Participatory Democracy and Political Participation Democracies have developed a sense of crisis regarding levels of civic engage- ment and their own legitimacy, prompting government initiatives to reform the institutions and procedures of liberal democracy to provide more opportunities for political participation and bring citizens back in. Participatory Democracy and Political Participation provides the first system- atic evaluation of most visible and explicit efforts to engineer political participa- tion via institutional reforms. Policies of democratic reform aim to increase the level of political participation by implementing institutions of participatory demo- cracy. Such policies are debated in established democracies as means to counter downward trends in political participation. However, there is little empirical evid- ence whether this approach is actually able to increase or sustain political engage- ment without compromising other values of modern government. This new volume investigates this topical issue by integrating three different research approaches: • Theoretical analyses that aim to bridge the gap between the normative and the empirical level of participatory democracy. • Comparative large N analyses that focus on the empirical link between par- ticipatory institutions and political behavior. • Case studies on the structure, the politics and the behavioral effects of con- crete reform initiatives within various established European democracies. The leading contributors analyze participatory institutions on the basis of empir- ical models of democracy such as direct democracy, civil society and responsive government and analyze the impact of these models on political behavior in general. Providing a detailed assessment of democratic reform, this book will be of strong interest to students and researchers of political theory, democracy and comparative politics. Thomas Zittel is Researcher at the Mannheim Center for European Social Science Research (MZES), Germany. Dieter Fuchs is Professor of Political Science at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science Edited by Thomas Poguntke University of Birmingham, UK, on behalf of the European Consortium for Political Research The Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research – the leading organization concerned with the growth and development of political science in Europe. The series presents high-quality edited volumes on topics at the leading edge of current interest in political science and related fields, with contributions from European scholars and others who have presented work at ECPR work- shops or research groups. 1 Regionalist Parties in Western 7 Party Elites in Divided Societies Europe Edited by Kurt Richard Luther Edited by Lieven de Winter and and Kris Deschouwer Huri Türsan 8 Citizenship and Welfare State 2 Comparing Party System Reform in Europe Change Edited by Jet Bussemaker Edited by Jan-Erik Lane and Paul Pennings 9 Democratic Governance and New Technology 3 Political Theory and European Technologically mediated Union innovations in political practice in Edited by Albert Weale and Western Europe Michael Nentwich Edited by Ivan Horrocks, Jens Hoff and Pieter Tops 4 Politics of Sexuality Edited by Terrell Carver and 10 Democracy without Borders Véronique Mottier Transnationalisation and conditionality in new 5 Autonomous Policy Making by democracies International Organizations Edited by Jean Grugel Edited by Bob Reinalda and Bertjan Verbeek 11 Cultural Theory as Political Science 6 Social Capital and European Edited by Michael Thompson, Democracy Gunnar Grendstad and Per Selle Edited by Jan van Deth, Marco Maraffi, Ken Newton and Paul Whiteley 12 The Transformation of 21 Democracy and Political Governance in the European Change in the ‘Third World’ Union Edited by Jeff Haynes Edited by Beate Kohler-Koch and Rainer Eising 22 Politicians, Bureaucrats and Administrative Reform 13 Parliamentary Party Groups in Edited by B. Guy Peters and European Democracies Jon Pierre Political parties behind closed doors 23 Social Capital and Participation Edited by Knut Heidar and in Everyday Life Ruud Koole Edited by Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner 14 Survival of the European Welfare State 24 Development and Democracy Edited by Stein Kuhnle What do we know and how? Edited by Ole Elgström and 15 Private Organisations in Global Goran Hyden Politics Edited by Karsten Ronit and 25 Do Political Campaigns Volker Schneider Matter? Campaign effects in elections and 16 Federalism and Political referendums Performance Edited by David M. Farrell and Edited by Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck Ute Wachendorfer-Schmidt 26 Political Journalism 17 Democratic Innovation New challenges, new practices Deliberation, representation and Edited by Raymond Kuhn and association Erik Neveu Edited by Michael Saward 27 Economic Voting 18 Public Opinion and the Edited by Han Dorussen and International Use of Force Michael Taylor Edited by Philip Everts and Pierangelo Isernia 28 Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy 19 Religion and Mass Electoral Edited by Felia Allum and Behaviour in Europe Renate Siebert Edited by David Broughton and Hans-Martien ten Napel 29 Understanding the European Union’s External Relations 20 Estimating the Policy Position Edited by Michèle Knodt and of Political Actors Sebastiaan Princen Edited by Michael Laver 30 Social Democratic Party 37 Metropolitan Governance Policies in Contemporary Capacity, democracy and the Europe dynamics of place Edited by Giuliano Bonoli and Edited by Hubert Heinelt and Martin Powell Daniel Kübler 31 Decision Making within 38 Democracy and the Role of International Organisations Associations Edited by Bob Reinalda and Political, organizational and Bertjan Verbeek social contexts Edited by Sigrid Roßteutscher 32 Comparative Biomedical Policy Governing assisted reproductive 39 The Territorial Politics of technologies Welfare Edited by Ivar Bleiklie, Edited by Nicola McEwen and Malcolm L. Goggin and Luis Moreno Christine Rothmayr 40 Health Governance in Europe 33 Electronic Democracy Issues, challenges and theories Mobilisation, organisation and Edited by Monika Steffen participation via new ICTs Edited by Rachel K. Gibson, 41 Republicanism in Theory and Andrea Römmele and Practice Stephen J. Ward Edited by Iseult Honohan and Jeremy Jennings 34 Liberal Democracy and Environmentalism 42 Mass Media and Political The end of environmentalism? Communication in New Edited by Marcel Wissenburg and Democracies Yoram Levy Edited by Katrin Voltmer 35 Political Theory and the 43 Delegation in Contemporary European Constitution Democracies Edited by Lynn Dobson and Edited by Dietmar Braun and Andreas Follesdal Fabrizio Gilardi 36 Politics and the European 44 Governance and Democracy Commission Comparing national, European Actors, interdependence, and international experiences legitimacy Edited by Yannis Papadopoulos Edited by Andy Smith and Arthur Benz 45 The European Union’s Roles in 47 Democratic Politics and Party International Politics Competition Concepts and analysis Edited by Judith Bara and Edited by Ole Elgström and Albert Weale Michael Smith 48 Participatory Democracy and 46 Policy-making Processes and Political Participation the European Constitution Can participatory engineering A comparative study of member bring citizens back in? states and accession countries Edited by Thomas Zittel and Edited by Thomas König and Dieter Fuchs Simon Hug Also available from Routledge in association with the ECPR: Sex Equality Policy in Western Europe, Edited by Frances Gardiner; Demo- cracy and Green Political Thought, Edited by Brian Doherty and Marius de Geus; The New Politics of Unemployment, Edited by Hugh Compston; Cit- izenship, Democracy and Justice in the New Europe, Edited by Percy B. Lehning and Albert Weale; Private Groups and Public Life, Edited by Jan W. van Deth; The Political Context of Collective Action, Edited by Ricca Edmondson; Theories of Secession, Edited by Percy Lehning; Regionalism across the North/South Divide, Edited by Jean Grugel and Wil Hout. Participatory Democracy and Political Participation Can participatory engineering bring citizens back in? Edited by Thomas Zittel and Dieter Fuchs First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Thomas Zittel and Dieter Fuchs for selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-96931-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-37186-4 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-96931-1 (ebk) ISBN13: