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Sebaran Sumber Daya Arkeologi Di Kabupaten

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Sebaran Sumber Daya Arkeologi Di Kabupaten SEBARAN SUMBER DAYA ARKEOLOGI DI KABUPATEN MOROWALI: GAMBARAN TOLERANSI MASYARAKAT MASA LALU Distribution of Archaeological Resources in Morowali Regency: The Image of Tolerance of People in the Past Irfanuddin Wahid Marzuki Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta Jl. Gedongkuning No. 174, Yogyakarta Email: [email protected] Naskah diterima: 12-01-2016; direvisi: 15-03-2016; disetujui: 25-07-2016 Abstract Kabupaten Morowali has abundance archeological resources that have not been explored optimally. The resources are spread from coastal areas to karst hills along the areas of Kabupaten Morowali. This research aims to compile the data of the resources together with its spreading location and to understand the description of Morowali people tolerance in the past. The research was descriptive, and using inductive approach and historical archaeology approach. The results of this research are natural caves once functioning as a graveyard in Kecamatan Lembo and the area surround, old mosque, fort, tomb, palace, and colonial building. Based on historical data and interpretation of archaeological data, people of Morowali have known tolerance and harmony in the past. Morowali communities live in harmony despite having different ethnicities and religions because of their strong kinship. Keywords: archeological resources, tolerance, morowali. Abstrak Kabupaten Morowali mempunyai potensi tinggalan sumber daya arkeologi yang sampai saat ini belum tergali secara optimal. Peninggalan sumber daya arkeologi tersebar di wilayah pesisir sampai di wilayah perbukitan karst yang membentang sepanjang wilayah Kabupaten Morowali. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendata sumber daya arkeologi di wilayah Kabupaten Morowali, sebarannya, dan mengetahui gambaran toleransi masyarakat Morowali masa lalu berdasarkan tinggalan tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat dekriptif dengan menggunakan penalaran induktif dan pendekatan arkeologi kesejarahan. Hasil penelitian berupa gua-gua alam yang berfungsi sebagai penguburan di wilayah Kecamatan Lembo dan sekitarnya, masjid tua, benteng, makam, bekas istana, dan bangunan kolonial. Berdasarkan data sejarah dan interpretasi data arkeologis yang ada, masyarakat Morowali telah mengenal toleransi kerukunan pada masa lalu. Masyarakat Morowali hidup rukun, walaupun berbeda etnis dan agama karena adanya ikatan kekerabatan yang kuat. Kata kunci: sumber daya arkeologi, toleransi, morowali. PENDAHULUAN Morowali berbatasan dengan Kabupaten Poso Kabupaten Morowali terbentuk pada dan Banggai di sebelah utara, Provinsi Sulawesi tahun 1999 berdasarkan UU No. 51 tahun Selatan dan Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara di 1999, dengan luas wilayah 45.453 km2 yang sebelah selatan, Teluk Tolo di sebelah timur, terdiri atas daratan seluas 15.490,12 km2 dan dan Kabupaten Poso, serta Provinsi Sulawesi perairan 29.962,88 km2. Secara administratif Selatan di sebelah barat (www.sulteng.go.id). terbagi menjadi 13 wilayah kecamatan, 299 Sejarah Kabupaten Morowali tidak lepas desa, dan 10 kelurahan. Wilayah Kabupaten dari sejarah dua kerajaan yang terdapat di Sebaran Sumberdaya Arkeologi di Kabupaten Morowali 81 Irfanuddin Wahid Marzuki Kabupaten Morowali, yaitu Kerajaan Bungku dan struktural (T). Bentuk lahan aluvial yang (Tobungku) dan Mori (Wita Mori). Kerajaan terbentuk dari proses fluvial umumnya tersebar Bungku menganut agama Islam dan berlokasi di dataran rendah dengan kemiringan antara di daerah Bungku. Kerajaan ini menguasai 0-3% yang banyak dijumpai di sekitar sungai- bagian selatan wilayah Kabupaten Morowali. sungai besar. Bentuk lahan marine tersebar Sementara itu, Kerajaan Mori menganut pada wilayah datar agak cekung di sepanjang agama Kristen dan berlokasi di Kolonedale. pantai. Bentuk lahan tektonik dan vulkanik Kerajaan ini menguasai wilayah bagian tersebar pada relief yang bergelombang sampai utara. Secara genealogis, penduduk kedua bergunung. Akibat bentuk lahan yang bervariasi kerajaan mempunyai hubungan erat dan tidak maka wilayah Kabupaten Morowali memiliki bermusuhan satu sama lain (Poelinggomang topografi yang bervariasi. Tanah di wilayah 2008, 17). Kabupaten Morowali berdasarkan klasifikasi Masyarakat Morowali mulai mengalami soil taxonomy terdiri dari beberapa ordo tanah, pergolakan ketika era otonomi daerah, dengan yaitu alfisols, entisols, ultisols, inoptisols, dimekarkannya Morowali menjadi kabupaten inceptisols, histosol, endisols, oxisols, vertisols, terpisah dari Poso. Peningkatan status menjadi dan mellisols. Sebagian besar tanah di wilayah kabupaten baru ternyata menimbulkan konflik ini tergolong subur dengan indikasi 45,44% dalam elit lokal Morowali (Darwis 2012; tanahnya bertekstur sedang, 43,87% bertekstur Marunduh 2015). Konflik elit politik lokal halus dan hanya 10,55% yang bertekstur kasar membawa masyarakat Morowali terpecah (Badan Pusat Statistik 2013). berdasarkan etnis dan agama (Marunduh 2015, Balai Arkeologi Manado pertama kali 9). Pada tahun 2013, Kabupaten Morowali mengadakan penelitian arkeologi di Kabupaten terpecah menjadi dua, yaitu Morowali Induk Morowali pada tahun 2011. Pada pelaksanaan dengan ibu kota Bungku, dan Morowali Utara survei tersebut, masih terdapat beberapa dengan ibu kota Kolonedale. Nama Morowali tinggalan sumber daya arkeologi yang belum merupakan nama sebuah gunung di daerah terdata. Menurut informasi yang didapat dari Cagar Alam Morowali. Pemilihan nama Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Morowali merupakan kesepakatan antara pihak Sulawesi Tengah, terdapat tinggalan benteng Mori dan Bungku. Sebelumnya pihak Mori di daerah Wosu dan Bungku. Selain informasi menginginkan nama Mori-Bungku, sedangkan tentang adanya benteng, didapat pula informasi pihak Bungku menginginkan Bungku-Mori tentang sebaran gua, baik yang difungsikan (Marunduh 2015, 153). sebagai pemukiman ataupun penguburan di Wilayah Kabupaten Morowali merupakan wilayah Kabupaten Morowali. Oleh karena itu, daerah tropis yang memiliki dua musim yaitu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mendata musim kemarau dan musim hujan. Berdasarkan tinggalan sumber daya arkeologi yang ada. klasifikasi Schmidt Fergusson, wilayah Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian Morowali tergolong iklim A (sangat basah) ini adalah apa saja potensi sumber daya dengan suhu udara rata-rata bulanan berkisar arkeologi dan bagaimana sebarannya di wilayah antara 25,800C sampai 28,40C. Secara geologis, Kabupaten Morowali dan bagaimana sumber wilayah Kabupaten Morowali tersusun atas daya arkeologi tersebut dapat mengambarkan beberapa jenis batuan yang antara lain, toleransi masyarakat Morowali pada masa lalu. batuan mollase, batuan kapur, batuan skiss, Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk batuan basik, ultra basik, dan sedimen. Secara mengetahui potensi tinggalan sumber daya geomorfologi, wilayah ini tersusun atas beberapa arkeologi dan sebarannya di wilayah Kabupaten bentuk lahan (landform), yaitu bentuk lahan Morowali. Selain itu, untuk melihat bagaimana aluvial (A), marine (M), vulkanik (V), tektonik, tinggalan sumber daya arkeologi dapat 82 Forum Arkeologi Volume 29, Nomor 2, Agustus 2016 (81 - 92) menggambarkan adanya toleransi kerukunan sumber daya. Penelitian arkeologi ruang dalam masyarakat Morowali pada masa lampau. tidak hanya melakukan analisis terhadap situs Sasaran dari penelitian ini adalah tinggalan permukiman saja, tetapi mencakup semua arkeologi yang terdapat di wilayah Kabupaten tempat pusat aktivitas manusia masa lalu Morowali. (Mundardjito 2002, 2-4). Sebaran situs dapat Pemanfaatan gua sebagai tempat hunian dikelompokkan berdasarkan lokasi geografis atau wilayah administrasi. diperkirakan mulai dikenal pada kala Pasca Plestosen. Perubahan iklim merupakan salah METODE satu penyebab pemanfaatan gua sebagai Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis, tempat hunian. Manusia memilih lokasi yang yaitu memberikan gambaran data arkeologi yang berdekatan dengan sumber air dan bahan ditemukan, baik dalam kerangka waktu, bentuk, makanan (Poesponegoro 1993, 125). Kegunaan maupun keruangan serta mengungkapkan gua-gua pada awalnya hanya sebagai tempat hubungan di antara variabel penelitian hunian, namun kemudian berubah menjadi (Puslitbang Arkenas 2008, 20). Penelitian tempat penguburan dan kegiatan spiritual ini menggunakan penalaran induktif, yaitu lainnya (Sugiyanto 2009, 138). penelitian yang berdasarkan pada pengamatan, Berdasarkan hasil penelitian arkeologi kemudian disimpulkan sebagai gejala yang tahun 2012, beberapa kecamatan di Kabupaten bersifat umum atau generalisasi empiris Morowali terdata 13 situs dengan rincian 5 situs (Tanudirdjo 1989, 34). Pengamatan dilakukan gua yaitu Gua Gililana dengan temuan cangkang terhadap tinggalan sumber daya arkeologi kerang, tatal batu, fragmen gerabah, tulang, dan yang ada, kemudian disimpulkan berdasarkan gigi manusia. Gua Batu Putih dengan temuan analisis yang digunakan. Pendekatan arkeologi cangkang kerang, serpih bilah, tatal, fragmen kesejarahan digunakan untuk mengetahui gerabah, dan tulang, serta tengkorak manusia. sejarah Kerajaan Mori dan Bungku. Arkeologi Gua Tapohulu dengan temuan cangkang kerang, kesejarahan merupakan sebuah pendekatan serpih bilah, tatal, dan fragmen gerabah. Gua yang menggabungkan antara sejarah, arkeologi, Tombea dengan temuan berupa tengkorak dan geografi, dan etnografi. Arkeologi kesejarahan tulang manusia. Gua Morokopa dengan temuan menitikberatkan kajian tinggalan arkeologi cangkang kerang, serpih bilah, tatal batu, dengan catatan tertulis yang berkaitan dengan fragmen gerabah, stoneware, porselin, dan sejarah tinggalan tersebut (Funari 1999, 1-3). tengkorak, serta tulang manusia.
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