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The Biological Bulletin Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts Ninety-Eighth Report for the Year 1995 One-Hundred and Seventh Year Officers of the Corporation Sheldon J. Segal, Chairman ofthe Board of Trustees Robert E. Mainer, I 'ice Chairman ofthe Board of Trustees James D. Ebert, President ofthe Corporation John E. Burns, Director and ChiefExecutive Officer Robert D. Manz, Treasurer Neil Jacobs, Clerk ofthe Corporation Contents Report of the Director and CEO R 1 Report of the Treasurer R7 Financial Statements R9 Report of the Librarian R22 Educational Programs Summer Courses R24 Short Courses R28 Summer Research Programs Principal Investigators R33 Other Research Personnel R34 Library Readers R36 Institutions Represented R37 Year-Round Research Programs R4 1 Honors R5 1 Board of Trustees and Committees R57 Administrative Support Staff R60 Members of the Corporation Photo credits: Life Members R63 Beth Armstrong R4. R28 Members R64 Mardi Bowles R44 Associate Members R74 Alan Kuzirian R ! . R3, R7, R22, R24, R33, Certificate of Organization R76 R4 1 , R5 1 Articles of Amendment R76 Chris Neill R2 Bylaws R76 Report of the Director and Chief Executive Officer The Marine Biological Laboratory and its research cephalopods marine animals that include cuttlefish, and training programs enjoyed another successful year squid, and octopus adds another exciting component in 1 995. Scientists working in the MBL's year-round to the MBL's research programs. One series of his research program continued to make important experiments is designed to determine whether contributions to our understanding of basic biological, cephalopods are capable of learning by observing the biomedical. and environmental sciences. Investigators behavior of others, a feat requiring cognitive abilities coming to the MBL to work for short periods thought to be performed only by evolutionarily throughout the year, and especially during the summer advanced organisms such as birds or mammals. months, provided their own invaluable insights into the Hanlon's investigations on sexual selection, sperm workings of fundamental life processes. And the scores competition, and DNA fingerprinting in squid will of students who worked day and night in the teaching improve our understanding of animal behavior and will laboratories of the Loeb and Lillie buildings added yet assist in efforts at improved fisheries management fora another level of excitement and curiosity to the better, more sustainable catch, currently valued at $33 Laboratory. million/year. All of these scientists, whether year-round or In 1995, Hanlon launched several biomedical summer, tenured professor or fledgling graduate research initiatives that employ the latest techniques in student, came together in Woods Hole to experience the molecular biology using the cuttlefish, the Hawaiian unique atmosphere of the Marine Biological squid, and the zebrafish as models. The newest model at Laboratory. Here they shared, studied, and grew the MBL, the Hawaiian squid, Euprymna scolopes, together as scientists, all with a single goal in mind: to hosts a colony of I "ibrio bacteria in its light organ. learn a little bit more about the world around them, Understanding how the symbiosis between Euprymna using as models a variety of aquatic organisms found in and I 'ibrio works will provide scientists, including the Woods Hole area. immunologists, with information about how all bacteria and other microbes whether harmless or pathogenic are able to recognize and colonize specific Research at the MBL tissues in its host. The Marine Resources Center Since its construction in 1992, the MBL's Marine Program in Comparative Molecular Biology and Resources Center has developed into an important Evolution facility for maintaining and culturing organisms and for conducting biomedical research. Throughout the year, In 1995. the MBL's Molecular Evolution Program the facility now enjoys a high level of activity. was renamed the Program in Comparative Molecular Last September, Dr. Roger Hanlon joined the MBL Biology and Evolution, a more accurate description of scientific staff as the Director of the Marine Resources the program's research. Under the direction of Dr. Center. Hanlon comes to the MBL from the University Mitchell L. Sogin, program scientists use the tools of of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston where comparative molecular biology to study the evolution he served as Chief, Division of Biology and Marine of microbes and other organisms that typically do not Resources at UTMB's Marine Biomedical Institute and have a fossil record or distinctive morphology. Sogin Professor in UTMB's School of Medicine. Hanlon's and his colleagues compare the genes of these organisms neurobiological and behavioral research on and create phylogenies (genealogies on an evolutionary Rl R2 Annual Report time scale) as a means of learning more about the origin size and location, the research questions addressed by of the earliest eukaryotes (organisms, including plants, Center scientists are often quite similar, regardless of the fungi, and animals, whose cells contain nuclei). By site. In 1995, the Center's projects continued to focus understanding the genetic makeup and relatedness of on studying the effects of change on ecosystems and on these organisms, scientists are better able to design developing basic principles about how ecosystems work. diagnostic probes that detect disease-causing pathogens How does the deposition of acidic compounds from and to identify the appropriate model system to study factory and automobile emissions affect forests, lakes, disease processes in a variety of more complex and streams in North America? How do changes in land organisms, including humans. use affect the flow of nutrients and organic matter into Last year, Sogin and his colleagues used an New England estuaries and thus the food chain? How imaginative and productive logic to study the 'minimal' will the clearing of tropical rainforests change the eukaryotic cell using Microsporidia as their model. amount of carbon dioxide released into the Microsporidia are pathogens that infect a variety of atmosphere? How would warmer temperatures or a hosts, including human and fish nerve cells; they also change in the global climate affect arctic ecosystems? have the smallest genomes of any known eukaryote. By Ecosystems Center scientists work collaboratively on analyzing microsporidial genomes, Sogin and his these projects, bringing together a wealth of expertise in colleagues hope to develop a fundamental genetic a variety of areas. As a result, computer modelers work blueprint for all eukaryotes which, when compared with with geochemists who work with terrestrial ecologists DNA sequences from other organisms, will reveal clues who work with microbiologists and so on to address about the function and structure of a variety of genes. complex global ecological problems. Center scientists are also working together to develop The Ecosystem* Center a semester-long educational program in environmental sciences for undergraduate liberal arts students. Thanks The Ecosystems Center, co-directed by Drs. Jerry to a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Melillo and John Hobbie, celebrated its 20th plans are almost completed for this exciting program, anniversary in 1995. The anniversary was an which is scheduled to begin in the fall of 1 997 here at opportunity for Center staff" to reflect on the remarkable the MBL. accomplishments of the past and to begin assessing the Center's role for the future. In 20 years, the Ecosystems . lrcliilccliirt.il Dynamics in Living Cells Program Center has grown considerably, both in terms of staff and breadth of research. Headed by Distinguished Scientist Dr. Shinya Inoue, Ecosystems Center scientists study the structure and scientists in the Architectural Dynamics of Living Cells function of ecological systems. Their research takes Program conduct research at the molecular and cellular them to remote field sites in Alaska, Brazil, and Sweden, level at the interface of anatomy and physiology. In as well as to more local study sites in southeastern 1 995, Ms. Rieko Arimoto, an engineer from the Nikon Massachusetts. Although the ecosystems may vary in Corporation in Japan, was a visiting investigator with the Program. While at the MBL she assisted Dr. Inoue and Mr. Robert Knudson in developing the four- dimensional light microscope (4-DLM) that Nikon is now manufacturing. This 4-DLM is a high-resolution light microscope that provides outstanding, dynamic three-dimensional views of the activities of living cells and the protein polymers found within them. Dr. Inoue continues to be recognized for his outstanding scientific achievements. In 1995 he was awarded the Microscopy Society of America's highest honor, the Distinguished Scientist Award for the Biological Sciences. The National I 'ihruting Prohe Facility The NIH-sponsored National Vibrating Probe Facility, which develops and makes available techniques for the non-invasive measurement of ion Report of the Director and C'KO R3 fluxes between membranes, had another active year New England Medical Center hematologists Barbara under the directorship of Peter J. S. Smith. These and Bruce Furie were appointed Visiting Scientists at techniques have long included a wire voltage probe that the MBL in 1995. They have set up a satellite year- measures nanovolt fields relating to net current flow round laboratory in the Lillie building, while across membranes of tissues and cells. Recently, an
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