандјагар во Индија. Испитаниците беа поделени во две групи според староста, односно од 18 до 21 година и од 21 до 25 години машки и женски. Во секоја група имаше 700 студенти, 400 машки и 300 женски студенти по физичко образование. Притоа, во три теста беа собрани резултати од натпревари во скокови, односно скок во височина, скок во далечина и трискок. За натпреварите во скокови беа изработени норми со четири нормативни скали како што се перцентилност, Хул, сигма и Т-скала, како и стандарди за оценување на студентите воспоставени според Нормалната дистрибуција.

Klu~ni zborovi: studenti po fiziko obrazovanie, skok vo viso~ina, skok vo dale~ina, triskok, fizi~ki aktivnosti, спортски treneri, standardizirani vrednosti.

Correspondence: Kanwaljeet Singh Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab (India) E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 43 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 44 -54

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POSTURAL STATUS IN TWO ELITE ATHLETES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

(Original scientific paper)

Saša Milenković, Saša Bubanj, Mladen Živković, Dobrica Živković, Radoslav Bubanj, Ivana Ćirić-Mladenović, and Slobodan Stojiljković Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia

Abstract The aim of this research was to determine and quantify the frontal and sagittal postural status in the two elite athletes. The sample of subjects consisted of two healthy, elite, male athletes who are practicing different sports activities, i.e., tennis and sprinting. By using the “Spinal Mouse” device, values of the variables of the frontal and sagittal postural status were determined. The subjects performed different protocols of standing positions toward their postural status determination. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample test was used to test the postulate about the normal distribution of values within the examined variables of the postural status, while the test for the two independent samples was implemented in order to determine an existence of any significant difference in the values of the postural status in different positions between the subjects. The obtained results were presented by means of tables and graphs. Tthe results revealed various postural deformities.

Keywords: spinal deformities, “Spinal Mouse”, comparative analysis, tennis player, sprinter, mtor testing, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test

INTRODUCTION Hellstrom, Nilsson, & Sward, 2001.) and even fractures Almost all athletes are subject to injuries of (Gill and Boden, 2008.; Alyas, Turner, and Connell, the connective, muscle and bone tissue, and one of the 2007.; Cantu and Mueller, 2003.). The aforementioned causes of these conditions may be the inadequately postural deformities, caused by extensive training, designed and implemented training process (the warm- i.e. the chronic degenerative changes in connective, up and the major part of the training session). Poorly muscle and bone tissue, are far more problematic in organized training sessions can be prolonged during terms of prevention and treatment than serious sports longer period of time, to avoid the consequences like injuries, e.g. muscle fiber tearing, bone fractures, etc. tendinosis and tendovaginitis e.g. forearm extensors In addition to the research results, which indicate that and the Achilles tendon among the tennis players and engagement in various sports activities can cause even sprinters, overstretching or rupturing of the muscle fibers, spine deformities (Meyer et al., 2008.; McMaster, Lee, tendoperiostosis e.g. lateral epicondyle of the humerus and Burwell, 2004.; Tanchev, Dzherov, Parushev, Dikov, among the tennis players and tibia among the sprinters, and Todorov, 2002.; Wojtys, Ashton-Miller, Huston, and etc. However, in elite sport, despite the fact that training Moga, 2000.; Sward, Eriksson, and Peterson, 1990.), sessions are usually designed and organized in an the results of other studies suggest a non-correlation appropriate manner and that athletes demonstrate proper but also a correlation, respectively, between the genetic athletic technique, due to excessive muscle tension and and environmental factors and the incidence of postural stress to which the spine is exposed, there is a higher deformities (Potoupnis, Kenanidis, Papavasiliou, and incidence of postural deformities (Yoo et al., 2001.; Kapetanos, 2008.; Warren, Gunn, Hamilton, Warren, and Bubanj S. et al., 2010.a,b) and spinal cord injuries (Torg, Hamilton, 1986.) or the incidence of postural deformities Guille, & Jaffe, 2002.; Malzac and Barros-Filho, 2002.; in relation to the gender (Holschen, 2004). Kenanidis, Maroon and Bailes, 1996.) followed by pain (Lundin, Potoupnis, Papavasiliou, Sayegh, and Kapetanos (2008.)

RIK, (1), 2013 44 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković concluded that systematic exercise is not related to the of the postural status in different positions between the development of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. The subjects. Obtained results were also presented by means aim of this research was to determine and quantify the of tables and graphs, descriptively (Pallant, 2007.). frontal and sagittal postural status in the two elite athletes and to determine whether different sporting activities are RESULTS AND DISCUSSION related to potential postural deformities. Statistical significances of Kolmogorov- Smirnov test for normality of distribution in values of METHODS frontal and sagittal postural status measures showed According to Kenanidis et al. (2008.), a standard that all measures were distributed normally (sig.>0.05). criterion for the determination of an athlete was applied: T-test results for differences in frontal postural status “A child that actively, continuously, and systematically (table 1.) and in sagittal postural status (table 2.) between practice a sport for ≥ 2 years prior to his/her participation the tennis player and the sprinter showed no significant in a study is considered as an athlete. Furthermore he/ differences (sig.>0.05). she has to: follow a professional training schedule of at However, postural deformities were determined both least 10 hours per week and be a member of an athletic within the tennis player and in sprinter. association/club.” The sample of subjects consisted of Concerning the obtained values that have two healthy, elite, male athletes, who are practicing in defined the static and dynamic frontal plane values of for different sports activities, i.e., tennis and sprinting, the tennis player (Table 3.), the discussion is as follows: both aged 18, whose body height was 179.3 vs. 180.5 In the upright standing position, the position in cm, weight 76 vs. 61.5 in kg, respectively. By using of the spinal column and the pelvis tilt were within the the “Spinal Mouse” device, the values of the following normal value range. The position of the spinal column variables of the frontal and sagittal postural status were was at the angle of 6 deg, while the angle between the determined: the angle between the neighboring vertebrae sacral bone and the hip was 3 deg. Based on regional Th1/2, Th2/3, Th3/4, Th4/5, Th5/6, Th6/7, Th7/8, Th8/9, analysis, the existence of the right thoracic functional Th9/10, Th10/11, Th11/12, Th12/L1, L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, scoliosis and left lumbar functional scoliosis can be L4/5, L5/S1, the angle between the sacral bone and the reported. Hence, the compensator duplex scoliosis hip joint Sac/HipJ, the inclination of the thoracic spine can be determined. By analyzing the local individual ThoSpi, the inclination of the lumbar spine LumSpi, segments of the spinal column, there was an obvious the inclination of the pelvis Incl (all of the previously disproportion of certain segments, expressed by the mentioned variables are expressed in deg) and the length aberration of at least 1 deg up to 3 deg. It’s been found of the spinal column Length (expressed in mm). The that the thoracic and lumbar curves behaved identically subjects were measured while in a standing position, in trunk movements in the frontal plane are encouraging. and in addition, different protocols of the upright In the case of lateral flexion to the right and left side, the standing position were applied: standing position with angle of the spinal column was identical and amounted one arm holding a load (dumbbell of 2 kg) and raised to to 25 deg in the thoracic spine and 8 deg in the lumbar the front at shoulder level (the left as well as the right spine, indicating the mobility of all individual segments hand, respectively), standing position with legs straight of the spinal column, and confirming the fact that and a trunk flexion of approximately 90 degrees in there was neither a serious damage to the locomotive relation to the legs, standing position with legs straight apparatus, nor the appearance of segment ossification and trunk in extension (up to 60 degrees) and standing in the spinal column and the shortening of the ligament position with legs straight and trunk in the left and apparatus. The inclination of the pelvis in the upright right lateral flexion (up to 75-85 degrees). The “Spinal standing position was shifted to the right (Incl. = 6 Mouse” device (Quantum Health and Wellness Ltd, deg), which explains the difference within the obtained Wallasay, England) possesses a non-invasive ultrasound inclination of the pelvis during the lateral flexion to the technology and methodology for assessing the postural left and to the right side (Incl.L. = 27 deg vs Incl.R. = status, i.e. the examination of the spinal column of the 22 deg). subjects (Zsidai and Koscis, 2001.). The research was By using additional tests, while diagnosing carried out according to the Helsinki Declaration at the posture and musculature during the standing position Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niš. The with one arm holding a load (dumbbell of 2 kg) raised subjects were informed about the tasks they were given to the front at the shoulder level (the left and right hand, before the measuring, whereupon they gave their written respectively), some observations and conclusions are agreement to participate in the project in accordance given as follows: with the Helsinki Declaration. In order to process the When the load of 2 kg was in the right hand given data, the “SPSS version 15” package was used. raised to the front at the shoulder level, the inclination The Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample test was used to of the trunk and the position of the subject were almost test the postulate about the normal distribution of values identical to the inclination and position within the upright in examined variables of the postural status, while the standing position (Upright = -3.6 deg), while when the test for a two independent samples was implemented in load of 2 kg was in the left hand, it caused a shift and order to determine any significant difference in the values RIK, (1), 2013 45 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković

Table 1. T-test results for differences in frontal postural status between the tennis player and the sprinter

Position sport N Mean Std. Deviation Sig. 1,00 12 2,42 2,875 LLF* 2,00 12 3,42 2,193 0.348 1,00 12 1,25 ,965 Up† 2,00 12 1,42 1,881 0.787 1,00 12 2,50 1,883 RLF‡ 2,00 12 2,08 2,353 0.637 N (Th1/2, Th2/3, Th3/4, Th4/5, Th5/6, Th6/7, Th7/8, Th8/9, Th9/10, Th10/11, Th11/12, Th12/L1, in deg) 1,00 5 3,00 1,871 LLF* 2,00 5 4,40 1,817 0.264 1,00 5 1,40 1,140 Up† 2,00 5 1,80 ,837 0.545 1,00 5 1,20 1,095 RLF‡ 2,00 5 1,40 1,342 0.803 N (L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, L5/S1, in deg) 1,00 4 18,75 8,884 LLF* 2,00 4 30,25 12,038 0.175 1,00 4 4,75 1,258 Up† 2,00 4 4,75 3,775 1.000 1,00 4 16,75 8,057 RLF‡ 2,00 4 25,00 12,490 0.309 N (Sac/HipJ, ThoSpi, LumSpi, Incl, in deg) *Left Lateral Flexion of the Trunk (LLF); †Upright Position (Up); ‡Right Lateral Flexion of the Trunk (RLF) 1,00 (tennis player); 2,00 (sprinter)

Table 2. T-test results for differences in sagittal postural status between the tennis player and the sprinter

Position sport N Mean Std. Deviation Sig. 1,00 12 4,4167 2,42930 Up* 2,00 12 1,8333 4,34497 0.086 1,00 12 4,6667 3,25669 Fl† 2,00 12 3,5833 4,39955 0.500 1,00 12 4,0000 2,66288 Ex‡ 2,00 12 1,2500 4,37191 0.076 N (Th1/2, Th2/3, Th3/4, Th4/5, Th5/6, Th6/7, Th7/8, Th8/9, Th9/10, Th10/11, Th11/12, Th12/L1, in deg) 1,00 5 -4,0000 3,93700 Up* 2,00 5 -4,0000 3,16228 1.000 1,00 5 5,0000 1,87083 Fl† 2,00 5 5,2000 2,28035 0.883 1,00 5 -5,0000 3,08221 Ex‡ 2,00 5 -6,6000 4,72229 0.544 N (L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, L5/S1, in deg) 1,00 4 7,5000 30,85990 Up* 2,00 4 2,7500 17,07581 0.797 1,00 4 64,7500 34,02328 Fl† 2,00 4 68,7500 42,42935 0.888 1,00 4 -5,2500 34,28678 Ex‡ 2,00 4 -24,0000 26,57066 0.421 N (Sac/HipJ, ThoSpi, LumSpi, Incl, in deg) * Upright Position (Up); †Flexion of the Trunk (Fl); ‡ Extension of the Trunk (Ex) 1,00 (tennis player); 2,00 (sprinter)

RIK, (1), 2013 46 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković

Table 3. Comparative descriptive statistics of the frontal postural status

Tennis player Sprinter Segment LLF* Up† RLF‡ LLF* Up† RLF‡ Th1/2 (in deg) 1 2 5 8 1 1 Th2/3 (in deg) 10 3 1 1 2 2 Th3/4 (in deg) 1 1 2 2 0 7 Th4/5 (in deg) 6 2 3 5 1 6 Th5/6 (in deg) 1 1 2 2 1 0 Th6/7 (in deg) 1 0 6 1 0 2 Th7/8 (in deg) 1 0 1 2 0 0 Th8/9 (in deg) 3 2 4 5 1 4 Th9/10 (in deg) 0 1 1 4 1 0 Th10/1 (in deg) 1 0 0 2 1 1 Th11/12 (in deg) 3 2 1 3 2 1 Th12/L1 (in deg) 1 1 4 6 7 1 L1/2 (in deg) 6 1 2 5 2 0 L2/3 (in deg) 1 1 2 7 2 2 L3/4 (in deg) 2 0 2 4 1 3 L4/5 (in deg) 3 3 0 4 3 0 L5/S (in deg) 3 2 0 2 1 2 Sac/Hip J (in deg) 15 3 12 17 4 28 Thoracic spine (in deg) 25 5 25 31 1 22 Lumbar spine (in deg) 8 5 8 27 10 10 Incl. (in deg) 27 6 22 46 4 40 Length (in mm) 432 456 468 461 483 472 *Left Lateral Flexion of the Trunk inclination of the trunk backward (Upright = - 6.2 deg). asymmetrical posture is registered, with the body’s Undoubtedly, the right side of the subject’s body (trunk, centre of gravity (CG) shifted to the left (Incl. = 4 right side of the shoulder girdle and the right arm) was deg). In addition to the completely shifted CG, double stronger than the left side, which is quite expected, given scoliosis of the spinal column was registered (duplex- the fact that the subject is a professional tennis player compensatory scoliosis), with the curvature to the left and is right-handed. in the high thoracic region and a fixed curvature to the By considering the postural status regionally, right in the low thoracic-lumbar region. In the upright when the load of 2 kg was in the right hand raised to standing position, the pelvis tilt was 4 deg, and the the front at the shoulder level, there were no negative angle between the sacral bone and hip was also 4 deg. changes, and all of the obtained results were within By observing all the segments of the spinal column the expected range. The same can be said toward the individually, it can be concluded that the values of the individual segments relation to the spinal column. When angles of the analyzed individual vertebrae were in the the load of 2 kg was in the left hand raised to the front at range of normal to extremely bad (Th12/L1 = 7 deg). In shoulder level, a regional changes toward the spine were the upright standing position, the results indicated the determined, with registered increment in the thoracic left thoracic spinal curve (Thoracic spine = 1 deg) and curve (Thoracic spine = 43 deg) and a decrement the right lumbar curve (Lumbar spine = 10 deg), while (reduction) of the lumbar curvature (Lumbar spine = -16 the values obtained in the case of the lateral flexion of deg). In local terms, the changes were recorded on the the trunk to the left indicated the right thoracic spinal high thoracic vertebrae within the thoracic region of the curve (Thoracic spine = 31 deg) and the right lumbar spinal column (Th2/3 = 9 deg, Th3/4 = 2 deg). curve (Lumbar spine = 27 deg). The subject performed Concerning the obtained values that have the Bending test, and while maintaining the position defined the static and dynamic frontal plane values of of the maximum trunk bend, in the level of the lower the sprinter (Table 3.), the discussion is as follows: thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae, a rib hump was By analyzing the values of the spine, hips and determined. The aforementioned observation definitely pelvis positions, observed in the frontal plane, one can indicated a serious problem that was affecting not only see large aberrations from the normal values and this the muscular region, but also the ligament apparatus of discrepancy is evident not only regionally, but also that part of the body, which definitely was in the stage of locally, with clear critical points in certain regions of a strong rotation. On the other hand, the obtained results the spinal column. In the upright standing position, indicated a trend of movement among certain segments

RIK, (1), 2013 47 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal column. By the application of additional tests, while Our observations were confirmed by the results obtained diagnosing the posture and musculature in a standing after lateral flexion of the trunk to the left and the right position, when the load of 2 kg was in the left and right side, when a different degree of spinal column curvature hand (respectively) raised to the front at shoulder level, was determined, and convexity was directly caused by we came to the following observations and conclusions: the side of the lateral flexion of the trunk. the subject, while holding the load in his right hand,

Table 4. Comparative descriptive statistics of the sagittal postural status

Tennis player Sprinter Segment Up* Fl† Ex‡ Up* Fl† Ex‡ Th1/2 (in deg) 7 2 2 -5 -6 -4 Th2/3 (in deg) 6 8 8 -1 13 -3 Th3/4 (in deg) 5 7 7 13 3 11 Th4/5 (in deg) 4 4 2 4 5 2 Th5/6 (in deg) 4 7 5 0 1 -1 Th6/7 (in deg) 1 -1 3 -1 1 -2 Th7/8 (in deg) 2 1 -1 0 4 6 Th8/9 (in deg) 7 8 3 4 4 6 Th9/10 (in deg) 7 6 4 3 7 -1 Th10/1 (in deg) 7 3 6 3 5 0 Th11/12 (in deg) 2 9 7 1 4 0 Th12/L1 (in deg) 1 2 2 1 2 1 L1/2 (in deg) 0 5 0 -1 3 -12 L2/3 (in deg) -1 8 -5 -2 5 1 L3/4 (in deg) -4 4 -5 -3 7 -8 L4/5 (in deg) -5 5 -8 -5 3 -7 L5/S (in deg) -10 3 -7 -9 8 -7 Sac/Hip J (in deg) 1 71 -19 12 85 -27 Thoracic spine (in deg) 52 53 46 19 40 13 Lumbar spine (in deg) -19 27 -22 -20 29 -32 Incl. (in deg) -4 108 -26 0 121 -50 Length (in mm) 473 528 459 475 541 394 *Upright Position (Up); †Flexion of the Trunk (Fl); ‡ Extension of the Trunk (Ex)

Figure 1. Frontal postural status in the standing position with lateral flexion of trunk to the left, the upright standing position and standing position with lateral flexion of trunk to the right *Red color represents abnormality in the posture

RIK, (1), 2013 48 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković

Figure 2. Sagittal postural status in the upright standing position *Red color represents abnormality in the posture

Figure 3. Sagittal postural status in the standing position with flexion of the trunk. *Red color represents abnormality in the posture

Figure 4. Sagittal postural status in the standing position with the trunk extension

RIK, (1), 2013 49 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković

Table 5. The comparative general discussion of regional postural changes

Tennis player Sprinter Determined regional existence of hiperkyphosis Determined regional existence of thoracic flat back Determined regional existence of lumbar flat back Determined regional existence of lumbar flat back Hip tilt not within normative values (dorsal) Hip tilt within normative values (dorsal) Inclination within normative values (dorsal) Inclination not within normative values (dorsal)

Table 6. The comparative general discussion of local postural changes

Tennis player Sprinter Determined non-harmonic distribution of curve between Determined dissolved kyphosis in some thoracic segments during trunk flexion segments in upright standing position Determined dissolved lordosis in some segments during Determined non-harmonic distribution of curve between trunk extension segments within the thoracic spine in upright standing position Determined local hyperkyphosis in some segments Determined dissolved kyphosis in some segments during trunk flexion Determined non-harmonic distribution of curve between segments during trunk flexion Determined local hypercyphosis in some segments Determined harmonically distributed lordosis between segments in lumbar spine

Table 7. The comparative general discussion of changes in the mobility and flexibility of musculature

Tennis player Sprinter Determined hypomobility of the thoracic spine during Determined normal mobility (ROM) of thoracic spine trunk flexion during the movement from upright standing position to trunk flexion Determined hypomobility of lumbar spine during trunk Determined hypomobility of lumbar spine during the flexion movement from upright standing position to trunk flexion Determined hypomobility of lumbar spine during trunk Determined normal mobility (ROM) of lumbar spine extension during the movement from upright standing position to trunk extension Determined hypermobility of hip ROM during trunk Determined hypermobility of hip (ROM) during the flexion movement from upright standing position to trunk flexion Determined hypermobility of hip ROM during the trunk Determined hypermobility of hip (ROM) during the extension movement from upright standing position to trunk extension Determined normal ROM of total spine during the Determined hypermobility of total spine during the movement from upright standing position to trunk movement from upright standing position to trunk flexion flexion Determined normal ROM of total spine during the Determined hypermobility of total spine during the movement from upright standing position to trunk movement from upright standing position to trunk extension extension

RIK, (1), 2013 50 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković

Table 8. The comparative general discussion of local changes in mobility and flexibility

Tennis player Sprinter Determined non-harmonic distribution of ROM between Determined non-harmonic distribution of ROM between segments segments during the movement from the upright standing position to trunk flexion Determined paradox motion of some segments during Determined paradox motion of some segments during trunk flexion the movement from the upright standing position to trunk flexion Determined relatively even distribution of ROM Determined non-harmonic distribution of ROM between segments segments during the movement from the upright standing position to trunk extension Determined paradox motion of some segments during Determined paradox motion of some segments during trunk extension the movement from the upright standing position to trunk extension moved the CG backward (Incl. = -8 deg). While holding inclination of the pelvis (Incl. = -4 deg), and not due the load in his left hand, the subject moved the CG to the increased lumbar curvature (Lumbar spine = -19 backward somewhat with a smaller extent (Incl. = -7 deg). The determined reduction of the curvature in the deg). It is doubtlessly a significant shift backward of the lumbar spine (Lumbar Flat Back) was confirmed by the whole body in relation to the balanced position of the individual values of the lumbar vertebrae. Segmental CG in an upright standing position, when the inclination relationships of the entire spinal column were within the of the body was 0 deg. The aforementioned observation normal (allowed) values, so there was no critical point was confirmed by the value of the determined kyphotic during the upright standing position in the sagittal plane. (thoracic) and lordotic (lumbar) curve. When the load of Trunk bending (flexion) in the subjects led to 2 kg was in the right hand, the thoracic curve increased the appearance of critical values in some segments of from 19 deg to 20 deg, while the lumbar curve increased the spinal column. The problems were registered in the from -20 deg to -26 deg. thoracic region of the spinal column i.e. in the mid and It seems that the right side of the paravertebral the lower thoracic region (Th5/6-Th6/7, Th7/8-Th8/9, musculature, due to the presence of severe right thoraco- Th11/12-Th12/L1). In the case of trunk extension, the lumbar scoliosis, was weakened and the subject was intersegment relation of the spine was within the normal trying to overcome the resistance, by changing the limits. Generally, it can be concluded that the status of position of the CG and the weight of certain body parts. the spine, pelvis and hips, as seen in the sagittal plane, In a standing position, when the load of 2 kg was in was satisfactory, that there were no structural changes the left hand raised to the front at shoulder level, the in the segments of the spinal column, and we found no backward displacement of the CG was determined, as relevant indications of ossification of the aforementioned well as a slight difference in the kyphotic and lordotic segments. Annotation may be imposed on the mobility curvature, indicating a preservation of musculature on and flexibility of the muscle regions, which primarily the left (concave) side of the spinal column, the left indicated reduced mobility in the thoracic and lumbar arm as well as the shoulder area. The obtained results region (hypomobility of the thoracic and lumbar spine). of this research on scoliosis are in agreement with the Concerning the obtained values that have results of the research conducted by Sward (1992.), defined the postural status of the sprinter in relation to who found scoliosis in up to 80% of athletes with an the sagittal plane (Table 4.), a backward displacement asymmetric loading on the trunk and shoulders, such as of the CG was noted in the upright standing position javelin throwers and tennis players. On the other hand, (Upright = -0.4 deg). What is interesting is that the the results of the research conducted by Kenanidis et al. cause was not the angle of the pelvis, but the relation (2008.) demonstrated that systematic exercise probably of the lumbar curve (Lumbar spine = - 20 deg) and the is not associated with the development of adolescent decreased kyphotic curve (Thoracic spine = 19 deg). idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Active participation in sports This was confirmed by the regional status i.e. thoracic activities did not affect the degree of the main scoliotic and lumbar flat back. Overall, the subjects lacked curve either. normal physiological curvatures of the thoracic and Concerning the obtained values that have lumbar spine. Trunk bending (flexion) in the subjects defined the postural status of the tennis player in relation generally did not lead to an increment in the degree of to the sagittal plane (Table 4.), it can be concluded kyphotic curvature outside the normal range; however, that the inclination of the body was moved backward it was higher than the curvature in the upright standing (Upright = -3.7 deg). This was caused by the negative position (Thoracic spine Flex. = 40 deg). Nonetheless,

RIK, (1), 2013 51 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković an individual (between segments) increased value was and lumbar regions of the trunk. In his case, testing has determined, which can be defined as segmental hyper revealed a serious change in the partial regions of the kyphosis. spinal column. The ‘’Bending’’ test has revealed the As for the mobility and flexibility of the existence of a rib hump, which confirms the existence musculature, it was at satisfactory level in the case of of serious changes in the muscular-ligamentous-skeletal the movement of trunk flexion, as well as the trunk apparatus. In the case of the sprinter, right thoraco- extension. Reduced mobility and flexibility in the lumbar scoliosis was determined, which cannot be lumbar region was determined during the trunk flexion. corrected by bringing the body either into the position Excessive mobility was determined in the hip joint during of the hang on the high bar, or by active muscle tension the movements of trunk flexion and trunk extension. of the whole body. Based on the obtained information Observed locally (partially, between segments), not and the data from both subjects, it is necessary to synchronized and paradoxical muscle activity was noted be very careful with making any conclusions, i.e. between some vertebrae, during movements of the trunk the possible causes that have contributed toward the in the sagittal plane. Finally, it was noted that the subject changes in posture (scoliotic bad posture), or the extent had a correct body position viewed in the sagittal plane. to which the general and specific physical activities And although it cannot be confirmed by the previously used in training process of both subjects contributed stated allegations that the sport in which a subject is toward these changes. According to many authors, it engaged on a daily physical activity that results, should has already become an axiom, that tennis and sprinting be taken into account as years of permanent training. are sport disciplines which have a direct impact on the The obtained results concerning the sagittal postural anthropological transformation of athletes, but are not status of the sprinter are in accordance with the results classified within the same group of sports. Sprint isa of the research conducted by López-Miñarro and mono-structural sport discipline, dominated by cyclic Cárceles (2010.) who reported, based on a sample of movements, unlike the tennis, which is a poly-structural 140 adolescent paddlers, that 63% of the subjects had a sport dominated by the complex movements of both normal thoracic curve in a standing position and 91.2% types, i.e., cyclic and acyclic. According to the structure subjects with a moderate or slight kyphotic posture and nature of the movements in the training process of in maximal trunk flexion. Also, the aforementioned the two subjects, particularly according to the specific results are in accordance with the research conducted by techniques in performing the elements of the straight Ashton-Miller (2004.) who reviewed the biomechanical run and tennis stroke, more pronounced changes were scenarios that could lead to an increase in kyphosis in expected in the muscle tone, the ligamentous apparatus the immature athlete via excessive mechanical loading. in the thoracic and lumbar region of the trunk, as well as the position of the spine in the frontal plane of the tennis CONCLUSION player. However, the obtained results were exactly the We can conclude, as seen from the frontal opposite. Based on the results, we can assume that plane, that there are discrepancies in the proper posture the changes in the locomotor apparatus of the tennis in both subjects in the upright position. The obtained player, i.e. functional changes that were reflected by results confirmed the existence of bad scoliotic the increased muscle tone of the dominant forearm posture, both in the tennis player and the sprinter. But and dominant upper arm, as well by the differences in the essential difference was reflected in the degree longitudinal dimensionality of the upper extremities, are of damage and the location. For the tennis player we a direct consequence of years of continuous involvement determined a functional scoliosis with a convexity to in sport. Changes in the locomotor apparatus in the the left, i.e. a deformity determined by the angle of sprinter were, unfortunately, caused by a rapid and the spine and pelvis, which was 5.6 deg to the left. In sudden growth. Namely, the aforementioned subject, this subject, there was no severe partial scoliosis with while providing basic information and family case- evident changes in the ligamentous apparatus, and the history, indicated a growth of over 18 cm during one muscles within the concave side of the spinal column. calendar year. So, the changes in the spinal column Confirmation of this conclusion was obtained by using and muscular-ligamentous apparatus were caused by the ‘’Bending’’ test and taking an active stance, as well the unbalanced and uneven growth and development of by using the position of the hang on the high bar by the skeletal and muscular-ligamentous systems, and not by tennis player, where the spinal curvatures, viewed in the the training process, i.e., sprinting and specific athletic frontal plane, were corrected. The aforementioned hang exercise. on the high bar had a positive impact on the complete symmetry of the so-called ‘’Lawrence’s’’ triangles, as REFERENCES well as on the muscle tone of the paravertebral muscles. Alyas, F., Turner, M., & Connell, D. (2007). MRI Findings in Unfortunately, this is not true for the subject engaged in the Lumbar Spines of Asymptomatic, Adolescent, Elite sprinting, i.e. for his appearance and position of the spine Tennis Players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, viewed in the frontal plane, as well as for the condition 836-841. of the muscular-ligamentous apparatus in the thoracic Ashton-Miller, J.A. (2004). Thoracic Hyperkyphosis in the

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RIK, (1), 2013 53 Milenković, S.Bubanj, M.Živković, D.Živković, R.Bubanj, Ćirić-Mladenović, and Stojiljković

КОМПАРАТИВНА АНАЛИЗА НА ПОСТУРАЛНИОТ СТАТУС НА ДВАЈЦА ЕЛИТНИ СПОРТИСТИ: ПРЕЛИМИНАРНА СТУДИЈА

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Sa{a Milenkovi}, Sa{a Bubaw, Mladen @ivkovi}, Dobrica @ivkovi}, Radoslav Bubaw, Ivana ]iri}-Mladenovi} i Slobodan Stojiqkovi} Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fiz~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija

Apstrakt Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди и квантификува фронталниот и сагиталниот постурален статус На двајца врвни спортисти. Тие беа од машки пол и со добра здравствена состојба. Едниот се занимавал со тенис, а другиот со спринтерско трчање. Со употребата на апаратот “Spinal Mouse” се утврдени вредностите на одделн варијабли на фронталниот и сагиталниот постурален статус во текот на различни протоколи на исправениот став на телото на спортистите. Со примена на Колмогоров-Смирновиот тест, проверена е хипотезата за нормалната дистрибуција на вредностите за анализираните варијабли на постуралниот статус на испитаниците. За утврдување на статистички значајните разлики на тие вредности во различни положби на исправениот став на испитаниците, применет е t-тест за независни примероци. Добиените резултати од примената на овој тест и соодветните дескриптивни статистички параметри, укажаана егзистенцијата на различни постурални нарушувања на испитаниците.

Klu~ni zborovi: ‘rbetni deformiteti, “Spinal Mouse”, komparativna analiza, teniser, sprinter, motorno testirawe, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test

Correspondence: Saša Bubanj University of Niš Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, St. Čarnojevića 10A, 18000 Niš, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 54 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 55 -60

RELATIONSHIP IN ABDOMINAL MUSCLE FORCE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS (Original scientific paper)

Ratko Pavlović1, Jelica Stojanović1 and Nataša Branković2 1University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia

Abstract The most common way of the mobility abilities development is directed physical training with exact dosage of load components. Regarding their relationship depends which aspect of the mobility ability it will be developed. This is manifested mostly according strength and endurance which are very often overlapped and where a smaller change of the load intensity reflects on the change of subspace which is treated with directed physical training. Regarding the strength endurance development or the speed endurance development, where the space of the strength and the endurance or speed and the endurance, where the encompassed differences are consequence of the dosed load. This aspect of the endurance is very contemporary within the athlete throwing disciplines and it can give information about the state of certain region of body, especially if it is about the strength development by applying different types of practices on the basis of the starting position.

Keywords: physical exercise, motor abilities, muscular load intensity, testing of muscle strength, t-test

INTRODUCTION In these situations we can directly influence on the Regarding the mobility manifestation which development of some segments of mobility space, speed, human demonstrates, the structure of its mobility strength, endurance and coordination through a directed abilities depends. That means that if certain mobility training process and practicing the particular discipline. forms of movement are very often demonstrated, their Also there is other possibility, which is by improving of whole status in the space of the anthropomobility space some mobility ability we influence on the utmost result will depend on it. Sometimes those are manifestations in some discipline. These are just some of the examples of an open direct type, when by a certain physical in sport where the interaction of anthropomobility training are directed toward the transformation of some functioning is represented. If we observe human’s abilities, and sometimes they are of indirect type, when locomotion apparatus we know that it is consisted of by some other activity is influenced on transformation several segments which are further divided on segments of morphological, mobility and functional abilities of cranial part and segments of caudally part, treated as (Wilmore &, & Patterson, Costill, 1994.; Okely 2001.). the body’s center of gravity (TT). Those two regions For example, by doing some sport as a recreation, we of the body of the locomotion apparatus are synergic indirectly develop the anthropomobility abilities, the connected with performing of muscle kinetic chains of all aspects of the strength, different types of speed, open / closed type. That depends on the type of training coordination, endurance etc. Also, a training and which is conducted. (Opavsky, 1971.; Karović, 1980.; developing of an ability in the scope of one discipline, Rakovac & Heimar, 2003.). Often could happen during affects directly on the development of that ability which the physical training that there is unequal relationship is predominant in the given discipline. As an example, of the muscle strength and the manifestation of open regarding the athlete sprint disciplines, where the and closed type. For example, during practicing which mobility ability speed is predominant, or the jumping encompasses the action of the closed muscle chain, disciplines where the explosive strength is dominant the strength of the muscle is smaller in relation to the toward the body mass of the thrower (Pavlović, 2010.). movement in open muscle chain, because in open RIK, (1), 2013 55 Pavlović, Stojanović and Branković muscle chain we have agonistic and synergistic action the intensity and scope where the muscle endurance is which helps doing the basic movement, which is not the load ¼ from the maximal value (Stojiljković, Mitić, case in closed type, when the movement is conducted Mandarić, & Nešić 2005.). The goal of the research is from spot to spot of the muscle agonist which does the to determine which type of the training is more efficient basic movement (Verhošansky, 1979.; Mero, Komi, & and gives better results by the muscle endurance aspect, Gregor,1992.). as well as the achieved level of statistical significant Having in mind the complexity and interaction changes. of muscle action while performing the complex structure of movement, as the throwing disciplines, the problem is METHOD OF WORK defined by study of different segments of body muscle The sample of examined interdependence, with an accent on the muscle endurance The sample on which the research is conducted (strength endurance) of the abdomen by applying two encompassed 40 examined students, of the third year basic types of trainings. It is important to mention that of study on the Faculty for Physical Education and in training with larger load the abdominal muscles wall Sport who regularly attended and performed practical deserve a special attention. The first reason for that is the curriculum from athletics within the subject: strength fact that these muscles are stabilizing the torso and are development in throwing disciplines. The measurement taking part in walking, as in many other movements. The of defined variables is conducted in April 2012. second one is that well developed muscles of abdomen wall helps to maintain the regular function of internal The sample of variables organs of the abdomen. As last, the corresponding Horizontal positions are often used in physical strength of that muscle group is the best protection way training, because practicing of the strong rotating moment against the abdominal hernia (protrusion of internal of gravitational force is very efficient. By practicing from organs or parts of organs through the abdominal wall). lying position, the flexor muscles in joints of hips and Hernia can develop if the intra-abdominal pressure abdomen muscles are getting stronger, as the extensor is increased which develops under load lifting. If the muscles of the knee, as well as the flexor muscles in extensor of spine is strong, but the abdominal muscles joints of spinal column and in the back of the head joint. relatively weak with high intra-abdominal pressure, The intensity of the practices for strengthening is the hernia could be developed. (Hettinger, 1983.). Practices highest in the beginning, in the first phase of performing, for abdomen muscles wall are divided into two groups: for the maximum rotation moment of gravitational force a) lifting the torso while fixed lower extremity and and in the end of the second phase of performing for b) lifting legs while torso is fixed. This is interesting maximum static tightening of antagonist muscles and because the muscle endurance is relatively independent corresponding passive stabilizers of the joints (Jarić, ability which most often is considered in the scope of 1997.; Jovović, 2003.). It is necessary to emphasize the endurance. However, the muscle endurance is also that the separation of the legs from the ground begins performing and improving within activities which are a moment later, because of the equalizing balancing identical to those which are performing and improving position, in relation to the vertical position from center the strength, and the only difference is in the dosage of

Table 1. Descriptive statistics variables MDTK

MDTK Mean Min Max Range Std.Dev. Skew. Kurt. 72 40 250 210 21.88 3.09 11.08

Table 2. Descriptive statistics variables MDNOG

MDNOG Mean Min Max Range Std.Dev. Skew. Kurt. 28 20 90 70 13.12 1.84 3.13

Table 3. Correlation matrix variables MDTK-MDNOG

MDTK MDNOG MDTK 1.00 MDNOG .81 1.00 Correlation matrix (Table 3.) showed high degree of dependence on the measured variables of .81 which is significant if it is taken into account on the engagement of the mutual muscle kinetic chains which directly take part in doing the mobility task.

RIK, (1), 2013 56 Pavlović, Stojanović and Branković

Table 4. T-test for Dependent Samples , p < .050

Mean Std.Dv. t p MDTK 72 21.88 MNOG 28 13.12 10.16 .000

M DTK M DNOG

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Mean Min Max Range

M DTK 72 40 250 210 M DNOG 28 20 90 70

Diagram 1. Comparative analysis of the values of​​ variables MDTK – MDNOG of the body gravity. lifting legs while fixed upper extremities (MDNOG), For testing of the strength and body endurance where situation is somewhat different. The values of the of abdomen two variables are applied which are fair and parameters of central statistics are significantly lower most common represents in these kinds of researches: when it is about measuring of the central tendency and 1. Lifting the torso while fixed lower extremities, the dispersion measures, though also here we have the so called sit ups (MDTK) case of extreme higher values (Max.=90) which are 2. Lifting legs while fixed upper extremities results of measurement of two or three subjects with high (MDNOG). result efficiency which generally changed the picture the For getting the necessary information, a central whole defined sample. That is also evident on the basis statistics with all relevant parameters is applied. For of values Std. Dev. for both examined variables. The determining the differences by applying different types whole correlation is extremely high and it belongs to the of practices Student T–test is applied for large dependent zone of a high connection from (.81) and high difference samples. of T-test with significant statistical importance (p<0.50). Although whether we accept or neglect these results it RESULTS AND DISCUSSION could be concluded that there is a large difference in By inspection of the results it is obtained one view of performing MDTK practice and the MDNOG general insight into the heterogeneity of the research practice according their difficulty. sample considering the abdomen muscle strength- It is about two topologically different body muscle endurance. On the Table 1. there are presented regions and muscle groups that are taking part in the results of the variable lifting the torso while fixed realisation of the movement. There could be a question lower extremities (MDTK), stating a large span of on which factors contributed to this kind of difference? results. That span confirms the value of dispersion As the first one, it can be the action of muscle chains parameters of the skew. (3.09) and especially kurtosis and types of muscles which took part in the realization (11.08) which justifies the statement about the non of the movement. We already mentioned that is very homogenous sample when it is about the abdomen important type of muscle kinetic chains, depending strength of the examined students sample. Toward on the open or closed muscle action type, because of that results heterogeneity, contributed the fact that one which there is a smaller or larger number of engaged number of the examined students (2 or 3) had extremely muscles and muscle groups. It is especially important if high scores at the test (Max.=250) which contributed it is about the engagement of large muscle groups which to the whole result oscillation of the results in view are also the strongest in the human organism, and that of lengthening (kurt.11.08). The sample consists of are those muscles and muscle groups which enables the students on the same year of studies. maintenance of static musculature and vertical position In Table 2. the results are presented on variable of the human body (extensors and flexors of spinal RIK, (1), 2013 57 Pavlović, Stojanović and Branković column, extensors and flexors of legs and hands, large bow, so their adaptive shortening can be instigated and pectoral muscles). Namely, it is known fact that these according to that hyper lordosis (Whiting et all.1998). muscles contains up to 400 mobility units which are A person that complains on the pain in lower part of innerved with the same number of mobility neurons the back can perform only the first part of the practice, which enables strong movements and contract by the by which they can only mildly lift shoulder belt. If half principle of all or nothing (Mitrović, 2003.; Stojiljković, belts the knees are bent under an obtuse angle 140º-150° 2003.; Malacko & Rađo, 2004.; Stojanović, Kostić, R. degrees, and one who practices the lifts of the torso from i Ahmetović, et all. 2006.; Pavlović, 2010.). The next the floor under an angle of 30º (Zaciorsky & Kraemer, important thing is the question which kind of muscle is 2009.). In the second manner lifting legs while torsi is about, are those of the pinnate, spindle-shaped, fanlike or fixed, legs are lifted from lying position with hip bender square. By its physiology cross section, pinnate, fanlike (side-thigh muscle, real thigh muscle and others). Real and square are extremely string thanks to the direction abdomen muscle, is fastened with its lower end for of stretching and joint of muscle fibers and results of groin symphysis, relatively is inactive. It fixes pelvis their actions, in difference from spindle-shaped which and increases intra-abdomen pressure, and it begins does not have strong traction but they are faster and to shorten only if legs are raised high enough. In that they are situated most commonly in place where the position, however, the force of gravity which attracts fast movements of extremities occurs (Albert, 1995; legs down is significantly stronger. Regarding that Jovović, 2003.). starting pressure on discs is pretty high, and the activity The human anatomy is observing the organism of three abdomen wall muscles insignificant, only as divided in two parts: caudal and cranial, that is from practice is not especially significant and it in training of the foot toward the pelvis and from the pelvis toward abdomen muscles must in no way be the only one. It the head. Analyzing in more detail the larger number of is much more effective the lifting of legs from hanging stronger muscles by its physiological cross section, they position (gravity affects mostly on legs, only the rear are placed in the upper regions of the body, not taking abdominal muscles are contracted), but that can perform into consideration the extremities and those which are only trained persons, so this result can be justified in mainly pinnate, square and fanlike, so that both direction sample of our examined student. and action of their movements is more synchronized, The next reason that can justify this result is of which largely depends also from the flexibility of their biomechanical nature. We are known that the relationship antagonists (Stojiljković i sar. 2005.; Enoka, 2002.). of branch of the force of the muscle and the branch of Also the fact that can explain this difference in muscle the load force changes during the movement and most endurance is starting position of the examined student’s negatively is in the moment when body or part of the sample. In most cases the examined students for the body which is in movement is in horizontal position. If development of abdomen strength means a practice of the angle in the joint of elbow is 90°, and forearm in lifting the torso while fixed the lower extremities, and horizontal position, the moment arm of the load force is significantly rare the oposite. That is because this way about 10 times larger from the branch of biceps force, is partly easier for them, wanting to develop the strength which means in order to move forearm up m. Biceps of straight and lean abdomen muscles, often neglecting must produce 10 times greater force from the load force the strength of the muscle flexor hip joint, which in (Jarić & Kukolj, 1996.). This biomechanical principle cooperation with the abdomen muscles forms a kinetic can be applied in our manner of tests performing and chain and performs lifting of the lower extremities their results. Moreover, the greater producing of muscle (Verhošanskiy, 1979; Hettinger, 1983.). Also what is force in case of lifting lower extremities because we necessary to know about the training and the way of have phenomenon that in examined students usually practising for abdomen musculature is the following. lower extremities are longer in relation to the upper The first manner, bend of torso-so called sit ups, are the part of the body as soon is increased action of the load main practice way for good abdomen muscle. Those force branch-weight of extremity, with the action of practises should be performed with bend legs because gravity force (Opavsky, 1971.). Very important role in in that position the load on spin is lower and the work performing of these movements has the action of radial of abdomen wall muscle is larger. That happens because R-pressure and tangent The T-movement component and the side-thigh muscles, which shortens and are not their relationship which is the greatest in the moment of participating in creation of the rotation force. During the starting of momentum, so this reason can be taken as performing of flexion of torso with stretched legs, a primary one. Regarding the muscle action it is known maximum force is created by the side-thigh musles, while fact that fixed spot in joint decomposed the action of pressure on the inter vertebra discs is very high, closely muscle on components, where one is directed radically, responds to pressure when we bend from the vertical that is it will act toward the center of the joint as pressure position with 20 kg load (Albert, 1995.; Mitrović, 2003.; –R radial component of pressure, and the other will Mikić, 2004.). Also what should be known is that the act tangent-T, it is vertical on radial component and flexion of torso has its shortages. First, the30º-45º bends it will act in the direction of movement. Although the depends of the abdomen muscles, and of the hip bender result of muscle activity is always the same, the size of last 45º bends. Hip flexors are practice through short components is different. Size of components of muscle RIK, (1), 2013 58 Pavlović, Stojanović and Branković action depends on size of result and size of falling REFERENCE angle (α), and that is the angle which is closed by the Albert, M. (1995). Eccentric muscle training in sports and or- result of muscle action with the line that connects the thopaedics. New York: Churcill Livingstone. center of moving joint with the center of rotation-radial Enoka, R.M. (2002). Neuromechanics of human movement. component. With increasing of angle α, to the size of real Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. angle, the component of movement is also increasing, and Jovović, V. (2003). Biomehanike sportske lokomocije [Sports lowering the component of pressure (R). With optimum biomechanics locomotion. In Serbian]. Nikšić: Filozo- size that is angle 90˚, the component of movement is fski fakultet-odsjek za fizičku kulturu. equal to the result of muscle movement, that is reaching Jarić, S. , & Kukolj, M. (1996). Sila (jačina) i snaga u pokre- its highest value, and the component of pressure is equal tima čoveka[ Force (strength) and the strength of the to zero (Jarić, 1997.; Jovović, 2003.; Mikić2 2004.). If movements of man. In Serbian]. Fizička kultura, (1-2), the falling angle is equal to zero, R-component would 15-28. Beograd. be maximum, and T-component would be equal to zero. Jarić, S. (1997). Biomehanika humane lokomocije sa biomeha- Then the muscle force couldnt perform the movement, nikom sporta. Beograd: Dosije. although there is no such cases in humans, he is never Kellis, E. & Baltzopoluos, V. (1995). Isokinetic eccentric exer- equal to zero because the muscle does not joint in the cise. Sport Medicine, 19, 202-222. region of side axis of levers, but the joints are moved Karović, Ž. (1980).Uticaj repetitivnog mišićnog naprezanja sa away on nono joint bulges-thorns, bumpes, small dužim trajanjem i većim opterećenjem na razvoj mišić- bumpes, as well as the muscle result is in distance from nih potencijala i biomotoričkih dimenzija kod omladi- the center of rotating with joint bulges. So if the line ne pubertetskog uzrasta [Influence of repetitive muscle of muscle force and joint aixs are in the same level, or strain with a longer duration and greater load on the during the contraction they cover each other, muscle can development potential and muscle size in youth biomo- not perform the movement, it becomes only the tenzor torius pubertal age.In Serbian] (Unpublished Master’s of the joint. According to this principle we have also the thesis, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za behavior of components of muscle action in joint of hip fizičko vaspitanje. during lifting different parts of body. Especially it will Mero, A., Komi, P. & Gregor, R. (1992). Biomechanics of be pointed out in longer levels, where is expressed the Sprint Running. Sport Medicine, 13(6), 376-392. action of gravity what increases the whole load which Mitrović, D. (2003). Osnovi fiziologije čoveka [Fundamentals in our case presents kaudal extremities, so this fact can of human physiology. In Serbian]. Beograd: SIA. also be one of the reasons of different muscle endurance Malacko, J. & Rađo, I. (2004). Tehnologija sporta i sportskog on different types of oractice. treninga [Tech sports and sports training. In Serbian]. Sarajevo: Fakultet za sport i tjelesni odgoj Univerziteta CONCLUSION u Sarajevu. The results of research obtained by data processing Mikić, B. (2004). Biomehamika sportske lokomocije. Tuzla: of our sample confirmed some earlier researches Fakultet sporta i tjelesnog odgoja. (Karović, 1980.; Enoka, 2002.; Kellis, Baltzopoluos, Okely, D.A., Booth, L.M. & Patterson, W.J. (2001). Relati- 1995.; Petrović, 2006.) which treated the problem of onship of physical to fundamental movement skills muscle endurance and connection of different topology among adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & regions, above all cranial and caudal extremities. Exercise, 33(11), 1899-1904. The differences about muscle endurance are obtained Opavski, P. (1971). Osnovi biomehanike [Fundamentals of which are reflected in number of repeating of certain biomechanics. In Serbian]. Beograd: „Naučna knjiga“. movement-defined in the variables sample, and say in Pavlović, R. (2010). Atletika [Athletics. In Serbian]. Istočno favor of the fact that the action of open kinetic action Sarajevo: Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta. of musculature is much stronger if it is about shorter Petrović, V. (2006). Razlike u izometrijskom mišićnom poten- lever that is about much smaller gravity force action on cijalu učenika i učenica osnovnih škola [Differences in peripheral spots in relation on basic center, center of the isometric muscle potential of pupils in primary schools. gravity of body, as well as about length of muscle joints In Serbian] ((Unpublished Master’s thesis, University on bones. This state confirms the claims that on larger of Niš). Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture. length of lever weaken the speed of muscle action when Rakovac, M., & Heimar, S. (2003). Utjecaj kondicijske pri- muscle is becoming tired. Also the differences in regard preme tipa jakosti i snage na živčani i mišićni sustav of performing the different types of practices contribute sportaša [Impact strength traning type and strength of differences in regard of synchronal synergic action of the the nervous and muscular system of athletes. In Cro- muscle chains, size and position of muscle groups, types atian]. U zboprniku 2 dio Kondicijska priprema spor- of muscles engaged as well as relationship of muscle taša (180-184). Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu force and load force in the moment of performing the Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. movement. Also on the whole result there is the influence Hettinger, T. (1983). Isometrisches muscle training. Stuttgart: of starting position of one who practices, that is if he is Thieme Verlag. during performing the practice of the fixed torso or the Stojiljković, S. (2003). Osnove opšte antropomotrike [Funda- legs.

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mentals of general antropomotoric. In Serbian]. Niš: pment of power in sport. In Swerbian]. Beograd: „Par- Kulturni centar. tizan“. Stojiljković, S., Mitić, D., Mandarić, S., & Nešić, D. (2005). Wilmore, J.H. & Costill, D.L. (1994). Physiology of sport and Fitness. Beograd: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. exercise. Leisure Press, Champaign IL: Human Kine- Stojanović, T., Kostić, R., & Ahmetović, Z. (2006). Teorija i tics. metodika sportskog treninga [The theory and metho- Whiting, W.C. & Zernicke, R.F. (1998). Biomehanics of mu- dology of sports training. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fa- sculoskeletal injury. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetcs. kultet za sport i turizam. Verhošanskiy, J. I. (1979). Razvoj snage u sportu [The develo-

ПОВРЗАНОСТА НА РЕЗУЛТАТИТЕ ВО МУСКУЛНАТА ИЗДРЖЛИВОСТ КАЈ СТУДЕНТИТЕ

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Ratko Pavlovi}1, Jelica Stojanovi}1 i Nata{a Brankovi}2 1Univerzitet vo Isto~no Sarajevo, Fakultet za fiz~ko vospituvawe i sport, Isto~no Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija

Апстракт Најчест начин за развојот на моторните способности е насоченото физичко вежбање со прецизно дозирани компоненти на оптоварување. Според нивниот однос зависи видот на развојот на моторните способности. Тоа најмногу се манифестира во просторот на снагата и издржливоста кои многу често се поклопуваат, така што и помалите промени на интензитетот на оптоварувањето зборуваат за промените на подпросторот кој се третира со насочено физичко вежбање. Така на пример, тоа се случува кога се работи за развојот на снажната издржливост или на брзинската издржливост, што е последица на степенот на дозираното оптоварување. Овoj вид на издржливост мошне е aктуелен кај атлетските фрлачки дисциплини и може да даде слика за sostobataa za одреден region на телото, особено ако се работи за развој на снагата со примена на различни типови на вежбање врз основа на почетната положба.

Клучни зборови: fiz~ko ve`bawe, motorni sposobnosti, intenzitet na muskulno optovaruvawe, testirawe na muskulnata snaga, t-test,

Correspondence: Ratko Pavlović University of East Sarajevo Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta Stanbulčić bb, 71420 Pale, RS Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 60 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 61 -68

COMPARISON OF DIMENSIONS OF SELF-CONCEPT AMONG STUDENTS OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Original scientific paper)

Milica Mitrović1, Petar Mitić2, Milena Belić3 and Ivana Zubić4 1Universitety of Niš, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Physiology, Niš, Serbia 2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia 3State University of Novi Pazar, Serbia 4University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract The research was conducted on the sample of 160 students of the University of Nis, 60 of whom were students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, 60 students of Psychology and 40 students of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. 76 male and 84 female examinees participated in this research. For examining of the self-concept dimensions, the Self Concept Scale (Opacic, 1995.) was used. It measures the following dimensions: emotionality-rationality, rigidness, misanthropy, moral negativity, locus of control, global self-esteem, sex attraction, evaluation by others, physical and intellectual abilities. The results poinedt toward the existence of statistically important differences between the students of sport and physical education and students of psychology regarding the distinctiveness of the following dimensions of self- concept: misanthropy, moral negativity, global self-esteem,as well as the physical and intellectual abilities. Comparing the dimensions of self-concept the between students of sport and physical education and the future mechanical engineers, a statistically important differences has been distingueshed in regard to the following dimensions: evaluation by others and the physical ability. The overcome results, to a certain extent, could be explained by the knowledge and experience gained during the studying. Statistically important differences in dimensions of self-concept regarding sex differences of the examinees can be considered within the scope of cultural and social influence on the development of the self concept within the individuals. Therefore, these differences can not be neglected during the examination of the overcome results when comparing the students of different study groups, because of specificity of the sex structure of the examinees.

Keywords: Self concept scal, physical abilities, intellectual abilities, cognitive structure, student’s maturing, t-tes

INTRODUCTION whole personality, has not been found yet. Self-concept or self knowledge is a kind The founder of the concept of ego-structure is William of construct with a long history of research in the James (James, 1890., according to Janakov, 1988.) who psychology, which, depending on their theoretical distinguishes ’’cognitive ego’’ and ’’empirical ego’’. The orientation, different authors define the self-concept empirical ego is made of three components: physical or differently. Besides the self-concept idea, terms like material ego, social ego and spiritual ego. self-awareness, ego-identity, self-knowledge, self, ego- Sarabin (Sarabin, 1952., according to Janakov, feeling, the ego (Hrnjica. 1994.) are also in theoretical 1988.) determines the self as one of the forms of usage. This diversity in terms points toward the fact that the organization of experience. That is the cognitive the concept which would quite successfully describe the structure which has an empirical origin. The changes

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within the self are the products of learning, but also the male and female children, is of great importance of maturing of the individual. Sarabin distinguishes for the development of the self concept. A child adopts ’private ego’ and ’social ego’. Private ego has four those atributes on time which are, within the limits of components: somatic self, receptor-effector self, his society and culture, attached to the male or female primitive self and introjecting-extrojecting self. Social gender. The acceptance of the own gender role entails ego begins to develop itself during the second year of the desirability of the certain characteristics, where the age and it is organized according to the roles and the physical strenght and efficiency is more valued among social influences. men and sociability is of greater importance among the According to Allport (Allport, 1969.), self- women. Fitting into the stereotype which is attached knowledge is something which is developed gradually to a men and a women increases the congruency of the while the child grows up. The knowledge of the self self-evaluative system, decreases the instability and includes some more aspects. The sense of physical self, increases the sense of stability (Opacic, 1994.). the sense of permanent identity of the self and self- Harter (Harter. 1990., according to Tubic, evaluation develops during the first three years. The Djordjic and Pocek, 2012.) emphasizes that the formation sense of permanent identity of the self develops during of the self is determined not only by cognitive processes the second year, and one of the most important factors but also by social context, so that the individual’s of this development is the development of speech. immediate environment will be convinient or less The expansion of the self and the image of the self are convenient environment for the development of the self. developed from the fourth towared the sixth year. The Accodring to this author, the feeling of competence is ego, as a rational actor, is the aspect of the self which the basic aim of successful behaviour. Therefore, an is developed from the sixth to the twelfth year. The individual will participate in those activities in which it self-personal aspirations appears as a final aspect of perceives itself as competent. the development of the sense of the self. Proprium in In this work, we compare the different Allport’s theory represents the construct which unifies dimensions of the self-concept among students of the stated aspects of the sense of the self. different study groups, with the assumptions that there According to Opacic (1994.), the self-concept will be differences in distinctiveness of particular is an organised scheme of experience that a person dimensions of the self-concept among the students has about himself. During the life, we are receiving a of sport and physical education, psychology and great number of information about ourselves. However, mechanical engineering. man’s cognitive system aims at reducing the number of Super (Super, 1990., as per Hedrih, 2006.) information. The reduction is firstly made by selection, emphasizes the importance of self-concept for the and then by generalizing information. The final results professional development. According to this author, are classified schemes which are used for structuring the idea of the self changes throughout the life through the future information. These classified schemes the interaction with the environment in all areas of the actually represent the image of the self; thus, for life, and also in the area of professional development. particular elements, a particular valuative judgements Accordingly, the professional development represents a are connected. In this way, different elements of of the creation of the image of the self in the area of profession. image of the self, get a different significance. Therefore, the choice of profession, according to this The image of the self according to Berns author, would represent the realization of the image of (Berns, 1979., according to Hrnjica, 1994.) is only one the self. Further experience that a person gains in his element of the idea of the self. The valuative component profession will influence his self-concept, which will of the image of the self has a strong motivational power consequently determine the future choices in his career. and self-respect of the individual depends on it. The self- respect is a dimension which is inseparable from the self- The research goals knowledge. Therefore, some of the authors, when they Within the research has the following goals: speaks toward the structure of the self concept, they are - Determine wheather there are statistically distinguishing three components: descriptive, evaluative significant differences, on the hand between sport and that of willingness to react (Berns, 1979., according and physical education and psychology students, on to Janjetovic, 1996.). The descriptive component stands the other hand, between the studernts of sport and for the image of the self and the evaluative self-esteem. physical education and engineerig students in the We consider these elements also as dimensions. severtly dimensions: emotionality-rationality, rigidness, The self concept is developed through misanthropy, moral negativity, locus of control, global interaction with other people who represent an self-esteem, sex attraction, evaluation by others, physical important source of information which we are receiving ability, intellectual ability. about ourselves through other people’s reactions to - Determine wheather there are statistically us, as well as through a direct comparison toward the significant differences in these dimensions of self-cocept others. For this reason, it can be said that the process regarding to the gender of the students. of socialization, which in most societies is different for

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METHODS Table 2. The structure of the example The instruments for research accoring to the study group For measuring the dimensions of the self- concept, a Self-Concept Scale was used (Opacic, Study group No % 1995.), which has 100 items. The task of the examinee FSPE 60 37.5% is to determine the extent of agreement with the cited Psychology 60 37.5% statement on the five-degree Likert scale. By quantitative FME 40 25% analysis of self-decription of the examinee, the Total 160 100% Table1. The structure of the example following dimensions of self-concept are determined: according to the sex emotionality-rationality, rigidness, misanthropy, moral negativity, locus of control, global self-esteem, sex Sex No % Male 76 47.5% attraction, evaluation by others, physical and intellectual Female 84 52.5% ability. Total 160 100% The results of the research Table 3. The distinctiveness of dimensions of self-concept according to the faculty and theoretical and empirical range of scores

Faculty No AS SD Min Max FSPE 60 30.60 5.950 14 44 Psycho 60 29.02 4.778 19 40 Emotionalityrationality FME 40 39.20 5.979 13 39 Total 160 29.91 5.557 13 44 FSPE 60 30.47 6.964 11 45 Psycho 60 28.22 6.931 13 48 Rigidness FME 40 31.53 6.895 16 50 Total 160 29.89 7.024 11 50 FSPE 60 32.68 6.052 17 45 Psycho 60 28.77 6.924 14 46 Misanthropy FME 40 32.92 6.840 13 50 Total 160 31.28 6.831 13 50 FSPE 60 34.23 6.495 18 49 Psycho 60 30.38 7.490 15 50 Moral negativity FME 40 32.95 6.477 14 47 Total 160 32.47 7.045 14 50 FSPE 60 30.83 6.220 13 43 Psycho 60 29.67 7.257 17 50 External locus of control FME 40 29.53 6.437 12 44 Total 160 30.07 6.665 12 50 FSPE 60 35.45 6.534 22 49 Psycho 60 38.65 6.906 20 50 Global self-esteem FME 40 35.67 6.967 21 50 Total 160 36.71 6.909 20 50 FSPE 60 32.42 5.616 22 46 Psycho 60 32.65 6.467 13 45 Sex attraction FME 40 31.33 7.318 14 49 Total 160 32.54 7.699 13 49 FSPE 60 38.48 5.780 26 49 60 39.65 5.092 30 50 Evaluation by others Psycho FME 40 36.00 5.430 22 50 Total 160 38.30 5.593 22 50 FSPE 60 41.77 5.715 22 50 Psycho 60 31.27 7.449 11 45 Physical abilities FME 40 32.65 7.361 16 48 Total 160 35.55 8.344 11 50 FSPE 60 36.58 5.938 25 49 Psycho 60 39.05 5.466 25 50 Intellectual abilities FME 40 34.35 5.727 19 46 Total 160 36.95 5.969 19 50

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Table 4. The difference in the degree of distinctiveness of dimensions of self-concept between the students of sport and physical education and students of psychology

Dimensions Faculty AS t Sig. FSPE 30.60 Emotionality-rationality 1.607 0.111 Psychology 29.02 FSPE 30.47 Rigidness 1.774 0.079 Psychology 28.22 FSPE 32.68 Misanthropy 3.299 0.001 Psychology 28.77 FSPE 34.23 Moral negativity 3.008 0.003 Psychology 30.38 FSPE 30.83 External locus of control 0.946 0.346 Psychology 29.67 FSPE 35.45 Global self-esteem -2.607 0.010 Psychology 38.65 FSPE 32.42 Sex attraction -0.211 0.833 Psychology 32.65 FSPE 38.48 Evaluation by others -1.173 0.243 Psychology 39.65 FSPE 41.77 Physical abilities 8.663 0.000 Psychology 31.27 FSPE 36.58 Intellectual abilities -2.367 0.020 Psychology 39.05

Table 5. The differences in the degree of distinctiveness of dimensions of self-concept between students of sport and physical education and students of mechanical engineering.

Dimensions Faculty AS t Sig. FSPE 30.60 Emotionality-rationality 0.329 0.743 FME 30.20 FSPE 30.47 Rigidness -0.747 0.457 FME 31.53 FSPE 32.68 Misanthropy -0.186 0.853 FME 32.92 FSPE 34.23 0.969 0.335 Moral negativity FME 32.95 FSPE 30.83 External locus of control 1.016 0.312 FME 29.53 FSPE 35.45 -0.164 0.870 Global self-esteem FME 35.67 FSPE 32.42 0.842 0.402 Sex attraction FME 31.33 FSPE 38.48 Evaluation by others 2.156 0.034 FME 36.00 FSPE 41.77 Physical abilities FME 32.65 6.956 0.000 36.58 Intellectual abilities FSPE 1.869 0.065 FME 34.35

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Table 6. The distinctiveness of dimensions of self-concept according to the sex and theoretical and empirical range of scores

Sex No AS SD Min Max male 76 28.89 5.941 13 44 Emotionality-rationality female 84 30.82 5.047 19 40 male 76 29.89 7.596 11 50 Rigidness female 84 29.88 6.509 16 48 male 76 31.54 6.785 14 50 Misanthropy female 84 31.04 6.905 13 46 male 76 33.01 6.904 16 47 Moral negativity female 84 31.98 7.176 14 50 male 76 29.64 6.468 13 44 External locus of control female 84 30.45 6.854 12 50 male 76 36.61 7.001 22 50 Global self-esteem female 84 36.80 6.865 20 49 male 76 31.03 6.320 14 49 Sex attraction female 84 33.32 6.264 13 46 male 76 36.92 6.192 22 50 Evaluation by others female 84 39.55 4.686 28 50 male 76 37.05 7.809 16 50 Physical abilities female 84 34.19 8.621 11 50 male 76 35.84 6.049 19 49 Intellectual abilities female 84 37.95 5.750 26 50

Table 7. The differences in the distinctiveness of dimensions of self-concept according to the sex of the examinees

Dimensions Sex AS t Sig. male 28.89 -2.217 0.028 Emotionality-rationality female 30.82 Rigidness male 29.89 0.012 0.990 female 29.88 male 31.54 0.465 0.643 Misanthropy female 31.04 male 33.01 Moral negativity 0.929 0.354 female 31.98 male 29.64 External locus of control -0.764 0.446 female 30.45 male 36.61 Global self-esteem -0.175 0.861 female 36.80 male 31.03 Sex attraction -2.305 0.022 female 33.32 male 36.92 -3.001 0.003 Evaluation by others female 39.55 male 37.05 2.193 0.030 Physical abilities female 34.19 male 35.84 Intellectual abilities female 37.95 -2.262 0.025

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The Sample for Research engineering, statistically important differences were The research was conducted on the sample of obtained regarding self-evaluation of the physical 160 male and female students of the University of Nis, abilities and evaluation by others in the sense that they 60 of whom were sophomores at the Faculty of Sport and were more emphasized among the students of sport. Physical Education (38 male and 22 female), 60 juniors Having in mind that the determination of the self-concept ( 8 male and 52 female) at the Faculty of Philosophy, is an organized scheme of experience that a person has Psychology Department, and 40 students (15 male and about himself, which is developed through the interaction 5 female) at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (20 with people and which is of great importance for the sophomores and 20 juniors). professional development of the individual, it could be The data shown in Table 4. show that there are concluded that some of the results are expected (Opacic, statistically important differences in the degree of 1994.; Super, 1990., according to Hedrih, 2006.). Taking distinctiveness of certain dimensions of the self concept into account the choice of future profession, the criteria between the students of sport and physical education and for matriculating the Faculty of Sport and Physical students of psychology. Students of sport and physical Education, and later, during the studies, the requirements education have the following dimensions emphasized: from the students, it is expected that the self-evaluations misanthropy, moral negativity and physical abilities, of this group of students, regarding their own physical while students of psychology have global self-esteem abilities, are higher than those of students of psychology and intellectual abilities emphasized. The differences and mechanical engineering whose professions do that arose are statistically important on Sig≤0.01, level, not require doing physical activities. The results of except for the differences which are obtained regarding the research show that moderate physical activities, the intellectual abilities, where the level of importance besides the emotional functioning, self-esteem and self- is Sig<0.05. contentment, influence the physical self-concept (Fox, The data shown on Table 5. points to the existance 2000., according to Tubic, Djordjic and Pocek, 2012.). of statistically important differences in the degree The importance of doing sport for self-knowledge is of distinctiveness of the dimension evaluation by justified by the research conducted by Tubic, Djoric and others (Sig<0.05) and the dimension physical ability Pocek (2012.) where the results show that adolescents (Sig<0.01). According to the obtained data, it could be who do some sport evaluate themselves more favorably said that the self-evaluations among the students of sport in most of the examined aspects of self-concept in and physical education, within the domain of evaluation relation to other people of the same age who do not do by others, and physical abilities, are higher than among any organized sport. the students of mechanical engineering. Besides this, when it comes to differences in From this table it can be seen that there are the dimension physical ability between students of statistically important differences in the distinctiveness sport and students of psychology, the results according of particular dimensions of self-concept among to sex differences should not be neglected. The sex the examinees of different sex. Namely, a higher structure of the examined examples on both faculties distinctiveness of the following dimensions is obtained imposes the necessity of taking into consideration the among female examinees: emotionality-rationality, sex differences in dimensions of self-concept between the attraction, evaluation by others and intellectual abilities. sexes. The results show that this dimension is more Self-esteem of male examinees regarding the physical emphasized among the men than among the women; abilities are higher in relation to the female examinees. that is to say that self-esteem of men is higher. It could The differences that arose are statistically important on be said that these differences are culturally conditioned the level Sig<0.05, except in case of evaluation by oth- and connected to social expectations. This explanation ers where the significance of the difference correspond is applicable on the results obtained from differences to the level Sig<0.01. between students of physical education and psychology, on the dimension intellectual ability. Because of their CONCLUSION self-evaluation of intellectual abilities, the results The overall results show that the students which are obtained regard sex differences and it can be of sport and physical education are different from the assumed that differences in this dimension between the students of psychology and mechanical engineering. students of sport and physical education and students of Statistically important differences in relation to students psychology are conditioned by the sex structure of the of psychology are obtained according to the following examinees. The absence of differences in this dimension dimensions: misanthropy, moral negativity, global self- between examinees from the Faculty of Sport and esteem, physical and intellectual abilities. Students of Physical Education and the students of the Mechanical sport and physical education have misanthropy, moral Engineering, who are mostly male, is in favor of this negativity and self-evaluation of physical abilities research. The differences in dimension of self-concept more emphasized, while dimensions self-esteem and regarding sex of the examinee can be explained by the intellectual abilities are more emphasized among the way of nurturing boys and girls, the messages they future psychologists. While comparing students of sport receive from the environment and social expectations and physical education and students of mechanical which are attached toward the different sexes. Janjetovic RIK, (1), 2013 66 Mitrović, Mitić, Belić and Zubić

(1996.), by comparing different aspects of the self of on the answers of the examinees and the results, cannot adolescents got results which suggest that boys evaluated be neglected. This should be taken into consideration the physical appearance, strength and competence more while studying the differences obtained in the dimension favorably and that they expressed more of general moral negativity between the future psychologists and self-esteem, while the sense of general incompetence teachers of physical education. Having knowledge and emotionality were less emphasized among the on the testing material and giving socially desirable boys. The differences are in accordance with the sex answers, can be the cause of weaker results among the stereotypes when it comes to evaluation of physical students of psychology in this dimension. strength, competence and emotionality. The differences In further researches it would be good to check that are seen by comparing the examinees of different the results by studying a biger example and introduce sexes correspond to the cited results, no matter certain a greater number of factors which are important for differences in age of the examinees, and they reflect the forming self-concept and changes in dimensions of stereotypes about the male and female sex roles which self-knowledge which appear through the life of an exist in our society. individual. The distinctiveness of the dimension evaluation by others among students of sport in relation to students Author’s Notes of mechanical engineering can be related to the fact The study was partly funded by the Ministry of that people who do sport are often positively evaluated Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia in the and accepted by others. So, the fact that this dimension, basic research project No. 179002 which is mostly based on information we receive from others, is not surprising because it also implies the REFERENCES impression we live on others and acceptance in society. Allport, G. W. (1969). Sklop i razvoj ličnosti [Patterns and This dimension is more emphasized among the students Growth in Personality. In Serbian]. Beograd: Kultura, of sport than among students of mechanical engineering, Hedrih, V. (2006). Konceptualizacija uticaja porodice whose nature of future profession and current student na razvoj profesionalnih interesovanja u aktuelnim duties is totally different. teorijama [Conceptualization of Family Influence on The higher values for misanthropy among the Development of Vocational Interests in Modern the students of sport and physical education as being Theories. In Serbian]. U Vidanović, S., Todorović, J., different from those among the future psychologists, can, Hedrih, V. (2006) Porodica i posao - izazovi roditeljstva. to some extent, be explained by the nature of the future Niš: Filozofski fakultet. profession of the examinees. Namely, the profession of Hrnjica, S. (1994). Opšta psihologija sa psihologijom ličnosti a psychologist mostly implies work with people and [General Psychology with Personality Psychology. In solving their psychological problems, helping people Serbian]. Beograd. Naučna knjiga. with certain problems, generally speaking, dealing with Janakov, B. (1988). Psihologija samosvesti. [Psychology of the human nature and it is expected that these students Self-Knowledge. In Serbian]. Beograd: Istraživačko- will show less affection to assign negative characeristics izdavački centar SSO Srbije. to others; in other words to evaluate others in a negative Janjetović, D. (1996). Polne razlike u osloncima generalnog way. koncepta o sebi adolescenata [Adolescents’ Sex The differences in the dimension global self- Differences Supporting General Concept of the Self. In esteem, which is more emphasized among the students of Serbian]. Psihologija, 29(4), 487-498. psychology in relation to students of sport and physical Opačić, G. (1994). Ličnost u socijalnom ogledalu [Personality education, can be a consequence of the nature of the in Social Mirror. In Serbian]. Beograd: Institut za knowledge gained throughout studying. During their pedagoška istraživanja. studies, students of psychology gain a knowledge about Tubić, T., Đorđić, V., & Poček, S. (2012). Dimenzije self- the importance of particular concepts like self-esteem, as koncepta i bavljenje sportom u ranoj adolescenciji well as skills of working on oneself which can influence [Dimensions of Self-Concept and Doing Sport in Early the obtained difference in this research. However, the Adolescence. In Serbian]. Psihologija, 45(2), 209- fact that future psychologists who often are facing with 225. testing material, which can, to some extent, have effect

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СПОРЕДБИ НА ДИМЕНЗИИТЕ НА SELF-КОНЦЕПТОТ КАЈ СТУДЕНТИТЕ ЗА СПОРТ И ФИЗИЧКО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ, ПСИХОЛОГИЈА И МАШИНСТВО

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Milica Mitrovi}1, Petar Miti}2, Milena Beli}3 i Ivana Zubi}4 1Univerzitet vo Ni{, Filozofski fakultet, Katedra za psihologija, Ni{, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospitvuwe, Ni{, Srbija 3Dr`aven univerzitet vo Novi Pazar, Srbija 4Univerzitet vo Novi Sad, Fakultet za pravni i biznis studii, Novi Sad, Srbija

Apstrakt Истражувањето е спроведено на примерок од 160 студенти од Универзитетот во Ниш: 60 студенти од Факултетот за спорт и физичко воспитување; 60 студенти од Филозофскиот факултет (Катедра за психолохија); 40 студенти од Машинскиот факултет. Он нив 76 беа од машки и 40 од женски пол. За проценување на селф-концептот, применета е Скалата на селф концептот (Опачиќ, 1994), која ги мери следните димензии: емоционална-рационалност, ригидност, мизантропија, морален негативизам, локус контрола, глобално самопочитување, полна привлечност, евалуација од страна на другите, физичките способности и интелектуалните способности. Резултатите укажаа на постоење статистички значајни разлики меѓу студентите за спорт и физичко воспитување и студентите по психологија, во изразувањето на следните димензии на селф-концептот: мизантропија, морален негативизам, глобално самопочитување и физички и интелектуални способности. Со споредување на димензиите на селф-концептот кај студентите за спорт и физичко воспитување и потенцијалните машински инжењери, добиени се статистички значајни разлики во во следните димензии: евалуација од страна на другите и во физичките способности. Добиените резултати, донекаде можат да се објаснат со знаењата и искуствота кои се стекнати во текот на студирањето, а добиените статистички значајни резултати со оглед на полот на испитаниците, може да се анализираат во рамките на културолошките и општествените влијанијата врз развојот на претставите за себе кај поединецот. Поради тоа, добиените ралики не треба да се запоставуваат при споредбите на резултатите на студентите од различни групи со оглед на специфичностите на полот на третираните испитаници во ова истражување.

Клучни зборови: Self-koncept скала, fiziчки sposobnosti, intelektualnи sposobnosti, kognitivna struktura, uчeњe, sozrevaњe, t-test

Correspondence: Milica Mitrović Univeryity of Niš Faculty of Philosophy Ćirila i Metodija 2, 18000 Niš, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 68 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 69 -75

EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE AND AGGRESSION WITHIN STUDENTS OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND STUDENTS OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (Original scientific paper)

Ivana Zubić1, Dušan Todorović2 and Petar Mitić3 1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Novi Sad, Serbia 2University of Niš, Faculty of philosophy, Niš, Serbia 3University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia

Abstract Examining aggression and emotional control in students of various professional orientations, especially students of sport studies and physical education, is of great practical importance. It is also very important for each society to act in direction of controlling and guiding the aggression in all aspects of life, especially controlling and guiding aggression in students of sport studies and physical education. Aggressive and anti-social behavior has become one of the major issues in modern society and it is placed in the limelight of various institutions and social activities. The sample of this research consists of 130 examinees, students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education and the Faculty of Electronic Engineering in Nis.The instruments used in the research are: the Aggression Questionnaire (A-87; Zuzul, 1987.) for measuring the level of aggression and the Emotional Competence Questionnaire (ECQ-45; Taksic, 2002. b) for measuring the level of emotional competence. The results obtained in the research reveal that students of sport studies have more pronounced aggression (especially the physical and verbal forms of aggression) when compared toward the students of Engineering, while the students of Engineering have more pronounced indirect aggression, which is characterized by expressing and releasing the negative energy toward the objects which are not directly connected to the situation in which the aggression was accumulated.

Keywords: antisocial behavior, social activities, questionnaire, psychomotor performance, t-test, aggressive behavior

INTRODUCTION inflict damage is obligatory and defines aggressive Aggression behavior as any response (physical or verbal) performed Aggressive and anti-social behavior has with the intention of damaging or harming another become one of the major issues in modern society and individual in any way, regardless of the success in the it is placed in the limelight of various institutions and realization of the intention. Recent literature in the social activities. The scientific interest in aggressive field of social psychology also finds the presence of behavior and its occurrence reasons has developed and intention to be of crucial importance and aggressive grown within the last couple of years. behavior is determined as “deliberate behavior with the Different authors who have dealt with aim of inflicting physical or mental pain” (Aroson et al. examining of thr aggression have agreed in defining it 2005.). Namely, it is justified to consider as aggressive as a type of behavior which harms or damages another a behavior which does not cause damage to another individual in any way (Dollard et al. according to individual in the real world, but which has an intention Zuzul, 1989.). Authors could not agree on one issue - on the part of the individual whose behavior is marked whether the definition of aggressive behavior should as aggressive to inflict damage to the other (Rot, 2004.). also include the presence of an intention to harm the On the other hand, inflicting damage by accident cannot other person. Zuzul (1989.), in his comprehensive be considered as aggressive behavior due to lack of an explanation of aggression, states that the intention to intention.

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Harre and Lamb (according to Crick, 2002.) forms of aggression between students of the Faculty of has noted more than 200 different definitions of Electronic Engineering and students of the Faculty of aggressive behavior suggested by numerous studies, and Sport and Physical Education. all of them contain two characteristics: it is a kind of H2. There are statistically significant behavior whose intention is to hurt someone (physically differences in the degree of expression of the or mentally) and a kind of behavior which the victim dimensions of emotional competence and the total experiences as hostile. emotional competence between students of the Faculty The psychological theories, which suggest that of Electronic Engineering and students of the Faculty of aggression is exclusively determined by the drives, human Sport and Physical Education. nature or that it is exclusively socially determined, lost their validity in the contemporary psychology. Studies Research instruments (for example, Loeber, according to Coie and Dodge, 1. Emotional Competence Questionnaire (ECQ; 1997.) have revealed that the stability of aggression also Taksic, 2002. b). increases by the age and that it is higher in individuals The questionnaire is comprised of 45 items. who have previously been either distinctly aggressive or It contains three subscales for evaluating the ability to distinctly non-aggressive in relation to individuals with perceive and understand emotions (15 items), the ability an average level of aggression. It is also suggested that to express and name emotions (14 items) and the ability the roles of genetic inheritance and intergenerational ties to govern emotions (16 items). The examinees are are also of importance. Most of the longitudinal studies asked to express their agreeing/disagreeing with each (Loeber, according to Coie and Dodge, 1997.) reveal statement on a five-level scale in which 1- means totally that in adolescence the frequency of aggressive behavior disagreeing and 5- totally agreeing. The maximum reduces, while, during aging, its intensity increases. score, if we consider emotional competence as one total This period is also marked by changing in the types score, is 225 and the minimum is 45. The maximum of situations which are causing aggressive behavior. score for the dimension of perceiving and understanding In early childhood the causes of aggression are mostly emotions is 75, while the minimum is 15; the maximum found inside one’s family, whereas in adolescence for the dimension of expressing and naming emotions they are connected to the school, the surrounding is 70 and the minimum is 14; the maximum for the or friendship (Fraser, 1996.). Adolescence, with its dimension of regulating and governing emotions is 80 complex psychodynamic processes, is also marked by and the minimum is 16. increasing in the intensity of aggression and especially The test is taken both individually or in a group; the intensification of the drives and increasing of the sex there is no time limit. hormones (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1980.). The psychometric traits of ECQ-45 are generally good, which makes the reliability of the questionnaire Emotional competence on different samples to range from 0.88 to 0.92. The The models of emotional competence are reliability of individual scales is also acceptable. The grouped in two categories in psychological literature reliability of the ability to perceive and understand (Mayer, Caruso and Salovey, according to Taksic, emotions scale is the greatest and it ranges from 0.82 to 1998.): 1) the ability models – focused on the ability to 0.88, the ability to express and name the emotions scale process the affective information, 2) the mixed models – ranges from 0.78 to 0.81 and it is somewhat smaller for conceptualize the emotional competence as a variegated the ability to govern the emotions scale – from 0.68 to construct which includes the personality traits, the 0.72 (Taksic, Mohoric, Munjas, 2006.). ability to perceive, evaluate, understand and govern 2. Aggression Questionnaire (A-87; Zuzul, 1987.) the emotions, motivational factors and the affective The A-87 questionnaire was designed for dispositions. measuring of the aggressive behavior in provoking situations, for measuring the impulsive aggression. It RESEARCH METHOD is comprised of 15 items – situations and 5 possible Research objectives responses are being predicted toward each situation. The The objective of this research was to examine situations stand for a sample of provoking situations the differences in the degree of expressed aggression which whom we are usually encountering in the everyday as well as the expression of some of its forms and also life. The five most frequent answers which are predicted to examine the differences in the degree of emotional for each situation represent one of the 5 modalities of competence expression in students of the Faculty of impulsive aggression: Sport and Physical Education and students of the Faculty a) Verbal manifest aggression (VM) of Electronic Engineering in Nis. b) Physical manifest aggression (PHM) c) Indirect aggression (IND) Hypotheses d) Verbal latent aggression (VL) H1. There are statistically significant e) Physical latent aggression (PHL) differences in the degree of expression of certain Each examinee has to answer on a 1 to 5 scale for each of the offered types of responses (a-e) (1 – I RIK, (1), 2013 70 Zubić, Todorović and Mitić never behave in such a manner, 2 – I rarely behave in Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the inner consistency such a manner, 3 – I sometimes behave in such a manner, for individual subscales range from 0.880 to 0.912 and 4 – I often behave in such a manner, 5 – I behave in such for the whole questionnaire 0.967, which may lead to the a manner quite often). conclusion that A-87 is a highly homogenous instrument. The results of this questionnaire are obtained by performing a linear summation of the answers to the Research sample 15 items for each of the 5 forms of aggressive behavior The research was carried out on a sample of (by summing the answers ‘a’ the result in the verbal 130 examinees, students of the Faculty of Electronic manifest aggression subscale is obtained, by summing Engineering and of the Faculty of Sport and Physical answers ‘b’ the result in the physical manifest aggression Education in Nis; of both genders, different years of birth subscale is obtained, etc.) so that the possible range of and different years of university studies. The research scores in each of the 5 scales is from 15 to 75. was conducted in the period between the 7th and 25th of The total score represents a measure of the April in 2012. at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering tendency of an individual to respond with aggression in and the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in provoking situations and it is formed by summing the Nis. All the examinees completed the questionnaire individually while at the Faculty. The average time needed to complete the questionnaire was 25 minutes. Table 1a. The structure of the research sample according to Faculty Research results Tables 1a. to 1.c shows the data regarding the theoretical and empirical range of scores in the subscales The Faculty of the Frequency Percent which refer to specific forms of aggression. It can be examinee noted that there are almost no major deviations in the Faculty of Sport 65 50.0 empirically obtained scores in relation to the theoretical Faculty of Electronic 65 50.0 ranges. Engineering The results shown in Table 2. point out to the Total 153 100.0 fact that students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education has more pronounced aggression in the total score in the Zuzel Aggression Scale A-87 (M= 234.7) Table 1b. The structure of the research sample in relation to the students of the Faculty of Electronic according to gender Engineering (M=157.2). Moreover, students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education have more pronounced specific forms of aggression in relation to the Gender Frequency Percent students of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering: Verbal Male 109 83.8 Manifest Aggression, Physical Manifest Aggression, Female 21 16.2 Verbal Latent and Physical Latent Aggression. It is interesting to note that the students of the Faculty of Total 130 100.0 Electronic Engineering have a more pronounced Indirect Aggression in relation to students of the Faculty of Sport Table 1c. The structure of the research sample and Physical Education. according to age In order to determine whether the obtained differences in the prominence of aggression and its Age of examinees Frequency Percent forms are statistically significant, further analyses have been carried out and the T-test procedure for determining 1985 1 0.7 the significance of the differences between different 1986 3 2.4 groups of examinees was applied. The results are shown 1987 4 3.1 in Table 3. 1988 32 24.2 By analyzing the results shown in Table 3. 1989 47 36.4 1990 1 0.7 it may be concluded that there are no statistically 1991 31 23.9 significant differences in the prominence of each form of 1992 4 3.0 aggression, except for the Indirect Aggression, which is 1993 7 5.6 more pronounced in students of the Faculty of Electronic Total 130 100.0 Engineering. Although there are no statistically significant results in the 5 subscales. The total score may range differences in most of the forms of aggression, and it from 75 to 375. is important to state that the prominence of most of the The key validation study of the A-87 forms of aggression is higher within the students of the Questionnaire was conveyed by Knezovic, Kulenovic, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in relation to Sakic, Zarevski and Zuzul (1989.). The obtained

RIK, (1), 2013 71 Zubić, Todorović and Mitić

Table 2. The prominence of aggression in relation to the Faculty of the examinee

Forms of Aggression Total Faculties Verbal Physical Indirect Verbal latent Physical aggression manifest manifest aggression aggression latent aggression aggression aggression

Faculty of Sport 81.6 69.9 25.1 45.6 41.1 234.7 Faculty of Electronic 36.7 26.3 28.7 33.5 31.2 157.2 Engineering

Table 3. The importance of the difference in the prominence of different forms of aggression in students of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering and students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

t-test Std. Variables Students of the Faculty Mean Sig. Deviation

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education 81.61 225.969 Verbal Manifest Aggression .101 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 36.70 12.370

Physical Manifest Faculty of Sport and Physical Education 69.94 224.300 .108 Aggression Faculty of Electronic Engineering 26.30 8.898

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education 25.16 9.596 Indirect Aggression .038 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 28.74 10.251 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education 45.66 93.606 Verbal Latent Aggression .303 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 33.57 10.570 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education 41.19 93.283 Physical Latent Aggression .393 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 31.27 11.371 234.78 418.337 Total Aggression Faculty of Sport and Physical Education .139 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 157.28 39.225

Table 4. Emotional Competence prominence in relation to the Faculty of the examinees

Dimensions of Emotional Competence Perceiving and Naming and Governing Total Emotional Faculties Understanding Expressing emotions Competence emotions emotions

Faculty of Sport 54.19 51.45 71.31 180.75 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 52.14 47.32 58.09 157.87

RIK, (1), 2013 72 Zubić, Todorović and Mitić

Table 5. Differences in the prominence of the dimensions of Emotional Competence in students of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering and students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

t-test Std. Emotions Students of the Faculty Mean Sig. Deviation Faculty of Sport and Physical 54.19 7.369 Perceiving and Education .109 Understanding emotions Faculty of Electronic Engineering 52.14 7.494

Faculty of Sport and Physical 51.45 9.143 Naming and Expressing Education .003 emotions Faculty of Electronic Engineering 47.32 6.856

Faculty of Sport and Physical 71.31 88.987 Education Governing emotions .234 Faculty of Electronic Engineering 58.09 6.385 Faculty of Sport and Physical 180.75 96.505 Total Emotional Education .068 Competence Faculty of Electronic Engineering 157.87 16.285

students of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering. Perceiving, Understanding emotions and the Total The results of this research (shown in Table 4.) Emotional competence in relation to the students of the reveal that the total emotional competence is more Faculty of Electronic Engineering. pronounced in students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education (M=180.75) in relation to students DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering (M=157.87). It is of great practical importance to examine It is similar when it comes to the specific dimensions aggression and emotional control in students of different of emotional competence, which means that students of professional orientations, especially students of sport the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education have higher studies. It is also very important for each society to act scores in the dimensions – Perceiving and Understanding in the direction of controlling and guiding aggression emotions, Naming and Expressing emotions and in all aspects of life, especially controlling and guiding Governing emotions. aggression in students of sport studies. Some studies have Nevertheless, in order to determine whether revealed a correlation between aggression and emotional the obtained differences in the prominence of emotional competence in adolescents (Johnston, 2003.). In certain competence and its dimensions are statistically sport disciplines, expressing and, most of all, discharge significant, further analyses have been carried out and the of aggression is desirable as a form of ‘ventilation’ of the T-test for determining the significance of the differences organism, especially in non-contact sports. In contact among various groups of examinees was applied. The sports, on the other hand, if aggression is uncontrolled, results are shown in Table 5. it can lead to breaking the rules and principles of the By comparing the two groups of examinees – game and it can also cause injuries to the opponents. the students of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering Due to the fact that the obtained results in this research and the students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical have revealed that students of sport studies have a more Education – in relation to emotional competence, it has pronounced aggression (especially the physical and been determined that there are no statistically significant verbal form of aggression) in relation to students of differences, except for the dimension of emotional Engineering, it is important to pay a special attention to competence Naming and Expressing emotions. The the processes of controlling and guiding aggression in students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education the educational programs and trainings of the students have more pronounced dimension of Naming and of sport studies. This suggestion is supported by the Expressing emotions in relation to the students of the obtained results which are related to the prominence Faculty of Electronic Engineering. of emotional competence, which show that students Although there are no statistically significant of sport studies have a more pronounced emotional differences, and it is important to mention that the competence in relation to students of Engineering. This students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education is encouraging for the future processes of instructing have higher prominence of the dimensions of Governing, and training the students of sport studies in the direction

RIK, (1), 2013 73 Zubić, Todorović and Mitić of governing emotions, which may undoubtedly lead Goleman, D. (2002). Emocionalna inteligencija. Beograd: to a better control in expressing physical and verbal Geopoetika. aggression. Ilić, B. (2000). Psihodijagnostika agresivnosti delikvenata Another important result of this study reveals narkomana [Psyhodiagnostic aggressive delinquents that students of Engineering have a more pronounced junkers. In Serbian]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, indirect aggression, which is characterized by University of Niš). Niš: Filozofski fakultet. expressing and discharging aggression on objects which Ilić, B. (2005). Fenomenologija agresivnosti delinkvenata are not directly connected to the situation in which the [Phenomenology aggressive delinquents. In Serbian]. aggression was accumulated; aggression is expressed in Niš: Sven. situations which are not connected to the time and place Ilić, N. (2007). Vaspitni stilovi roditelja i agresivnost dece of its occurrence. Such results were expected due to the osnovnoškolskog uzrasta [Rearing styles of parents nature of the very process of studying at the Faculty and the aggressiveness of primary school children. In of Sport, which is conceived in such a manner that it Serbian]. (Unpublished Graduate work, University of gives the students the chance to ‘take out’ and express Niš). Niš: Filizofski fakultet. the accumulated aggression directly through physical Johnston, A. W. (2003). A correlational study of emotional activity, while this is obviously not the case with the intelligence and aggression in adolescents, http://www. students of Engineering who have fewer chances for citeulike.org/user/emromesco/article/9851117. the ‘ventilation’ of aggressive behavior on the spot, Krstić, D. (1988). Psihološki rečnik [Psychological dictionary. which leads to transferring aggression to other situations In Serbian]. IRO Vuk Karađić, Beograd. and individuals. Thus, it may be concluded that sport Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1980). Sex differences in activities have positive effect on eliminating the indirect aggression: A rejoinder and reprise. Child Development, aggression and that according to this; physical activity 51, 964-980 should be encouraged in students of Engineering. On the Olweus, D. (1994). Annotation: Bulling at school: Basic facts other hand, in students of sport studies, special attention and effects of a school based intervention program. should be paid to a more efficient guiding of aggression Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1171- and also to the emotional sphere of the students, and 1190. consequently the future individuals employed in the Rot, N. (2004). Osnovi socijalne psihologije [Fundamentals field of sport and education. of social psychology. In Serbian]. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. REFERENCES Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990): Emotional Intelligence. Benenson, J., Carder, H. & Geib-Cole, S. (2008). The New York: Imagination, Cognitio and Personality. development of boys’ preferential pleasure in physical Takšić, V., Mohorić T., & Munjas R. (2006). Emocionalna aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 254-166. inteligencija: teorija, operacionalizacija, primjena Bar-On, R. (1997). The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom [Emotional (IQ-i); A Test of Emotional Intelligence. Toronto: Multi- itelligence: theory, operationalization, implementation, Health System. and connectivity with positive psychology. In Croatian]. Crick, N. R., Grotpeter, J.K., &Bigbee, M.A. (2002). Pregledni rad: Filozofski fakultet Rijeka. Relationally and physically aggressive children’s intent Takšić, V. (1998). Validacija konstrukta emocionalne attributions and feeling of distress for relational and inteligencije [Validation of the emotional intelligence. instrumental peer provocations, Child Development, 73, In Croatin]. (Doktorska dizertacija). Zagreb: Filozofski 1134-1142. fakultet. Coie, J. D. & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Aggression and antisocial Vidanović, S., & Anđelković, V. (2009). Agresivnost, behavior. In: Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (eds.), sklonost ka rizičnom ponašanju i struktura porodice Handbook of child psychology (5th edition): Vol. 3. adolescenta [Aggressivness tendency different behavior Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. and adolescent family structure. In Serbian]. Nastava i 779–862 ). New York: Wiley. vaspitanje, 3, 386-398. Eagly, H. & Steffen, V. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: Žužul, M. (1989). Agresivno ponašanje – Psihologijska A meta-analytic review of the social psychological analiza [Aggressive behavior – Psyhological analysis. literature. Psychol Bull, 100, 309–330.Fraser, M. W. In Croatian]. Zagreb: Radna zajednica Republičke (1996). Aggressive behavior in childhood and early konferencije Saveza socijalističke omladine Hrvatske. adolescence: An ecological-developmental perspective on youth violence. Social Work, 41(1), 37-50.

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ЕМОЦИОНАЛНАТА КОМПЕТЕНЦИЈА И АГРЕСИВНОСТА КАЈ СТУДЕНТИТЕ ПО СПОРТ И ФИЗИЧКО ВОСПИТУВАЊЕ И СТУДЕНТИТЕ ПО ЕЛЕКТРОНИКА

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Ivana Zubi}1, Du{an Todorovi}2 i Petar Miti}3 1Univerzitet vo Novi Sad, Fakultet za pravni i biznis studii, Novi Sad, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Filozovski fakultet, Katedra za psihologija, Ni{, Srbija 3Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija

Apstrakt Проучувањето на агресивноста и контролата на емоциите кај студентите од различни професионални ориентации, а особено кај студентите по спорт, е од исклучително практично значење. За секое општество мошне значајно е во сите аспекти да се делува во насока на контролирање и канализирање на агресивноста, а особено каj студентите од областа po спорт. Агресивното и антисоцијалното однесување во современото општество е се поголем проблем, порди што повеќето општествени дејности и институциите му посветуваат се поголемо внимание. Во истражувањето е применет примерок од 130 студенти од Факултет за спорт и физичко воспитување и од Електронскиот факултет на Универзитетот во Ниш. Во кистражувањето се искористени следните мерни инструменти: за мерење степенот на изразеноста на агресивноста – Прашалник на агресивноста А-87 (Žužul, 1989); за мерење степенот на изразеноста на емоционалната компетенција – Прашалник на емоционалната компетентност UEK-45 (Takšić, 2002).Резултатите на истражувањето покажаа дека студентите по спорт и физичко воспитување, имаат поизразена агресивност (особено на физичките и вербалните аспекти на агресивноста) во споредба со студентите по технички науки. Наспроти тоа, студентите по техничките науки, имаат поизразена индиректна-поместена агресивност која се карактреизира со изразување и празнење кон објектите што не се директно поврзани со ситуацијата која е акумулирана со агресивност.

Клучни зборови: antisocijalno odnesuvawe, op{testveni dejnosti, Pra{alnik, psihomotorni osobini, t-test, агресивно однесување

Correspondence: Dušan Todorović University of Niš, Faculty of philosophy Department of Psychology Ćirila i Metodija 2, 18000 Niš, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 75 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 76 -82

RELATION SHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG JUDOISTS (Original scientific paper)

Vuk Stevanović University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the relations between anthropometric characte-ristics and motor abilities of young judoists. The sample consisted of 110 boys and 56 girls, ages 9 to 16 years. Eight anthropometric measurements and motor fitness tests were conducted. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences between boys and girls. Using canonical corellation analysis, canonical factors of anthropometric characteris-ticcs and motor abilities, as well as cross-corelational matrices, were obtained for both sexes. It was concluded that male judoists have greatly accentuated negative correlation between skinfolds variables, as an indicator of adipose tissue amount, and the results in motor variables. Variables that assess the skeleton longitudinal and transversal dimensions are positively correlated with motor variables. Focus of judo training, among the other aspects, should be on optimization of amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle tissue.

Keywords: children, girls, anthropometric measures, motor tests, subscutaneus adipose tissue, training in judo, multivariate analiysis of variance, canonical correlation analysis

INTRODUCTION Franchini, Takito, Cassio, & Bertuzzi, (2005.a). Јudoists Judo belongs to a group of polystructural acyclic with a lower proportion of adipose tissue and high an- sports, with a domination of acyclic movements in di- aerobic capacity have a higher rate of attempted use rect contest with an opponent. In particular, there is a of various techniques in fight (Franchini, Takito, Dal wide variety of technical elements, and the tactics of Molin Kiss, & Sterkowicz, 2005.b). Studies based on the movement of individual body parts and movement structural and biomechanical judo analysis suggests that in general in different directions, with variable intensity three motor-functional abilities, i.e. strength, coordina- and pace of execution. During the fighting there are nu- tion and aerobic-anaerobic endurance, may be crucial merous and dynamic situation changes with different for the judo performance (Takeuchi et al., 1999; Mon- grips, clutches and positions of both fighters, which re- teiro Peixoto, & Proenca 2001; Franchini et al., 2005 a; quires good dynamic stereotypes of clutches and throws, Franchini et al., 2005 b). It is important to develop co- and ability to constantly create new programs of offen- ordination, balance and speed of alternative movements, sive, defensive and counteratack activities (Ćirković, as well as strength and flexibility (Obadov, 2005). 1996.; Bratić, 2003.; Mučibabić, 2008. Dynamic-strength-endurance allows one to efficiently As in all sports, morphological and motor status perform the specific dynamic judo patterns and tasks, of the fighter is very important in judo, because of the while static strength endurance ensures the effective- significant impact on sport performance. Numerous ness of the “gripping“ techniques (Krstulović, Sertić, & studies were conducted and they indicated a relationship Sekulić, 2005 ). of morphological characteristics and motor abilities, This research was conducted with the aim to ana- with the success in judo sport. lyze the relationship of anthropometric characteristics Most researchers have found negative ef- and the motor abilities, with emphasis on the differ- fects of subcutaneous adipose tissue on motor skills ences in male and female judoists. The research results (Ebine, Yoneda, & Hase (1991.). Nakajima, Moriwa- may indicate some details on which the coaches could ki, Takeuchi,Wakayama, Tanaka, & Okuda (1999.); pay more attention during planning of the training pro-

RIK, (1), 2013 76 Stevanović gramme. Also, they can provide more efficient solution bent-arm hang (isometric muscular endurance) and sit- for the individualization of work for the development of ups with crossed arms (isotonic muscular endurance). morphological characteristics and motor abilities of the Every subject performed a trial test in order to get judoists. familiar with the protocol, after which the results were METHODS recorded. Subjects The battery of those 8 motor tests assessed The subjects (N=166) were divided into two the following functional mechanisms: movement groups according to the gender. There were 110 male structuring, tonus and synergetic regulation, regulation judoists (range of age 9.27-16.64, AS=12.89 decimal of excitation intensity and regulation of excitation ages, SD=1.50 decimal ages), and 56 female (range of age duration (Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, 9.86-16.29, AS=12.93 decimal ages, SD=1.36 decimal Radojević, & Viskić-Štalec, 1975.). ages). They were the participants of the „Sirmium“ tournament in Sremska Mitrovica, and young judoists Data analysis from Novi Sad, Beočin and Temerin. Differences in the entire system of anthropometric and motor variables (for both male and female) were Measurements and tests calculated and tested by MANOVA, the level of p≤0.05 The following anthropometric measurements being considered as significant. Relationship between were conducted in this research, according to the the two groups of variables was determined by canonical International Biological Programme (Lohman, Roche, & corellation analysis, using „QCCR“ software (version Martorell, 1988.): anthropometric measurements – body 2.1) for the simultaneous canonical correlation analysis height, body weight, chest girth, midarm girth, forearm and canonical analysis of covariance. Both statistical girth; abdominal, subscapular and triceps skinfolds. analyses were performed with the use of SPSS package, The sample of motor ability tests was consisted of the version 19. following tests – obstacle course backwards and slalom with 3 balls (functional coordination), plate tapping RESULTS (speed of hand movement), sit-and-reach (flexibility), Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) standing broad jump and 20-m dash (explosive strength), showed significant differences between young male and

Table 1. Results of multivariate analysis

Boys (n=110) Girls (n=56) Variables f p AS SD AS SD 1. Body height (mm) 1582.87 127.84 1556.30 88.84 1.94 0.17 2. Body weight (0.1 kg) 516.88 163.79 494.11 120.14 0.85 0.36 3. Chest girth (mm) 788.04 98.38 774.11 75.42 0.86 0.35 4. Midarm girth (mm) 239.66 36.41 238.13 30.28 0.07 0.79 5. Forearm girth (mm) 222.60 28.88 214.23 19.62 3.80 0.05 6. Abdominal skinfold (0.1 mm) 130.45 90.72 143.93 69.57 0.95 0.33 7. Subscapular skinfold (0.1 mm) 86.04 52.03 93.00 41.74 0.75 0.39 8. Triceps skinfold (0.1 mm) 94.98 38.05 109.21 34.11 5.56 0.02 9. 20-m dash (0.1 s) 39.51 3.62 41.32 3.38 9.70 0.00 10. Obstacle course backwards (0.1 s) 121.91 35.48 126.89 23.84 0.90 0.34 11. Slalom with 3 balls (0.1 s) 360.03 83.43 364.38 55.45 0.12 0.73 12. Arm plate tapping (freq.) 29.07 4.89 31.23 4.00 8.14 0.00 13. Sit-and-reach (cm) 47.80 10.79 52.73 11.39 7.47 0.01 14. Standing broad jump (cm) 189.38 26.00 177.14 18.57 9.84 0.00 15. Bent-arm hang (0.1 s) 447.21 269.55 333.11 200.77 7.82 0.01 16. Crossed-arm sit-ups (freq.) 46.40 9.60 46.68 7.65 0.04 0.85

F= 5.25 P= 0.00

RIK, (1), 2013 77 Stevanović

Table 2. Cross-corellational matrix of anthropometric and motor variables – male judoists

Obstacle Slalom Arm Sit- Standing Bent- Crossed- 20-m course with 3 plate and- broad arm arm sit- Variables dash backwards balls tapping reach jump hang ups Body height -0.46** -0.14 -0.28** 0.42** 0.43** 0.56** 0.15 0.21* Body weight -0.15 0.08 -0.11 0.32** 0.29** 0.26** -0.19 -0.02 Chest girth -0.21* 0.04 -0.11 0.42** 0.38** 0.34** -0.14 0.06 Midarm girth -0.07 0.19 -0.05 0.35** 0.37** 0.19 -0.30** -0.06 Forearm girth -0.22* 0.05 -0.14 0.41** 0.42** 0.33** -0.19 0.08 Abdominal 0.40** 0.37** 0.26** -0.08 -0.13 -0.35** -0.53** -0.37** skinfold Subscapular 0.39** 0.40** 0.19* -0.01 -0.14 -0.34** -0.49** -0.41** skinfold Triceps skinfold 0.56** 0.54** 0.30** -0.16 -0.21* -0.56** -0.55** -0.47** female judoists (Table 1.). The first canonical pair has the highest correlation The means of basic anthropometric variables (Rho = 0.85), and it contained the highest percentage (height and weight) did not differ significantly, while of common variance of the first and second sets of the circular measures and skinfolds were significantly variables. It explains 72% of the variance. Second different, especially in the forearm girth in favor of boys, statistically significant canonical pair has a correlation and triceps skinfold in favor of girls. These differences Rho=0.66 and 43% explained common variance. can be primarily explained by usual variations in the Height (0.71) has the largest projections on the morphology of boys and girls. first canonical factor of anthropometric characteristics in Significant differences can be observed in the male judoists (Table 4.), so this is the factor of skeleton area of motor variables. Male judoists were significantly longitudinality. better at 20–m dash, Standing broad jump and Bent- arm hang, while female were much more successful Table 4. Structure of canonical factors of the in Arm plate tapping and Crossed-arm sit-ups. These anthropometric status variables – male judoists differences, also, were “predictable“ because some earlier studies confirmed better manual coordination and CAN flexibility of girls, and the dominance of boys in speed Variables and strength tests. 1 2 From cross-corellational matrix for male Body height 0.71 -0.32 judoists (Table 2.), we can see that there are significant correlation coefficients of some anthropometric and Body weight 0.34 -0.63 motor variables. The negative effect of adipose tissue Chest girth 0.46 -0.66 on almost all variables of motor abilities (except for Midarm girth 0.29 -0.88 assessment the speed of hand movement frequency) was particularly emphasized. Forearm girth 0.46 -0.73 The results of canonical correlation of Abdominal skinfold -0.42 -0.63 morphological and motor factors in male judoists (Table 3.) show that, in the relations between the predictor Subscapular skinfold -0.39 -0.66 system, consisted of anthropometric variables, and Triceps skinfold -0.62 -0.68 criteria, consisted of variables for estimating motor abilities, there are two statistically significant canonical The second canonical factor of anthropometric functions (two pairs of canonical factors). characteristics is quite stable, because almost all variables (except the body height) have significant Table 3. Statistical significance of obtained canonical projections. The largests projections are observed from factors - male judoists midarm (-0.88) and the forearm (-0.73) girths. This factor could be defined as the factor of the body weight Rho Rho² λ χ² df p and volume, i.e. the volume of soft tissue (muscles and 1 0.85 0.72 0.10 233.26 64 0.00 subcutaneous adipose tissue). The obtained results of motor variables indicates 2 0.66 0.43 0.35 104.98 49 0.00 that the largest projections on the first (quite stable)

RIK, (1), 2013 78 Stevanović canonical factor of motor abilities are from the standing noted, body height (positive correlation) and skinfolds broad jump (0.95) and 20-m dash (-0.83), but sit-and- to some extent (negative correlation), have the largest reach, arm plate tapping, crossed-arm sit-ups and slalom projections, as well as variables for the explosive with three balls have greater projections on the first than strength of legs, the isotonic muscular endurance and on the second canonical factor. The second factor has the flexibility evaluation. As the sample of male judoists significantly smaller projections than the first one. Bent- had greatest range of years, the assumption is that the arm hang (0.65), obstacle course backwards (-0.58) and higher judoists were older ones, which means that they sit-and-reach (0.40) have the largest projections on the were probably longer in judo training, more experienced second factor (Table 5.). and motorically skilled. Therefore, it can be concluded that better results in mentioned variables had older boys, Table 5. Structure of canonical factors of motor status with lower degree of subcutaneous adipose tissue. variables – male judoists The second canonical pair is formed of factor from the first set that is defined by the body weight, CAN skinfolds and the girth, and of factor from the second Variables set that is defined by bent-arm hang and obstacle course 1 2 backwards. After observing the corellation coefficients 20-m dash -0.83 -0.26 and their presigns, we can conclude that the male Obstacle course judoists which are heavier and with greater amounts of -0.49 -0.58 backwards subcutaneous adipose tissue, have lower scores in the Slalom with 3 balls -0.45 -0.11 variables for coordinate and isometric muscle endurance evaluation. Arm plate tapping 0.61 -0.31 Cross-correlational matrix of anthropometric and Sit-and-reach 0.69 -0.40 motor variables for female judoists (Table 6.) shows that the negative correlation of adipose tissue, and positive 0.95 0.13 Standing broad jump of basic anthropometric variables and circular measures Bent-arm hang 0.51 0.65 with motor variables, are much less expressed than for Crossed-arm sit-ups 0.60 0.36 the male judoists. The results of canonical correlational analysis for female judoists, showed that there is one statistically The first canonical pair is formed of the first significant canonical pair obtained (Table 7.). The factor from the set of anthropometric variables and canonical correlation between two variables is Rho = the first factor from the set of motor variables. As 0.87, common variance was 76% explained.

Table 6. Cross-corellational matrix of anthropometric and motor variables – female judoists

Obstacle Slalom Arm Sit- Standing Bent- 20-m Crossed- course with 3 plate and- broad arm dash arm sit-ups Variables backwards balls tapping reach jump hang

Body height -0.18 -0.21 -0.26 0.50** 0.54** 0.41** -0.13 0.12

Body weight 0.00 -0.04 -0.03 0.33* 0.48** 0.26 -0.30* 0.07 Chest girth -0.06 -0.11 -0.05 0.38** 0.60** 0.31* -0.25 0.18

Midarm girth 0.02 -0.09 -0.02 0.33* 0.53** 0.30* -0.26* 0.28*

Forearm girth -0.01 -0.10 -0.02 0.37** 0.50** 0.31* -0.28* 0.24

Abdominal 0.25 0.22 0.19 -0.03 0.24 -0.10 -0.48** -0.11 skinfold Subscapular 0.32* 0.26 0.20 -0.06 0.18 -0.14 -0.50** -0.13 skinfold Triceps 0.27* 0.40** 0.32* -0.13 0.07 -0.26 -0.54** -0.16 skinfold (*- significant at 0.05 level; **-significant at 0.01 level)

RIK, (1), 2013 79 Stevanović

frequency, coordination and isotonic muscle endurance. Table 7. Statistical significance of obtained canonical factor - female judoists DISCUSSION The morphological and motor status are important Rho Rho² λ χ² df p for success in judo (Franchini et al., 2005.a; Drid & Bala, 2010.). For this reason it is important to opportunely 1 0.87 0.76 0.07 125.22 64 0.00 analyze the relations and effects of some anthropometric characteristics of motor abilities, both positive or The highest projection on the canonical factor negative, so coaches could know what to expect from of anthropometric characteristics has the midarm girth their athletes and what can be affected by the training. (0.78), less chest girth (0.49) and subscapular skinfold The present results indicates that significant (-0.44), while the other variables have a significantly differences of anthropometric characteristics were lower projections (Table 8.). observed only in forearm girth (in favor of males) and triceps skinfold (in favor of females). It is well known Table 8. .Structure of canonical factor of the that women have a greater amount of adipose tissue and anthropometric status variables – female judoists less muscles tissue, so these differences were somewise predictable. The results of tests for motor abilities evaluation Variables CAN 1 shows that male judoists has a significantly greater Body height 0.19 explosive and isometric strength of legs, and that female judoists had better flexibility and higher speed of hand Body weight 0.12 movement frequency. Chest girth 0.49 It is very interesting how some anthropometric Midarm girth 0.78 variables correlates with the motor variables. Body Forearm girth -0.08 height, body weight and girths of the male judoists has Abdominal skinfold -0.35 a positive correlation with almost all motor variables Subscapular skinfold -0.44 (highest with the explosive strength of legs, flexibility and speed of hand movement frequency). If these Triceps skinfold -0.30 anthropometric variables are seen as an indicator of biological growth and development and bearing in mind Sit-and-reach (0.77), standing broad jump (0.76) that judo training leads to quantitive and qualitative and arm plate tapping (0.75) have the largest projections changes in the morphological characteristics, it is clear on the canonical factor of motor abilities (Table 9.). Less why they are positively correlated with the results of the projections have obstacle course backwards (-0.55) and motor variables. crossed-arm sit-ups (0.54). The midarm girth was the only one with the significant negative correlation with the variable – bent- Table 9. Structure of canonical factor of motor status arm hang, which could perhaps be explained by the variables – female judoists emphasized flexion of the elbow joint during the test performance. The „collision“ of midarm and forearm CAN 1 muscles and elbow joint angle have effect on the duration Variables of hanging with bent arms. Male judoists have particulary emphasized 20-m dash -0.41 negative correlation of variables that estimates amount Obstacle course backwards -0.55 of subcutaneous adipose tissue with almost all motor variables (except arm plate tapping and sit-and-reach). Slalom with 3 balls -0.39 As the coordination, explosive, isometric and isodynamic Arm plate tapping 0.75 strength are important determinants of succes, it is clear Sit-and-reach 0.77 that the orientation of judo training for boys need to be Standing broad jump 0.76 intended to the optimization of the amount of adipose tissue (Obadov, 2005.). Bent-arm hang 0.19 The correlation analysis of girls showed that the Crossed-arm sit-ups 0.54 negative correlation, of variables that estimates body fat with motor variables, is considerably less expressed The connection of this pair of canonical factors than in boys. Highly significant negative correlation was shows that female judoists with more muscle corpulence observed only in bent-arm hanging and coordination of chest, shoulder and the arm, and less amount of tests. Is it because women naturraly have higher amounts subcutaneous adipose tissue, had much better results of fat, so they „know how to deal with it“, may be the in variables for evaluation of motor abilities especially subject of some future studies. Of course, the amount of explosive strength, flexibility, speed of hand movement fat should not be neglected in female judoists, but it ust

RIK, (1), 2013 80 Stevanović to be maintained by an optimal level by training. develop, improve or correct certain motor skill and when The variables, which estimates girls skeleton lon- to increase the amount of muscle tissue, or decrease the gitudinal and transversal dimensions, were significantly amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. positively correlated with the flexibility and speed of hand movement frequency (less expressed in stand- REFERENCES ing broad jump), which again may be explained by the Bala, G., & Drid, P. (2010). Anthropometric and motor growth and development, as well as orientation of judo features of young judoists in Vojvodina. Collegium trainings. The variable bent-arm hang, negatively cor- Antropologicum, 34 (4),1347-1353. relate with body weight and midarm and forearm girths Bratić, M. (2003). Džudo [Judo. In Serbian]. Niš: Fakultet za (weaker arms – less duration of hanging). fizičku kulturu. The canonical relation of anthropometric and mo- Bratić, M., Nurkić, M., & Stanković, N. (2011). Differences in tor factors of male judoists tells us that those which are Functional Abilities in Judo Players of Different Age. higher and with optimal amount of subcutaneous adi- Sports Science and Health, 1(1), 5-11. pose tissue have better results in the variables that esti- Cicović, B., & Pelemiš, V. (2011). Kanoničke relacije mates explosive leg strength, isotonic muscle endurance morfoloških karakteristika i funkcionalnih sposobno- and flexibility. Also, those who have higher amount of sti sa rezultatima koordinacije džudista [Canonical fat have worse results in variables that estimates coordi- correlation of morphological and functional chara- nation and isometric muscle endurance. The height was cteristics and the results of coordination in judokas. In probably connected with age, older were higher, which Serbian.] Sport i zdravlje, 6(1), 5-10. is also closely associated with longer judo training, larg- Ćirković, Z. (1996). Kondiciona priprema u džudou [Physical er experience and better motor skills. conditioning in judo. In Serbian] Beograd: SMDesign. There are similar findings connected to female Ebine, K., Yoneda, I., & Hase, H. (1991). Physiological char- judoists. Those with less body fat and more muscle acteristics of exercise and findings of laboratory tests corpulence of chest, shoulder and arm, will have a much in Japanese elite judо athletes. Médecine du Sport, 65, better results in tests for explosive leg strength, flexibility, 73 - 79. speed of hand movement frequency, coordination and Franchini, E., Takito, M.Y., Cassio, R., & Bertuzzi, R.C.M. isotonic muscular endurance evaluation. (2005a). Morphological, physiological and technical It is noticable that there were two canonical variables in high college judoists. Archives of Judo, 1, factors in boys and one in girls, obtained by canonical 1-7. correlation analysis. The reason probably lies in the fact Franchini, E., Takito, M.Y., Dal Molin Kiss, M.A.P., & Sterko- that the sample of boys was almost twice as much the wicz, S. (2005b). Physical fitness and anthropometric sample of girls. Another explanation may be that the differences between elite and nonelite judo players. Bi- girls, aged 10 to 16, had more harmonic growth and ology of sport, 22 (4), 315-328. development that the boys of same ages. Gredelj, M., Metikoš, D., Hošek, A., & Момировић, К. (1975). To sum up, we can formulate the following Model hijerarhijske strukture motoričkih sposobnosti. conclusions: 1. Rezultati dobijeni primjenom jednog neoklasičnog (1) The negative correlation of ammount of postupka za procjenu latentnih dimenzija [Hierarhical subcutaneous adipose tissue with the motor variables is of the strukture of motor skills. 1. Results obtained us- significantly more expressed in boys than in girls. ing a singleprocedure for assessing neoclassical latent (2) Variables that assess the skeleton longitudinal dimensions. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 5, 7-81. and transversal dimensions are positively correlated Krstulović, S., Sekulić, D., & Sertić, H. (2005). Anthropologi- with motor variables. cal determinants of success in young judoist. Colle- (3) The focus of judo training should be on gium Antropologicum, 29 (2), 697-703. increasing the amount of muscle tissue, and decreasing Krstulović, S., Žuvela, F., & Katić, R. (2006). Biomotor sys- the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. tems in elite junior judoists. Collegium Antropologi- The process of selection and training must cum, 26 (4), 845-851. be conducted by qualified professional coaches and Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., experts. Preesented data could be useful in planning Radojević, Č., & Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura and directing judo training to less developed skills i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine and technical and tactical knowledge. Development of [Structure and development of morphologic and mo- anthropometric characteristics, that may be affected, tor dimensions of youth]. Belgrade: Institut za naučna certainly will increase the motor skills, and therefore istraživanja Fakulteta za fiičko vaspitanje Univerziteta success in judo (Drid & Bala, 2010.). It is especially u Beogeadu. important to determine the optimal level of individual Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F., & Martorell, R. (1988.). Anthro- skills of athletes, that are required for competitive pometric standardization reference manual. Chicago: success. These capabilities, if they are not at sufficiently Human Kinetics. high level, need to be developed (Weinberg & Gould, Monteiro, L., Peixoto, R., & Proenca, J. (2001). Physical fit- 2003.). Future researches should be directed to the ness on elite judokas – medalists and non-medalists. question in which period of training process we should Abstract book. 2nd IJF World Judo Conference. Mu-

RIK, (1), 2013 81 Stevanović

nich: IJF. 57). Birmingham: IJF. Mučibabić, M. (2008). Efekti dva programa na motoričke, Obadov, S. (2005). Džudo [Judo. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fac- situaciono motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti mla- ulty of Physical Education. dih džudista [Effects of two pograms on the motor, Takeuchi, M., Nakajima, T., Tanaka, H., Wakayama, Y., Mori- sitational motor and functional abilities of young ju- waki, Y., Okada, R., Nakanishi, H., Tsuzawa, H., & dokas. In Serbian] (Unbublished doctoral disserta tion. Iida, E. (1999). A case study on the fundamental physi- Doctor disertation, University „Braća Karić“. Beograd: cal fitness in competitive performance and university Fakultet za sportski menadžment.. judo athletes in Japan. Abstract book. 1st IJF World Nakajima,T., Moriwaki, Y., Takeuchi, M., Wakayama, H., Judo Conference. Birmingham: IJF. Tanaka, H., & Okuda, R. (1999). International Com- Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of sport and parison for Fundamental Physical Fitness for Elite Judo exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Athletes. Proceedings of: IJF Judo Conference (pp. 52-

РЕЛАЦИИ НА АНТРОПОМЕТРИСКИТЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКА И МОТОРНИТЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ КАЈ МЛАДИТЕ ЏУДИСТИ

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Vuk Сtefanovi} Univerzitet vo Novi Sad, Fakultet за sport i fizi~ko vaspitување, doktorant, Novi Sad, Srbija Institut za medicinski istra`uvawa, Belgrad, Srbija

Апстракт Истражувањето е спроведено со цел да се утврдат релациите меѓу антропометриските карактеристики кај младите џудисти. Примерокот на испитаниците беше сочинет од 110 џудисти и 56 џудистки, на возраст од 9 до 16 години. Применети се 8 антропометриски мерки и 8 моторни тестови. Со мултиваријантна анализа на варијансата утврдени се статистички значајни разлики меѓу џудистите и џудистките. Со примената на каноничката корелациона анализа добиени се канонички фактори на антропометриските карактеристики и на моторните способности. По пресметката на соодветните крос- корелации за двата пола на испитаниците, компарирани се добиените канонички фактори. Заклучено е дека џудистите имаат значително понагласена негативна корелација на варијаблите за проценка на количината на масното ткиво, со моторните варијабли. Варијаблите за проценка на лонгитудиналната и трансферзалната димензионалност на скелетот, се во позитивна корелација со моторните варијабли. Насоченоста на тренингот во џудото, покрај другото, треба да е кон смалување на количината на масното ткиво и зголемување на мускулното ткиво.

Клучни зборови: deca, devoj~iwa, antropometriski merki, motorni testovi, potko`no masno tkivo, trening vo xudoto, multivarijantna analiza na varijansata, kanoni~ka korelaciona analiza

Correspondence: Vuk Stevanović University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Lovćenska 16, 21000 Novi sad, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 82 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 83 -86

REVIEWING OF MELOXICAM CONCENTRATION APPLICATED PERORALY AND BY ELECTROPHORESIS ON INJURIED KNEE ANKLE OF PARACHUTISTS

(Original scientific paper)

Slaviša Djurdjević1, Vladimir Velicković2, Ivana Mladenović Cirić3 and Gordana Dedić1 1University of Defence, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia. 2University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, student PhD, Pale, RS, Bosnia and Hercegovina. 3University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia.

Abstract The research goal was to qualify concentration of meloxicam (M), applied oral and by electrophoresis (EF) in meniscus and synovial liquid of the damaged knee ankle, because of sport injuries within the parachutists. Research sample included 8 sport male parachutists, age 28-48, divided into 2 groups with 4 examinees each. For the first group 0,015 g M, was per oral (1 tablet per day) applied during 5 days, and the second group of 4 parachutists for same drug dosage equally by electrophoresis (EF). Meniscus and synovial liquid samples were taken afterwards by menisectomy. By methods of liquid-mass spectrometry (HPCL) the drug concentration was quantified in micrograms of medicament per g of tissue, applied within the both ways. The research results were tested by Student t-test for small pairs of samples, and high significant concentration of drug was noted p<0,001, applied in one term EF in meniscus and synovial liquid in comparison to five day per oral drug application. By Eliminating, the local applied systems effects, and maximal concentration of drug, by longer maintaining in the targeted tissue, EF can be recommended as a method of choice in clinical praxis for sport injuries. Electrophoresis application of Meloxicam in targeting the knee joint provides significant saturation and better effectiveness of the drug compared to the per oral application

Keywords: sport injuries, synovial liquid, liquid-mass spectrometry, t-test for dependent small samples

INTRODUCTION of the drug in the target tissue, which is also more reac- Knee ankle as significant hypomochlion of bio- tive because of the ionic state, so it stays longer time dynamic lower extremity lever is exposed in parachutes within the tissue, in comparison with the per oral and by strong forces of dynamic strike and micro-trauma, parenteral way of application (Kalia Naik, Garrison, & which are caused by inappropriate grounding, caused by Guy, 2004.). it’s chronically inflammation of the damaged meniscus By influence of a potentional-voltage, a directi- structures, and therefore anatomic remodeling and low- oned movement of ions and dipol molecules is applied, ered functionality. According to that, a profound way among which there are therapeutic ones, according to for lowering this symptoms and significance is of great counter electrified electrode, by which drug is attached importance in biomedical, anthropological and martial toward the tissue, accomplishing faster and longer thera- sports aspect (Leopold et al. 2003.). peutic effect. Effects of electrophoretically applied drug Iontophoresis and electrophoresis (EF) repre- is maintained in duration of up to four days. Because of sents painless and efficient way for application of the that, this kind of applicating drug is especially convi- drug locally in tissue by using the galvanic electricity, nient in the reumatology, sport injuries, traumatology, by which we avoid the systemic and side effects of the neurology, dermatovenerology, gynecology, as well as drug. In this way, we accomplish a higher concentration witnin a wide span of the clinical practise. As a pre-requ-

RIK, (1), 2013 83 Djurdjević, Velicković, Mladenović Cirić and Dedić isition for a drug to be applied by iontophoresis is that from and anode 0,015g in 5 ml of water solution. All ex- the drug should be hydrosolubile, with lower molecular aminees were of mesomorph constitution by Scheldon, mass, and to be easily dissuasive in ions (Kostić, 2000.). with a BMI lower than 24 and they had inflammation Meloxicam belongs to a group of selective in- symptoms, functionless with expressed algesic sensa- hibitors of cicloxigenasis-2 (COX-2), which has specific tion, limited mobility and per completed conservative pharmacokinetic effect on reparation of the damaged and physiotherapeutic treatment without satisfactory cartilage, improving it’s remodeling and preventing the results. process of chondral destruction. Therefore, this modern Transversal flexible gummed carbon electrodes and powerful drug is used mostly per oral, and parenter- were fixed on prepared skin of inflamed joint, coated al in later days for treatment of sport injuries, but also for with four layers of saturated gaze by using physiologi- curing pathological conditions of cartilage in rheumatol- cal solution of NaCl. A 0,015 ml solution of meloxicam ogy, traumatology and sports medicine. (Jezdimirović, was applied to the anode, within surface of 150 cm² dis- 2002.; Demirtas & Oner, 1998.). This drug meets noted solved in re-distilled water. The cathode surface was prerequisites for an iontophoretic application. 100 cm². Biological dose of galvanic electricity was 140 mAmin (7mA x 20 min). (Djurdjević, 2001.). METHODS After finished EF, punction of synovial liquid was The research has been realized on 8 patients, sport performed; therefore a biopsy sample of the hyaline male parachutists, with age varying from 28 to 48, who meniscus cartilage, per orthopedic intervention of ar- have accomplished over 200 parachute jumps and who throscopic menisectomy has been performed. The tissue had knee meniscus damaged diagnosed by clinical meth- samples of the meniscus cartilage are first converted into ods, by ultrasonography and by 64.-slice scanner, and a gel by using hydrolysis and after that into a solid state. afterwards histopathological according to orthopedic in- Afterwards, by using methods of High-performance tervention by an arthroscopy. The examinees were divid- liquid chromatography (HPLC), concentration of drug ed into two groups. First group contained 4 examinees, in synovial liquid of knee rapture has been determined, and per oral applied meloxicam in one stage by daily also on cartilage of the meniscus, in articulator tissues, dosage of 0,015g , during 5 days successively, while for which is expressed in µg/g tissue measurement. (Bathe- the secondary group of containing 4 examinees, also ja, Thakur, & Michaniak, 2006.). with damaged and inflamed meniscus cartilage, one- For the HPLC analysis method, it was used the stage by electrophoresis, electricity of strength X=7mA »HPLC WATERS 2695 Aliance system«, connected to and application duration of 20 min., applied meloxicam ZQ mass detector »WATERS-Single quuadropo«. The

Tabel 1. Comparison of meloxicam concentration in synovial liquid applicated per oral and by iontophoresis

Variable X±SD t-test p Per os EF Concentration of meloxicam-a in synovial fluid(mg/g) 4.95±0.32 51.12±0.32 12,45 < 0.001

Amplitude of knee flexion in° 10. 114, 12°±0,24 124,50°±0,58 3,45 < 0.005 days after arthroscopiaDiagram 1. Compared concentration of meloxicam in synovial liquid and cartilage application

800 melox iontophoresis icam

600

*

400

200

DISSCUSION concentration meloxicam (µg/g meloxicam concentration

of tissue) 0

Synovial fluid Hyaline cartilage Diagram 1. Compared concentration of meloxicam in synovial liquid and cartilage application

RIK, (1), 2013 84 Djurdjević, Velicković, Mladenović Cirić and Dedić process of inflamation was reviewed pathohystological- better, because of higher ionic-reactive structure. Taking ly (colouring sample by hematoxilin-eozinom). this into consideration, the side effects are avoided along RESULTS with the systemic effect, and a better saving of the total Within the statistical processing of data, it was quantity of the active substance, which is significant in used the Student t-test for small uneven samples (DOS medical and economic term, as in sports as well as in statistic package), as well as the regression analysis with clinical medicine (Kanikkannan, 2004; Osborne & Al- a correlation analysis. A statistic significance of concen- lison, 2006.). tration of medicament existed only if p<0,001,and an- thropometric parameters: volume of the knee and move- CONCLUSIONS ment amplitude (in degree) in case of p<0,005. Concentration of meloxicam applied by Concentration of meloxicam in sinovial liqu- electrophoresis in synovial liquid meniscepathic knee of id and patient cartilage, who applied drug per oral on inuried parachutists is of higher statistical significance several day basis in order to saturate within the target and in higher degree than the concentration of meloxicam tissues, was compared with the concentration of meloxi- in synovial liquid of inflamated joint applied per oral. cam applied in one term, by using iontophoresis in knee Concentration of mediament will grow in cartilage in joint. Arthroscopic menisectomy tissues samples were time, due to nivelation of drug concentration gradient, taken in order to quantify containing of the medicament because the cartilage feeds mostly from the synovial inside the synovial liquid (samle within 2ml) and car- liquid. tilage of meniscus (per 10g of biopsic debridman) and Amplitude of knee movement, as well as flexy, as determined by HPLC method, afterwards compared a valid anthropometric and biomechanic paremeter, was the concentration of applied drug within the both ways of statisticly higher significant in group of examinees (Djurdjević, Milenković, & Djurović, 2006.). After that with the electrophoretic application of medicament there was measuring of the drug concentration signifi- during the 10 days per endoscopic intervention compared cance difference. In Table 1., the concentration of me- to those with per oral application. dicament was compared in the synovial liquid and the This method of electrophoretic application of the damaged meniscus knee cartilage of patients on whom medicament can be reccommended as a method of choice drug is applied by EF. for sportsman cartilage injuries and inflamated cartilage in clinical praxis, due to which the degree of deformity DISCUSSION would be significantly lowered, and a higher degree of Meloxicam applicated by iontophoresis pene- functional prevention in kinesiological biomedicine and trates the skin very quickly, toward the sub tissue and the clinical term, will be accomplished. synovial liquid of the damaged knee joints, compared to system-per oral applied drug. REFERENCES Found differences in concentration of meloxi- Batheja, P., Thakur, R., & Michaniak, B. (2006). Transder- cam in synovial liquid and cartilage of inflamed joins mal iontophoresis. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, can be explained by terms of cartilaginous structure of 3(1),127-138. peri-epiphyseal cartilage being deeper positioned from Demirtas, R.N., & Oner, C. (1998). The treatment of lateral cutis and synovial liquid, higher specific density, it is epicondylitis by iontophoresis of sodium salicilate and of a higher consistency of the surface level of cartilage sodium diclofenac. Clincal Rehabiltation., 12(1), 23- according to the densely interlaced colagen, mineral- 29. ized matrix which contains mucopolysaccharides and Djurdjević, S., Milenković, D., & Djurović, A. 2006).Acetyl- appearance of chondrocytes. Therefore penetration of salicylic acid concentration in synovial fluid and carti- meloxicam in cartilage is significantly lower than in the lage of inflamed joint in domestic pig after iontophore- skin, sub skin tissue and synovial liquid of inflamed joint sis. Iugoslavica Physiologica et Pharmacologica acta, (Leopold et al. 2003.). 42(2), 123-8. According to the fact that hyaline perry physic Djurdjević, S., Jezdimirović, M.,Aleksić, N., Branković, N, acid of joint is minimally fed over low developed peri- Pržulj, D., & Cicović, B. (2010). The determination of osteal vasculature, and by higher mean of osmotic perfu- the concentrations of metamizol sodium in inflamed sion from the synovial liquid conditioned by a gradient joints of pigs after intravenosus ands iontophoretic ap- of concentration, over which is used the metabolic con- plication. Acta Veterinaria, 60(4), 371-389. version, and therefore the concentration of meloxicam in Djurdjević, S., Jezdimirović, M., Đurović, A., Dedić, G., cartilage grows over the time per disclosing of electro- Aleksić, N., Branković, N, Stojiljković, S., Stojšić, D., phoresis drug application because of it’s high concentra- & Blagojević, Z. (2009). The Evaluation of the concen- tion in synovial liquid (Kalia et al.2004.). trations of methylprednisolone applied intravenosly After the EF application of meloxicam, the drug and by iontophoresis in the pig. Acta concentration is significantly higher in the joint struc- Veterinaria, 59(2-3), 157-165. tures, if the therapeutic dose are applied systemically Kalia, Y.N., Naik, A., Garrison, J., & Guy, R.H. (2004). Ionto- (per oral or parenteral), according to which the drug is phoretic drug delivery. Advanced Drug. Delivery Re- contained for longer and connects to the targeted tissue view., (56), 619-658. RIK, (1), 2013 85 Djurdjević, Velicković, Mladenović Cirić and Dedić

Kanikkannan, N. (2002). Iontophoresis-based transdermal de- tive, randomized trial. Journal of Bone Joint & Sur- livery systems. BioDrugs Journal, (16), 339-347. gery. Am., 85,197- 203. Kostić, O. (2002).Fizikalna medicina i rehabilitacija. Niš: Uni- Osborne, H.R., & Allison, G.T. (2006). Treattment of plantar verzitet u Nišu. fasciitis by LowDye taping andiontophoresis: short Leopold, S.K., Redd, B.B., Warme, W.J., Wehrle, P.A., Pettis, term results of a double blinded, randomised, placebo P.D., & Shott, S. (2003). controlled clinicaltrial of dexamethasone and acetic Corticosteroidcompared with Hyaluronic acid injections for acid. British Journal of Sports Med.edicine, 40(6), the treatement of osteoarthritis of the knee. Aprospec- 545-549.

СОГЛЕДУВАЊЕ НА КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЈАТА НА МЕЛАКСИКАМОТ КОЈ СЕ ВНЕСУВА ПЕРОЛАЛНО И СО ЕЛЕКТРОФОРЕЗА ВО ПОВРЕДЕН КОЛЕНСКИ ЗГЛОБ КАЈ ПОДОБРАНЦИТЕ

(Originalen nau~en trud)

Slavi{a \ur|evi}1, Vladimir Veli~kovi}2, Ivana Mladenovi} ]iri}3 i Gordana Dedi}1 1Univerzitet za odbrana vo Belgrad, Medicinski fakultet na Vojno medicinskata akademija, Belgrad, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Isto~no Sarajevo, Fakultet za sport i fiz~ko vospituvawe, doktorant, Pale, RS, Bosna i Hercegovina 3Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija

Апстракт Целта на трудот беше да се квантификува концентрацијата на мелоксикамот (М), внесен перорално и со елекетрофореза (ЕF), во менискусот и синовијалната течност на оштетен зглоб на коленото, поради спортските повреди кај подобранците. Примерокот на испитаниците беше составен од 8 спортски подобранци од машки пол, на возраст од 28 до 48 години. Примерокот бепше поделен во две групи од по 4 испитаници. Во првата група аплициран е 0,015 гр. М, перорално (1 таблета дневно) 5 деннови, а во втората група, исто така од 4 испитаници, истата количина на лекот е внесена еднократно со електрофореза (ЕF). Потоа, при менисцотомија е земен со биопсија примерок од менискусот и синовијалната течност. Со методата на течномасената спектрометрија (HPCL) e kvantifikuvana koncentracijata na lekot во микриграми на медикаментот по грам на ткивото, кој беше внесен на двата начини. Резултатите од истражувањето се тестирани со Студентовиот t-тест за мали зависни примероци, при што е забележана статистички значајна концентрација на лекот на нивото P<0.01 кој беше внесен еднократно со ЕF во менискусот и синовијалната течност во споредба со петдневното перорално внесување на лекот. Елиминирајќи ги системските и несаканите ефекти на локалната апликација, со придружната концентрација на лекот, подолгото заджување во таргетот на ткивото, ЕF може да се предложи како избрана метода во клиничката практика на спортските повреди. Електрофоретската апликација на Мелоксикамот во повредениот зглоб на коленото, обезбедува посигнификантна сатурација и поголема делотворност на лекот во споредба со пероралното внесување.

Клучни зборови: sportski povredi, sinovijalna te~nost, високо перформансна tечна хромаtографија, t-test za mali zavisni primeroci

Corespondence: Slaviša Đurđević Military Medical Academy Aerospace Medical Institute (VMA,vmi) Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 86 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 87-91

CANONICAL RELATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG FOOTBAL PLAYERS

(Original scientific paper)

Ibri Lulzim Sports sector in Municipality of Prizren, Kosovo

Abstract In a sample of 54 young football players, at the age of 16 years, was applied a system of a total 9 variables, from them 2 are morphological variables and 7 motor abilities variables. The purpose of this research was to determine the mutual report and the correlation between each other, through analyzing and using the canonical correlation analysis. With case of authentication statistically important relation was achieved one pair of canonical correlations statistically important. The first canonical factor is composed of motor variables; length jump from place (LEJU=.899), run speed in 20 meter (R20M=-.809), fast run in 50 meter (R50M=-838), lead of the ball in straight line in 20 meter (LEBS=-.837) and lead of ball in half arc with strong leg in 9.15 meter (LEBH=.709) so its interpreted as a canonical factor of explosive force and ability of a player to control and move with a ball. Second canonical factor of morphological variables is composed from morphological variables, body height (BOHE=-.851) and body weight (BOWE=-.643), in this way is interpreted as a canonical factor of body growing and developing. While first canonical factor of morphological variables and the second canonical factor to motor abilities can not be interpreted because of low value of variables. Based on structure analysis of matrix results of canonical factors results were analyzed that the young football players of this age exist statistically valid correlations between canonical factor of morphological variables and canonical factor of variables to specific motor abilities which is (Rc=54) that is statistically valid in level (P=00).

Keywords: canonical analysis, factor for the development of the body, explosive power, frequency of motion, specific motor skills, testing

INTRODUCTION in other motor activity can be really favorable. This is In recent years certain problems have highlighted even in a huge number of researches and been identified among individual dimensions of analysis (Gabrijelić 1972, Gredelj 1975; Metikoš, 1975, morphological characteristics and motor abilities. These Kurelić et al., 1975; Jerković, 1991; Malacko, 2002). problems were caused not only for a lack of researches So, the problem could be solved in finding important and analysis in this field but as a reason of differences relations between some latency dimensions that match in several age categories. Main relations between motor morphological characteristic in terms of statistics in one abilities and morphological characteristic are presented side, and to some other components of motor abilities as basic problem in terms of practical and theoretical which are relevant in certain activities. In this regard, approach. These relations has great importance because children of this age could be able to verify and to keep of possibility formation of rational procedure for the desired anthropological harmony, while applying optimum orientation and selection of young sportsmen, a desired educational technology of training and planning, controlling, programming, training, and actualization the content of program. the efficient tracking, of developing based on ethnic The problem of this study is to verify canonical morphological characteristic (Elsner, Metikoš,1983 connection between the systems of morphological & Jerković,1991). Regarding this issue, while in one characteristic (2 variables) and system of motor abilities motor activity one type of morphological characteristic (7 variables) from them basic motor abilities (3 variables) prevents realizations of kinetic program, the same type and specific motor abilities (4 variables), of young RIK, (1), 2013 87 Lulzim

Table1. Descriptive parameters of young football players

No. Variables N Mean Minimum Maximum Std. Deviation Skewness Kurtosis 1 BOHE 54 1728.5000 1605.00 1857.00 69.9462 .066 -.647 2 BOWE 54 601.8333 452.00 785.00 79.7570 .222 -.169 3 LEJU 54 210.8667 182.00 247.00 17.2601 .378 -.508 4 R20M 54 342.2333 310.00 379.00 19.5496 -.017 -.644 5 R50M 54 764.4667 711.00 841.00 35.7951 .592 -.095 6 JUBA 54 61.3667 7.00 410.00 75.1626 3.661 16.435 7 LEBA 54 1144.5667 909.00 1550.00 170.4019 1.088 .896 8 LEBS 54 368.2667 321.00 398.00 22.2353 -.301 -.829 9 LEBH 54 1633.2000 1421.00 1865.00 114.4346 -.226 -.381

BOHE BOWE LEJU R20M R50M JUBA LEBA LEBS LEBH 1728.5 601.8 210.9 342.2 764.5 61.4 1144.6 368.3 1633.2

Figure 1. Graphic appearance of variables

Table 2. Cross correlations morphological characteristics and motor abilities.

No. Variables BOHE BOWE LEJU R20M R50M JUBA LEBA LEBS LEBH 1 BOHE 1.000 2 BOWE .494** 1.000 3 LEJU .341* .501** 1.000 4 R20M -.146 -.199 -.655** 1.000 5 R50M -.373* -.377* -.801** .695** 1.000 6 JUBA .121 .100 .278 -.263 -.128 1.000 7 LEBA -.027 -.234 -.298 .342* .173 -.380* 1.000 8 LEBS .146 -.174 -.720** .823** .654** -.234 .372* 1.000 9 LEBH -.031 -.264 -.602** .346* .499** -.333* .411* .585** 1.000

Table 3. Significance of canonical correlation

No. Lambda – Prime λ Rc R-sqr. Chi-sqr. χ2 p

1 0.51 0.54 .29 73.38 0.00 2 0.72 0.40 .16 35.70 0.15 3 0.86 0.31 .10 16.51 0.55 4 0.96 0.18 .03 4.78 0.90 5 0.99 0.11 .01 1.35 0.95

(λ=lambda, Rc=coefficients of canonical correlations, Rc² =coefficient of determination, Hi-square test, p=statistical significance).

RIK, (1), 2013 88 Lulzim

Table 4. Canonical structure of morphological characteristic and motor abilities factors.

No. Variables Symbols Fc 1 Fc 2 1 Body height BOHE 0.267 -0.851 2 Body weight BOWE 0.498 -0.643 3 Length jump from place LEJU 0.899 -0.078 4 Fast run in 20 meter from high start R20M -0.809 -0.158 5 Fast run in 50 meter from high start R50M -0.838 0.194 6 Juggling balls with two legs in small space 1.5x1.5 meter JUBA 0.409 0.152 7 Lead of ball through obstacles (slalom) in 20 meter LEBO -0.504 -0.229 8 Lead of ball in straight line (with four meet) in 20 meter LEBS -0.837 -0.402 9 Lead of ball in half arc with strong leg in 9.15 meter LEBH 0.709 -0.194 football players at the age of 16 years. Furthermore, the RESULTS OF DISCUSSION purpose of this project is to verify how to fit football With a purpose of verifying relations between training with football players in one side and ho to adopt two different systems of manifested variables, and make a possible progress in terms of diagnostics morphological characteristic and motor abilities were preliminary situation, immediate control, cumulative included the analysis of canonical correlation. The training process and training in general. purpose of this statistically method is creation of linear combination inside the system of independent variables, RESEARCH METHODS but they are placed in such linear combination in order to The sample of subjects maximize the correlation among them. According to an In a sample from 54 young football players age assumption that two includes systems of the dimensional 16 years, is of the three football schools from Pristine anthropological of variables are linear connected. (FS Prishtina –18 players, FS Kurda -18 players and FS Firstly were count the descriptive parameters, then Dardania -18 players), implicated system from in all 9 was interpreted the meaning of the matrices in order variables from which 2 morphological characteristic to highlight the cross correlations explaining through variables, and 7 variables motor abilities, with a purpose equation solution. Based on that were gained base to verify theirs mutual relations. The measurements in of equation (λ) while through Bartlett χ -test is this study were conducted during the regular trainings in tested statistically importance of canonical correlation September 2010. Results were analyzed by the package coefficient (Rc). Statistics 6.0. In table 1, were given results of basic statistically parameters. The chart shows that football The sample of variables players in many tests have asymmetry in normal line, • For evaluation of morphological characteristic because of theirs value which is not more than 1.00 are applied these variables: exception to variables; juggling balls with two legs 1. Body height (BOHE) (JUBA 3.661) and ball lead (slalom) between obstacles 2. Body weight (BOWE) (LEBA.1088), which values exceed the bigger value than • For evaluation of basic motor abilities are 1.00. This show tolerated asymmetry from 9 variables 6 applied these variables: has positive asymmetry and 3 negative asymmetry. 3. Length jump from place (LEJU) From the analysis of cross correlation matrix 4. Fast run in 20 meter from high start (R20M) between system of morphological variables, and motor 5. Fast run in 50 meter from high start (R50M) abilities variables of the young football players (table 2), • For evaluation of specific motor abilities are can be observed that the high correlation and statistically applied these variables: important between variables system. 6. Juggling balls with two legs in small space 1.5x1.5 According to results the morphological meter (JUBA) variables, show that specific motor abilities variables did 7. Lead of ball through obstacles (slalom) in 20 meter not show that it is any correlation statistically important with strong leg (LEBA) with morphological variables, while morphological 8. Lead of ball in straight line (with four meet) in 20 variables with basic motor variables show that have 5 meter (LEBS) correlations statistically important. Also basic motor 9. Lead of ball in half arc with strong leg in 9.15 variables with specific variables show that have 12 meter (LEBH) correlations statistically important. In this study, cross correlations coefficients in the variables applied in the

RIK, (1), 2013 89 Lulzim measured values are ranged in the values from -.333 to variables, and conversely. Even the first couple of .823. canonical factors can not be interpreted in adequate way With case authentication of relations between morphological structure of canonical factors because of morphological dimensions and motor abilities (table 3), lower information value of variables, in proportion with with help of Bartlett’s measure chi-square test (χ2), is second canonical factor of morphological characteristic confirmed that the young football players exist one pair that is interpreted as a canonical factor body growing of canonical correlation statistically important factor and developing. It’s possible that in this case that in the importance of level p= 0.00 where is canonical has to deal with variables motor, abilities, basic and correlation (Rc = 54), which was explained with 73.4% specific which presents training origin not regular that of common variability, while other parties of canonical warns to young football player of this age have not factors are not statistically important. come yet one favorite’s extension of certain segments Analyzing the calculated matrix of canonical to anthropological characteristic. Study has achieved structure factors in the variables’ space of the young expectations, because over basis of achievement result football players (table 4), it is clear that the structure can be confirmed general assumption that to young of the first canonical factor is composed of motor football player of the age 16 years, exist statistically variables; length jump from place (LEJU=.899), fast valid relations between morphological characteristic and run speed in 20 meter (R20M=-.809), fast run in 50 motor abilities. meter (R50M=-838), lead of the ball in straight line in 20 meter (LEBS=-.837) and lead of ball in half REFERENCES arc with strong leg in 9.15 meter (LEBH=.709) so its Elsner B., & Metikoš, D. (1983). Odnosi između bazičnih interpreted as a canonical factor of explosive force motoričkih sposobnosti i uspješnosti u nogometu [The and ability of a player to control and move with a ball. relationship between motor abilities and performance (2), 69-78. Second canonical factor of morphological variables is in football. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 15 Gabrijelić, M. (1972). Neke psihomotorne sposobnosti composed from morphological variables, body height potencijalno i aktualno značajne za uspjeh djece u (BOHE=-.851) and body weight (BOWE=-.643), in nogometnoj igri [Some situational psychopsychomotor this way is interpreted as a canonical factor of body abilities potentially and actually important the growing and developing. While first canonical factor success of children in football (soccer). In Croatian]. of morphological variables and the second canonical Kineziologija, 2(1),11-23. factor to motor abilities variables can not be interpreted Jerković S.: (1991). Relacije između situacijsko-motoričkih because of low value of variables. sposobnosti i elemenata tehnike u nogometu [Relations between situational-motor skillsand technique elements (1-2), 33-40. CONCLUSION in football. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 23 Gredelj, M., Hošek, A., Metikoš, D., & Momirović, K. (1975). With case of canonical relations interpretations Model hijerarhijske strukture motoričkih sposobnosti.1. were applied simple rule which said that linear grow of Rezultati dobijeni primenom jednog neoklasičnog resulting value variables vector canonical factor from postupka za procjenu latentnih dimenzija [A model first space match proportionally linear grow of factor of hierarchic strucrure of motor abilities.1. The result values which resulting to a vectors changes canonical obtained using a neoclassical method for estimating from other space and conversely, with a condition that latent dimesions. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 5(1-2), between these two variables system of different spaces 7-82. to exist statistically important correlation. Furthermore, Malacko, J. (2002). Relations of coordination, morphological in this study can be concluded that based to first couple characteristics and motor abilities. U D.Milanović, F.Prot (Ur.), Proceedings Book of 2rd International of canonical factor in motor abilities space, football scientific conference „Kinesiology for the 21st player achieve better result in explosive force and speed, century”, Zagreb, 1999, (pp. 291-295), Zagreb, Faculty while lower result to control and move with a ball if they of Kinesiology. don’t have high value in morphological characteristic

RIK, (1), 2013 90 Lulzim

КАНОНИЧКА ПОВРЗАНОСТ НА МОРФОЛОШКИТЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ И МОТРНИТЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ КАЈ МЛАДИ ФУДБАЛЕРИ (Originalen na~en trud)

Ibri Lulzim Sektor za sport na op{tinata Prizren, Kosovo

Апстракт На примерок од 54 деца на возраст од 16 години, беше применет систем од вкупно 9 варијабли. Од нив, две беа морфолошки и 7 варијабли за проценување на моторните способности. Тие беа применети со цел да се утврдат нивните меѓусебни релации. Податоците се обработени со каноничка корелациона анализа. При утврдувањето на статистички значајните релации, добиен е еден пар на статистички значајни канонички корелации. Во просторот на антропометриските варијабли, каноничкиот фактор е интерпретиран во структурата на вториот каонички фактор, како фактор на растот и развојот на телото. Во просторот на моторните способности, првиот канонички фактор е интерпретиран како фактор на експлозивна снага и брзина на фреквенцијата на движењето, а вториот како фактор на специфични моторни способности кои го сочинуваа варијаблите: брзо водење на топката на 20 метри (SMBL) и полукржно водење на топката (SMPL). Тој е интерпретиран како канонички фактор на контрлирање и брзина на водење на топката. Првиот каноничкаи фактор во просторот на антропометриските варијабли, како и првиот канонички фактор во просторот на специфичните моторни способности, не можеше да биде интерпретиран поради слаби информатички вредности. Врз основа на анализата за пресметаните матрици на структурата на каноничките фактори, разултатите покажаа дека кај децата - фудбалери на третираната возраст, постои статистички значајна корелација меѓу каноничките фактори на антропометриските варијабли и моторните способности. Таа има вредност .54, и е статистички значајна на .00.

Клучни зборови: kanoni~ka analiza, factor na razvoj na teloto, eksplozivna snaga, brzina na frekvencija na dvi`ewata, specifi~ni motorni sposobnosti, testirawe.

Correspondence: Ibri Lulzim Sector of Sport in Municipality of Prizren St. Remzi Ademaj n.n, 20 000 Prizren, Kosovo E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 91 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 92-95

PLAYING EFFICIENCY OF THE BEST VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN THE WORLD (Research note)

Anna T. Bozhkova Medical University of Sofia, DLTSS, “Students’ Sport”, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract In the recent years, the top volleyball tournament with men – the World League ‘2011 – fully satisfied the high standards of contemporary and competent volleyball audience. The extraordinary play of the best teams, characterizes with high speed, dynamics and fascinating play situations. The purpose of the investigation is connected to the playing efficiency of the best volleyball players, from the four top teams in the position – teams of Russia, Brazil, hosts of the championship – Poland, and Argentina. The tasks are to compare the playing efficiency regarding the elements, scoring winning points and of the assisting actions, and to distinguish the most efficient volleyball players, according to their achievement of points. The analysis shows that the attack continues to be the most points-winning element in the play within the best volleyball players in the world. Mistakes made at blocking and service is considerably greater than the points gained from these elements. With the elements of assisting character, it is established that the least mistakes are made by the distributors, whose play is strongly dependent on the precise reception, which marks/scores a big efficiency percentage. The positive balance of libero competitors in the defense is much higher than with the reception, where the forwards have better indices. The tendency of the best volleyball players to accumulate their points, through the attack continues, followed by the points achieved through blocking and the service.

Keywords: volleyball game elements, volleyball efficiency, volleyball scoring points

INTRODUCTION of physically strong competitors, that apart from the The final phase of the top volleyball tournament for men strength, manifests good sport-technical level of their – The World league ‘2011, defined by many volleyball playing too. professionals, as mini world competition, was held After each big volleyball event, the specialists in the Polish town Gdansk. Among the best top eight make similar analysis and conclusions regarding the teams (four from Europe and four from America) was play of teams and the best competitors, on the separate the team of Bulgaria. The team, headed by Mr. Radostin elements – attack, blocking, service, reception, defense, Stoychev, finished the competition as fifth, after two passing, grounding the accepted by FIVB methods of losses and a win against the team of Italy. reporting the various characteristics of the play, on the The teams of Russia, Brazil, Argentina and respective qualitative criteria (Hristova (Христова), Poland ranked the top four positions. As predicted by 2007; Antonov ( Антонов (Mihaylov) Михайлов & the specialists, the first position was contended by the Mavrudieva (Маврудиева), 2007; Hristova (Христова teams of Brazil and Russia that in the 23-years history & Lazarova (Лазарова), 2008; Hristova (Христова) of the League had played four finals against each other. & Dimitrov (Димитров), 2010; Antonova (Антонова, The sovereignty of Brazil was discontinued by the win 2009); Bozhkova (Божикова & Arsova (Арсова), – 3:2 in games for the Russian team, impressing with 2011). its powerful play at the service, attack and blocking. The aim of the investigation is connected to the The team of Brazil has not been defeated by Russia playing efficiency of the best volleyball players from the since 2009, tried to resist its competitor through an World League ‘2011. attractive play in attack and defense. The final match again confirmed the tendency, observed in the world The tasks of the investigation are: volleyball – specialization of payers at positions, but 1. To compare the playing efficiency of the best it made the specialists to comment the establishing RIK, (1), 2013 92 Bozhkova

volleyball players at the elements, deemed points- Jarosz Jakub (40,86%). winning – smashing, blocking and service. The big percentage differences are observed 2. To compare the playing efficiency of the best at blocking of 9,63% to 32,65%. The biggest success volleyball players, at the elements of assisting showed the Russian volleyball player Maxim Mikhaylov, character – passing, reception and defense. who was the only one with equal values for the mistakes 3. To distinguish the most efficient volleyball and points gained at blocking. The remaining nine players, according to their points winning. volleyball players have negative balance. Not more different is the graph at the service, METHODS on which many volleyball players rely to a great extent. Toward analysis are subjected the best Changes in the rules at this element, and namely - the volleyball players from the teams, ranked the four top increasing of time for concentration, prior the fulfillment positions. These are the teams of Russia, Brazil, the of the service - to 8 seconds, possibility for fulfillment hosts of the championship – Poland and Argentina. from the entire end line, as well as the allowed touching Indices that we are interpreting are: smashing, of the ball, toward its run across into the opponent’s blocking, service, passing, reception, defense and field, helps considerably for the increase of automation realized points. of service and its power. The methods of investigation used are: literature With the mistakes made in the attack (Fig. 2.) it is analysis, coefficients of efficiency, comparative analysis observed a maximum value of 18,4%, and the minimum and graph analysis (Gigova / Гигова, 2000.). one – 11,2% is too high percentage. If we compare the The data is taken in Internet, in conformity with points gained to the mistakes made, we could claim FIVB and it refers to the best: 10 players at smashing, that with all ten volleyball players has shown a positive blocking, service and defense, 9 – at passing and 8 at balance at the observed attacks. reception. The things are not the same with the blocking, where we notice too high percentage of mistakes, in ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS the range from 32,6% to 59,7%. With this element, the Volleyball elements smashing, blocking and points gained are considerably less than the mistakes service are called points-winning, as they have the greatest made. This speaks about a bad teamwork and lack of contribution and bring direct points for the success of harmony between the separate players at the net. the team. After each big forum, they are subjected to the The percentage values of mistakes at the greatest number of scientific investigations and analysis service, which is among the riskiest elements of the on side of the volleyball specialist. game, also range widely – from 16% to 35,8%. As On Fig. 1., the percentage values of points with the blocking, the points gained are less, than the gained, at points-winning elements of the best volleyball mistakes made. players are presented. The attractive play, as a result to a great extent, At smashing, the highest percentage values for points gaining are noticed. The qualitative difference of the best volleyball players is in the range - 59,55%, 59,7 40,86%, and the difference of 18,69% is substantial. The 35,8 32,6 highest percentage value belongs to the Brazilian Lopes % 16 60 FigTheo. 1. Percentage(59,55%), valuesand the of lowestpoints gained, – to the at Polish the points competitor-winning service elements of the best volleyball players 40 18,4 11,2 blocking 20 sma shi ng smashing blocking service 0 Mistakes % 59,55 60

40,86 Fig. 2. Percentage values of mistakes at points- 40 32,65 winningelements of the best volleyball players

13,19 20 9,63 5,71 of the possibility of a team to play effectively, is mostly due to the precise reception. It determines the way of

0 building of play by the distributor of the team, so that he max min max min max min could cheat and brake the opponent’s blocking. On Fig. 3., the most distinguished is Luciano De Cecco from Fig. 1. Percentage values of points gained, at the Argentina, with the highest percentage – 58,12%. points-winningelements of the best volleyball players According to Hristova / Христова, (2007.), an observed and affirmed tendency is one of the end forwards to be a dominating receptionist. This conclusion is valid

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1 Bozhkova

110 passing – precise, perfect reception – precise, perfect defense - precise 103 102 94 % 90 100 84,61 72,28 80 66,46 70 69 58,12 63 60 46,53 60 55 51 50 40 22,03 50 48

20 max min max min max min 30 KB - MM - CF - KT - LT - GFG - SL - PF - EM - BD/MD - POL RUS ARG RUS BRA BRA BRA ARG BRA RUS

Fig. 3. Percentage values of the best volleyball Fig. 5. Points efficiency of the best volleyball players players at elements with assisting character the attack (81%), followed by the points achieved from for the World League ‘2011 too, where among the best blocking (11,7%) and service – (7,3%). The volleyball receptionists prevailing are the forwards, compared players of the top 10 winners are ranked just according to libero players. At the reception (Fig. 3.), the values to the efficiency of these three indices. are in the range from 46,53% to 66,46%. Leader in the position is Murilo Endres – forward from Brazil, and CONCLUSIONS the lowest percentage efficiency belongs to the Russian Analysis of the playing efficiency with the points- libero Alexander Sokolov. winning elements shows that the attack continues to With the defense, the values are similar be the most points-winning element in the play within (from72,28% to 84,61%), the most efficient are the the best volleyball players in the world. Mistakes made specialized defense players – libero. They, with no doubt at blocking and service is considerably more than the contribute for the development of the play, regarding of points gained from this element. Synchrony at building the playing duration and in the play multi-phasing. the blocking and decreasing the risk at fulfillment of the initial strike should be priority in the training process of The percentage ratio of mistakes at elements of the teams. assisting character is presented on Fig. 4. 1. The analysis of the playing efficiency of the best volleyball players at the elements of assisting character reveals that the least number of mistakes 20,3 are made by the distributors, whose play is strongly 11,6 dependent on the exact/precise reception, which % 30 9,9 marks a big efficiency percentage. The positive defense 20 2,48 balance of libero competitors at defense is higher reception than with the reception, where the forwards have 10 2,35 0,32 pa ssi ng better indices. 0 2. The distinguished most efficient volleyball players, Mistakes according to the points efficiency accumulate 81% of their points achievements through the attack, Fig. 4. Percentage values of mistakes of the best followed by the points achieved from blocking volleyball players at the elements of assisting character (11,7%) and service – (7,3%). To fall among the top winners, competitors should rely on a greater It is apparent, that with the lowest technical waste – complex presentation, not only to the attack, but from 0,32% to 2,35% is the passing, which is due to the also on blocking and the service. exactness of the play of the distributors. Positive balance is observed with the reception REFERENCES too, where the percentage of mistakes is in the range - Антонов, И., Михайлов, Д. & Маврудиева, Н. (2007). Из- 2,48%, 9,9%. Murilo Endres from Brazil is with the least пълнението на начални удари – една противополож- number of mistakes, and the highest percentage has the на перспектива [Fulfillment of starting strikes – a con- Russian libero Sokolov. trary perspective. In Bulgarian]. Спорт & наука, (Изв. The analysis of the mistakes at the defense бр. 5), 39-45. reports a maximum value of 20,3% of Santos – libero Антонова, В. (2009). Анализ на ефективността на състе- from Brazil and a minimum value of 11,6 % of the зателките по волейбол, участнички в Олимпийския Polish Zugadlo. турнир в Пекин’ 08. [Analysis of the efficiency of fe- The chart on Fig. 5., grounding the statistics of male volleyball players, participants in the Olympic all matches in the final four of the World League, shows tournament in Pekin ‘08. In Bulgarian]. Спорт & наука, clearly the continuing tendency of the best volleyball (Изв. бр. 4), 81-87. players to accumulate their points achievements through Божкова, А. & Арсова, Р. (2011). Динамика на някои игрови показатели от мачовете в турнира „Final Four – Шам- RIK, (1), 2013 94 Bozhkova

пионска лига 2011“ [Dynamics of some playing indices Христова, В. & Димитров, Ст. (2010). Динамика на инди- from matches in the tournament „Final Four – Cham- видуалната игрова ефективност на волейболистките pionship league 2011. In Bulgarian]. Непубликуван в турнира “Grand Prix” (2004-2008) [Dynamics of the доклад в: Международна научна конференция: “Оп- individual playing efficiency of female volleyball play- тимизиране на тренировъчния процес по баскетбол, ers in tournament „Grand Prix” (2004-2008). In Bulgar- волейбол, хандбал”, 27 май, София. ian]. Спорт & наука, (6), 48-56. Гигова, В. (2000). Статистически графични изображения Христова, В. & Лазарова, М. (2008). Сравнителен анализ [Statistic graph images. In Bulgarian.] София: Колбис. на състезателната ефективност при висококвалифи- Христова, В. (2007). Паралел между крайните нападатели цирани волейболистки от турнира Grand Prix 2007 от Световното първенство в Япония 2006. [Parallel [Comparative analysis of the competitive efficiency with between the end forwards from the World Cup in Japan highly qualified female volleyball players from the tour- 2006. In Bulgarian]. Спорт & наука (Iзв. бр. 5), 16- nament Grand Prix 2007. In Bulgarian]. Спорт & на- 26. ука, (Изв. бр. 4), 27-34.

ЕФИКАСНОСТА НА ИГРАТА НА НАЈДОБРИТЕ ОДБОЈКАРИ ВО СВЕТОТ

(Istra`uva~ka bele{ka)

Ana T. Bo{kova Medicinski univerzite, DEOSS, ,,Studentski sport”, Sofija, Bugarija

Апстракт Најдобриот во последните години одбојкарски турнир за мажи - Светската лига ’2011, целосно ги задовололи претензиите на модерната и компетентна одбојкарска публика. Исклучително успешната одбојкараска игра на најдобрите репрезентации се карактеризира со брзи, динамични и фасцинантни играчки ситуации. Целта на истражувањето е поврзана со ефикасноста на играта на најдобрите репрезентативни одбојкари кои ги освоија првите четири места – екипите на Русија, Бразил, домакинит на првенството - Полска и Аргентина. Задачите на истражувањето беа да се одреди ефикасноста на играта на елементите кои носат поени со помошни карактеристики и да се истакнат најдобите одбојкари според бодовната ефиканост. Анализата покажа дека смечирањето и натаму продолжува да биде елемент кој носи најмногу поени во играта на најдобрите одбојкари во светот. Грешките при блокирањето и сервисот се значително побројни во споредба со постигнатите поени со смечирањето. Кај елементите со помошен карактер е утврдено дека најмала поврзаност во играта си дозволуваат дистрибутерите, чија игра е особено зависна од прецизното пресретнување на топката кое бележи голем процент на ефикасност. Позитивниот биланс на играчите либеро во одбраната, е значително поголем, отколку при пресретнувањет на топката, при што напаѓачите имаат подобри показатели. Продолжува тенденцијата најдобрите одбојкари да освојуваат поени пред сé, со смечирањето, а потоа со блокадите и сервисите.

Клучни зборови: одбојкарски нapad, sme~irawe, blokirawe во одбојкаtа, servis и poeni во одбојкаtа, ефикасносt во одбојкаtа

Correspondence: Anna T. Bozhkova Medical University of Sofia DLTSS, “Students’ Sport” 2, Zdrave Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 95 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 96-100

STRUCTURE OF SOME RELEVANT BIOMEHANICAL PARAMETERS AND RELATIONS WITH SUCCESS IN THE WOMAN’S SWIMMING DISCIPLINE 200 METERS FREE STYLE STROKE (Research note)

Natasha Meshkovska Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Physical Education, Skopje, Macedonia

Abstract The research is conducted on a sample of 39 woman, top swimmers, participants in the discipline woman 200 meters freestyle stroke swimming, the swimming competitions of the Olympic games held in Sydney in 2000, which are applied and studied 11 relevant biomechanical variables recorded to swimmers. So applying regression analysis determined the impact biomehanical variables presented as predictorial on variables parameter, which is the final result (FRES). By applying factor analysis, showed that the structure of the biomechanical variables in the latent space and the extracted factors are presented as a system of predictorial variables and applying regression analysis determined the impact of variables parameters. Based on the analysis of the obtained results can be found all seven confirmed hypothesis set, which are treated as expected.

Keywodrs: female,Olimpics, biomechanical variables, situational varijables, regression analysis, factor analysis, motor abilities, swim coach

INTRODUCTION tions for optimal arrangements (facilities and devices; Most striking example of the frequent claims that nonstop year-round job, educated and capable profes- the sport has emerged as one of the most impor- sionals) controlled and optimal nutrition; mode of sport- tant segts of society everywhere in the world. With- ing life, desire for continuousprogress and success, out doubt represented the biggest sporting specta- and other. cle ever held, called Olimpic Games, Sydney 2000. In conditions when all these factors into opti- It confirmsmaximum number of participating countries, mal and satisfactory measure being met, as is the case including our country, the maximum number of visitors with swimmers, Olympians, who are filled with identical, to the games as most television viewers. just there to achieve their best score and ranking, howev- Bearing that in mind, the elemental question er, the final result is conditioned with flawlessexecution is, why is like that? Certainly the answer can be found of a whole range relevant biomechanical parameters, in the fact that there are few areas of human creativity and integral part of everyrace and one of these will be sub- action in which the goal is so precisely determined as it›s ject to our research.. Therfore, one of the most important in sport, and that is sport result. The swimming sports components during the loug and painstaking process of that goal is eaven more rigorously defined: Certain sec- preparing and matches the swimmers actually repre- tions in a particular discipline a particular technique sents the identification of the biomechanical parameters, of swimming to beat for as short time. which are an integral part of every training an match. At the major swimming competitions, especial- Therefore, by applying the appropriate analysis, and ly those such as the Olympics, swimmers (as indeed all application of specpfichni exercises and methods dur- the other athletes), perform with a single purpose of ing the training, can improve and perfect the relevant bio- these matches to reach their maximum, their best sport- mechanical parameters in satni of every race, but at the ing result and achieve the best ranking in their sporcareer. same time to eliminate possibly improving deficiencies. But in practice, it’s not possible to manage them all for The actual identification of the relevant biome- the simple reason that the top results in swimming are chanical parameters of each race, is the right informa- conditional and depend on numerous factors, primar- tion to the coach and swimmer and able to properly ily: individual physical and functional abilities; level of analyze the results obtained in each segment of the race, their general and special preparness; the overall condi- along with frequency and amplitude of strokes. It helps in identifying RIK, (1), 2013 96 Meshkovska

speed, m / sec (PUSW) response time, seconds (REST) METHODS startup time , seconds (STTI) time of pure swimming, The sample of respondents is defined as the seconds (TPSW) frequency, number / min (FMIN) top woman swimmers, participants in the swimming length of strokes, m (LESM) index of efficiency (INEF) competitions of the Olympic Games held in Sydney in turning time, seconds (TURT) and finish time, seconds 2000, attended by 39 participants in the discipline woman (FINT). freestyle stroke swimming, regardless of their age, In our study, the final result (FRES) is which means that it is irrelevant. In defining the sample represented as criterion and the other biomechanical of respondents are not found any other restrictions. and morphological variables such as predictions. For The sample of variables composed of 11 the purposes of our research, for all applied variables, biomechanical and 2 morphological. Biomechanical was calculated a basic descriptive statistical indicators: variables are: the final result, seconds (FRES), total arithmetic environment, standard deviation, coefficient swimming speed, m / sec (TOSW) of pure swimming of variability, the minimum and maximum score.The Table 1. Characteristic roots and explained parts of the common variance of the applied system of variables

% total Cumul. Cumul. Eigenval Variance Eigenval % 1 6.098178 55.43798 6.098178 55.43798 2 2.402544 21.84131 8.500723 77.27930 interrelationship of applied and studied variables is criterion varijables, Applied is regression of analysis in determined by applying intercorrelation. latent space. To determine the relation between criterion variable and applied system prediction variables is RESULTS Applied linear Regressional Analysis, which will extract Table 1 presents the characteristics of roots and the following indicators: coefficient of determination percentage of variance objasnetata by the significant (D); coefficient of multiple correlation (RO); coefficient components in the space of first order. Thus extracted standard error (SIGMA) , and coefficient of partial are two important components that explain 77% of effects of variables on pradictors criterion variables common variance. (BETA). Table 2 presents the results of non-rotated factor For determining the structure of applied and studied mold of the applied system of biomechanical variables biomechanical variables, factor analysis is applied. which suggests that isolated two factors it can be To determine the influence of extracted factors on concluded that the applied system of biomechanical

Table 2. Non-rotated mold factor of variables Table 3. Rotated mold factor of variables

From 1 From 2 Multiple Factor Factor 1 2 Factor Factors R-Square FRES .919705 .954946 .999853 FRES .971385 .106567 TOSW .915597 .954753 .999849 TOSW .972364 .096237 PUSW .845024 .864205 .954761 PUSW .918762 .141712 REST .211891 .403041 .616143 REST .309127 .554510 STTI .641952 .673055 .699834 STTI .712270 .407094 TPSW .775313 .795286 .946101 TPSW .882630 .127473 FMIN .076335 .488049 .664326 FMIN .072539 .694829 LESM .142069 .885129 .956277 LESM .102938 .935164 INEF .043320 .843095 .943165 INEF .067804 .915695 TURT .651026 .714705 .882297 TURT .845402 .000457 FINT .875947 .924460 .973755 FINT .959036 .068632

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Table 4. Regresion analysis of variable FRES 100 freestyle stroke – woman’s swimming in latent space

BETA Of BETA B Of B t-test Q (BETA) FACTOR 1 .971385 .036950 2.9452 .112032 26.289 .000000 FACTOR 2 .106567 .036950 .3231 .112032 2.884 .106229 RO = 9.77 DELTA = .952 SIGMA = .219 F = 349.72 Q(F) = .000

variables explains the high percentage of variables in analysis). It was found that the success of the 200 meters each variable separately. freestyle in the women’s swimming , a statistically Analysis of Table 3 showing the results of rotated significant factor affecting the specific speed and agility. factor mold applied and studied biomechanical variables and projections of the vectors of applied variables REFERENCES on orthogonal rotiranite varimaks factors, allows Грујоски, Ж. (1997). Влијанието на неки морфолошки to determine that the two varimaks factors are extracted. карактеристики, моторички и функционални First extracted varimaks factor, determine способности врз успехот на резултатите во the variable final result FRES, total swimming speed плiвањето и ватерполото кај студентите на ФФК TOSW, swimming speed (measured in the phase of во Скопје [The impact of some of the morphological pure swimming) PURW, start time STTI , ) time of pure characterisrics of motor and functional abilities, suc- swimming TPSW, turning time TURT and finish time cess in swimming and water polo results in students FINT, which can be defined as a factor specific speed from the Faculty of Phisical Education in Skopje. In and agility. Macedonian]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ss Second extracted varimaks factor is determined Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje). Скопје: by the variable response time REST , frequency Факултет за физичка култура. of strokes per minute FMIN, length of strokes LESM and Грујоски, Ж. (1985). Влијание на некои морфолошки the index of efficiency INEF, which can be defined as a мерки и флексибилноста на пловноста, factor of reaction, frequency, amplitude and efficiency of хидродинамичноста и брзината на пливањето stroke. краул 25 метри. The inpact of some morphological By analyzing the table 04, which presents variables and flexibility on navigability,hidro dynam- the results of analysis on variable FRES 200 freestyle ics and swimming speed at 25 meters freestyle tech- stroke - woman swimming in latent space, based nique. In Macedonian]. (Unbublished Master’s thesis, on the coefficient of multiple correlation (RO Unuversity of Zagreb). Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku = .977) and level of significance of kulturu. applied prediction. In case, isolated varimaks factors on Kapus, V. (1982). Struktura vo kanonicni odnosi nekaterih the outcome of criterion variable can be determinedthat morfoloskih i motorickih dimenzij psihomatičnega he has a significant impact. The coefficient of statusa mladih plivalcev [Canonical strukture of some determination (DELTA = .952),suggesting that the morphological and motor dimensions psychosomatic applied variables, with 95.2% participate in explaining status of young swimmers. In Slovenian] (Unbublished the variance of the criterion variable. Master’s thesis, Unuversity of Zagreb). Zagreb: Based on the level of significance of Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. partial impact on the outcome of the criteria variable Q Kapus, V.(1981). Merski postopki in norme za ocenjivanje (Beta = .000), it simply found statistically significant uspešnosti v plivanju [Metric procedures and standards partial effect on the outcome of the criterion of for assessing performance in swimming. In Slovenian]. the first extracted factor: specific speed and agility. Ljubljana: Visoka šola za telesno kulturo. Kazaković, B. (1984). Relacije nekih indikatora motorick- CONCLUSION ih sposobnosti sa rezultatima u plivanju [Relations The research was performed on 39 woman between some indicators of motor abilities results subjects, top swimmers, participants in the discipline 200 in swimming. In Croatian]. (Unbublished Master’s meters freestyle stroke - woman swimming, the thesis, Unuversity of Zagreb). Zagreb: Fakultet za swimming competitions at the Sydney Olympics in fizičku kulturu. 2000.o T fulfillthe purpose and objectives of the research, Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., applied are 11 biomechanical variables recorded for Radojević, Đ., & Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura each participant, and two morphological variables. i razvoj motorickih dimenzija omladine [Structure For successful realization of goals and objectives of and evaluatin morphological and motor dimensions the research, applied appropriate statistical of youth. In Serbian]. Beograd: Institut za naučna methods manifest and latent space (factor and regression istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu. RIK, (1), 2013 98 Meshkovska

Matković, I. (1972). Validacija testova za selekciju mladih characteristics of swimmers Macedonia. In Macedo- plivaca na bazi kvaliteta brzine [Validation test for the nian]. Физичка култура, 8(2), 19-35. selection of the young swimmers on the basis of the Поповски, Д., Мешковска, Н., Поповски, А., и Наумовски, quality of speed. In Serbian]. Unbublished Master’s М. (1997).Релации меѓу некои релевантни thesis, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Visoka škola показатели за успешност во дисциплината 100 za fizičko vaspitanje. делфин-машки на ОИ во Атланта ‚96 [Relations be- Мешковска, Н. (2000). Влијанието на некои биомеханички tween some relevant indicators for ssucess in the 100 параметри врз резултатите во индивидуалните meters butterfly – Men Women at the Olympic Games дисциплини од женското пливање на ОИ во in Atlanta in 96th. In Macedonian]. Физичка култура, Атланта 1996 годинa [ Influence of some biomechani- 24(1-2),196-197. cal parameters on the results in individual disciplines in Поповски, А., Мешковска, Н., Наумовски, М. и Поповски, women’s swimming at the Olympic Games in Atlanta Д. (1997). in ’96th. In Macedonian]. (Unpublished Masters’ thesis, Влијанието на некои релевантни параметри за успешност Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. Скопје: во дисциплината 100 делфин- женски на ОИ во Факултет за физичка култура. Атланта ‚96 [The impact of some of the relevant pa- Мешковска, Н, Наумовски, М., Поповски, Д. и Попов- rameters on the performance in the 100 meters butter- ски, А. (1997). Регресиска анализа на релевантни fly - Women at the Olympic Games in Atlanta in 96th. параметри за успешност во дисциплината 200 In Macedonian . Физччка култура,24,(1-2), 242-243. делфин - женски на ОИ во Атланта ’96 [Regression Volčanšek, B. (1979). Utjecaj antropometriskih i motorick- analysis of relevant parameters on the performance ih dimenzija na rezultate u plivanju [Influence of in the 200 meters butterfly – Women at the Olympic anthropometric and motor dimensions of the results in Games in Atlanta in 96th. In Macedonian]. . Физичка swimming. In Croatian]. (Unpublished doctoral dis- култура, 24(1-2), 257-258. sertation Unuversity of Zagreb). Zagreb: Fakultet za Meshkovska, N. (2012). Structure of some biomehanical fizičku kulturu. parameters and relations with success in the men’s Volčanšek, B. (1980). Relacije nekih mjera fleksibilnosti i swimming discipline 100 meters freestyle strokeat. Ac- eksplozivne snage i rezultata u plivanju 25,50 i 300 tivites in physical education and sport, 2(2), 177-180. kraul tehnikom [Relationas between some measures Поповски, Д., Дуковски, С., Наумов., И. и Соколовски, М. of the flexibility and explosive power and performance (1980). Некои антропометриски карактеристики in swimming 25,50 and 300 meters freestyle technique. кај пливачите од Македонија [Some anthropometric In Croatian. Kineziologija, 10(1-2), 47-54.

СТРУКТУРА НА НЕКОИ РЕЛЕВАНТНИ БИОМЕХАНИЧКИ ПАРАМЕТРИ И РЕЛАЦИI СО УСПЕШНОСТА ВО ПЛИВАЧКАТА ДИСЦИПЛИНА 200 МЕТРИ КРАУЛ

(Istra`uva~ka bele{ka)

Nata{a Me{kovska Univerzitet ,,Sv. Kiril i Metodij“ vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Македонија

Apstrakt Истражувањето е извршено на примерок од вкупно 39 `enski, врвни пливачиki, учесни~ki во дисциплината 200 метри краул `ensko пливање, на пливачките натпревари на Олимписките игрi во Сиднеј 2000 година. Применети се и проучувани 11 релевантни биомеханички варијабли, регистрирани кај пливачките. Со примена на регресиска анализа, утврдено е влијанието биомеханнчкнте варијабли, претставени како предикторски, врз критериумската варијабла (конечниот резултат - КРЕЗ). Со примена на факторска анализа, утврдена е структурата на биомеханичките варијабли во латентен простор, а екстрахираните фактори, претставени се како систем на предикторски варијабли. Повторно со примена на регресивна анализа, утврдено е нивното влијание врз критериумската варијабла. Врз основа на анализата на добиените резултати може да се утврди дека се потврдени сите поставени хипотези на истражувањето.

RIK, (1), 2013 99 Meshkovska

Klu~ni zborovi: `eni, Olimpiski igri, биомеханички варијабли, sitacioni varijabli, regresivna analiza, faktorska analiza, физички способности, pliva~ki trener

Correspondence: Nataša Meškovska Ss Cyril and Methodius Universiti of Skopje Faculty of Physical Education Železnička nn., 1000 Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 100 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 101-105

CONTRIBUTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULA TO THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES DEVELOPMENT (Research note)

Nevenka Zrnzević1, Ljubiša Lilić2 and Jovana Zrnzević3 1University of Priština - Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Teacher’s, Prizrenu-Leposavić, Kosovo and Metohija, Serbia 2University of Priština - Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of sport and physical education, Leposavić , Kosovo and Metohija, Serbia 3University of Niš, Faculty of sport and physical education, student, Niš, Serbia

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine how much is the specially programed performance of physical education, with increased demands and application of additional exercises, influenting the functional abbilities. Research had a longitudinal caracter, and experimental program was carried out on the sample of 185 first-grade pupils of the elementary school, age of 7 years ± 6 months. The sample is divided into two groups: experimental group 106 and control one 79 pupils. Six metrical instruments were used for evaluation of functional abilities of pupils. Final data processing included only the examinees that participated at initial and final measurement. Basic statistic parametars were calculated by processing of data during initial and final measuring. The multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were applied in order to determine the effects of the experimental program. Based on retrieved results it could be concluded that specially programed performance of physical education had a significant influence on changing the most functional abbilities of pupils.

Keywords: boys, girls, experimental group, control group, additional exercises, athletics, sports games, sports gymnastics and floor exercises, rhythmics and dance, multivariate analysis of covariance

INTRODUCTION should excel in their expertise knowledge directed at the Recently it has been widely claimed that children application of adequate teaching methods, exercising, are less and less physically active which results in dosing of exercises, choice of exercises and methods inadequate development of motor and functional to assess the obtained results. All this will inevitably abilities. This refers first of all to the younger pupils put more demands on the teachers and pupils as well as one of the most important chains in the process of and will call for more qualitative realization of the education. If one aspires to act more significantly on the abovementioned contents. anthropological status of children it is necessary to apply high intensity exercising which is hard to find in the real SUBJECT AND GOAL OF THE RESEARCH pedagogical work. Inadequte volume of load will not Having in mind that classical physical education contribute to the systematic changes of motor abilities curricula does not provide sufficient opportunities for and especially functional abilities which are the research functional abilities development in pupils, our purpose topic of this paper. There is a need for more modern and was to determine the effects of a specially designed more efficient physical education with contents that will physical education curricula with emphasized contents enhance more opportunities for the holistic development in athletics, sports games, sports gymnastic both with of children. To successfully manage the process of requisites and on the ground, as well as rhytmics and physical exercising in the physical education teachers dance with use of suplementary exercises.

RIK, (1), 2013 101 Zrnzević, Lilić and Zrnzević

The basic aim was to determine whether RESEARCH RESULTS application of the proposed physical education curricula Differences between the experimental would provide for positive changes of functional and control groups of students at the abilities of the experimental group of pupils. Besides, the initial measurement research aim was also to determine the influence of the As seen in Table 1, which shows the results of existing physical education curricula and the changes its the multivariate analysis of covariance in functional implementation brings about in the functional abilities abilities between the experimental and control groups of the control group of pupils. of the schoolboys it can be concluded that there is The influence of the experimental programs were statistically significant intergroup difference on the level observed and monitored by comparing the results of of (p = .045). the initial and the final measurements of the functional Statistically significant differences on the abilities of the pupils. univariate level (Table 2) were registered in favour of the experimental group of schoolboys in variables: SAMPLE OF EXAMINEES vital capacity (FVKAP) and heart beat after loading The sample of examinees consists of the first (FPPOP) and the variable of the modified Harvard step- grade elementary school pupils. The pupils attend and test (FHAST), heart beat at rest (FPUMI). Statistically undergo regular physical education curricula envisaged significant differences were not registered in systole by the PE Curricula of the Republic of Serbia. The blood pressure at rest (FTASI) and dyastol blood research sample comprised 185 subjects divided into pressure at rest (FTADI). two groups: experimental group of 106 and control As seen in Table 3., which shows the results of group of 79 pupils. the multivariate analysis of covariance in functional abilities between the experimental and control groups TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL of the schoolgirls in the final measurement, it can be ABILITIES ASSESSMENT concluded that there is statistically significant intergroup a. for assessment of the cardiovascular system difference on the level of (p = .000). funcitions and general functional capacity: Table 4., shows the results of the univariate 3 o vital capacity (FVKAP) cm ; analysis of the covariance in the applied variables of the o systolic blood pressure at rest (FTASI) functional abilities between the experimental and control mmHg; groups of the schoolgirls in the final measurement. o diastolic blood pressure at rest (FTADI) Statistically significant differences on the mmHg; univariate level were registered in favour of the o heart beat at rest (FPUMI) beat/min; experimental group of schoolboys in variables: vital o heart beat after loading (FPPOP) beat/ capacity (FVKAP) and heart beat after loading (FPPOP) min; and the variable of the modified Harvard step-test b. for assessment of the cardiovascular system (FHAST), heart beat at rest (FPUMI). Statistically adaptability to physical efforts: significant differences were not registered in systole o modified Harvard step-test (FHAST) in blood pressure at rest (FTASI) and dyastol blood index points (Mazure version). pressure at rest (FTADI).

METHODS AND DATA PROCESSING DISCUSSION The obtained data in the initial and final Reality of the obtained data of the functional measurements were processed with the adeqate methods variables on the initial measurement is based on the envisaged to provide complete information on the previous research and the experience of the national research problem. researchers (Stojanović, 1977; Zrnzević, 1984; In order to evaluate the effecs of the experimental Krsmanović, 1985; Djurasković, 2002). Considering programme on functional abilities of the pupils it is these data it can be said that the obtained values are real necessary to determine if there are possible differences and expected ones. between the abilities of the pupils of the experimental The initial measurement analyses show that the and control groups in the initial measurement, therefore pupils of experimental and control groups differ in their a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was functional abilities. applied, and to obtain the data in which variables Values of the arithmetic means state that there was possible differences occur a univariate analysis of positive increase or decrease in all measured variables variance (ANOVA) was applied. on the final in relation to the initial measurement and In order to determine the effects of the proposed that the changes in the experimental group are more experimental program MANCOVA and ANCOVA were substantial than the changes in control group of pupils. applied to neutralize the possible differences between Results have shown that changes occurring the groups in the initial measures. during the experimental period are statistically significant in both groups and are significantly bigger in

RIK, (1), 2013 102 Zrnzević, Lilić and Zrnzević

Table 1. Multivariate differences in functional abilities between the experimental and control groups of pupils in the final measurement with the neutralization of differences on the initial measurement (MANCOVA)

Wilk’s Lambda F Effect df Error df p .348 23.46 6 75 .000

Table 2. Univariate differences in functional abilities between the experimental and control groups of SCHOOLBOYS in the final measurement with the neutralization of differences on the initial measurement (ANCOVA)

Adj. Mean Adj. Mean Test F (1,80) p E (50) K (38) FVKAP 1664.90 1511.42 84.09 .000 FTASI 100.60 101.15 2.83 .096 FTADI 63.34 63.99 1.65 .203 FPUMI 92.48 94.45 7.53 .007 FPPOP 118.84 124.85 71.76 .000 FHAST 46.15 43.65 68.62 .000

Table 3. Multivariate differences in functional abilities between the experimental and control groups of SCHOOLGIRLS in the final measurement (MANCOVA)

Wilk’s Lambda F Effect df Error df p .339 27.30 6 84 .000

Table 4 Univariate differences in functional abilities between the experimental and control groups of SCHOOLGIRLS in the final measurement (ANCOVA)

Adj. Mean Adj. Mean Test F (1,89) p E (56) K (41) FVKAP 1480.62 1394.86 36.75 .000 FTASI 99.01 99.61 3.23 .076 FTADI 63.27 63.44 .17 .681 FPUMI 94.25 96.18 6.35 .014 FPPOP 124.49 130.40 127.21 .000 FHAST 43.94 41.93 12.06 .000

the experimental group. blood pressure is affected also by the emotional states On the final measurement values of vital capacity such as excitement and it can cause its increase. (FVKAP) were bigger by 316cm3. Significant increase in Final measurement showed decreased values the vital capacity (FVKAP) is possible to explain by the of the heart beat at rest (FPUMI) and heart beat after increased physical activity, foremost by the application of load (FPPOP), which is considered positive. Regular the exercises for endurance (repetitive power exercises). physical activities enhance decreased values of heart They are meant to increase the frequency of breathing, to beat at rest and values of heart beat after load. Heart beat widen the muscles of the chest, to increase the elasticity rate at rest is difficult to determine precisely because of the interrib muscles, to widen the respiratory system physical exertion of the body and emotional unrests are so as to enhance the breathing. All these contribute to hard to control. Lower pulse at rest gives rise to better the better adaptedness of the respiratory system to the adaptedness to increased bodily strains and efforts physical strains which results the increased vital capacity which was confirmed after the implementation of the of the lungs. The more frequent and more intensive the experimental treatment resulting in dicreased pulse after activities the better results are achieved. the overload. Bearing in mind that pupils of this age exhibit Harvard step-test (FHAST) is meant to estimate overwhelming reactions to some testings there is a the efficiency of the cardio-vascular system to adapt possibility that values of systole and dyastol blood to the physical strains. Improvement of results for pressure at rest of some pupils were increased. Level of four index points in experimental group is extremely

RIK, (1), 2013 103 Zrnzević, Lilić and Zrnzević important in physical education curricula and especially konferencija »Dubrovnik 1999« Kineziologija za 21 while planning the loading at this age. stoljeće (str.109 – 113). Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku Experimental program has shown that systematic kulturu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. exercising and optimal physical exercising bring about Jakonić, D. (1996). Sportska medicina [Sportska medicina In increase of the vital capacity and decrease of the pulse Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. at rest even after load. Cardiovascular and respiratory Kerković, A., Leskošek, J., Kundrat, V., Madić, B., & Đura- systems are gradually adapted to the strains and efforts šković, R. (1982). Određivanje intenziteta fizičkog vež- which contributes to the economy of their functioning. banja dece predškolskog uzrasta [Determination of the During experimental treatment it was insisted on more intensity of physical exercising of pre-school children. frequent performance of some activities whereby In Serbian]. Niš: Univerzitet u Nišu, Filozofski fakultet special role was assigned to ”supplementary exercises”, – OOUR Fizičko vaspitanje. resulting in more effective development of the functional Kozarov, G. (1985). Neke karakteristike razvoja školske dece abilities of the experimental group of pupils. i omladine Niškog regiona [Some characteristics of the When checking the effects of the implementation development of schoolchildren and the youth in the re- of both programs between the initial and the final gion of Nis. In Serbian]. Jubilarni zbornik radova po- measurements it was determined that both programs vodom dvadesetpetogodišnjice osnivanja Medicinskog influenced the occurrance of statistically significant fakulteta u Nišu. (str. 55 – 64). Niš: Medicinski fakultet changes in the functional abilities of the pupils, but these Univerziteta u Nišu. results are much bigger within the experimental group. Krsmanović, B. (1985). Efikasnost nastave fizičkog vaspitanja u zavisnosti od modela nastavnih programa [Efficiency CONCLUSION of the PE curricula depending on the teaching models. After the performed analyses and on the basis In Serbian] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Uni- of the obtained results it can be concluded that the versity of Novi Sad).Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. experimental program of physical education with the Medved, R. (1981). Sportska medicina [Sports medicine. In emphasis on the athletics, sports games, requisite games Croatian]. Zagreb: JUMENA – Jugoslovenska medi- and floor exercises, rhythmics and dance and some cinska naklada. additional exercises during the main part of the class did Nastavni plan i program osnovnog vaspitanja i obrazovanja na statistically significantly influence and cause changes in području Republike Srbije [Teaching curricula for the the functional functional abilities of the experimental elementary schooling on the teritory of the Republic of group pupils. In order to achieve positive results it Serbia. Official educational gazzette. In Serbian]. Beo- was necessary to increase the demands and to increase grad: Prosvetni glasnik RS, br. 10/2004, str. 66. the motivation for the work. Additional exercises had Pavišić-Medved, V. (1980). Longitudinalna studija funkcional- contributed to the density of the class, had increased nih sposobnosti dece 8-18 godina [Longitudinal study the intensity of the exercises and had enhanced more of the functional abilities in children aged 8-18. In substantial engagement and independence on the side of Croatian]. Kineziologija, (3-4), 78 - 85. the pupils and more rational use of the requisites and Stojanović, M. (1977). Biologija razvoja čoveka sa osnovama apparatus in PE classes. sportske medicine [Biology of the development of man When checking the influence of the with the basics in sports medicine. In Serbian]. Beog- implementation of both programs between the initial rad: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje. and the final measurements it was determined that both Vojnarovski, B. (1978). Metode merenja opšte funkcionalne programs influenced the occurrance of statistically sposobnosti dece uzrasta 10 – 15 godina. Metho- significant changes in the functional abilities of the ds of measuring of the general functional abilities of pupils, but these results are much bigger within the children aged 10 – 15. In Serbian]. Savremeni trening, experimental group. (4), 1 – 8. The results of this paper can be used by PE Zdanski, I. (1984). Metod dopunskog vežbanja i metod stanica teachers giving them the information on adequate kao mogućnost intenzifikacije nastave fizičkog vaspita- planning and programming of the classes. nja [Method of supplementary exercising and circuit method as a means of intensified PE teaching. In Serbi- REFERENCES an]. Beograd: Zavod za unepređenje vaspitanja i obra- De Vries, A. H. (1976). Fiziologija fizičkih napora u sportu zovanja grada Beograda. i fizičkom vaspitanju [Physiology of physical strains Zrnzević, N. (2007). Transformacija morfoloških karakteri- in sport and physical education. In Serbian]. Beograd: stika, funkcionalnih i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika. NIP Partizan. [Transformation of the morfological characteristics of Đurašković, R. (2002). Sportska medicina [Sports medicine. the functional and motor abilities of the schoolchildren. In Serbian]. Niš: S.I.I.C. In Serbian] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Uni- Findak, V. (1999). Planiranje, programiranje, provođenje i versity of Niš). Niš: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspi- kontrola procesa vježbanja [Planning, programming, tanja. peformance and control during exerc ising. In Croati- an]. Zbornik radova, Druga međunarodna znanstvena RIK, (1), 2013 104 Zrnzević, Lilić and Zrnzević

ПРИДОНЕС НА ПОСЕБНО ПРИМЕНЕТА ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛНА ПРОГРАМА НА НАСТАВА ПО ФИЗИЧКО ВОСПИТУВАЊЕ ВРЗ РАЗВОЈОТ НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛНИТЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ

(Istra`uva~ka bele{ka)

Nevenka Zrzevi}1, Qubi{a Lili}2 i Jovana Zrnzevi}3 1Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Kosovska Mitrovica, U~itelski fakultet vo Prizren – Leposavi}, Kosovo i Metohija, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Leposavi}, Kosovo i Metohija, Srbija 3Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, student, Ni{, Srbija

Апстракт Целта на трудот беше да се утврди во која мера посебно програмитаната настава по физичко воспитување со зголемени барања на применети дополнителни вежби влијае врз развојот на функционалните способности на учениците. Истражувањето имаше лонгитудинален карактер со експериментална програма која е спроведена на примерок од 185 ученици од прво одделение на основното училиште со хронолошка возраст од 7 години ± 6 месеци. Примерокот беше поделен во две групи: експериментална од 106, и контролна група од 79 ученици. За проценување на функционалните способности на учениците се применети шест мерни инструменти. Обработката на резултатите беше извршена на ученици кои беа вклучени во иницијалното и финалното мерење. За утврдување на ефектите на експерименталната програма, применета е мултиваријантната анализа на коваријансата (МАНКОВА) и униваријантната анализа на коваријансата (АНКОВА). Добиените резултати укажаа дека посебно програмираната настава по физичко воспитување значајно влијаела врз промените на повеќето истражувани функционални способности на учениците.

Клучни зборови: ученици, ученички, ексpерименtална gрупа, конtролна gрупа, доpолниtелни вежби, atletika, ve`bi na spravi i parter, ritmika i tanci, sportski igri, мулtиваријанtна анализа на варијансаtа

Correspondence: Nevenka Zrnzević University of Priština - Kosovska Mitrovica Faculty of Teacher’s, Prizrenu - Leposavić Str.Nemanjina bb., 38218 Leposavić Kosovo and Metohija, Serbia E-mail: nevenka [email protected]т

RIK, (1), 2013 105 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 106-110

INFLUENCE OF SOME MOTOR SKILLS IN 10-14 AGE KARATE ATHLETES ON SUCCESSFUL 20 AND 60 METERS SPRINT RUNNING (Research note)

Astrit Iseni The State University of Tetovo, Faculty of Physical Education, Tetovo, Macedonia

Abstract In this paperwork, I have made a research on the effect of motor skills in successful sprint running of 20 and 60 meters. The aim of this paper was to prove the linkage between motor skills as a predictor system with effectiveness and result in running disciplines as situational –motor variables, as a criteria system. This research has been made by testing 40 male respondents at the age 10-14, members of the “Teuta” karate club in Kumanovo. There have been used 8 variables, 6 of them for evaluating motor skills and 2 other variables for evaluating situational-motor skills. Variables for evaluating motor skills are: 1. (MSDM), 2. (MSM15”), 3.(MLM15”), 4.(MTP), 5.(MTN), 6.( МSD3). Whereas, variables for evaluating the situational-motor space are: 1.(MTR20m) and 2.(MTR60m). By proving the individual influence of motor skills in successful sprint running, the results have led to the conclusion that: motor variables used as predictive variables in this paper, have significant statistical impact in criteria variables on 20m running (MTR20m) and 60m running (MTR60m). According to the results, we can come to a conclusion that athletes in our example, at this age, who possess more developed level of basic motor skills, defined as an explosive force, speed, mobility and flexibility, can reach better results in 20 and 60 meters sprint running.

Keywords: motor abilities, basic motor abilities, situational- motor abilities, explosive power, speed, flexibility, regression analysis

INTRODUCTION METHODS Karate is a sport activity which includes fast and The subject of this research are some motor explosive movements. Considering that is one of the skills at karate students at the age of 10-14. most popular individual sports in our country, a sport The aim of this research is to demonstrate which arouses great interest among young people and the relation between motor skills as a predictor system has a growing success both at home and abroad, the with the resultativ efficiency in racing disciplines as research itself has a particular interest to find out the sitiational-motor variables as criteria system. impact of certain motor skills on the speed and explosive The example in the research is taken at karate force, and therefore in which paperwork we have taken students of 10-14 years old of karate club “TEUTA” running in20 and 60 meters as criteria variables. We must from Kumanovo. There are 40 male students as a sample state that sprint running and notably running in 20 and testers 60 meters, are often used in body warming at karate with In this research there are used 8 variables, such the aim of developing motor skills. Almost every sport as: 6 variables for motor skills evaluation and 2 of them has the sprint running in its structure, and because of for situational-motor skills valuation. The variables of this we have taken as example the karate students to see motor skills with codes: 1. Jumping in length from the the effect of some motor skills on sprint running in 20 point (MSDM), 2. Muscles of the belly (MSM15”), and 60 meters. Also, measuring these motor skills and 3. Back muscles (MLM15”), 4.Hand taping (MTP), 5. other, as well as the research of all anthropologic status Feet taping (MTN), 6. Jumping scud in length (МSD), of men, is of very importance and necessary in all sports and situational-motor variables with codes: running 20 activities, minimum twice a year, as it is known as initial meters (MTR20 m), and 2. Running 60 m (MTR60 m). measure and final measure, to have more information Motor variables are chosen to be representative about the transformations which happen in one year. for motor latent dimensions of the second run interpreted in the researches by Kurelic and his collaborators.

RIK, (1), 2013 106 Iseni

Таble 1. Descriptive statistics of the basic motor abilities

Variables Valid N Min. Max. Mean Std.Dev. Skewness Kurtosis

MSDM 40 98.00 197.00 153.9500 19.42104 -.081 1.197 MSM15” 40 8.00 13.00 10.6250 1.33373 -.010 -.500 MLM15 40 14.00 25.00 18.6750 2.76783 .493 -.546 MTP 40 18.00 37.00 28.5000 4.92508 -.171 -.688 MTN 40 12.00 25.00 17.1500 3.19896 .589 -.109 МSD 40 120.00 340.00 252.9250 56.20812 -.357 -.484

Таble 2. Descriptive statistics of the situational-motor abilities

Variable Valid N Min. Max. Mean Std.Dev Skewness Kurtosis . MTR20m 40 3.30 4.50 3.8825 .33350 -.009 -.774 MTR60m .078 40 8.40 13.80 11.3700 1.23459 .074

Тable 3. Linear regression of variable МТР20м (summary model) ANOVA

Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of Square the Estimate .845(a) .714 .662 .19383

Таble 4. Values ​​of the parameters of the analysis of variance –МТР20м

Sum of Mean Squares Df Square F Sig.

Regression 3.098 6 0.516 13.742 .000(a) Residual 1.24 33 0.038 Total 4.338 39

Table 5. Regressive analysis of the MTR20m variable – Coefficients (a)

Non-standardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients (Constant) B Std. Error Beta T Sig. 5.752 .307 18.716 .000 MSDM -.005 .003 -.318 -2.052 .048 MSM15” -.012 .029 -.049 -.425 .674 MGM15” -.012 .014 -.097 -.866 .393 MTR .017 .011 .244 1.519 .138 MTN -.015 .015 -.141 -1.011 .320 MSD3 -.004 .001 -.601 -4.747 .000

RIK, (1), 2013 107 Iseni

Таble 6. Linear regression of the MTR60м variable Summary model

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of Square the Estimate 1 .794(a) .630 .563 .81628

Тable 7. Values ​​of the parameters of the analysis of variance –MTR60м ANOVA Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig. Squares

Regression 37.456 6 6.243 9.369 .000(a)

Residual 21.988 33 .666 Total 59.444 39

Таble 8. Regressive analysis of the MTR60m variable - Coefficients (a)

Non-standardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients Constant) B Std.error Beta T Sig.

11.403 1.294 8.810 .000 MSDM -.020 .011 -.318 -1.808 .080 MSM15” .155 .120 .167 1.286 .207 MGM15” .231 .057 .518 4.060 .000 MTR .057 .046 .228 1.243 .223 MTN -.081 .061 -.209 -1.317 .197 MSD3 -.012 .003 -.561 -3.891 .000

RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS low variability. The asymmetry of curved line is small, To demonstrate the relation between motor almost at all variables, at some of them it has negative latent variables (as predictor system) and situational- values. The value of globosity of the curved line at major motor variables (as criteria system), we have used the group of variables is under 2,75, that all these values are regression analyze or methods for analyzing the effect with platykurtic character, which means that the results and the relation which belongs to multi option analysis. are spread from the arithmetic middle. In the charts below we have shown the results From table 2, we can conclude that the values of of basic statistical parameters of predictor and criteria these two situational-motor variables do not have any variables such as: minimal result, maximal result, big difference between minimal and maximal results, arithmetic middle as the main central index, standard therefore the values of standard deviation at these two deviation as the main dispersive index, as well as the tests are of a low level, which shows that discrimination main index in the form of a dispersion curved line, is not satisfactory and that it is about results that are the asymmetric of the curved line or the index called homogeny, i.e. results that have low variability or skeweness, and globosity of the curved line or the index approximately same results. As for the asymmetry of called kurtosis. the curved line, it is small at these tests too , while test In table 1, we can conclude that the values of all MTP20m has a negative value. The value of globosity variables have a big difference between minimal and of the curved line at two variables is under 2,75, so these maximal results. The values of standard deviation at values have platykurtic character, which means that motor tests MCДM and МCД3 are of a high level, and results are spread from the arithmetic middle. it is about results that are heterogenic, so they are results that have high variability, while motor tests MCM15”, Regressive analysis of the MTP20m variable MГM15”, MTP and MTH are of a lower level, what The e following charts prove the impact and shows that the discrimination is not satisfactory and it relations of motor indexes which belong to the system is about results that are homogeny, i.e. results that have of predictor variables of running in 20 meters as criteria variable. RIK, (1), 2013 108 Iseni

In table 3, we can see the multiple correlation p=0,000 shows that the variability level between and between criteria variable running in 20meters (MTP20 within the group at multiple regression variance, have m), and all other free (predictor) variables, which is of a statistically importance distinction. statistic importance R=(0.845), i.e. explains the common In table 8, we can see that 6 of predictors, a variable about 71,4%, while the other percentage 28,6% significant impact in criteria variable MTP60m has the explains the common variability of criteria variable and motor variable jumping race in length (МCД3) with a belongs to anthropologic characteristics which are not negative value of standardized beta coefficient -0,561 being researched (other variables are: anthropometric, and credibility level 0,000, and motor variable the back motor, conative, cognitive, etc). muscles in time unit of 15 seconds (MГM15”) with In table 4 we have presented the variance positive value of standardized beta coefficient 0.518 analyze of the multiple regression, where it is tested the and credibility level 0,000. Here we can conclude that importance of relation of multiple regression. We can the shorter is race jumping in length, the worse will be see in the chart that the value of variability between the running in 60 meters and vice versa, the faster is muscles group is higher that the one within the group. The value frequency of moves of the back muscles where is the of F test is 13.742, while the credibility level p=0,000 force and the move of back muscles, the faster will be shows that the value of variability between and within running in 60 meters where there is explosive force and the group at multiple regression variance has a difference speed. of statistic importance. Other values of standardized beta coefficients are In table 5, we can see that the effect of predictor statistically not important, because this we will not stop variables on criteria variable running in 20 meters to comment about them. (MTP20 m) is calculated based on the standardized value of bet coefficients. More statistic importance has the variable jumping race in length (МCД3) with CONCLUSION negative value of standardized beta coefficient -0,601 Based on the results and analyzes, we can and credibility level 0,000, and the variable jumping come to a conclusion that: in length from the point (MCДM) with value 0,318 Motor variables used as predictor variables in this and credibility level 0,048. Both these values are with paperwork, have a significant statistic impact on criteria negative signs, which means that the impact of these variables running in 20 meters (MTP20m) and running two values on the value of running in 20meters , is in 60 meters (MTP60m). From these results we can negative. From all this, we can state that if there are conclude that athletes in our case karate students who shorter distances in jumping race in length and jumping posses motor skills as explosive force and speed , as in length from the point that express explosive force and well as mobility or flexibility and fast back muscles will speed, the result in running in 20 meters and vice versa reach better results in sprint running in 20 and 60 meters is worse. where there is expressed explosive force and speed. The ponder values have an impact but not of Therefore, we can suggest professors and trainers statistic importance, because of this we are not going to who are engaged in developing sports activities in general comment about them in details. and motor skills like speed and explosive force , as well as all other motor skills, to put more motor exercises in Regression analysis of the MTR60m variable their plan programs, and at least once or twice a year In the following charts we will present the to measure motor skills and other anthropological span, demonstration of the impact and relation of motor for rising these motor skills and an proper selection of indexes which belong to the system of predictor variables karate students in sports races. in running in 60 meters as criteria variable. The relation of predictor variables with criteria REFERENCES variable running in 60 meters (table 6), is put with the Asllani, I. (2003). Atletika, tehnika i metodika [Athletics coefficient of multiple correlation which is R=0,794 and – techniques and methodologies. In Macedonian]. is described as a value with statistic importance , and Kumanovo: Grafotekst. describes the common variability about 63% (R2= 0.630), Asllani, I. (2007). Uticaj eksplozivne snage na rezultatsku whereas the other percentage 37% of the description of efikasnost u daljinskim skokovima kod omladinaca[Imact common variability of criteria variables running in 60 on the results of explosive power efficiency efficiency meters, belong to other anthropologic characteristics in the long jump for teenagers. In Serbia] (Unbublished which are not treated in this paper. doctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb). Novi Sad: In table 7, we have presented the variance analyze Fakultet sporta i turizma. of multiple regression, where it is tested the importance Babič, V., G. Graganov, & Saratija, R. (2003). Programiranje of the relation of multiple regression. We can see from treninga snage atletičarki – šprinterki u vishegodišnjem i the chart that the variability value between the group jednogodišnjem ciklusu. Zagreb: Kineziologija,35, br. 1-2 is higher that the variability value within the group. (28-34). The value of F test i 9.369, while the credibility level Bahneman, C.P. & Weildon, T. (1977). Imroving running

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speed: a new concept. Journal of Physical Education, (6), Malacko, J & Popović, D. (2000). Metodologija kineziološko 41. antropoloških istraživanja [Methodology kinesiological Babić, V., G. Graganov, & Saratija, R. (2003). Programiranje anthopolgical research. In Serbian]. Leposavić: Fakultet treninga snage atletičarki – šprinterki u vishegodišnjem i za fizičku kulturu jednogodišnjem ciklusu [Programming strength training Kurelić, N. Momirović, K, Stojanović, M. Šturm, J., athletes – in the sprint runner in many years, and one-year Radojević, Đ, Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Strukrura i razvoj cycle. In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 35, br. 1-2 (28-34). morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure Heimar, S.(1980). Faktorska struktura testova za procenu and development mopchological amd motor dimensions anaerobnog kapaciteta [Factor structure of tests to assess oy youth. In Serbian]. Beograd: Institut za naučna anaerobic capacity [In Croatian]. Kineziologija , .22 (2), istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta Zagreb. u Beogradu.

ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА НЕКОИ МОТОРНИ CПOCOБНOCТИ ВPЗ УСПЕШНОСТА НА СПPИНТЕPCКОТО ТРЧАЊЕ НА 20 И 60 МЕТРИ КАЈ КАРАТИСТИТЕ НА ВОЗРАСТ ОД 10-14 ГОДИНИ

(Istra`uva~ka bele{ka)

Астрит Исени Dr`aven univerzitet vo Tetovo, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Теtovo, Makedonija

Apstrakt Во овој труд е истражувано влијанието на моторните cпocoбнocти вrz успешноста на спринтepcкитe трчање на 20 и 60 мeтpи. Целта на овој труд е да се утврди поврзаноста меѓу базичните моторни cпocoбнocти како предикторски систем вpз ефикасноста на резултатитe на спринтepcкитe дисциплини како ситуационо-моторни cпocoбнocти, односно критериумcки систем. Истражувањето беше спроведено на 40 испитаници од машки пол на возраст од 10-14 години, во карате клубот «Теута» во Куманово. Во истражувањето се користени вкупно 8 варијабли од кои 6 варијабли за проценка на базичните моторните cпocoбнocти и 2 варијабли за проценка на ситуационо-моторнитe cпocoбнocти. За проценка на базичните моторни cпocoбнocти се приментеи моторните тестови: MCДM, MCM15, MГM15, MTP, MTH и МCД3. За проценка на ситуационо-моторните cпocoбнocти се применети тестовите: МTР20m и МTР60m. Oд добиените резултати, утврдено е дека базичните моторните варијабли како предикторски cиcтeм, имаат значително статистичко влијание врз критериумските варијабли. Од овие резултати може да се заклучи дека каратистите кои поседуваат поразвиен степен на базични моторни cпocoбнocти, дефинирани како експлозивна сила, брзина, мобилност и флексибилност, ќе постигнуваат подобри резултати во спринтерските трчања на 20 и 60 метри.

Клучни зборови: моtорни sposobnosti, baz~ni motorni sposobnosti, situaciono-motorni sposobnosti, eksplozivna snaga, brzina, fleksibilnost, regresivna analiza

Correspondence: Astrit Iseni State University of Tetovo Faculty of Physical Education Str. Ilinden nn. 12000 Tetovo, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 110 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 111-116

ELBOW STIFFNESS – NATURE AND ETHIOPATHOGENESIS (Review)

Stefaniya Belomazheva-Dimitrova “Sts. Cyril and Methodius” University, Faculty of Education, Department “Theory and Methodology of Physical Education”, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria

Abstract The elbow joint is an intermediate motor unit of the upper extremity, responsible for the positioning the forearm and hand at various heights and positions in space. The stiffness of the elbow joint is an issue of social significance, because it has a particularly large effect on the capability of performing basic everyday actions, and various labor and household activities. This document aims at presenting the anatomical specificities of the elbow joint – the reason for its high reactivity, to summarize the reasons and pathogenic factors of the elbow stiffness. The detailed knowledge of the changes occurring in the tissues after various pathological processes, their pathogenesis and appropriate share in each specific case of elbow stiffness, is of great significancefor the treatment and dealing with this condition.

Keywords: elbow joint, anatomic-physiological specificities, pathological factors, ethiological factors, pathogenetic factors, elbow injuries, extension, flexion.

INTRODUCTION in a theoretical and practical aspects, the nature of the The elbow joint serves as a connection between elbow stiffness, presenting and summarizing the reasons the upper-arm and the forearm and puts the arm in a for the high reactivity of the joint, the ethiological and proper position for performing fine movements. It is pathogenic factors of the elbow stiffness. a load-carrying joint during activations in a closed kinematical circuit, and acts as a stabilizer, during METHODS lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling and throwing. In This study employs the method for a theoretical order to allow independence in the daily activities of the and logical analysis of the published scientific reports, upper extremity, as well as to ensure the biochemical related to the discussed problem. requirements for work and rest, the elbow joint must have mobility, stability, strength and to be painless, DISCUSSION (Da´vila, Johnston-Jones, 2006). In medicine, the term According to Morrey, Askew, Chao (1981) & stiffness /contracture/ is used to signify conditions Sojberg (1996) the normal range of motion of the elbow (usually pathological) of contracture of muscles or other is 0° to 145°. A 50% reduction of elbow’s mobility may soft tissues, situated around the joints, which obstructs result in an 80% reduction of the functionality of the the complete range of motions (Bankov, 1991; 2009). upper extremity (Sojberg, 1996). Based on a number of The contracture of the elbow joint causes significant interviews with patients, Morrey, Askew & An (1981) discomfort and suffering, because the limitation of the defined elbow’s functional range of motion, which range of motion makes it impossible for the arm and is 30° for the extension, 130° for the flexion, and 50° hand to be positioned in their proper position in space for both the pronation and supination. They proved for the performance of various everyday activities. In the that this range of motion is necessary to perform most absence of a functional range of motion of the elbow everyday activities. The patients, interviewed by the joint, the function of the upper extremity is significantly authors, replied that with this mobility they are capable limited (An, Morrey, 2000). of performing 90% of all their activities. The objective of the scientific report is to reveal The deficiency in extension is usually higher

RIK, (1), 2013 111 Belomazheva-Dimitrova than the flexion deficit after most traumas and its adds to the increased reactivity of the muscles, resulting recovery presents a greater challenge to both the from a joint injury. therapist and the patient. The extension deficiency can The lateral ligaments of the elbow are relaxed be compensated by means of inclining the body towards at 70° and 100°, which further adds to the flexion the target, but it is impossible to compensate the elbow contracture of the elbow (Tucker, 1978). flexion of less than 105° - 110°, through bending the These anatomic specificities of the elbow neck and wrist, in order to reach the face (Morrey, articulation are significant for the rapid formation of Askew & An, 1981). The range of motion in the elbow contracture in the articulation after an injury, with a joint is of key importance for moving the arm and subsequent immobilization or after a morbid process. hand in space to perform various functional activities. They justify a careful selection of therapeutic methods For example – tying one’s shoelaces requires elbow and for the application of a delicate approach in the extension, the use of a telephone and eating both require treatment of this condition. elbow flexion, and turning a doorknob requires forearm Ethiopathogenesis of the elbow stiffness rotation (MacDermid & Michlovitz, 2006). The elbow joint stiffness is due to pathological Anatomic preconditions for the high changes, occurring in the tissues, functionally related to vulnerability and impetuous reactivity of the elbow joint the articulation, as a result of the following ethiological to traumatic moments. factors: Elbow’s predisposition to stiffness is due to - mechanical trauma, which may be a fracture, several specificities, resulting from joint’s anatomy. luxation or sprain of the articulation, rupture of ligaments, These are the high congruency of the joint surfaces of tendons, muscles of articular capsule, or microtraumatic the articulating bones, the connection of 3 continuous injury (Cooney, 1995); The most frequent complication joints, within one and the same synovial cavity and after a fracture is the elbow stiffness, which may result the direct positioning of the joint ligaments next to the also from seemingly harmless fractures or fractures with articular capsule and the surrounding muscles. minimum displacement (Ennis, Miller & Kelly, 2008). The three articulations of the elbow, art. According to Regan & Reilly (1993) each trauma of humeroulnaris, art. humeroradialis and art. radioulnaris the elbow articulation may obstruct the normal articular proximalis, are enclosed in one and the same articular relations, which are an important factor for the normal capsule, which is equally thin and vulnerable to injuries. motion of the joint, and a fracture or luxation of the The articular capsule manifests predisposition to various elbow, which require a temporary immobilization of the biochemical and structural changes, even after minor joint result in a residual stiffness. injuries, it reacts through thickening and loss of the - a prolonged immobilization, following an elasticity of its tissues, which results in a loss of the injury, an inflammatory process or caused by a extended motion in the elbow. In the contracted articular capsule periods of patient’s being bedridden, which results there is an increase of the collagen ligaments and in a limited mobility of the respective motor segment decrease of the proteoglycan content and the total amount (Cooney, 1995). The more significant flexion contracture of water (Akeson, Amiel-Abel, Garfin & Woo, 1993). of the elbow articulation is related to the prolonged After an elbow injury and a subsequent immobilization, immobilization after a joint injury (Mehlhoff, Noble, the articular capsule may contract by 3-4 mm (Morrey, & Bennet, 1988; Subramanyam, Ujjwal, Prabhakar & 2000, Nirschl & Morrey 2000; Hotchkiss, 2005). Khitish, 2007). The articular capsule of the elbow joint is abundantly - improper treatment or improper post- supplied with nervous terminations, coming from several fracture healing of the bones, forming the articulation, nerves, one of which is the median nerve, which carries which results in pathological changes in the articular a large number of vegetative fibers. The specificities of surfaces and the articular cartilage or the formation of the innervations can also be explained with the extended ectopic bone formation (Modabber & Jupiter, 1995). areas of irradiation of the nervous pulses, occurring after Each and every change of the articular surfaces may a suffered injury, thus causing an increased reflector cause compression and limitation of the movements. reaction of the surrounding muscles . - the diseases of the connective tissue and the Bankov (1975) carried out clinical articulations , which may result in an inflammatory electromyographic studies of m. biceps brachii and reaction and pain and limitation of the mobility or determined that this muscle is extremely reactive and diseases of the nervous system, which result in pareses often reacts with a spasm (active muscle contraction) and paralyses (Popov, 2002). after various injuries of the elbow articulation. Anoth- The ethiological factors of the elbow stiffness er muscle, acting as the main flexor in the elbow joint are presented in fig. 1. - m. brachialis has a leading role in the formation of The above ethiological factors affect the the flexion contractures in the articulation, due to the structures of the elbow articulation and cause the fact that fibers of the muscle are attached to the anular secondary occurrence of pathological factors, which ligament and are connected to the articular capsule from contribute to the aggravation of the articular contracture. the medial side. The fact that the muscles of the elbow The main pathological factors, occurring as a result of joint is intimately connected to the articular sack, further the trauma or morbid process, which accompany the RIK, (1), 2013 112 Belomazheva-Dimitrova recovery processes of the tissues and affect the elbow be considered a pre-contracture phase. Often, upon pain’s articulation mobility, are referred to as pathogenetic disappearance, the anti-pain reaction disappears again. If, factors of the elbow stiffness. The pathology of any of however, the pain syndrome persists longer (which can the anatomic structures, forming the articulation, affect be facilitated by a long inflammatory process or a long its overall function and may unlock a chain reaction of immobilization), the defensive position may become progressively aggravation articular dysfunction (Popov, fixed and habitual. Secondary pathological changes 2009). occur in the tissues, which result in the development of An aseptic inflammatory reaction occurs at permanent contracture. The muscle guard may persist the place of the injury, which accompanies the process a long time after the pain has disappeared. The next of regeneration of the damaged tissues and defines to stage of the muscle guard is the muscle spasm – a a significant degree the formation of the motive deficit. pathological condition of permanently increased muscle Secondary, the imposed immobilization, accompanying tone, as a result of local circulatory disturbances in case the treatment of the injury, depending on its duration, of overloading and micro-rheumatism. The affected are causes negative changes in the musculoskeletal system. contracted, non-elastic and with reduced tensibility. This The functional inactivity in a certain area of the locomotor leads to unbalanced effect of the muscles on the joint, system results in circulatory and lymphatic stasis with which may cause a prolonged retention in a position, infiltration in the tissues of serofibrous exudates, which enabling only a part of the volume of motion, and thus – later produces cicatrices. The immobilization period, the formation of a contracture. required for the regeneration of the tissues causes Pitting oedema is a factor, which always negative changes in the tissues, undamaged by the accompanies injuries. It is manifested as a condition injury as well. These changes are extremely individual of abnormal increase of the intra-articular fluid, which and depend both on the duration of the immobilization produces expansion of the articular ligaments and and on a number of other factors – age, sex, localization, capsule. They reach the limit of their elasticity and reactivity of the body, overall physical and mental status thus the motion in the joint stops, before reaching the of the individual (Popov, 2009). physiological limits. The pitting oedema also results in The pain is the main pathogenetic factor, increased intra-articular pressure which increases even which limits the function of the elbow articulation. It more with every attempted movement of the joint, thus results in the occurrence of a muscle guard, which is producing stimulation of the mechanoreceptors, located a reflector defensive reaction by the muscles around in the joint and provoking pain and a muscle guard. the articulation, manifesting itself by co-contraction of The formation of cicatrices is another important the antagonists, in order to stop the motion and protect moment in the pathogenesis of the elbow stiffness. In from pain. It occurs as a result of the stimulation of the the course of the inflammatory and recovery processes, nervous receptors. Here a more clearly expressed tonic at first immature connective tissue is formed at the contraction of the stronger muscle groups – the flexors - location of the injury, which gradually transforms can be observed. This defensive anti-pain reaction may into fibrous and cicatric connective tissue, which

ELBOW STIFFNESS

ETHIOLOGICAL FACТORS

INJURY DISEASE IMMOBI- IMPROPER LIZATION TREATMENT

BONE INJURY

DEGENE- SOFT MICRO- INFLAMA- RATIVE ARTICULAR TISSUES TRAUMATIC TORY PROCESSES INJURY INJURY DAMAGES PROCESSES

Fig. 1. Ethiological factors of the elbow stiffness

RIK, (1), 2013 113 ELBOW STIFFNESS

PATHOGENETIC FACTORS

INFLA- ARTICULAR BLOCKAGE MATION PAIN OEDEMA

BONE MUSCLE ECTOPIC CICATRICES DEFORMATIONS GUARD OSSIFICATION

TISSUE CONTRACTURES

Fig. 2. Pathogenetic Factors for the Elbow Contracture

ELBOW STIFFNESS

ETHIOLOGICAL FACТORS

INJURY DISEASE IMMOBI- IMPROPER LIZATION TREATMENT

BONE INJURY

DEGENE- SOFT MICRO- INFLAMA- RATIVE ARTICULAR TISSUES TRAUMATIC TORY PROCESSES INJURY INJURY DAMAGES PROCESSES Belomazheva-Dimitrova Fig. 1. Ethiological factors of the elbow stiffness

ELBOW STIFFNESS

PATHOGENETIC FACTORS

INFLA- ARTICULAR BLOCKAGE MATION PAIN OEDEMA

BONE MUSCLE ECTOPIC CICATRICES DEFORMATIONS GUARD OSSIFICATION

TISSUE CONTRACTURES

Fig. 2. Pathogenetic Factors for the Elbow Contracture is related also to densification and tightening of the presence of not eliminated small bone fragments, near cicatrix, followed by limitation of the motion and loss the articulation after the fracture (Hamblen & Harris, of articular functionality. The accretations reduce the 1971) or the formation of haematoma after the injury mobility between the different tissues and between the (Riegler & Harris, 1976, Failla et al., 1990). The different layers and fibers of a certain tissue. In this duration of the surgical intervention, along with the way they reduce the elastic capacity of the tissues and selection of a surgical approach and the size of the tissue the slidability between them, which limits the articular dissection, also affects individual’s predisposition to the mobility in one direction (Popov, 2009). development of ectopic ossification in the area of the Tissue contracture - certain changes may elbow joint (Christensen, & Kristensen 1988; Failla, occur in the soft tissues and especially in the muscles, Amadio, Morrey, & Beckenbaugh, 1990). as a result of the prolonged maintaining of a contracted One of the signs for the presence of ectopic position. In these cases adaptation-retraction of the ossification in the area of the elbow joint is the swift muscles and other soft tissues occurs. The contraction of loss of the range of motion or incapability of recovery the articular capsule and ligaments develops slower than of the range of motion, after the disappearance of the the contraction of the muscles and the dermal tissue. inflammatory processes after the injury. This may be explained by the better blood circulation The articular blockage is a condition of a of the muscles and skin and faster occurring processes damaged accessory articular mobility, occurring as a therein. The contracture of the muscle fibers takes place result of a dislocation of the articular surfaces or due to not only due to the immobilization in a contracted the presence of free intra-articular bodies. The articular position, but also when the muscle has to work within blockage results in the presence of pain and a muscle a limited range of motion. Another main pathogenetic guard, which – on its part, limits the range of motion moment for the development of the elbow contracture of the articulation. In the event of a prolonged articular are the bone deformations, which may be caused by blockage, a muscle spasm can occur as well as the incorrect healing, due to improper bone repositioning in development of an articular contracture. case of fractures, as well as due to degenerative changes, Fig. 2 shows the pathogenetic factors for the occurring in the bones and articular surfaces in case of elbow stiffness. arthroses. The bone deformation may also be a congenial The model of limitation of the active motion condition. may be very indicative. The loss of flexion is typical The severe injuries of the elbow lead to for the osteoarthritis, as well as for the stiffness of the complications, related to the development of pathology posterior capsule or tendinosis of the axillary triceps in the bone, which may result in clearly expressed muscle. The gross loss of extension after an injury may stiffness and functional limitations. The ectopic be the result of a fracture of the olecranon, the limitation ossification is a condition, which is related to the of the rotations is an indication of a damage of the formation of pathological bone and it is a common radial head. A significant loss of motion, without any term, referring to a heterotopical ossification, myosytis feebleness may be the result of a heterotopic ossification ossificans and para-articular calcification. The reasons (MacDermid & Michlovitz, 2006). for the formation of ectopic ossification include the In their study Ocarinoa et al. (2008) established

RIK, (1), 2013 114 Belomazheva-Dimitrova that the elbow stiffness increases after an intensive Da´vila, S.A., & Johnston-Jones, K. (2006). Managing the Stiff muscle training, involving the complete range of motion Elbow: Operative, Nonoperative, and Postoperative of the elbow articulation According to a study of Myden Techniques, Journal of hand therapy, 19, 268-281. & Hildebrand (2001) the range of motion in the elbow Ennis, O., Miller, D., & Kelly, C.P. (2008). Fractures of the joint after various traumatic damages, may improve adult elbow, Elsevier. Current Orthopaedics, 22,111- within a year after suffering the injury. The percentage 131. of the significant combined contractures after traumatic Failla, J.M., Amadio, P.C., Morrey, B.F., & Beckenbaugh, R.D. damages to the elbow, which require surgical treatment, (1990). Proximal radioulnar synostosis after repair amounts to approximately 12% of the studied cases. of distal biceps brachii rupture by the two-incision technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res., 253, 133–136 CONCLUSIONS Hotchkiss, R.N. (2005). Elbow contracture. In: Green, D.P., 1. The anatomic and physiological specificities Hotchkiss, R.N., Pederson, W.C., Wolfe,S.W. edition: of the elbow stiffness are a precondition for vulnerability Green’s Operative Hand Surgery. 5th ed. (pp.667– and strong reactivity of the articulation to traumatic 682). New York, NY: Churchill-Livingstone. moments, which makes it susceptible to the formation Laakso, R,. Barco, & Antuña S. (2010). Elbow stiffness in of contractures, as well as sensitive to radical treatment Shoulder and Elbow Unit. Revista Española de Cirugia methods. Ortopedica Traumatologia, 54,, 126-135. 2. The ethiological factors for the elbow MacDermid, J., & Michlovitz, S. (2006). Examination of the stiffness are responsible for the secondary occurrence of Elbow: Linking Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Outcomes pathological factors, which contribute to the aggravation as a Framework for Maximizing Therapy Interventions. of the articular contracture. The pathology of any of the Journal of hand therapy, 19, 82–97. anatomical structures, forming the articulation, affects Myden, C., Hildebrand, K. (2001). Elbow joint contracture its entire function and may unlock a chain reaction of after traumatic injury. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow progressively aggravating articular disfunction. Surgery, 20, 39-44. 3. The duration of the immobilization, the Modabber, M.R., & Jupiter, J.B. (1995). Reconstruction for severity of the injury, as well as the extensive effect of post-traumatic conditions of the elbow joint: current the pathological factors, unlocked as a result of the injury concepts review. Journal of Hand Surgery Am., 77A, or the morbid process in the elbow joint, are responsible 1431–1447. for the severity of the articular contracture. Morrey, B.F., Askew, L.J., & An, K.N. (1981). A biomechanical 4. The good knowledge of the reasons and study of normal functional elbow motion. Journal of pathological mechanisms for the formation of the elbow Bone and Joint Surgery Am., 63A, 872–877. contracture may help the prevention of this condition Morrey, B.F. (2000). Splints and bracing at the elbow. In: as well as to help the therapists in the selection of the Morrey, B.F. edition: (2005). 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: treatment approach, aiming at the avoidance of the Saunders, (pp.150–154). elbow articulation stiffness. Morrey, B.F., & An, K.N. (2000). Functional evaluation of the elbow. In: Morrey, B.F. edition: The REFERENCES Elbow and Its Disorders. 3rd ed. (pp.74–83). Philadelphia, Akeson, W.H., Amiel-Abel, M.F., Garfin, S.R., & Woo, S.L. PA: Saunders. (1993). Viscoelastic properties of stiff Neer, C.S. (1970). Displaced proximal humeral fractures: II. joints: A new approach in analyzing joint contracture. Treatment of three-part and four-part displacement. J Biomed Mater Eng. 3, 67-73. Bone Joint Surg Am., 52A, 1090–1103. An, K.N., &Morrey, B.F. (2000). Biomechanics of the elbow. Ocarinoa, J., Fonsecab, S.T., & Silvac, P.L.P., Mancinib, M., In: Morrey, B.F. edition: The Elbow and & Gonc-alvesd, G.G.P. (2008). Alterations of stiffness Its Disorders. 3rd ed. (pp. 43–60). Philadelphia, PA: and resting position of the elbow joint following flexors Saunders. resistance training. Manual Therapy, 13,411–418. Банков, С. (1991). Мануално мускулно тестуване с основи Regan, W.D., & Reilly, C.D. (1993). Distraction arthroplasty на кинезиологията [Manual muscle of the elbow. Hand Clin. 9, 719–728. testing with the basic of kinesiology. In Bulgarian]. Riegler, H.G., & Harris, C.F. (1976). Heterotopic bone after София: Мedicina и физкултура. total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop.,117, 209–216. Bankov, S. A. (1975). test for differentiation between Soballe, K., Christensen, F., & Kristensen, S.S. (1988). Ectopic contracture and spasm of the biceps muscle in post bone formation after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop traumatic rigidities of the elbow joint. Hand. 7, 262- Relat Res., 228, 57–62. 264. Subramanyam, N. M., Ujjwal, K. D., Prabhakar, R., & Khitish, Cooney, W.P. (1995). Contractures and burns. In: Morrey, B.F. M. (2007). Simple elbow dislocation among adults: edition: The Elbow and Its Disorders. 2nd ed. (pp.433– A comparative study of two different methods of 451). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. treatment Injury. International Journal of The Care of Chamley, J. (1972). Long-term results of low friction The Injured, 38, 1254-125. arthroplasty of the hip. Journal of Bone and Joint Tucker, K. (1978). Some aspects of post-traumatic elbow Surgery Br., 54B, 61–76. stiffness. Injury, 9, 216–220.

RIK, (1), 2013 115 Belomazheva-Dimitrova

КОНТРАКЦИЈАТА НА ЛАКТОТ - СУШТИНА И ЕТИОПАТОГЕНЕЗА

(Pregleden trud)

Stefanija Beloma`eva-Dimitrova Univerzitet vo Veliko Trnovo ,,Sv,, sv. Kiril i Metodij”, Pedago{ki fakultet, Katedra ,,Teorija i metodika na fizi~koto vospituvawe, Veliko Trnovo, Bugarija

Apstrakt Зглобот на лактот е меѓупросторна движечка алка на раката кој е одговорен за нејзиното поставување на различни височини и различни позиции во просторот. Контракцијата на лакатниот зглоб претставува проблем од социјално значење кој во голема мера, особено се одразува врз можностите за самостојното извршување на различните работни и животни активности. Овој труд има цел да се согледаат анатомските особини на лакатниот зглоб, причините за нивните високи реакции, како и да се генерализираат причините и патогенетските фактори за контракцијата на зглобот во лактот. Целосното познавање на промените кои настануваат во ткивата по различните патолошки процеси, нивната патогенеза и соодветниот дел на учеството во секој конкретен случај на контракцијата на зглобот во лактот, е од големо значење за лечењето и подобрувањето на таа состојба.

Клучни зборови: zglob na laktot, anatomsko-fiziolo{ki osobini, patolo{ki faktori, etiolo{ki faktori, patogenetski faktori, povredi na laktot, ekstenzija, fleksija

Correspondence: Stefaniya Ivanova Belomazheva-Dimitrova, Veliko Tarnovo University “St. Cyril and St. Methodius”, Faculty of Education Departmen “Theory and Methodology of Physical Education”, Str. Histo Botev 19, 5000 Veliko Tarnovo E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 116 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 117-120

TEACHING FOREIGN STUDENTS – PARTICIPANTS IN PROFILED FITNESS GROUPS

(Preliminary communication)

Dimitar E. Obreshkov The Angel Kanchev University, Faculty of Social Health, Physical Education and Sports Department, Ruse, Bulgaria

Abstract Contemporary educational policy in Bulgaria encourages the tolerant relations of its citizens with other citizens of different ethnic and religion belonging. Physical education and sport have increasingly been seen as a factor for modeling the behavior and adaptation of foreign students. It contributes to facilitate the socialization and integration with Bulgarian students. This factor is a possibility for manifestation of the personal and cultural identity and is a means of overcoming stress in the initial and further contacts with the university - the new institution with all kinds of requirements within its organization policy and rules. In this respect, engagement of foreign students in fitness can help to achieve greater success.

Keywords: physical education, personality adaptation, physical abilities, school process, teacher, percentages

INTRODUCTION classes with respect to equivalent professional training The process of adaptation not only leads to good of all students, as well as their motivation to take up professional training but it also enlarges and deepens fitness training. the social and sports connections among the students in the group, no matter what their religious and ethnic PRESENTATION differences may be. It ensures their mutual interrelations The general fact has been proven that after and is the basis of an integral cultural and spiritual entering the University, foreign students undergo community. considerable changes with respect to their spiritual The aim of this investigation is to increase and physical development. These changes are logical physical efficiency of foreign students who practice and only natural, since there is a period of transition, fitness in profiled groups. characterized by quantity dimensions in the new To meet these goals, we have set up the following circumstances. Foreign students have to adapt to them objectives: and practice fitness in order to remain fit both physically ♦ Building a strategy for activity and combining and mentally. Difficulties also occur due to the fact that effective methods of active motive activities in the the process of adaptation is accompanied by differences physical education and sport classes. in traditions and conventional forms, typical of a given ♦ Improvement of the foreign students’ linguistic country. It is the reason for the psychological discomfort competence and their knowledge of fitness technology which most foreign students experience in the beginning. and organization of the training process in physical Later it appears to be some sort of challenge for their education and sports, in order to develop their motive social, emotional and learning abilities. The students abilities and skills. also face various requirements that need suitable ♦ Improvement of the students’ knowledge with adaptive behavior. respect to the technique and accurate terminology when Along with all other things they have to learn in doing fitness exercises that are included in the basic and their classes of Methods of teaching physical education additional programs for physical education and sports and sport, the students are under stress all the time. classes. This fact should be well-known and born in mind ♦ Ensuring effective education during the practical by both the trainer and the students. In the course of their

RIK, (1), 2013 117 Obreshkov everyday training they get acquainted with the basic decide what the easier way of adapting is: characteristics of the educational process. What follows ♦ Is there any need of any special efforts on behalf is a process of transition, characterized by qualitative of the tutors? Or are the dynamics of the educative changes, in the centre of which is a cognitive activity process itself and the environment favorable enough? full of processes that are complex and difficult to learn, ♦ Should the tutors aim their activities at the such as concentrated apprehension, retaining and up- communicative difficulties which the foreign students dating of the received information. It also influences not only come across but also very often lead to to a very high degree the students’ behavior and they unnecessary negative results? try to perform all set tasks diligently and in accordance ♦ Is there an effective approach to students’ with their abilities. At this point we should point out that adaptation and how clear our aims are? Can we give an stress is valid to all and in spite of its various forms, it account of the efficiency of our actions? is in the centre of the adaptive process. This process has What can we do in order to help this process? got two directions – learning with its versatile aspects In order to realize the aim and the tasks of this and the new social unit – the group. All this is entirely investigation, our research work was aimed at the new to foreign students. Even if some students in the following: group are in closer relationships, the group still remains ♦ Building up of adequate communicative abilities new to all the students. Although the objectives, set by in the foreign students; creating good conditions for the tutor, are connected with the methods of teaching communication among the students on one hand and physical education to students and are the same to all among the tutors and the students on the other hand. The students, it is difficult to unite first-year students ina result being some sort of correcting of the process of group due to differences connected with their religion, communication. traditions an the ethnos they belong to. ♦ Establishing individual, personal attitude The tutor’s activity is focused on their efforts to in foreign students, attracting at the same time their help the students learn the technique of various motive maximum commitment in the process of their teamwork. skills. For foreign students this process is accompanied ♦ Building up skills for independent activity and by suitable adaptive behavior. They learn new patterns of consolidating students’ motivation for their physical behavior, new rules and norms, which they have to bear education and sport training. in mind in their new social surroundings. They also learn All this depends of course on the tutors’ abilities how to communicate with the other students, most of to communicate with the students and model their whom are more or less in contradiction with their initial interrelations. Actually, this means including a dialogue linguistic preparation, their own idea of the reality and form of communication. In this way a constructive co- ability to cope with everything successfully. Problems operation among the participants in the educational begin to appear. Most of them are connected with the process is realized, on the basis of mutual trust and new system of how to teach physical education and sport, benevolence. i.e., the processing of the information and the fulfillment In the course of the teamwork with foreign of motive activities. We all know that one’s mentality students, tutors became aware of the most professionally plays crucial role in activity programming. That’s why important competences. This enabled the students to students’ behavior is adequate to the seriousness of the develop a critical attitude towards the studied material, problems connected with their vocational, theoretical as well as to correlate it with their own abilities and and practical preparation. Therefore the process of skills. During the same period of time foreign students adaptation is connected with the way of thinking, learned to base their communication on empathy. In mentality and those elements which help or impede this way they managed to become a part of the whole the students’ adaptation to the new circumstances and group structure and be accepted by the rest of it. They surroundings (Артамонов (Artamanov) 1965; Бошев, also showed willingness to be more active in the process (Bochev) Полнарев (Polnarov), & Пандов (Pandov), of learning. The specific difficulties, which some of 1976; Strauzenberg, & Clausnitzer, 1972). We must the students faced with, forced the tutors to help them never forget that foreign students have to be fit in order by building up specific communicative skills in these to remain healthy and be able to adapt more easily. students, thus helping them to adapt more easily and According to the generally accepted definition of remain healthy and fit. The positive results and well- adaptation (getting used to the new social environment, learned methods of teaching physical education created finding out conventional ways leading to effective friendly atmosphere and a good basis for mutual co- comprehension of the material as well as satisfying operation. all personal requirements), rule number one for the During the educational process the students successful coping with the process of adaptation in the acquired special knowledge, learned how to control their new circumstances is that foreign students must accept own movements in accordance with the requirements for the existing situation and be flexible enough to find good technique. From the pure practical aspect of co- adequate activities that will help them satisfy their needs operation in their methodology classes in the beginning, (Wallin, & Schendel, 1972; Zara, 1971). they gradually moved to a higher, theoretical and mental We should answer a few questions in order to level of co-operation, thus reaching more mature and RIK, (1), 2013 118 Obreshkov personal way of co-operation in the end. From this point to a successful revival through good health and fitness. of view the results from the tutors’ efforts to help foreign The educative process is for all students and it students adapt to the new environment and working is carried out by all students. The role of the tutor is to conditions more easily are directly connected with the direct, to control the interrelations in the group and to real social and personal premise, without which students’ stimulate the students’ positive performance. adequate communication and active attitude towards life and social contacts is impossible. RESULTS The improved motive activity helped the students 1. The final results, after the experiment had to satisfy their natural and inner need of co-operation been carried out, enabled us to define the number of and empathy. The interrelations were of positive choices and rejections on the basis of certain criterion. character. This enabled the building up of a good premise They show definite increase of the number of choices, for excellent coordination of the activities and good compared with those at the beginning, namely 45% to interrelations in the group itself, based on harmonized 86%. This is due to the professional communication in efforts to reach the common basic aim. the course of the educative process and the successful Students’ motivation to participate actively in the adaptation of all foreign students. process of their professional development was of great 2. The result analysis, concerning the importance too. investigation of the students’ physical tenacity at the end Very often the curriculum is overloaded. On the of the experiment, shows considerable increase (fig. 1). other hand foreign students have to stick to a lot of This increase has been influenced by: the constant inner rules, to fulfill their everyday duties, to prepare impact of the tutors on the students’ communicative themselves for seminars. All this “absorbs” their abilities; the adequate tutors’ strategies; the qualitative psychological energy and activity, tires and puzzles professional training; strong motivation for emotional them. They react in the most normal way – by becoming communication and mutual trust. scared, hesitant, nervous. Their reactions are two-sided – reluctance and hesitation. In cases like these, what they CONCLUSION need is their tutors’ hearty and maximum support in the We can definitely say that foreign students first place, and more or less the same reaction on behalf successfully cope with all new challenges. Their of the other students in the group. adaptation most often assumes the form of being tolerant. We were well aware of the fact that if we The balance of their interests is kept by the constant wanted the process of foreign students’ adaptation to dialogue between equal partners – between the students be successful we should take into consideration not and the tutors and among the students themselves. All only the tutors’ role in this process, but the students’ this reflects on their motive activity. idiosyncrasies as well as the studied material, full of We should also point out that one of the most various games. The games required joined efforts, inner important factors for students’ successful adaptation is grouping and dependence on one another, dominant their natural thirst for knowledge and professional good emotional and positive experience. Through their active training. Tutors should always bear this in mind. They participation in the games foreign students become should always try to achieve a higher quality of the equal to the other students in the group, particularly if educative process, having in mind students’ individual they stick to the rules, show initiative and make their idiosyncrasies. We must not underestimate the purely own decisions. All this models their characters and leads human characteristics and peculiarities of foreign students if we want to have psychological comfort in the process of teaching. Only then foreign students will adapt easily and will stay fit and healthy.

14 REFERENCES 44 27 1 Артамонов, П. Н. (1965). К въпросу определения допос- 2 тимых нагрузак в занятиях обштей физической 3 подготовка с лицами пожилого возраста [Into the 4 question of determining the allowable load on the les- sons of general physical preparation with elderly peo- 37 ple. In Russian]. Москва: Физкультура и спорт. Бошев, Н., Полнарев, Б., & Пандов, Х. (1976). Нормални биоконстанти на човешкия организъм и техни па- тологични отклонения [Normal biological contants Fig.1. It shows the increase of the tenacity index of the human organism and their pathological changes. of foreign students, practicing fitness in specialized In Russian]. Пловдив: Христо Г. Данов groups, in per cent. 1 – rapidity ; 2 – tenacity ; Strauzenberg, S., & Clausnitzer, Н. (1972). Beitrag zur Bee- 3 - Strength of the arm and shoulder muscles; influssung des Serum-cholesterolspigels durch Kör- 4 - Strength of the muscles of the lower limbs perübungen und Sport. Med. u. Sp. 8, 239-241. RIK, (1), 2013 119 E. Obreshkov

Wallin, C., & Schendel, Ј. (1972). Physiological chang- Zara, J. (1971). Faktorova analiza silovyh testu [Factor ana- es in middle-aged men following a ten-week jogging lysis of strength tests. In Polish]. Teorie a praxe tel. program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vychovy, 4, 199-206. 40(3), 600-606.

ОБУЧУВАЊЕ НА СТРАНСКИ СТУДЕНТИ - УЧЕСНИЦИ ВО ПРОФИЛИРАНИ ГРУПИ ПО ФИТНЕС

(Prethodno soop{enie) Dimitar E. Obre{kov Univerzitet vo Ruse ,,Angel Kn~ev”, Fakultet za op{testveno zdravje, Oddel ,,Fizi~ko vospituvawe i sport”, Ruse, Bugarija

Апстракт Современата образовна политика во Бугарија ја поттикнува врската на qграѓаните со другите граѓани од различна етничка и религиозна припадност. Физичкото образование и спортот сé повеќе се третира како фактор за моделирање на однесувањето и адаптацијата на странските студенти. Тоа придонесува за подобрување на социјализацијата и интеграцијата со бугарските студенти. Тој фактор претставува можност за манифестирање на личниот и културниот идентитет и претставува средство за совладување на стресот при почетното и натамошното контактирање со универзитетот - новата институција со најразлични барања во врска со неговата организација, политика и правила. За поголема успешност во таа насока, може да потпомогне и занимавањето на странските студенти со фитнес.

Клучни зборови: fizi~ko vospituvawe, adaptacija na li~nosta, fizi~ki sposobnosti, u~eben proces, nastavnik, procenti

Corespondence: Dimitar Obreshkov Ruse University “Angel Kanchev” Faculty of Public Health 8 Studentska st., 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria, E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 120 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 121-123

RELATIONS BETWEEN SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SITUATION-MOTORIC KNOWLEDGE SMASH FROM THE ZONE 4 FOR THE WOMEN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN THE AGE OF 14-18 (Preliminari communication)

Andrijana Zafirovska and Borče Daskalovski Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Physical Education, Skopje, Macedonia

Abstract The research was made on a sample of 151 female volleyball players in the age of 14-18 in Macedonia, which represents the population of players compiting in state championships for the young categoris in season 2009/10. The study applied 1 variable to assessment situation-motor knowledge and 18 variables for the assessment of the anthropometric characteristics. In order to determine the relationship between anthropometrical characteristics and variables for assessment of the situation-motor knowledge linear regression analysis is applied, were the criteria for assessment situation-motor knowledge is the variable smash from the zone 4 and predictors are the anthropometrical variables. Based on the obtained results it can be determined that the predictor system of anthropometrical variables has statistically significant relationships on variable for assessment of the situation-motor knowledge.

Keywords: youth national championships, anthropometric measurements, motor tests, regression analysis

INTRODUCTION fan”, VC “Vardar”, VC “Forsped”, VC “Prilep”, VC Anthropometrical characteristics were the sub- “Makedonija-maks”, VC “Ljuboten” i VC “Bami kor”. ject of exploration in many labors. These characteristics In order to determine the relationship between have great significance in the game of volleyball match- anthropometrical characteristics and variables for as- es. sessment of situation-motor knowledge the linear re- The dimensions that define the anthropometri- gression analysis is applied, where criteria is the vari- cal characteristics as well as the studies on their relations able for assessment of the situation-motor knowledge т with the situational-motor knowledge are a problem of The study applied the following variables: variable for vital signification for the possibility of forming the ratio- assessment of situation-motor knowledge: smash from nal procedure for the optimal orientation, selection and the zone 4 (ATT4). effective monitoring of development of sports mastery. Variables for assessment of anthropometrical character- The subjects of our research are anthropometri- istics: body height (BH), body weight (BW), hand length cal characteristics and situation-motor knowledge of the (HL), hand span (HS), arm length (AL), leg length (LL), female volleyball players in the age of 14-18 in Republic the upper arm (UA), the upper arm with a maximum of Macedonia. muscle contraction (UAMK), the volume of the forearm (VF), thigh circumference (TC), volume shin (VS), el- METHODS bow diameter (ED), wrist diameter (WD), knee diameter The research was made on a sample of 151 (KD), skinfold and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tis- female volleyball players in the age of 14-18 in Mac- sue (SSAAT), skin folds and skin folds back (SFSFB), edonia, from different cities of the following clubs: VC skin fold and upper arm subcutaneous fat (SFUASF), “Rabotnicki”, VC “Forca”, VC “Janta volej”, VC “Fit skin fold and skin folds of the lower leg (SFSFLL).

RIK, (1), 2013 121 Zafirovska and Daskalovski

Table 1. Regression analysis for the variable (SMA4)

Unstandardized Standardized SMA4 Correlations Coefficients Coefficients r Part-R B SG Beta t Q(B) BH .306 .087 .009 .009 .157 1.006 .316 BW .133 .028 .023 .070 .052 .323 .747 HL .024 -.158 -.087 .047 -.202 -1.844 .067 HS .262 .126 .051 .035 .159 1.463 .146 AL .376 .139 .015 .009 .204 1.616 .108 LL .286 .036 .002 .005 .051 .418 .677 UA .096 .047 .027 .050 .153 .546 .586 UAMK .048 -.040 -.018 .040 -.114 -.459 .647 VF .099 .104 .062 .052 .189 1.204 .231 TC .016 -.043 -.005 .011 -.061 -.490 .625 VS .073 -.017 -.005 .027 -.027 -.190 .850 ED -.179 -.087 -.082 .081 -.130 -1.001 .319 WD .022 -.053 -.093 .151 -.064 -.615 .540 KD -.026 .007 .006 .073 .011 .080 .936 SSAAT -.051 .032 .028 .076 .049 .366 .715 SFSFB -.087 -.118 -.127 .093 -.192 -1.360 .176 SFUASF -.091 .031 .037 .104 .058 .351 .726 SFSFLL -.114 -.044 -.039 .077 -.061 -.502 .617

R=.495 DELTA=.245 SIGMA=3.671 F(18.132)=2.386 Q(F)=.003

nosti, konativni karakteristiki i situ- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION aciono-motori~koto znaewe kaj odbojkarite Regression results for the variable rejection od plej-of i plej-aut natprevarite na Make- of the attach from the zone 4, anthropometrical donija 1997/98 godina [Relations and differences in characteristics variables are shown in table 1. At the some cognitive specific motor capabilities conative total samples of respondents, this system of variables charasteristic and situation motor knowledge in vol- has statistically significant impact on variable for leyball players in play-off and play-out matches of Ma- assessment of situation-motor knowledge, smash from cedonia 1997/98 year. In Macedonian.] (Unpublished the zone 4 (SMA4) , Q(F)=.003., coefficient of multiple doctoral dissertation, Ss Cyril and Methodius Univer- correlation (RO=.495), showing a positive connection sity of Skopje). Skopje: Faculty of Physical Education. of the predictor variables in this variable, a coefficient of Milenkoski, J. & Osmankać, N. (2007). Homogenost determination (DELTA = .245), shows that 24% of the morfoloških karakteristika, motornih i specifično–mo- criterion, can be explained by the predictor variables. tornih sposobnosti kod mladih odbojkaša [Homogen- Partial regresiski coefficients (BETA), show that ost morphological characteristics, motor and specific despite the fact that the system of the predictor variables motor skills in young volleyball players. In Croatina.] have statistically significant influence on the criteria, Sportski logos, 5(8/9), 42-46. but the variables has not a single statistically significant Milenkoski, J., Hristov, G. & Zafirovska, A. (2009). effect on the criterion variable. Relacii pome|u nekoi morfolo{ki karakte- ristiki i motori~ki sposobnosti kaj odbojkar- CONCLUSION kite-u~esni~ki na svetskite prvenstva 2002, The research was made on on a sample of 2006 i Olimpiskite igri 2004 i 2008 godina 151 female volleyball players in the age of 14-18 in [Relations between some morphology charasteristics Macedonia, which represents the population of players and motoric abilities of women volleyball players- compiting in state championships for the young participants of World championships 2002, 2006 and categoris in season 2009/10. Based on the obtained Olympic Games 2004 and 2008. In Macedonian.] results it can be determined that the predictor system of Fizi~ka kultura, 37(1), 121-123. anthropometrical variables has statistically significant Zafirovska, A. (2010). Struktura na antropome- relationships on variables for assess of the situation- triskite karakteristiki vo zavisnost od motor knowledge. situaciono-motornoto znaewe kaj odbojkar- kite od 14-18 godi{na vozrast vo Republi- REFERENCES ka Makedonija. [The structure of the anthropome- Milenkoski, J. (1999). Relacii i razliki na nekoi tric characteristics depending on the situation motor kognitivni, specifi~no – motori~ki sposob- knowledge of women volleyball players at the age

RIK, (1), 2013 122 Zafirovska and Daskalovski

of 14-18] (Unpublished Master’s thesis, Ss Cyril and some anthropometric characteristics and assess situa- Methodius University of Skopje). Skopje: Faculty of tion-motoric knowledge servis for the women volley- Physical Education. ball players in the age of 14-18. Activities in physical Zafirovska, A., & Daskalovski, B. (2012). Relations between education and sport, 2(2), 195-197.

RELACII ME\U ANTROPOMETRISKITE KARAKTERISTIKI I SITUACIONO-MOTORNOTO ZNAEWE SME^ OD ZONA 4 KAJ ODBOJKARKITE OD 14-18 GODI[NA VOZRAST

(Prethodno soop{tenie)

Andrijana Zafirovska i Bor~e Daskalovski Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metorij” vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija

Apstrakt Istra`uvaweto e sprovedeno na 151 odbojkarka ~lenki na mladinskite ekipi, u~esni~ki na mladinskite dr`avni prvenstva na R. Makedonija vo natprevaruva~kata 2009/10 godina. Primeneta e edna varijabla za procenka na situaciono-motornoto znaewe i 18 varijabli za procenka na antropometriskite karakteristiki. So cel da se utvrdat relaciite me|u antropometriskite karakteristiki i varijablata za procenka na situaciono-motornoto znaewe, primeneta e linearna regresiska analiza, kade kako kriterium e varijablata za procenka na situaciono-motornoto znaewe, sme~ od zona 4 a prediktori se antropometriskite varijabli. Od dobienite rezultati mo`e da se zaklu~i deka prediktorskiot sistem antropometriski varijabli, kaj vkupniot primerok ispitanici, ima statisti~ki zna~ajno vlijanie vrz varijablata za procenka na situaciono-motornoto znaewe koja e predmet na ova istra`uvawe.

Klu~ni zborovi: mladinski dr`avni prvenstva, antropometriski merewa, motorno testirawe, regresivna analiza,

Correspondence: Andrijana Zafirovska Ss Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of Physical Education Železnička nn, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 123 Resaarch in Kinesiology Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 124-126

VALUE OF BMI (BODY MASS INDEX) IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS OF BC VARDAR –SKOPJE (Preliminari communication)

Borče Daskalovski, Andrijana Zafirovska and Daniela Shukova-Stojmanovska Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Physical Education, Skopje, Macedonia

Abstrakt The research is conducted on a sample of 30 basketball players from BC VARDAR – Skopje, for0020grouping of the respondents based on BMI (BODY MASS INDEX). Based on the presented research we can conclude that the value of BMI in 14 year old basketball players ranges from 16.90 to 26.40 and averages 21.94. In 15 year old basketball players value of BMI ranges from 18.60 to 25.96 or an average of 21.52. Regarding the percentile distribution of BMI, although the younger basketball players 40% of basketball players have a BMI of 95 percentile, however there are basketball players in other subgroups. Whereas in older (15 years) all basketball players have a BMI percentile distribution of 50 to 95 percentile.

Keywords: youth, percentile distribution, descriptive statistical parameters

INTRODUCTION reason for the value of BMI, the muscle or fat tissue, it is Nowadays, the BMI represents one of the used very often, on the population of athletes. most used index for assesment of body mass, that METHOD OF WORK is used in children, in youth and in adults, in both This research considered a total of 30 basketball genders, although it was stated that it should’t be used players from BC Vardar, divided into two subgroups, at for population younger then 20 years of age and older age of 14 years is the first sub sample, at the age of 15 than 50 years. Moreover, although there are diferences years is second sub sample (15 athletes in each age). The in the percentage of adipose tissue in men and women, results obtained from measurements are conducted at no modifications regarding the gender and age exist. the Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty in Skopje. Even though BMI is calculated in same way and by the In this research, for each basketball player their body same formula, in children, youth and adults, still there height, body weight, BMI and percentage of muscle are some diferences. mass in the body were considered. Namely, in adults age and gender are not taken into account, and in children and youth are taken, RESULTS AND DISCUSION because for them there are modifications. In children From the results shown in Tables 1 and 2 the and adults the so called percentile distribution of BMI is following can be concluded. The value of BMI in 14 used. The reason for this is that in children it is very easy aged basketball players ranges from 16.90 to 26.40 and and shorter for the percentage of fat tissue to change, and averages 21.94. In older basketball players (15 years) moreover the percentage of fat is very variable in gender. value of BMI ranges from 18.60 to 25.96 or an average The percentile distribution makes it possible to recognize of 21.52. Both average values of​​ BMI are 75 percentile. the differences among children and adolescents from 2 By inspection of Table 3, in which percentile to 20 years, and it is specific for each gender. That means distribution for each group separately is presented, we that with the help of these charts, you can accurately see can see that in young basketball players that ranges where each individual belongs, or to see which one of from 5th to 95 th percentile. This means that the BMI her or his peers has a higher and which lower BMI. Even value for basketball players in the graph for percentile though this index does not provide information about the distribution for age of 14 years varies widely. Thus,

RIK, (1), 2013 124 Daskalovski, Zafirovska and Shukova-Stojmanovska

Table 1. Descriptive indicators for the first sup sample respondents

Mean Min Max Range SD Skew Kurt HEIGHT 175.50 151.50 195.50 44.00 10.25 -.46 1.61 WEIGHT 67.46 50.00 118.50 68.50 15.88 2.52 8.22 BMI 21.94 16.92 35.19 18.27 4.725 1.59 3.53 MM 52.63 41.66 56.76 15.10 3.835 -1.90 4.26

Table 2. Descriptive indicators for the secound sup sample respondents

Mean Min Max Range S D Skew Kurt

HEIGHT 178.01 161.50 188.50 27.00 8.03 -.80 -.477 WEIGHT 68.30 48.50 89.00 40.50 12.14 .34 -.867 BMI 21.52 18.16 26.00 7.84 2.67 .54 -1.10 MM 54.20 47.18 58.93 11.75 2.78 -.84 2.07

Table 3. Percentile distribution of BMI in 14 and 15 annual basketball players

Percentile distribution 5 25 35 50 75 85 95 above 95 Number of basketball players (14 years old) 1 2 1 2 3 / 6 / Number of basketball players (15 years old) / / / 6 4 1 4 / only one basketball player value ranges fifth percentile, REFERENCES which would mean that his BMI has a greater value of Aitchinson, C.C. (2007). Sport and gender idendities. London only 5% of his peers, or could say that it is extremely and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis group. malnourished. While six, or 40% of they have a BMI Bray, G.A. (1989). Classification and evaluation of obesity. that belongs to 95th percentile. In older basketball Medical Clinics of North America, 73 (1), 161-184. players (15 years) the value of BMI ranges from 50th to Gard, M., & Wright, J.L. (2005). The obesity epidemic, 95th percentile, in favor of that probably among them, as science, morality and ideology. New York: Routledge a result of prepubertal changes the body weight already Taylor andFrancis Group. started to increase and probably as a result of increased Hayward, C. (2003). Gender differences in puberty. muscle mass, and therefore there is no basketball player Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. with a BMI lower than 50th percentile. This tends to Hills, A. P., King, N. A., & Byrne, N.M. (2007). Children, support the contention that adolescence in athletes (male) Obesity and Exercise. London: Routledge Taylor and occurs earlier than in their peers that are not sportsmen. Francis Group McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2004). Sports CONCLUSIONS & exercise nutrition. New York: Lippincot Williams & Based on the presented research we can Wilkins, conclude that the value of BMI in 14 year old basketball Marshall, J. (2004.) Fat nation – the big chalenge. London: players ranges from 16.90 to 26.40 and averages 21.94. Dorling Kindersley Limited, In 15 year old basketball players value of BMI ranges Stanfield P., & Hui, Y. H.(1997). Nutrition and Diet Therapy: from 18.60 to 25.96 or an average of 21.52. Regarding Self-instructional Modules. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett the percentile distribution of BMI, although the younger Publishers, Inc. 1997. basketball players 40% of basketball players have a Wolinsky, I., & Driskell J. (2009). Nutritional concerns in BMI of 95th percentile, however there are basketball recreation, exercise and sport. New York: CRC Press. players in other subgroups. Whereas in older (15 years) all basketball players have a BMI percentile distribution of 50 to 95 percentile.

RIK, (1), 2013 125 Daskalovski, Zafirovska and Shukova-Stojmanovska

VREDNOSTA NA BMI (BODY MASS INDEX) KAJ KO[ARKARI NA KK VARDAR - SKOPJE

(Prethodno sooptenie)

Bor~e Daskalovski, Daniela [ukova-Stojmanovska i Andrijana Zafirovska Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija

Apstrakt Istra`uvaweto e sprovedeno na primerok od 30 ko{arkari od KK Vardar od Skopje. Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se izvr{i grupirawe na ispitanicite vrz osnova na BMI (BODY MASS INDEX). Vrz osnova na dobienite rezultati utvrdeno e deka vrednosta na BMI kaj 14-godi{nite ko{arkari se dvi`i od 16.90 do 26.40 ili prose~no 21.94. Kaj 15-godi{nite ko{arkari vrednosta na BMI se dvi`i od 18.60 do 25.96 ili prose~no 21.52. Vo odnos na percentilnata distribucija na BMI, i pokraj toa {to kaj pomladite ko{arkari 40% imaat BMI okolu 95 - tiot percentil, sepak ima ko{arkari i vodrugite podgrupi. Kaj site povozrasni (15-godi{ni) ko{arkari BMI e so percentilna distribucija od 50 do 95–tiot percentil.

Klu~ni zborovi: mladinci, deskriptivni statisti~ki parametri, percentilna distribucija

Correspondence: Borče Daskalovski Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje Faculty of Physical Education St. Železnička nn, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]

RIK, (1), 2013 126 GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS RESEARCH IN KINESIOLOGY with ISSN (International Standard Series Number), 1857-7679, abbreviated title: RIK and subtitle: International Journal of Kinesiology and Other Related Sciences, is published twice a year. The journal contains scientific papers on kinesiology and related interdisciplinary sciences (social, biomedical, natural, other humanitarian sciences).

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Books (monographs) Example: Graton, G., & Jones, I. (2006).Research methods for sport studies. London and New York: Routledge. If the source is not in English, the English translation of the title is given in squared parentheses, as well as the language from which the translation is made. Example: Hayмовски, A. (2004). Osnovni statisti~ki metodi vo sportot [Basic statistical methods in sport. In Macedonian]. Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Univerzitet “ Sv.Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje Journals: The citation of papers in journals is indicated by the journal title, the volume, the number of the issue in parentheses, the first and last page of the paper. Example: Hessler, E., &Amazeen, P. (2009).Attentional demands on motor responsibility coordination. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 510-523. If the work is in print, in parentheses, the term “in press” is used instead of the publication year. The volume, the number of the issue and the pages of the journal in print must be stated. Example: Naumovski, A. (in press). Comparison of the predicative value of the anthropometric and motoric latent dimensions for the success in two sport elements of basketball and volleyball. Sport & science.

If a paper published in a Supplement is cited, the number of the Supplement is indicated in parentheses, instead of the number of the journal. Example: Bala, G, Golubovic, S., & Katie, R. (2010). Relations between Handedness and Motor Abilities in preschool children. Collegium Antropologicum, 34(Suppl. 1), 69-75.

RIK, (1), 2013 129 Chapters in books Example: Čokorilo, R. (2007). Emocionalni razvoj predskolskog deteta. U G. Bala (Ur.), Antropoloske karakteristike i sposobnostipredskolske dece (str. 227-248). [Anthropological characteristics and abilities of preschool children. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet sporta i fizickog vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu. Papers in proceedings of conferences Example: Hughes, M., & Reed, D. (2005). Creating performance profile using perturbations in soccer. Proceedings of 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology „ Science and Profession - Challenge for the Future”, Opatija, 2005, (pp. 34-53). Zagreb: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Doctoral, Master’s and Graduate works Example: Gligorov, C. (2008). Prediktivna vrednost na nekoi bazi~ni motorni testovi, analizirani so razli~ni metodolo{ko-statisti~ki postapki vrz uspehot na situacionite motorni testovi kaj ispitanici so natprose~ni motorni sposobnosti [Predictive value of some basic motor tests analysed by different methodological-statistical procedures on the success of the situation motor tests with tested individuals above-average motor capabilities. In Macedonian.] (Doktorska disertacija, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje.The citation of undergraduate and master’s theses is identical with the citation of doctoral dissertations. Instead of “Doctoral dissertation” the terms “Master’s thesis” and “Graduate Work” should be used accordingly.

Electronic sources Given the specifics of electronic resources (computer software, computer and information services, on-line sites), their indication in this text is shown by general order of the parts of the bibliographic unit by some examples. On-line Abstract The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title, [on-line]. Journal title, volume, first page-last page. Abstract from: Name the file collection: name of the unit collection: unit-tag. Example: Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [on-line]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsycINFO Unit: 80-16351. On-line journal, available by e-mail The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name.(Year, month).Title, [paper volume]. The journal title [on-line serial publication], volume (number). Available by e-mail: e-mail message, text message. Example: Funder, D.C. (1994, March). Jugmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler base- rate [9 paragraphs]. Psycology [on-line serial publication], 5(17). Available by E-mail: psyc@pucc Message: Get psyc 94-xxxxx. CD-ROM Abstract The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title [CD-ROM]. Journal title, volume, first page-last page. Abstract from: Source and number of the unit. Example: Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-ROM]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: SilverPlater File: PsycLITUnit: 80-16351. WWW (Internet, Web page) The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Titlepage.(Date). City: Publisher. Posted on day.month, year Web page: http header. Example: Electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association. (19.11.1999). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Made available on 3.5.2000. From the web page: http://www.apa.org/webref.html

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