Analisi Costi/Benefici Della Regolamentazione Dei Fondi Alternativi Di Investimento

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Analisi Costi/Benefici Della Regolamentazione Dei Fondi Alternativi Di Investimento Dipartimento di Impresa e Management Cattedra: Analisi economica del Diritto ANALISI COSTI/BENEFICI DELLA REGOLAMENTAZIONE DEI FONDI ALTERNATIVI DI INVESTIMENTO RELATORE: Prof. Andrea Renda CANDIDATO: Dott. Salvatore Maria Sardo (Matr. 646481) CORRELATORE: Prof.ssa Sabrina Bruno ANNO ACCADEMICO 2012/2013 A Ninì e Lillo, innamorati della vita 2 “Nessun maggior dolore che ricordarsi del tempo felice ne la miseria” Divina Commedia, Inferno Canto V 3 ANALISI COSTI/BENEFICI DELLA REGOLAMENTAZIONE DEI FONDI ALTERNATIVI DI INVESTIMENTO Sommario Prefazione…………………………………………………………...4 1. Fondi alternativi di investimento: fenomeno e caratteristiche 1.1 Il crescente utilizzo del risparmio gestito: caratteristiche e differenze .................... 16 1.2 Le tipologie di fondi alternativi: gli hedge funds come paradigma dominante ...... 30 1.3 Caratteristiche e struttura degli hedge funds .............................................................. 36 1.4 Tecniche e strategie di investimento principali:cenni ................................................ 43 2. Disciplina comunitaria dei fondi alternativi di investimento 2.1 La genesi della disciplina comunitaria: dalla UCITS alla AIFMD ........................... 54 2.2.1 La Direttiva 2011/61/UE (AIFMD): Obiettivi ..................................................... 61 2.2.2 La Direttiva 2011/61/UE (AIFMD): Ambito di applicazione ............................ 62 2.2.3 La Direttiva 2011/61/UE (AIFMD): Regime autorizzativo ................................ 71 2.2.4 La Direttiva 2011/61/UE (AIFMD): Requisiti patrimoniali ................................ 75 2.2.5 La Direttiva 2011/61/UE (AIFMD): Condizioni operative ................................ 78 2.2.6 La Direttiva 2011/61/UE (AIFMD): Obblighi di trasparenza ............................ 89 2.3 La Creazione di un mercato unico europeo .............................................................. 96 3. Analisi di impatto della regolamentazione: La nuova disciplina dei fondi alternativi, peso o risorsa? 3.1 La scelta di disciplinare i gestori………………………………………………103 3.2 Aree di rischio individuate dalla Direttiva AIFMD...………………………….109 3.3 Impatto economico per i soggetti destinatari della Direttiva AIFMD…………112 3.4 Il ruolo del depositario…………………………...…………………………...116 4 4. Conclusioni……………………………………………………………...….120 Bibliografia 5 Prefazione Nel pieno culmine di quello che è stato considerato il fallimento della missione naturale del sistema finanziario, appare opportuno eseguire una attenta analisi sulle responsabilità e sul ruolo che la disciplina legislativa ha svolto in passato e potrebbe svolgere nel futuro soprattutto in relazione all’ambito economico, divenuto, negli ultimi anni, più che mai causa del benessere/malessere sociale. Tra i fattori che concorrono a determinare una situazione di precarietà economica, è compresa la diffidenza nei confronti della politica, palesata dalla evidente escalation di reazioni populistiche, e il diffuso senso di abbandono e tradimento dei pubblici poteri dimostrazione propria di del fenomeno di affievolimento delle garanzie proprie dello stato di diritto e dell’ordinamento democratico. Uno dei primi nemici del processo di rinnovamento è senza dubbio il sentimento di sfiducia dei piccoli risparmiatori e l’euroscetticismo dei soggetti privati1. La necessità enfatizzata anche da Draghi il 4 maggio 2012 al Consiglio 1 v. CAPRIGLIONE, Globalizzazione, crisi finanziaria e mercati: una realtà su cui riflettere, Concorrenza e mercato 2012, 00, 867. “Si è in presenza, infatti, di un clima di incertezze che non solo investe i settori produttivi, ma interagisce anche su convincimenti e posizioni culturali da tempo consolidati. Sono messi in dubbio i canoni ordinatori della moderna costruzione democratica. È divenuta problematica la possibilità di dar corso a realizzazioni riconducibili ai principi fondanti della nostra costituzione economica; la critica si sofferma sui ritardi della politica, richiamando i limiti e la scarsa incisività dell'azione pubblica, cui si aggiunge un inadeguato sistema di garanzie che consentano allo Stato di perseguire compiutamente i propri obiettivi. Più in generale, vengono in considerazione le carenze del processo di integrazione economica europea: si valutano negativamente gli esiti delle convergenze economiche e giuridiche sottese all'unificazione monetaria, cui si accompagnano i dubbi di un diffuso (e mai sopito) euroscetticismo. Ed invero, la volatilità dei mercati - nei quali si riscontra un diffuso proliferare della speculazione che si nasconde "dietro i dogmi nebbiosi" della globalizzazione - lascia intravedere poche via d'uscita dalla situazione di impasse in cui molti paesi europei versano; da più parti ci si interroga su quale possa essere la soluzione corretta per impedire che la crisi finanziaria, e con essa quella dei debiti sovrani, non finiscano col travolgere l'euro. Nel delineato contesto rileva la precarietà dei principi ordinatori che, in epoche passate, erano stati ritenuti idonei ad assicurare un equo contemperamento tra efficienza produttiva, redistribuzione del reddito e stabilizzazione dell'economia; tali principi - in uno scenario che si 6 direttivo della BCE, riunito a Barcellona è quella di “orientare gli sforzi dei governi nazionali nella direzione di riforme strutturali in grado di rilanciare le prospettive di crescita di medio termine”, le uniche potenzialmente in grado di dare contenuto alle politiche dirette al riequilibrio dei conti ed al rilancio dello sviluppo”. Gli errori commessi in epoca recente sono stati causati da una errata comprensione dei rischi connessi all’evoluzione dell’attività bancaria che ha portato, nell’ultimo lustro, ad una totale spersonalizzazione dei rapporti e ad una concessione del credito totalmente avulsa dal merito dello stesso2. L’esposizione delle banche al rischio di credito è stata sostituita dal rischio di mercato ed insieme alla globalizzazione dei mercati finanziari ha portato ad un ingigantimento del rischio c.d sistemico3. L’intero sistema economico ha potuto assistere “all’affermarsi di nuovi intermediari, non banche e non soggetti alla relativa disciplina prudenziale, che come banche si sono comportati. (hedge funds)” 4. caratterizza per la problematicità di una "crescita" che stenta a partire- sembrano non in grado di assolvere alla funzione equilibratrice del sistema, che per solito ad essi viene riconosciuta. 2 v. ONADO, I nodi al pettine. La crisi finanziaria e le regole non scritte, Bari, 2009, passim 3 sul rischio sistemico e regolamentazione in materia di derivati v. MASCIANDARO, Più coraggio contro la finanza tossica, Il Sole 24 ore, 16 marzo 2013. “La Ue ha fatto un passo nella direzione di regolamentare i derivati finanziari. È una buona notizia, a patto che sia solo un inizio di un percorso che abbia come obiettivo quello di neutralizzare definitivamente le potenziali tossine che l'uso distorto e indiscriminato degli strumenti derivati ha finora procurato. Altrimenti potremmo avere effetti nulli, o addirittura controproducenti, in termini di prevenzione e controllo dell'instabilità sistemica. La normativa europea inizia formalmente un processo di centralizzazione degli scambi su alcune tipologie di derivati, che però – si dice – non si avvierà concretamente prima dell'estate 2014. Quindi un avvio timido, parziale e ritardato. Per definire quale sia la regolamentazione ottimale di uno strumento derivato occorre rispondere ad una semplice domanda: quale è il suo grado di tossicità? La tossicità di un qualunque contratto finanziario - inclusi quindi i contratti derivati - dipende da quale è il suo potenziale contributo al rischio sistemico. Il rischio sistemico è quello che un gran numero di attori economici pagano, a prescindere dal contributo che ciascuno di essi ha dato 4 Considerazioni di natura generale v. PRESTI, Mezzi e fini della nuova regolazione finanziaria in Banca borsa titoli di credito 2010, 02, 208: “È nozione ormai largamente condivisa che il sistema finanziario abbia negli ultimi anni tradito la sua missione; abbia cioè smesso di essere al servizio dell'economia reale allocando nel modo migliore le risorse e gestendo i relativi rischi. Si è 7 Lo stesso Governatore della Banca d’Italia Ignazio Visco durante la Conferenza a Classi riunite all’Accademia dei Lincei ha rimarcato con fermezza che: “la crisi ha mostrato che gli operatori di mercato non erano in grado di gestire l’intrinseca complessità del sistema che loro stessi avevano contribuito a elaborare negli ultimi due decenni. Favorita dai progressi nelle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione, la cartolarizzazione delle attività delle banche è notevolmente cresciuta, e con essa l’offerta di strumenti finanziari cosiddetti “strutturati” (ABS, CDO, ecc.). Dal tradizionale modello di intermediazione creditizia si è quindi passati – in particolare negli Stati Uniti, ma anche in altri paesi – a un sistema in cui i prestiti concessi venivano rapidamente trasformati in altri prodotti finanziari garantiti da quegli stessi prestiti, e quindi ceduti sul mercato: il cosiddetto modello originate-to-distribute5 (OTD). Con questi sviluppi, all’intrinseca difficoltà di valutare la qualità dei prestiti si è aggiunta quella di calcolato che a fine 2007 il valore di tutti gli strumenti finanziari, derivati compresi, eccedeva di oltre sedici volte il PIL mondiale.” Di opinione opposta GUFFANTI, La Direttiva sui fondi alternativi: prime considerazioni, Le Società 10/2011, 1181: “Sebbene la crisi non fosse riconducibile all’industria
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