Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts

Ninety-Eighth Report for the Year 1995 One-Hundred and Seventh Year

Officers of the Corporation

Sheldon J. Segal, Chairman ofthe Board of Trustees

Robert E. Mainer, I 'ice Chairman ofthe Board of Trustees James D. Ebert, President ofthe Corporation John E. Burns, Director and ChiefExecutive Officer Robert D. Manz, Treasurer Neil Jacobs, Clerk ofthe Corporation Contents

Report of the Director and CEO R 1 Report of the Treasurer R7 Financial Statements R9 Report of the Librarian R22 Educational Programs Summer Courses R24 Short Courses R28 Summer Research Programs Principal Investigators R33 Other Research Personnel R34 Library Readers R36 Institutions Represented R37

Year-Round Research Programs R4 1

Honors R5 1 Board of Trustees and Committees R57 Administrative Support Staff R60 Members of the Corporation Photo credits: Life Members R63 Beth Armstrong R4. R28 Members R64 Mardi Bowles R44

Associate Members R74 Alan Kuzirian R ! . R3, R7, R22, R24, R33, Certificate of Organization R76 R4 1 , R5 1 Articles of Amendment R76 Chris Neill R2 Bylaws R76 Report of the Director and Chief Executive Officer

The Marine Biological Laboratory and its research cephalopods marine animals that include cuttlefish, and training programs enjoyed another successful year squid, and octopus adds another exciting component in 1 995. Scientists working in the MBL's year-round to the MBL's research programs. One series of his research program continued to make important experiments is designed to determine whether contributions to our understanding of basic biological, cephalopods are capable of learning by observing the biomedical. and environmental sciences. Investigators behavior of others, a feat requiring cognitive abilities coming to the MBL to work for short periods thought to be performed only by evolutionarily throughout the year, and especially during the summer advanced organisms such as birds or mammals. months, provided their own invaluable insights into the Hanlon's investigations on sexual selection, sperm workings of fundamental life processes. And the scores competition, and DNA fingerprinting in squid will of students who worked day and night in the teaching improve our understanding of animal behavior and will laboratories of the Loeb and Lillie buildings added yet assist in efforts at improved fisheries management fora another level of excitement and curiosity to the better, more sustainable catch, currently valued at $33 Laboratory. million/year. All of these scientists, whether year-round or In 1995, Hanlon launched several biomedical summer, tenured professor or fledgling graduate research initiatives that employ the latest techniques in student, came together in Woods Hole to experience the molecular biology using the cuttlefish, the Hawaiian unique atmosphere of the Marine Biological squid, and the zebrafish as models. The newest model at Laboratory. Here they shared, studied, and grew the MBL, the Hawaiian squid, Euprymna scolopes, together as scientists, all with a single goal in mind: to hosts a colony of I "ibrio bacteria in its light organ. learn a little bit more about the world around them, Understanding how the symbiosis between Euprymna using as models a variety of aquatic organisms found in and I 'ibrio works will provide scientists, including the Woods Hole area. immunologists, with information about how all bacteria and other microbes whether harmless or pathogenic are able to recognize and colonize specific Research at the MBL tissues in its host. The Marine Resources Center

Since its construction in 1992, the MBL's Marine Program in Comparative Molecular Biology and Resources Center has developed into an important Evolution facility for maintaining and culturing organisms and for conducting biomedical research. Throughout the year, In 1995. the MBL's Molecular Evolution Program the facility now enjoys a high level of activity. was renamed the Program in Comparative Molecular Last September, Dr. Roger Hanlon joined the MBL Biology and Evolution, a more accurate description of scientific staff as the Director of the Marine Resources the program's research. Under the direction of Dr. Center. Hanlon comes to the MBL from the University Mitchell L. Sogin, program scientists use the tools of of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston where comparative molecular biology to study the evolution he served as Chief, Division of Biology and Marine of microbes and other organisms that typically do not Resources at UTMB's Marine Biomedical Institute and have a fossil record or distinctive morphology. Sogin Professor in UTMB's School of Medicine. Hanlon's and his colleagues compare the genes of these organisms neurobiological and behavioral research on and create phylogenies (genealogies on an evolutionary

Rl R2 Annual Report time scale) as a means of learning more about the origin size and location, the research questions addressed by of the earliest eukaryotes (organisms, including plants, Center scientists are often quite similar, regardless of the fungi, and animals, whose cells contain nuclei). By site. In 1995, the Center's projects continued to focus understanding the genetic makeup and relatedness of on studying the effects of change on ecosystems and on these organisms, scientists are better able to design developing basic principles about how ecosystems work. diagnostic probes that detect disease-causing pathogens How does the deposition of acidic compounds from and to identify the appropriate model system to study factory and automobile emissions affect forests, lakes, disease processes in a variety of more complex and streams in North America? How do changes in land organisms, including humans. use affect the flow of nutrients and organic matter into Last year, Sogin and his colleagues used an New England estuaries and thus the food chain? How imaginative and productive logic to study the 'minimal' will the clearing of tropical rainforests change the eukaryotic cell using Microsporidia as their model. amount of carbon dioxide released into the Microsporidia are pathogens that infect a variety of atmosphere? How would warmer temperatures or a hosts, including human and fish nerve cells; they also change in the global climate affect arctic ecosystems? have the smallest genomes of any known eukaryote. By Ecosystems Center scientists work collaboratively on analyzing microsporidial genomes, Sogin and his these projects, bringing together a wealth of expertise in colleagues hope to develop a fundamental genetic a variety of areas. As a result, computer modelers work blueprint for all eukaryotes which, when compared with with geochemists who work with terrestrial ecologists DNA sequences from other organisms, will reveal clues who work with microbiologists and so on to address about the function and structure of a variety of genes. complex global ecological problems. Center scientists are also working together to develop The Ecosystem* Center a semester-long educational program in environmental sciences for undergraduate liberal arts students. Thanks The Ecosystems Center, co-directed by Drs. Jerry to a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Melillo and John Hobbie, celebrated its 20th plans are almost completed for this exciting program, anniversary in 1995. The anniversary was an which is scheduled to begin in the fall of 1 997 here at opportunity for Center staff" to reflect on the remarkable the MBL. accomplishments of the past and to begin assessing the

Center's role for the future. In 20 years, the Ecosystems . lrcliilccliirt.il Dynamics in Living Cells Program Center has grown considerably, both in terms of staff and breadth of research. Headed by Distinguished Scientist Dr. Shinya Inoue, Ecosystems Center scientists study the structure and scientists in the Architectural Dynamics of Living Cells function of ecological systems. Their research takes Program conduct research at the molecular and cellular them to remote field sites in Alaska, Brazil, and Sweden, level at the interface of anatomy and physiology. In as well as to more local study sites in southeastern 1 995, Ms. Rieko Arimoto, an engineer from the Nikon Massachusetts. Although the ecosystems may vary in Corporation in Japan, was a visiting investigator with the Program. While at the MBL she assisted Dr. Inoue and Mr. Robert Knudson in developing the four- dimensional light microscope (4-DLM) that Nikon is now manufacturing. This 4-DLM is a high-resolution light microscope that provides outstanding, dynamic three-dimensional views of the activities of living cells and the protein polymers found within them. Dr. Inoue continues to be recognized for his outstanding scientific achievements. In 1995 he was awarded the Microscopy Society of America's highest honor, the Distinguished Scientist Award for the Biological Sciences.

The National I 'ihruting Prohe Facility

The NIH-sponsored National Vibrating Probe Facility, which develops and makes available techniques for the non-invasive measurement of ion Report of the Director and C'KO R3

fluxes between membranes, had another active year New England Medical Center hematologists Barbara under the directorship of Peter J. S. Smith. These and Bruce Furie were appointed Visiting Scientists at techniques have long included a wire voltage probe that the MBL in 1995. They have set up a satellite year- measures nanovolt fields relating to net current flow round laboratory in the Lillie building, while across membranes of tissues and cells. Recently, an ion maintaining their active research program in Boston. selective probe, originally developed to study calcium One of the major themes of the Furie's Boston fluxes, has been available. It has also been successfully laboratory has been the biosynthesis of blood clotting adapted to measure transmembrane potassium and proteins that contain the amino acid. 7-carboxy- hydrogen; studies determining its usefulness as a tool glutamic acid. The synthesis of this amino acid requires for measuring magnesium and chloride have also been vitamin K the only known use of that vitamin. With completed. the discovery of this same amino acid in the toxins of In 1995 Smith and his colleagues obtained their first cone snails (the only non-vertebrates proven to have measurements using two new probes that are still under 7-carboxyglutamic acid) the Furies began to wonder development. The oxygen probe, developed for the how cone snails make 7-carboxyglutamic acid and study of cell respiration, was used to make a first whether they too require vitamin K. They will address measurement of oxygen uptake by a single neuron. The these questions, and determine whether the amino acid biokelvin or aerial probe, designed to measure weak exists in other marine organisms, at their new lab at the fields around tissue in a gaseous environment, has also MBL. been used successfully to measure electric fields around corn coleoptiles showing both photo and geotactic NASA Center responses. Highlights of recent research done at the Facility include the use of the vas deferens of rat to Eliezar (Lenny) Dawidowicz, Ph.D., was appointed study the acidification of the male reproductive tract by the Administrator of the NASA-sponsored Center for a proton-pumping ATPase; studies of the physiological Advanced Studies in the Space Life Sciences. functions of cation currents using isolated Aply.sia bag Dawidowicz comes to the MBL from the National cell neurons; measurements of ion fluxes in mouse pre- Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases in implantation embryos; and a report on acetylcholine- Bethesda, Maryland, where he served since 1993 as induced calcium fluxes across the sarcolemma of an Director of the Metabolism & Structural Biology echinoderm smooth muscle. Research Program. Dawidowicz is responsible for coordinating the activities of the new Center, which will review and provide studies on a variety of life science Welcomes Labs MEL Two New areas related to space research. The Center is especially interested in the role that gravity plays in biological new laboratories were established at the MBL in Two processes, and how to use variations in gravity as a 1995. and summer MBL Corporation Member probe to answer basic biological and biomedical Dr. Silver the investigator Robert joined year-round questions. community in early March. Prior to coming to the MBL, Silver was an Associate Professor in Cornell's Section and Department of Physiology and Director of the Center for Advanced Imaging Technology at the College of Veterinary Medicine there. He received his Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of California, Berkeley, and his B.S. in Biology from Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Silver's research interests include understanding the role of calcium ions in the regulation of cell division and neuronal signaling; the role of sensory hair cell stereocilia in vestibular function; intracellular calcium ion regulation; application of machine vision and signal processing and analysis methods and computational visualization to video imagery; biochemical and biophysical aspects of mitosis; cell and developmental biology; cell physiology; microinjection: and microscopy. R4 Annual Report

Other Developments to conduct research at the MBL successfully passed through a rigorous review process.

of 1 also Last August, the MBL entered into an exciting The summer 995 saw the creation of the first collaborative research agreement with the formal "Cluster" of scientists at the MBL. The Cluster pharmaceutical company Pfizer Inc. to study the concept was developed to bring researchers with similar potential of marine microorganisms to produce new research interests and needs together in adjoining chemical compounds for treating diseases. MBL Senior laboratories where they can share space, techniques, Scientist Norman Wainwright is leading this new effort equipment, and ideas. The group comprising the at the MBL. Wainwright has been charged with inaugural Clam Cluster, including Drs. Robert providing Pfizer with compounds made by marine Goldman (Northwestern University), Joan Ruderman microbes gathered in local waters. Pfizer then tests these (Harvard University), Katherine Swenson (Duke compounds against thousands of different screens that University), George Langford (Dartmouth College), Robert Palazzo of detect antibiotic or anticancer activity. If Pfizer detects a (University Kansas), and Avram novel compound, and if its antibiotic or anti-tumor Hershko (Technion-Israel Institute of Technology), worked in the activity is confirmed in subsequent tests, the compound together Whitman building to learn more may become one of the projects in Pfizer's drug about cell division and the cell cycle, using the surf clam development pipeline. Spisulci as their model research organism. In October 1995, Drs. Roxanna Smolowitz of the The MBL's 1995 General Scientific Meetings were University of Pennsylvania's Laboratory for Aquatic held from August 14 to 16, and were co-chaired by Animal Medicine and Pathology based at the MBL and Robert Paul Malchow (University of Illinois at Dale Leavitt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Chicago); Anne Giblin (MBL Ecosystems Center); and Institution identified a relatively new disease in hard Kathleen Siwicki (Swarthmore College). More than 60 clams, Mercenariu lucrccnaria. cultured in local clam papers were presented at the meeting, 55 of which were leases. The disease is caused by an organism called QP.\ reviewed and published as Short Reports in the October (Quahaug Parasite Unknown) and has only been issue of The Biological Bulletin. Topics included identified twice previously in diseased clams in Canada. biophysics, comparative physiology and biochemistry, QPX is a protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum behavior, physiological ecology, biogeochemistry and Labryinomorpha. It appears to invade the clam's nutrient cycling, calcium, neurobiology. development, mantle edges and gills causing debilitation and and the cell cycle. eventually death. The disease has made clam culturing Three Short Reports, co-authored by Mark uneconomical in Provincetown. Smolowitz and Leavitt Martindale. Jonathan Henry, and Barbara Boyer, were are presently conducting research to monitor these and selected as feature articles by the Bulletin '.v editors. These other clam flats, and to study QPX infectivity and papers on experimental embryology illustrated transmission. Ultimately they hope to understand the how new methods and techniques can be used to pathogenesis of the disease and develop means of address classic questions in biology, and provided new managing and preventing the disease. information about how embryos are put together and Associate Scientist Alan Kuzirian and colleagues how thev work. have recently determined experimentally that lead in seawater can be toxic to the sea slug, Hennisscmln. Lead toxicity appears to inhibit normal feeding rhythms, to distinctly modify and depress movement, and to impair Hcnnissenda 's ability to learn. These studies have implications for further understanding the effects of lead exposure on children.

Summer Research

Hundreds of investigators from around the world came to the MBL this past summer to pursue independent research and to share findings and techniques with each other. Laboratory space was fully subscribed in 1995, and the Laboratory was able to offer $142,000 in fellowships to 23 scientists whose proposals Report of the Director and CKO K5

Education at the MBL of early embryonic development. The work for which he and his colleagues Christiane Nuesslein-Volhard In 1995 the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in (HHMI) awarded $2 million to the Marine Biological Tuebingen)and Edward B. Lewis (California Institute Laboratory. The four-year HHMI grant will provide of Technology) were recognized followed on the heels of support to the MBL educational program, and Weischaus' participation in the MBL's Embryology specifically to courses in Physiology, Embryology, course. Weischaus took the course in 1 969 before Neurobiology and Development of the Leech, Methods beginning his graduate work. in Computational Neuroscience, Microbial Diversity, "The biggest benefit [of the Embryology course] was Biology of Parasitism, Neural Systems and Behavior, seeing embryos from a wide variety of marine Neurobiology. and Molecular Evolution. In 1995, the organisms," Wieschaus says of his MBL experience. "In MBL again offered these and six other outstanding the embryology course we could watch their courses, which enrolled 338 students representing 226 development and try simple manipulative procedures to institutions and 39 countries. move cells around or destroy certain regions of the egg. I 1995 also marked the successful turnover of the left the course with a deeper appreciation of the richness directorships of a number of MBL courses. Gary of developmental phenomena and the conviction that I Banker (University of Virginia) and Daniel Madison could study embryos for the rest of my life." (Stanford) took the helm of the Neurobiology course; MBL Corporation Member and Massachusetts Janis Weeks (University of Oregon) and Harold Zakon Institute of Technology molecular biologist Alexander (University of Texas, Austin) assumed the directorship Rich was awarded the Medal of Science, the Nation's of the Neural Systems and Behavior course; Edward highest scientific honor, in October of 1995. The Society Leadbetter (University of Connecticut) and Abigail for Developmental Biology presented long-time MBL Salyers (University of Illinois) became directors of the Corporation Member and former Trustee John Philip Microbial Diversity course; Celia Brosnan (Albert Trinkaus with its first Edwin G. Conklin Medal in Einstein) and Jack Rosenbluth (New York University) Developmental Biology at the Society's annual meeting assumed the directorship of the Pathogenesis course; in late August. We also congratulate MBL Corporation and Pierre Drapeau (McGill University) and Marty Members Clara Franzini-Armstrong and Holger Shankland (Harvard Medical School) led the Jannasch and MBL course alumni Lawrence Gold, Neurobiology of the Leech course, which will now be Judith Kimble. Ronald Sederoff, Douglas Wallace, and offered annually. On behalf of the MBL, I extend my Robert Huber on their election in 1 995 to membership thanks to all retiring course directors and to this new in the National Academy of Sciences. class of course faculty. Last May an unusual group of students gathered at the MBL to take one of the newest short Laboratory's MBL/WHOI Library courses, "Aquaculture for Regulators." Fisheries officials from throughout southeastern Massachusetts The MBL/WHOI Library successfully installed its participated in the one-week course, which was co- new Library software system, named MARINER, in sponsored by the Woods Hole Oceanographic December of 1 995. This new system will allow the Institution and directed by Roger Hanlon and Dale Library to store and provide information to its scientific

Leavitt ( WHOI). The course covered the history of customers more reliably, especially given the ever aquaculture, the state-of-the-science in systems design increasing electronic demands on the facility. and engineering, the biology and diseases of MARINER now allows scientists to search for and commercially important shellfish and finfish, and the retrieve the full text of many articles without ever laws and regulations pertaining to aquaculture. leaving their computers. Although the Library is leaping with both feet into the electronic era, it still carefully Honors maintains its extremely valuable paper collection. Last year funds donated in memory of Homer P. Smith MBL Corporation Members and course alumni sponsored the restoration of the Library's 1670 editions continue to be recognized for their outstanding research of the Philosophical Transactions. The Library's oldest efforts in the life sciences. MBL Embryology course and most valuable volume, Gesner's Nomenclature alumnus Eric F. Wieschaus, a professor at Princeton (dated 1 560), was also sent out for restoration and University, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology repair. or Medicine last October for his groundbreaking work Staffers from the MBL/WHOI Library's Information during the 1970s and early 1980s on the genetic control Systems Division were involved in 1995 in the R6 Annual Report development of the Marine Animal web page that is MBL's contracted food service, funded the renovations, now available over the Internet. This resource which are the first renovations to the dining facilities originated from the MBL's Marine Resources Catalog, since the Center was built in 1972. which lists more than 200 organisms available from and distributed by the MBL. The ISD staff has expanded the MBL Trustees content of the catalog to include images of animals, taxonomic information, current literature citations, The Marine Biological Laboratory Board of Trustees access to DNA sequence data, and ordering elected four new members in 1995: Dr. Story Landis, information, this new a and making product powerful Dr. Irwin Levitan, Dr. Frank Press, and Mr. important resource for scientists working on marine Christopher Weld. All will serve as members of the biomedical models around the world. Class of 2000. Dr. Landis is Scientific Director of the The Library has also been collaborating with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke editors of The Bulletin to an Biological develop at the National Institutes of Health and Professor and electronic companion to the 99-year-old journal. The Chairman of the Department of Neurosciences at Case new electronic, peer-reviewed journal, the Marine Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Dr. Models Electronic Record, will publish practical Levitan is the Nancy Lurie Marks Professor of information about non-mammalkm marine organisms Neuroscience and Director of the Center for Complex that are useful in basic biological and biomedical Systems at Brandeis University. Dr. Press served two research. The MBL received a start-up grant from the terms as president of the National Academy of Sciences National Science Foundation to launch the journal, (from 198 1 to 1993) before being named to his present which is scheduled to be published and available on-line position as the Cecil and Ida Green Senior Fellow at the by the time this report is published. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Mr. Weld is Managing Partner of the Boston law firm Sullivan and Worcester. Facilities I also extend my thanks, on behalf of the members of the Board, to retiring Board members Drs. Robert In 1995 the MBL restored the Broderick House, Goldman and Eric Davidson for all of their efforts located on the corner of North and Albatross Streets. during their tenure as Trustees. MBL consultants and Town of Falmouth officials determined, after careful review, that the building was structurally unsuitable for renovation and that the Looking Ahead original structure needed to be razed. The new Broderick House, which opened its doors in the fall, Following the report of the Decennial Review retains the look and the historical nature of the original Committee in 1994, the MBL's Board of Trustees, the building. Although the exterior of Broderick looks Science Council, and various small groups of scientists much like the original building, the interior has been and individuals have begun the process of planning for modernized and converted into office space that is now the Marine Biological Laboratory's future. These groups occupied by the Boston University Marine Program have spent considerable time reviewing the role of the administration and the new NASA program. The Laboratory as a force in American biological and Instrument Development Laboratory occupies the biomedical research and training. This process, which is basement of the facility. on-going, will be of the utmost importance over the Renovations to the Swope Center's second floor coming years as we seek to strengthen the Laboratory in

dining room and kitchen were also completed in 1 995. light of the advances in knowledge and the increased New appliances were installed in the kitchen, the service sophistication and cost of biological research. area was redesigned, and both the private and main dining rooms underwent major facelifts. Sodexho, the John E. Burris Report of the Treasurer

This report accompanies the financial statements for The status of these net assets is presented in the the Marine Biological Laboratory for the year ended Balance Sheet; activities that affected them are December 31.1 995. Although the continuing solid presented in the Statement of Activities and the way in financial performance and increasing financial strength which these activities changed the cash position of the the of the Laboratory is the heart of my message, I should Laboratory is presented in a new statement, spend a little time orienting the reader to the new Statement of Cash Flows. method of presenting financial position and results that The net assets of the Marine Biological Laboratory one will confront in the pages following this report. In increased in 1995 from $42.5 million to $48.2 million. 1995 the Laboratory adopted the reporting format This increase was essentially due to the success of our mandated by Statement of Financial Accounting investment management activities; we enjoyed realized

1 1 7 it is to of million and a total Standards 1 17 (SFAS ) whose purpose and unrealized capital gains $4.9 a simplify and standardize reporting of not-for-profit return on our portfolio for the year of 30%. This was institutions and make their financial statements more happy payoff to the significant work of the Finance and the of comparable to for-profit businesses. Investment Committee in restructuring process The essence of the change is to categorize all activity managing the Laboratory's investments. This

as it affects the net assets of the institution; said net investment success is the major cause for the increases assets are subdivided into three types: in temporarily restricted net assets of $5,539,000 and of permanently restricted net assets of $857,000.

Unrestricted Net Assets of $2 1 ,050,000 represented a of ( 1 ) Unrestricted net assets are immediately at the decrease of $739, 8 18, a result after the impact MBL's disposal; the funds for normal operating depreciation of about $1,41 0,049. In accordance with

activities and balances are included here. SFAS 1 1 7, the Laboratory is reporting the results of this result underlines the ( 2 ) Temporarily restricted net assets are those that operations after depreciation; are accompanied by some granting or donating continuing necessity to generate funds for the institution's limitation on the manner or the time replacement of our scientific and other facilities, but period in which the institution may use such funds; the masks a comparatively strong and healthy result of unexpended balance of a multi-year grant for a specific operations for the year. program of research would be an example of this Our liquidity has diminished as our current

category. investments have dropped $ 1 ,300,000. This decrease (3) Permanently restricted net assets represent funds was due in large measure to the conclusion of a multi- that may not be spent by the MBL, although the income year grant in support of the education program. The deriving from investment of these funds may be spent. grant, from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, has The original corpus of permanent endowment funds been renewed but the funding terms have been changed. would be an example of this category. The MBL will receive this cash annually in the future, In addition, the Laboratory has adopted the reporting rather than for a number of years in advance. 1995 is requirements of SFAS 1 16. which primarily requires The major financial management event of that pledges be booked as an asset by the institution, that it is the last full year the Laboratory was the even though the cash has not yet been received, just as beneficiary of the extraordinary services of John Speer, an account receivable would be. The result of adopting Controller. John retired in June. 1996. When John this standard was a one-time increase in the net assets of joined the Laboratory in 1982 the net assets of the MBL the Laboratory of $1.3 million. were $ 10 million. Today they are $48 million. During R7 R8 Annual Report that time there have been three directors and one acting retired as a captain from the U.S. Navy. His energy is director. A major new research facility has been built. boundless and his ability to surface issues while there is There have been three major debt financings. An plenty of time to consider them has served this employee bargaining unit was formed and the Board of institution well. It's hard to believe John is going to Directors restructured itself. The federal government retire a second time. He will be missed. changed its mind a number of times as to how its grant As John leaves, the Laboratory recognizes that the funds should be handled and those activities reported, position has changed: through his actions. John created and the Financial Accounting Standards Board has the position of Chief Financial Officer of the Marine changed its reporting requirements a few more times. Biological Laboratory, and his replacement, Timothy Shortly after he arrived at the MBL John implemented Roddy, who comes to us from the National Academy of a new financial management system. Having outlived Sciences, will hold that title. that one. John initiated another renewal of the computer system this year. All of this after John had Robert Manz Financial Statements

Coopers certified public accountants &Lybrand

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS

To the Board of Trustees of Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts

We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Marine Biological Laboratory (the "Laboratory") as of December 31, 1995 and the related statements of activities and cash flows for the year then ended. We previously audited and reported upon the financial statements of the Laboratory for the year ended December 31,1 994, for which condensed statements are presented for comparative purposes only. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Laboratory's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Marine Biological Laboratory at December 31, 1995, and its activities and cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

As discussed in Note B to the financial statements, during 1 995 the Laboratory changed its method of accounting for contributions received and adopted newly established financial reporting display standards for not-for-profit organizations. The accounting for contributions was adopted prospectively and the financial reporting display was adopted retroactively and the summarized comparative financial informantion presented for the year ended December 31,1 994 has been restated.

Our audit was conducted for the purpose of forming an opinion on the basic financial statements taken

as a whole. The supplemental schedules for unrestricted net assets (Schedule I), temporarily restricted net assets (Schedule II), permanently restricted net assets (Schedule III), and pooled investments (Schedule IV) as of December 31, 1995 are presented for purposes of additional analysis and are not a required part of the basic financial statements. Such information has been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in the audit of the basic financial statements and, in our opinion, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole.

Boston, Massachusetts May 3, .996

R9 O rf- r^ so Financial Statements Rll

Marine Biological Laboratory

Notes to Financial Statements

A.

or station for scientific and The purpose of Marine Biological Laboratory (the "Laboratory") is to establish and maintain a laboratory study natural histors investigations, and a school for instruction in biology and

B. StKitilteani Accounting Policies:

Basis ol Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis and in accordance with the principles of not-for-profit ac- counting.

The Laboratory has adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 1 16, Accounting for Contributions Received and Made which

services. The of 1 16 have been requires the recording of certain promises to give (gift pledges) and other contributed provisions FAS adopted is reflected in these statements. prospectively, and accordingly, a cumulative adjustment for change in accounting principles

The Laboratory has also adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 1 17. Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations assets as which requires the inclusion of a statement of cash flows and the classification of contributed net permanently restricted, temporarily

1 1 7 restricted, or unrestricted, determined by the existence or absence of restrictions placed on their use by donors. The provisions of SFAS No. restated to to the 1995 A have been adopted retroactively, and, accordingly, the 1994 comparative totals have been conform presentation. description of the three net asset categories follows:

Net Assets

The Laboratory's net assets are segregated into three groups:

L'nresincled Unrestricted net assets represent the results of operations, assets released from restrictions, and all resources not subject to Included in unrestricted net assets are donor-imposed restrictions of a more specific nature than the furtherance of the Laboratory's mission. liabilities. the funds related to the $2 1 .382.570 of net plant assets, offset by debt and other

restrictions have not been met and Temporarily restricted These assets include gifts plus monies for which the specific, donor-imposed of the is not restricted. As the restrictions are pledges, annuities, and life income trusts for which the ultimate purpose proceeds permanently met. the assets are released to unrestricted. Also, gains/losses associated with permanently restricted gifts which have no donor restrictions on the realized and unrealized gains are classified as temporarily restricted but maintain the donor requirements for expenditure.

the invested in and the Permanently restricted These assets include gifts, pledges and trusts which require that corpus be perpetuity only income be made available for program operations in accordance with donor restrictions.

Cash ami C 'ash Equivalents

with an of Cash equivalents consist of resources invested in overnight repurchase agreements and highly liquid investments original maturity three months or less.

Investments

value at the date of the Investments purchased by the Laboratory are carried at market value. Donated investments are recorded at fair market of cost is determined based on the first-in. first-out method. gift. For determination of gain or loss upon disposal investments,

are held in trust In 1924. the Laboratory became the beneficiary of certain investments, classified as permanently restricted net assets, which by to the contractual restrictions on others. The Laboratory has the continuing rights to the income produced by these funds in perpetuity, subject

1 committee to ensure the use of such funds. Accordingly, the trust has established a process to conduct a review every years by an independent on the funds the the Laboratory continues to perform valuable services in biological research in accordance with the restrictions placed by The market values of agreement. The committee met in 1994 and determined that MBL has continued to meet the contractual requirements. such investments are $5.457,579 and $4.595.615 at December 31. 1995 and 1994. respectively. The income on these investments totaled $186.505 and $193. 359 in 1995 and 1994. respectively.

Investment Income and Distribution

The Laboratory follows the accrual basis of accounting except that investment income is recorded on a cash basis. The difference between such basis and the accrual basis does not have a material effect on the determination of investment income earned on a year-to-year basis.

For the master pooled investments, the Laboratory employs a total return utilization policy that establishes the amount of the investment return made available for spending each year. The Finance and Investment Committee has approved the policy that the withdrawal will be based on n income, realized 4% to 5 r of the latest three-year ending market values of the funds. The market value includes the principal plus reinvested T~, and unrealized gains and losses. Spending rates in excess of 5% but not exceeding , must be approved in advance by the Finance and Investment Committee of the Trustees. In 1995. the Laboratory expended 4% of the year-end market value of the investments.

The net appreciation on permanently and temporarily restricted net assets is reported together with temporarily restricted net assets until such time as all or a portion of the appreciation is distributed for spending in accordance with the total return utilization policy and applicable state law.

Investment income on the pooled investment account is allocated to the participating funds on the market value unit basis (Note D). R12 Annual Report

Pliinl Assets

at fair market value at the date of the is Buildings and equipment are recorded at cost. Donated facility assets are recorded gift. Depreciation is in over the asset's estimated useful life. Estimated computed using the straight-line method, beginning the month after the asset placed service, for and for 1995 useful lives are generally three to ten years for equipment and 20 to 40 years buildings improvements. Depreciation expense in of activities in the functionalized When assets are sold amounted to $ 1 .4 10.049 and has been recorded the statement appropriate categories. is in unrestricted or retired, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss included income for the period.

Annuities and L'nilrusls Puyuhlc

value as of December Amounts due to donors in connection with gift annuities and unitrusts are determined based on remainder calculations, 31. 1995 with varied assumptions of rates of return and payout terms.

Use ofEstimates

to make estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Tax-Exempt Status

The Laboratory is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Professional Standards

In November 1995. the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) released Statement No. 124. Accounting for Certain Investments Held

I statement that investments in by Not-for-Profit Organizations, which applies for fiscal vears beginning after December 5. 1445. The requires certain disclosures equity securities and debt securities be reported at fair value with gains and losses included in a statement of activities plus about investments. The Laboralorv will adopt this standard fiscal year 1996 which begins January 1 This standard will not materially impact stated at but additional disclosure the financial position or results of operations of the Laboratory as investments are already market may require concerning investments.

C. Investments

1445 1994: The following is a summary of the cost and market value of investments at December 31, and Market Cost

199? 1W4 1995

Certificates of deposit $ 52.459 50.173 Money market securities 1.530.048 1.877.731 U.S. Government Securities 1.206.863 1.057.616 Corporate fixed income 3.342,219 12.248.905 Common stocks 2,770,153 7.732.931 Mutual funds 14.305,946 Limited partnerships 3.647.200 Real estate 13.247 13.247

Total investments $26.918.135 $22.980,603 Financial Statements

D. Acc< muling lor I'on

Certain net assets are pooled for investment purposes. Investment income from the pooled investment account is allocated on the market value unit basis, and each fund subscribes to or disposes of units on the basis of the market value per unit at the beginning of the calendar quarter within unit which the transaction takes place. Ecosystem funds were added to the pooled funds in 1995 as temporarily restricted. The participation of the funds at December 31. 1995 and 1994 is as follows:

1994

Unrestricted 4.495 4.342 Temporarily restricted 43.242 8,773 Permanently restricted, restricted income 63,766 63,524 229 Permanently unrestricted, unrestricted income 229 111.732 76.868

Pooled investment activity on a per-unit basis was as follows:

1995 1994

Unit value at beginning of year $127.43 $137.18 127.43 Unit value at end of year 159.37

Increase (decrease) in realized and unrealized appreciation 3 1 .94 (9.75) Net income earned on pooled investments 0.11 5.53 Total return on pooled investments $ 32.05 $ (4.22)

E. Cuniiniimcni mill Cuniingciicies:

Cu/'ilul Leases

As of December 31,1 995 the Laboratory had capital leases for office equipment. Interest rates on the obligations are between 1 .55% and 6.63%. The future minimum lease payments as of December 31. 1995 are as follows:

1996 $33.101 1997 20,770 1998 8.7(10 $62,571

F. Lung-Term Deht

five fiscal and Long-term debt at December 31.1 995 amounted to $2,396.670. The aggregate amount of principal due for each of the next years thereafter is as follows:

1996 $ 76,670 1997 80.000 1998 85,000 1999 90,000 2000 105.000 Thereafter 1.960.000 2.396,670 Less current portion (76.670) Total $2.320.000

In 1992. the Laboratory issued $1,100.000 Massachusetts Industrial Finance Authority (MIFA) Series I992A Bonds and $1.500.000 MIFA Series I992B. These bonds pay varying annual interest rates ranging from 3.48% to 6.63%. Interest expense on this debt totaled $156,640 for the year ended December 31, 1995. The Series 1992 A and B Bonds mature on December 1. 2012 and are collateralized by a first mortgage on certain Laboratory property.

The agreements related to these Bonds subject the Laboratory to certain covenants and restrictions. Llnder the most restrictive covenant of this debt, the Laboratory's operating surplus (before transfers), interest, expense and transfers from the quasi-endowment for debt service must equal or exceed all debt service payments, as denned by the agreement. The Laboratory was in compliance with these covenants and restrictions at December 31. 1995.

G. Reliri-mi'nl Plan:

The Laboratory participates in the defined contribution pension plan of TIAA-CREF (the "Plan"). The Plan is available to permanent em- ployees that have completed two years of service. Under the Plan, the Laboratory contributes 10% of total compensation for each participant. Contributions amounted to $57 1.285 in 1995 and $525.918 in 1994. R14 Annual Report

Unconditional promises arc included in the financial statements as pledges receivable and revenue of the appropriate net asset category. Pledges are recorded after discounting to the present value of the future cash flows.

Unconditional promises are expected to he realized in the following periods:

In one year or less $1. (109,7 1 5 1.669.70(1 Between one year and five years 2.679,415 Less: discount of $2 12.553 and allowance of $5. 345 $2,461.517

Pledges receivable at December 31. 1 995 have the following restrictions:

Research and education $2.456,917 4.600 Permanently restricted net assets $2.461,517

I. Reconciliation <>! Prior Year i'untl Hiiliinccs:

1 1994 fund balances as to the restated net asset balances for the same The following is a reconciliation of total December 3 , previously reported period:

December 31.1 994 reported total fund balances $39.534.683 Reclassitied deferred support to: Temporarily restricted net assets 2.675,676 Unrestricted net assets 294.684

December 31.1 994 restated total net assets S42. 505.043

J. Pnxircttrcmcnl Benelux

On November 20, 1993. the Laboratory adopted Statement No. 106. "Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pen- these benefits as an when This new sions," for the year beginning January 1. 1994. Prior to 1995. the Laboratory recognized expense paid. the cost of benefits to be standard requires employers to accrue, during the years that the employee renders the necessary service, expected over 20 provided during retirement. As permitted, the Laboratory has elected to amorti/e the transition obligation years.

to I, 1994 will continue to receive The Laboratory's policy is that all current retirees and certain eligible employees who retired prior June those benefits will be limited as defined the postretiremen! health benefits. The remaining current employees will receive benefits; however, by medical benefit Plan. Employees hired on or after January I. 1995 will not be eligible to participate in the postretiremen! plan

Net postretiremen! benefits for 1995 and 1994 include: 1995 1994

Service cost (benefits earned during period) $ 61.851 54.494 Interest cost (on projected benefit obligation) 141,218 135.459 Actual return on plan assets (13.801) (3.032) Net amortization and deferral 84.953 86.918

Net postretirenienl benefits cost $ 274.221 273,839

1 1 994: Below is a reconciliation of the funded status ol'the Plan at December 3 , 1995 and

1995 accumulated postretiremen! benefit obligation: Retirees and dependents $1,435,418 $1,195.739 225,602 242,279 Fully eligible active participants

40 1 .95 1 Other active participants 557,950 Total 2,218.970 1.839.969 190.601 Market value of plan assets 398.785 1.649.368 Assets less than obligations 1.820.185

Unrecognized prior service cost (credit) 257.322 96 Unrecognized net (gain) loss 1.649.625 L'nrecognized transition obligation 1.562.803 161 Prepaid postretiremen! benefit cost ((.()) Financial Statements R 1 5

The health care cost trend rate assumptions used in determining the projected benefit obligation begins at 10.0% in 1995 and gradually decreases to 5.0% in the year 2006 and thereafter. The effect of raising the assumed health care cost trend rate by one percentage point in each year would be to increase the accumulated postretiremen! benefit obligation as of December 31. 1995 by $200,027 and to increase the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the year then ended by $ 1 7.533. The discount rate used in determining the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation is 7.0%. and the expected return on plan assets was 8.0%. During 1995. the Laboratory contributed $274.000 to fund the Trust for these postretiremen! benefits. R16 Annual Report MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES

for the year ended December 31,1 995 Financial Statements R17

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

for the year ended December 31,1 995

1995 1994

Cash flows from operating activities: Change in net assets $ 4,345,923 $ (2,247,816)

Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash (used by) from operating activities: Depreciation 1,410,049 1,240,197 Unrealized (gain) loss on investments (3,610,830) 2,957,830 Realized (gain) loss on investments (1.326,264) (1,529,800) Present value adjustment to annunities payable 257,548 (36,398) Contributions restricted for long-term investment and annuities (73.884) (839,515) Change in certain balance sheet accounts: Accounts receivable 22,088 (4.261) Pledges receivable (2,461,517) Grants and contracts receivable (602,355) (108,312) Other assets (12,045) (33,616) Deposits with trustees 492,852 Increase (decrease) in: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1 34,940 103,841 Deferred income (7,601) 6,074 Advances on contracts 574.357 (18.607)

Net cash used in operating activities (1.349,591) (17,531)

Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of property and equipment (709,122) (830,625) Disposals of property and equipment 4,500 Proceeds from sale of investments 42,882,597 17,111,739 Purchase of investments (40.515.256) (17,003,320)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 1,662.719 (722,206)

Cash flows from financing activities: Payments on annuities payable (23.609) (12,918)

5 1 1 5 175,380 Receipt of permanently restricted gifts ,4 Annuity donations received 22.469 664, 1 35 Payments on long-term debt (79,011) (69.009) Payments on capital leases (29.066) (18.168)

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (57.802) 739,420

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 255,326 (317)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 589.202 589.519

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $844,528 $589,202

The accompanying notes are an integral part ofthefinancial statements. SCHEDULE I MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE UNRESTRICTED NET ASSETS

Internally Internally Sponsored Operations Designated Designated Land Buildings Unrest noted Total Research Educational Support Support Facilities Equipment Quasi Unrestricted Programs Programs Services Programs Support Assets Endowment Net Assets

Support and Revenues: Grant reimbursements ot direct costs $5,640.500 Recovery of indirect costs Tuition

Fees for services: Dormitories Dining hall Library Scientific journals Research services Aquatic resources

Gifts Investment income Miscellaneous revenue

Total support and revenue

Net assets released from restrictions

Expenses: Research Instruction

Scholarships, fellowships and stipends Services Dormitories Dining hall Library Scienti he journals Research services Aquatic resources

Administration (excluding depreciation and facilities operations) General operations: Research & education

Fjalmes operations Depreciation Other

Total expenses

Excess (deficit) of support

Realized gains on investments Unrealized gams on investments Transfers within unrestricted: Debt service Aquisition of fixed assets Repairs and replacement Other

Total transfers within unrestricted

Net changes in unrestricted net assets

Cumulative adjustment for pledges Net unrestricted assets, beginning of year

Net unrestricted assets, end of year ON i/") O ^O oo r-\ ON ri r- O rj- r-i R20 Annual Report MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE PERMANENTLY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

December 31, 1995

Annuities Endowment Endowment Total and Unrestricted Restricted Permanently Unitrusts Income Income Pledges Restricted SUPPORT AND REVENUES

Grant reimbursement direct costs

Grant for capital additions Recovery of indirect costs Tuition Fees for services

Gifts 10,000 $ 41.415 $ 51.415 Pledges Investment Income Miscellaneous

Total support and revenues 51,415

Net assets released from restrictions

Present value adjustment to annuities $(31.759) (31.759)

Total (31,759) 10,000 41,415 19,656 realized Net gains (losses) on investments 291,568 8 1 .046 372.614 Net unrealized (gains) losses on investments 353,855 106.100 459.955

Net change in assets (31,759) 655.432 228.561 852.225

Cumulative adjustment for pledges $4,600 4,600

Net assets, beginning of year 78.915 3,656,845 7,376,114 11,111.874

Net assets, end of year $ 47,156 $ 4,312,268 $ 7,604,675 $4,600 $11,968,699

Report of the Librarian

With the on-going revolution in electronic publishing are expected to be published electronically in 1 996. and delivery of information, the MBL/WHOI Library Most publishers remain committed to print has recently been evaluating its existing electronic publications for archival purposes, but some of the infrastructure. The Library's physical network and its newer electronic journals will only be archived on-line. connections to the Internet have proven to be reliable, How will publishers charge for these new electronic steady, and stable. The only weak link turned out to be publications? A number of pricing models now exist the Library's on-line catalog, which operated through ranging from "free" on-line for a year, to "free" if you an arrangement with a local library consortium known subscribe to the print version, to a 10% price increase if as "CLAMS." The software residing on the CLAMS a user subscribes to both paper and print, to site system was not robust enough to handle some of the licenses, etc. Although the problems with pricing trends new demands that the MBL/WHOI Library expects of electronic publishing are numerous, we are confident with the shift to delivery of electronic journals. that they will be solved in one fashion or another. As a result, the Library staffconducted a thorough Clearly, electronic publications are here to stay and search for a new software system that could handle the their advantages in terms of rapid delivery of material, cross-platform computers in the community and allow use of video, sound, hot links to other relevant articles, logins from anyone on the Internet using a World Wide speed of retrieval, and the potential for on-line peer Web Browser. A new Library system, named review outweigh the inherent problems associated with "MARINER," was selected and installed in December a developing technology. of 1995. The system went on-line January 1. 1996. This In addition to the problem of increasing journal new system will provide access to the bibliographic prices, the lack of adequate storage space for archival records of the Library's print collection and to the full materials is ever present at the MBL/WHOI Library. text of some of the electronic journals to which the This year the entire front stack of currently received Library currently subscribes. journals was moved to accommodate another three years of growth. Soon we must decide how to deal with some lesser-used back issues. Electronic storage will also Journals become a problem. Will publishers allow entire journals to be downloaded and stored on a campus server, or will Last year the scientific was stunned community again libraries always have to retrieve articles from the NET? by escalating print journal prices. In 1995 the Library How long will a licensing agreement last? Will libraries was forced to cancel its subscriptions to important print be entitled to unlimited retrieval over the years or will journals for purely economic reasons. Part of the they be eligible to retrieve only those years for which a problem is that publishers are still vacillating between subscription has been paid? the worlds of print and electronic publications, but the number of electronic publications is increasing. In 1994 no peer-reviewed science, medical, or technology Policies journals were published electronically, while in 1995 the number of such journals published electronically grew A number of new policies concerning Library access, to 100. Information from a number of major use of Rare Book Room materials, book loans, and publishers, including Elsevier Science, Springer-Verlag, circulation were established in 1995 by members of the John Wiley & Sons, Blackwell Science Limited and Library Staff and the Joint Users Committee, which is Academic Press, shows that more than 2,000 journals chaired by Dr. David Shepro. The major task now

R22 Report of the Librarian R23

facing the Joint Users Committee is the development of information retrieval. We've added more instruction to journal retention and addition policies in light of the Library's daily operations, making sure that users increasing journal prices. Now that all of our resources are able to perform their own unmediated searches. are available on the Internet, we are closely monitoring Lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on exercises on the effect it has on our Interlibrary Loan Department. the Library's information resources, Medline, basic Measures are also being taken to ensure that our staff Internet skills. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) spends the majority of its time addressing the needs of Web page construction and higher end creation of our primary scientific users. HTML servers also have been presented to users. The National Library of Medicine also continues to offer its Books course in Medical Informatics, and in 1995 members of the The book fair held in the Lillie lobby during the last Library staff taught courses in Medical Informatics two weeks in July attracted a number of vendors, whose to each of the MBL summer courses and participated in donations of outstanding books bolstered our collection two Massachusetts state grants designed to teach public and school of monographs. Also in July, the Library held a librarians basic search skills in the health dedication in honor of Dr. Kimball Atwood in whose science field. memory a fund was established for the annual purchase Our efforts in systems design have met with great of books, journals, and electronic publications in the success, as evidenced by the number of "hits" the field of genetics. Last year the Library hired a summer MBL's Home Page has received in the past few years. In 1994 the Library Science Student who cataloged the WHOI system was accessed approximately 60,000 in Marine Policy Center's collection of over 1,000 books, times; 1995 it was accessed 1 12.000 times: and in of which are now available to the community through the February 1996 alone our site was accessed more than Library's MARINER system. 80,000 times. The Marine Resource Center page is the most popular location within the MBL Home Page The Archives, Preservation, and Rare Books Col/eel ion because it contains both scientific information and substantial image files. The Marine Resources page is Ralph M. Titcomb, appraiser of Rare Books for the also linked to other useful data files including the Massachusetts and Rhode Island Antiquarian National Library of Medicine's Entrez database, adding Booksellers Association, spent two days appraising the to the versatility of the site. collection in the Rare Books Room. He offered valuable The design, content, and accessibility of the MBL's advice on restoring and preserving some of our most Home Page also caught the attention of the McKinley valuable books. He also recommended additional Group's professional editorial team. The McKinley security for portions of the collection. The Rare Books Group awarded the site four stars, the highest rating an preservation program continues to make great strides. Internet site can achieve in Magellan. McKinley's This year funds donated in memory of Homer Smith comprehensive Internet directory of over 1.5 million sponsored the restoration of the 1670 editions of the sites and 40,000 site reviews. Philosophical Transactions. The 1 560 edition of Although the future trends of library and information Gesner's Nomenclature was also sent out for restoration services remain unclear, we do know that the MBL/ and repair. WHOI Library is supported by institutions that are funded largely by the federal government, which is in a \\'HOI Branch Lihmries stage of no-growth. Clearly the Library must learn to use new technologies efficiently and appropriately to The document library that was most recently located leverage its efforts effectively. In with this, we in WHOI's Clark building has moved to its final home keeping have made with other libraries in the Data Library at McLean. The monumental task cooperative agreements within our consortium and included Brown University of moving, weeding out duplicate documents, installing in our interlibrary resource We compact shelving, and cataloging the WHOI Technical sharing agreements. now participate in a courier service that daily delivers to Reports was accomplished with relatively good humor our door the books and materials requested from the in one month. The space in Clark previously used for Boston consortium. Our roles as librarians will the document library was converted into a state-of-the- Library demand new ways of organizing information services. art computer teaching facility that is being used by the The World Wide revolution of the last two is Library staff for instruction. Web years proof that users want direct access to information. The Instruction Library and its staff will certainly play a role in making sure that the information is organized and delivered in a Over the year, the Library has placed increasing timely and usable fashion. emphasis on both users' education and enhancing the librarian's role as systems designer in the area of Catherine Norton Educational Programs

Summer Courses Stephen Hoffman. Naval Medical Research Institute Roger Jagoda, Cornell University Anthony James. University of California Parasitism 11 Biology of (June -August 12) Richard Komuniecki. University of Toledo Susan Little, University of Georgia John Mansfield. University of Wisconsin. Madison Director Polly Matzinger. National Institutes of Health Stephen of Alabama. Hajduk. University Birmingham Michael Mowatt. National Institutes of Health Thomas Nutman. National Institutes of Health Susan Course Faculty Paskewitz, University of Wisconsin William Petri. of Con Beckers. Yale University School of Medicine University Virginia Steven Reed. Infectious Disease Research Institute John Boothro\d, Stanford University of Jean Feagin. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute Mary Reynolds, University Pennsylvania Jose Riheiro, of Arizona Peter Hotez. Yale University School of Medicine University l)j\id Russell. Medical School Patricia Johnson, University of California School of Medicine. Washington University David National Los Angeles Salks. Institutes of Health Kenneth Stuart, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute Keith Joiner. Yale University School of Medicine John Swindle, of Tennessee, Phil LoVerde, State University of New York. Buffalo University Memphis Christian Tschudi. Yale School of Medicine Edward Niles, State University of New York Sam Turco, of Medical Center Edward Pearce, Cornell University University Kentucky C. C. of California. San Francisco Phillip Scott. University of Pennsylvania Wang, University Alan Sher, National Institutes of Health Thomas Wellems. National Institutes of Health Buddy Ullman. Oregon Health Sciences University Thomas Wynn. National Institutes of Health Course Coordinator Robert Sabatini. University of Alabama. Birmingham Teaching Assistants Peter Bradley. University of California. Los Angeles Course Assistant Darnck Carter. Oregon Health Sciences University Eric Denkers, National Institutes of Health Zachary Wood, University of Alabama, Birmingham Mark Drew. Oregon Health Sciences University Tanya Kersten. National Institutes of Health Students Allen J. LeBlanc, Jr.. University of Alabama. Birmingham Salwa F. Ahmed, Cairo Keung Lee. State University of New York University. Egypt Andrew Brittingham, Temple University Bridget C. Coughlin, University of Iowa Lecturers Elisa Cupolillo, Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Brazil Abul Abbas. Brigham & Women's Hospital Cecile M. Denis, INSERM - Lillie. France Norma Andrews, Yale University School of Medicine Victor Fernandez, Karolinska Institute. Stockholm Jay Bangs. University of Wisconsin Arunava Goswami. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. India Stephen Beverley, Harvard University School of Medicine Ikram Guizani. Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunisia Nino Campobasso, Cornell University Helana Helmby. Stockhold University. Sweden Frank Collins. Center for Disease Control, Atlanta Maria A. Marchetti. Yale University Harry Dickerson. University of Georgia Soloman S. Mpoke, Wesleyan University Robert Donald, University of Pennsylvania Christine D. Muller-Graf. University of Oxford. England Steve Ealick. Cornell University Mary Reynolds. University of Pennsylvania Paul Englund, Johns Hopkins Medical School Mineko Shibayama, CINVESTAV, Mexico Daniel Goldberg. Washington University Louise A. Wallace, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa R. K. Grencis, University of Manchester Jacqueline G. Waterkeyn. University of Melbourne. Australia

R24 Educational Programs R25

F. James King. Duke University Medical Center (June 13- July 26) Embryology Kevin V. King, University of Missouri, Columbia Takehiro Kusakabe, University of California. Davis Vered Hebrew of Jerusalem, Israel Directors Levy, University Bin Lu, University of California. Los Angeles Eric H. Davidson. California Institute of Technology Andrea R. Morris, Princeton University Michael Levine, University of California. San Diego Yuki Nakatani. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan David McClay. Duke University Nanette M. Nascone. Harvard Medical School Tatjana Piotrowski. Max-Planck-Institute Tubingen, Germany Course Faculty Andre Pires da Silva. Max-Planck-Institute Gottingen, Germany of California, Irvine Marianne Bronner-Fraser, University William B. Raich. University of Wisconsin, Madison Institute of R. Andrew Cameron, California Technology Denise L. Robb. University of Minnesota Howard Medical Institute Sean Carroll, Hughes Alejandro Sanchez. Carnegie Institution Wolfgang Driever, Massachusetts General Hospital Natalia Sanchez Soriano. University of Cambridge, England Scott E. Fraser, California Institute of Technology Richard A. Schneider. Duke University of Minnesota School of Medicine Janet Heasman-Wylie, University Julie A. Segre. Massachusetts Institute of Technology of California, San Francisco Alexander D. Johnson. University Shankar Srinivas, Columbia University James Posakony, University of California, San Diego Joel Rothman, University of Wisconsin Satoh. Japan Nonyuki Kyoto University, Microbial Diversity (June 11 -July 27) John Saunders, Jr., Marine Biological Laboratory Martin Shankland, Harvard Medical School of Medicine Christopher C. Wylie. University of Minnesota School Director Edward Leadbetter. University of Connecticut of Illinois Teaching Assistants Abigail Salvers. University Adina Bailey. University of California. San Diego Andres Collazo, California Institute of Technology Faculty Aaron Crawford, University of Minnesota Joel Dore, Laboratoire de Nutrition et Securite Alimentaire. France Mary Dickinson. Harvard University Sandra Nierzwicki-Bauer. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Institute of Carmen Kirchhamer, California Technology Jorg Overmann. Universitat Oldenburg, Germany Catherine Krull, University of California, Irvine Carol LaBonne, Harvard University Teaching Assistants Catriona Logan. Duke University Michael Cerio. University of Connecticut Keith Maggert. University of California, San Diego John D'Elia. University of Illinois Ivan Moskowitz, University of Wisconsin, Madison Marion Cecile Leclerc. Laboratoire de Nutrition et Securite Stephan Neuhauss. Massachusetts General Hospital Alimentaire. France Thomas Pitta. Rowland Institute for Science Lecturers Richard Behnnger, University of Texas. Houston Lecturers Doug Melton. Harvard University Douglas Bartlett. Scnpps Institute of Oceanography Nadia Rosenthal. Massachusetts General Hospital Carl Bauer, Indiana University Clifford Tabin, Harvard Medical School Paul Baumann, University of California, Davis Paul Blum. LJniversity of Nebraska Course Administrator Colleen Cavanaugh, Harvard University Jane Rigg, California Institute of Technology Ananda Chakrabarty, University of Illinois Medical Center William Chesbro, University of New Hampshire Institute Course Coordinator Sharon Danielson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Paul Dunlap, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Linda Huffer, Marine Biological Laboratory Stephen Farrand, University of Illinois Susan Leschine, University of Massachusetts Course Assistants Kenneth Noll. University of Connecticut Tara Bennett. Dartmouth College Gary Olsen. University of Illinois Jennie Halfant, University of Virginia Norman Pace, Indiana University Edward Ruby. University of Southern California Nadja Shoemaker. University of Illinois Students Deborah Siegele. Texas A&M University Eugenic J. Carpizo-Ituarte, University of Hawaii John Waterbury. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Simona Casarosa. University of Pisa, Italy Lily Young, Rutgers University DemetraG. Mellon Dalamagas. Carnegie University Alexander Zehnder. Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Francesco di Blasi, IBS-CNR. Italy Science. Switzerland Pedro F. Fernandez Funez, Universidad Autonomade Madrid, Spain Course Coordinator Steven B. Gendreau, University of Wisconsin. Madison of Connecticut Andrew F. Giusti, University of California. Santa Barbara Angelica Seitz, University R26 Annual Report

David California Institute Laboratory Assistant Kantor. of Technology David Lenzi. University of Judy Whittier, University of Connecticut Oregon Michael Lewicki. California Institute of Technology Jane Lubischer, University of Oregon Students Farzan Nadim. Emory University Charles R Anderson. of Minnesota University David Sandstrom, University of Arizona David R. Arahal. University of Sevilla. Spam James Weimann. Stanford University Chih-ChingChien, of Connecticut University Calvin Wong, University of California, San Diego Laurel D. Crosby. Michigan State University Lars R. Damgaard. University of Aarhus. Denmark Lecturers Alison L. George, University of Wales. Cardiff. England Gwen Jacobs, of California, Jiancai He. University of Massachusetts. Amherst University Berkeley Sue Kinnamon. Colorado State Elena Maria Hilario-Andrade. University of Connecticut University Terry Takahashi. of Christof Holliger. EAWAG Kastamenbaum, Switzerland University Oregon Tim Tully, Cold Harbor Lab Dionne L. Hoskins, University of South Carolina Spring Susan Udin, State of New York, Buffalo Sara W. Lazar. Harvard University University Eric S. Miller. North Carolina Stale University Dianne K. Newman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Course Coordinator Caroline M. Plugge, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Rachel Spierling, Blair Academy Netherlands Joy F. Sabl. University of Washington Course Assistant Christian E. Schlekat, University of South Carolina Kyle Lennon, Georgia Tech Grazyna E. Sroga. University of Chicago Paula D. Suarez Sanchez. Universidad Simon Bolivar. Venezuela

Costantino Vetriani, University of Rome. Italy Students

Davide Zannoni. University of Bologna. Italy Dawn M Blitz. University of Pennsylvania Mark R. Bovver. University of Arizona I abrizio Gabbiani. California Institute of Technology Neural Systems & Behavior (June 11 -August 4) Christine E. Gee. Queen's University, Ontario, Canada Warren M. Grill, Case Western Reserve University Directors Shern L. Hitz. Florida State University Carsten D. Hohnke, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jams Weeks. University of Oregon Marcia Karen, Llniversity of California, San Diego Harold Zakon. University of Texas James Kozloski. Llniversity of Pennsylvania Christiane Lmster. Harvard University Faculty Carrie Lynn Marxn Bivens. University of California, Santa Barbara David Bodzmck. Hall Wesleyan Katherme T. Moortgat, University of California, San Diego Ronald L. Calabrese. Emory University Benjamin D. Philpot, Llniversity of Virginia Catherine Carr, of University Maryland Michael L. Ramaker. University of Pennsylvania Patsy Dickinson. Bowdoin College Susan Renn. Washington University L. Falls, Douglas Emory University Kathryn S. Richards, Brandeis University W. Otto Friesen, of University Virginia Paul L. Schaefer. Case Western Reserve University Das id Glanzman, of California, Los University Angeles Tom V. Smulders. Cornell University Masashi Kawasaki, University of Virginia Todd W. Trover, Llniversity of California, San Francisco Richard Levine, of Arizona University Stephanie A. White. Stanford University Christine Li. Boston University Shawn Lockery. University of Oregon Pierre Meyrand. University of Bordeaux. France Neurobiology (June n -August 12) Michael Nusbaum, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Bruce O'Gara. Barnard College Glen Prusky, University of Lethbridge, Canada Directors William Roberts, University of Oregon Gary Banker. University of Virginia Medical School Erin Schuman. California Institute of Technology Daniel Madison. Stanford University Medical Center Darrell R. Stokes, Emory University Course Faculty Teaching Assistants Elizabeth Apel. Washington University Medical School Satoshi Amagai. University of Maryland Mark Bennett, University of California. Berkeley Cecilia Armstrong. University of Oregon Paul Bndgman. Washington University School ol Medicine Heather Cook. Emory University Andres Buonnano, National Institutes of Health Sarah Craven. Boston University John Heuser, Washington Llniversity School of Medicine Richard Dyck. The Salk Institute Stephen Jones. Case Western Reserve University Shannon Dyck. University of Lethbridge. Canada Bechara Kachar. National Institutes of Health Jorge Golowasch. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stefanie Kaech. Friedrich-Miescher Institut. Germany Chou Hung. California Institute of Technology Maurine Linder, Washington University School of Medicine Richard Hyson. Florida State University Diane Lipscombe, Brown Llniversity Kducational Programs R27

Jorge Moreira. National Institutes of Health Kerry Bloom. University of North Carolina David Ogden. National Institute lor Medical Research William Busa. Johns Hopkins University Thomas Reese. National Institutes of Health Richard Cheney. Yale University Peter Reinhart. Duke University Medical Center Laura Davis. Duke llmversity Medical Center Robert Rosenberg, University of North Carolina Alan Fanning. Yale School of Medicine Morgan Sheng, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Mary Lou Guermot. Dartmouth College Carolyn Smith. National Institutes of Health Leah Haimo. University of California. Riverside Mark Terasaki. University of Connecticut Health Center Clay Lyddane, not available Susan Wray, National Institutes of Health C. Robertson McClung, Dartmouth College Robert E. Palazzo. University of Kansas David Rimm, Yale School of Medicine Lecturers University Roger D. Sloboda. Dartmouth College David Bredt, University of California. San Francisco Edwin Taylor, University of Chicago John Chludzinski, National Institutes of Health Joseph S. Wolenski, Yale Jonathan Cohen. Harvard Medical School University Joseph Culotti. Mount Sinai Hospital Research Institute Gregory Gasic, Cell Press Teaching Assistants Patricia Goldman-Radic, Yale University School of Medicine Mary Lynn Benka, Oregon State University Michael Greenberg, John F. Enders Pediatric Laboratories Linda Ferrans, Johns Hopkins University Peter Hollenbeck. Harvard University Luis Vidali, University of Massachusetts. Amherst Daniel Jay. Harvard University Charlie Yang. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill Len Kaczmarek. Yale University School of Medicine Sam Yang. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Gail Mandel. State University of New York. Stony Brook Elaine Yeh. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill

Andrew I. Matus. Friednch-Miescher Institut. Switzerland Chris Miller. Brandeis University Lecturers Richard Duke University Medical Center Mooney. Cathy Berlot. Yale Medical School Jonathan Raper. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine David Burgess, University of Pittsburgh Joshua Sanes, Washington University School of Medicine Steve Byers. Georgetown University Menahem National Institutes of Health Segal. Tim Caspar, not available Li-Huei Tsai. Harvard Medical School Susan Gilbert, University of Pittsburgh Elizabeth Luna, Worcester Foundation for Biomedica! Research Course Coordinator Paul Matsudair. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stephanie Kaech, Friedrich-Miescher Institut, Switzerland Kimberly Mowry. Brown University Trina Schroer. Johns Hopkins University Mary Tierney. of Vermont Course Assistant University Knsti Wharton, Brown University Muffle Fulton. Brown University

Course Assistants Students Caroline Day. Yale University Beth Bauer. National Institute of Environmental Health

Mary 1 Raymond Murray , Connecticut College Science Guoqiang Bi, University of California. Berkeley Ruth A. Bodner. University of California. San Diego Students Pamela M. England, California Institute of Technology Yama A. Abassi. University of California, Santa Barbara Eva M. Finney, University of California. Berkeley Sharon L. Achilles. Johns Hopkins University Bhagwati Gupta. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. Karen A. Beningo, University of Michigan India Emanuela M. Bonfoco, Karolinska Institute. Sweden

Phyllis I. Hanson, Yale University Kristin Boylan. University of Minnesota Sabine N. Hilfiker-Rothenfluh. The Rockefeller University Joan Cerda, Whitney Laboratory Tatsumi Hirata. Nagoya University, Japan Susan J. Eagle. Medical College of Georgia Melissa M. Hsu, Rutgers University Patricia A. Elkins, Purdue LJniversity Jon S. Poling, Georgetown University Michael Ezrokhi. Brown University Naibo Yang, Thomas Jefferson University Steven P. Gross, University of Texas, Austin Robert E. Guldberg, University of Michigan Rodney K. Guy. Scripps Research Institute 11 Physiology (June -July 22) Elizabeth A. Holleran. University of Pennsylvania Joseph E. Italiano. Florida State University Jerry A. Kelly. University of California. Riverside Director Mira F. Krendel. Rutgers University Mark Mooseker, Yale University Paul C. Kuo. Stanford University Margot E. Leonard. University of Pennsylvania Course Faculty Wenhong Li, LJniversity of California. San Diego James Anderson. Yale School of Medicine Craig A. Mandalo. University of Waterloo, Canada William Bement. University of Wisconsin Thomas M. Maynard. University of Oregon Steven Block. Princeton University Coleen T. Murphy, Stanford University R28 Annual Report

Faculty William B. Amos, Medical Research Council, England Steven Block, Princeton University Richard Cardullo. University of California, Riverside LynneCassimens, Lehigh University Winifried Denk. AT&T Bell Laboratories Frederick Fay, University of Massachusetts Medical School JeffGelles, Brandeis University Shinya Inoue. Marine Biological Laboratory Daniel Jay, Harvard University Edward Salmon, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Randi Silver, Cornell University Medical College Kenneth Spring, National Institutes of Health Yu-li Wang, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research

Teaching Assistants Christine McKinnon, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research Elizabeth Thompson, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research

Course Coordinator Frederick Miller. Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research

Students John G. Aghajanian. Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research Khaja M. Ahmed, AG Plant Biotek, India Kathy R. Bailey, University of California, San Francisco Robert Blumenthal, National Institutes of Health Dwight D. Bowman, Cornell University Andrea D. Branch, Mount Sinai Medical Center Elizabeth S. Browne, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research Mark D. Clymer. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer John S. Condeelis. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Kingsley Cox, Howard Hughes Medical Institute \m|un He, National Institutes ol Health N. ot'North Carolina, Hill Timothy Oliver. University Chapel Edward H. Hinchcliffe, University of Minnesota Tadas Panavas, of Massachusetts. Amherst University Aditya Kapil, University of Chicago M. Prince. Duke Katya University Mary E. Klingensmith. Harvard Medical School Yasuhiko Saito, Osaka University Le Ma, Harvard Medical School L. of Karen Schmeichel. University Utah Patricia A. Mennitt, Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences Shen. Duke Medical Center Kang University Mark T. Paffett, Los Alamos National Laboratory Christine L. of Texas Medical School. Houston Tock, University Anu Puri. National Institutes of Health Robert J. Vasquez. Lehigh University Sid P. Ragona. TopoMetnx Todd A. Verrastro. Colorado State University Evelyn S. Ralston. National Institutes of Health Aihui State Wang, Michigan University Catherine J. Randall. Procter & Gamble Li of Center Yan. University Kansas Medical Pamela L. Rockwell, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer RonelleJ. of California, Davis Young, University Sidney L. Shaw, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Anne-MarieC. Yvon. of Massachusetts University Vladimir A. Sirotkin, Rutgers University Melanie K. Zitek, Brown University Carolyn L. Smith, National Institutes of Health Cynthia A. Sterkenburg, National Institutes of Health Timothy G. Talomie, Bristol-Myers Squibb Short Courses Linda M. Wvsocki, Monell Chemical Senses Center

Analytical & Quantitative Light Microscopy (May 11 -May 19) Medical Informatics (May 31 -June 7)

Directors Greenfield Sluder, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research Director David Wolf. Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research Homer Warner, Universitv of Utah School of Medicine Kducutional Programs R29

Faculty Carol Colby, National Eye Institute of Andreas Baxevanis, National Center for Biotechnology Information Bard Ermenlroul. University Pittsburgh Yale Paul Clayton. Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center Stephen Fisher. University David Ecole France Peter Haug, University of Utah School of Medicine Hansel. Polytechnique. Lawrence Kingsland, National Library ol Medicine Nancy Kopcll, Boston University Bell Laboratories Donald D.A.B. Lindberg, National Library of Medicine Terry Kovacs. AT&T Carol Newton, University ol California School of Medicine. John Lisman, Brandeis University Rodolfo Medical Center Los Angeles Llinas, New York University Robert Cold Harbor Rick Rodgcrs, National Library of Medicine Malinow, Spring Laboratory Kevin of North Carolina. Hill Robert Sideli, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center Martin, University Chapel John H. R. Maunsell. Baylor College of Medicine Michael Mcr/cnich, of California School of Medicine Course Coordinator University John Rin/.el, National Institutes of Health Sylvia Jessen, University of Utah School of Medicine Edmund Rolls. University of Oxford, England Terrance, Sejnowski. The Salk Institute Students H. Sebastian Seung, AT&T Bell Laboratories Frederick A. Anderson. University of Massachusetts Medical Arthur Sherman, National Institutes of Health Center Karen Sigvardt, National Science Foundation Kenneth G. Barren, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Frederick Sigworth, Yale School of Medicine Mary B. Blackwelder. Medical College of Wisconsin llaim Sompolinsky, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel John E. Blanton. LI. S. Department of State Roger Traub. IBM A. James Bothmer. Creighton University David Van Essen. Washington University Medical School Anna K. Chacko. Brooke Army Medical Center Michael Vanier, California Institute of Technology Rafael E. de la Hoz, New York University Michael Webster. University of Nevada Allan J. Ebbin, FHP Health Care, California John White, Boston University Trudy A. Gardner. Rush-Preshyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Matthew Wilson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology George A. Gellert. Project HOPE Rafael Yuste, AT&T Bell Laboratories Ralph Gonzales, University of California, San Francisco Steven Zucker. McGill University. Canada Mark A. Graber, University of Iowa Ruth A. D. C. General Hodges, Hospital Lecturers Bennett Humphrey, Medical College of Ohio Barry Connors. Brown University Nikola Jurisic, University of California, Los Angeles Leon Cooper, Brown University Nina P. Long. The Wistar Institute John Hoptield, California Institute of Technology Elaine R. Martin, University of Illinois, Chicago Stephen Kosslyn. Harvard Llniversity Russell C. Maulitz, Medical College of Pennsylvania Kevin M. McNeill, University of Arizona Vincent C. Notarstefano. Flushing Hospital Medical Center Lab Instructors Edward A. Oppenheimer, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Michael Hines, Yale University Richard K. Orr, Fallen Clinic, Worcester Roderick Jensen. Wesleyan University Brett A. Oxberry, Temple University Medical School Ellen R. Schellhause, St. Joseph Medical Center Course Assistants A. of Natalie Schock, University Maryland Winfried Denk, AT&T Bell Laboratories K. Siemers, Center Lynne Washington Hospital Jennie Halfant, University of Virginia Mark S. Smith. George Washington University Hospital Rob de Ruyter Van Steveninck, NEC Research Institute Mary L. Swift. Howard University Chris D. Tzarnas, Mercy Catholic Medical Center Students George H. Underwood, Tripler Army Medical Center Kurt F. Ahrens, University of California, Berkeley Hagai Attias, Yale University Methods in Computational Neuroscience Michael Beierlein, Brown University Rani Ben-Yishai. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 30 (July -August 26) Roland Bosch. University of Oxford. England Emery N. Brown, Massachusetts General Hospital Carson C. Chow, Boston University Directors Jozsef L. Csicsvari, Rutgers University David Kleinfeld, AT&T Bell Laboratories Jeremy S. Dittman, Harvard Medical School David Tank. AT&T Bell Laboratories John K. Douglass, University of Arizona Gaute T. Einevoll. University of Tromso, Norway Faculty Hilary W. Heuer. University of California. Davis Lawrence Abbott. Brandeis University Hemant S. Kudnmoti. University of Arizona Joseph Atick, The Rockefeller University Daniel D. Lee. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert Barlow. Syracuse University Zheng Liu. Brandeis University William Bialek, NEC Research Institute Srikantan S. Nagarajan, University of California. San Francisco James Bower. California Institute of Technology David J. Pinto. Llniversity of Pittsburgh Dennis Bray. Cambridge University, UK Sridhar Raghavachari. University of Notre Dame R30 Annual Report

Elad M. Schneidman. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Israel Course Assistant Helga Seehauer. University of Regensburg. Germany Zara Herskovits. Yale University Ross K. Snider. Vanderbilt University Cornelis A. Van The Hebrew of'Jerusalem. Vreeswijk, University Students Israel Claudia C. Basso. University of Chile Aviva R. Weisel Eichler. Ben Gurion Llniversity. BeerSheva. Israel Aileen Chen. University of Miami School of Medicine

I mi J. Fort. University of Rhode Island Jim R. Harvey. Llniversity of California. Riverside Microinjection Techniques (May 23 -May 30) ^i ucqiao Huang. Iowa State Llniversity Heather M. Johnston, University of Glasgow. Scotland Institute of Fundamental Research. India Director Jagdeep Kaur. Tata Alsusln kawakami, Nagoya University, Japan Robert B. Silver. Marine Biological Laboratory Easton A. Reid. Meharry Medical College Mitch C. Snaders. Whitehead Institute Faculty Rom my M.von Bernhardi, University of Santiago, Chile Suzanne Klaessig, Cornell University '^ ong Wang, Purdue Llniversity Douglas Kline. Kent Stale University Gernot Presting. Cornell University Eric Shelden. University of Connecticut Optical Microscopy (October 25 -November 1)

Course Assistants Director William Fripp. Marine Biological Laboratory ( 'olm l//ard. State University of New York. Albany Lisa Mehlmann. Kent State University

Faculty Students Joseph DePasquale. New York State Department of Health Rosemarie M. Boo/e. University of Kentucky Robert Hard. State University of New York, Buffalo Parice Bouchard. Biotechnology Research Institute Brian Herman. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill David D. Cass, University of Alberta, Canada Greta Lee. Llniversity ot'North Carolina. Chapel Hill Lisa J. Crossley, Brigham & Women's Hospital Frederick Maxfield. Cornell University Medical College Fiona.I. F.lcock. University of Birmingham. England John Murray. University of Pennsylvania Hideaki Fujita. Johns Hopkins Llniversily John Sedat. Llniversity of California, San Francisco Edward A. Keigle. State University of New York. Buffalo Kenneth Spring. National Institutes of Health Anna C. Pai. Montclaire State University K.ucl Svohoda. AT&T Bell Laboratories Paolo Rinaudo, Yale Llniversity School of Medicine Stephen L. Rogers, University of Illinois Paul F. Silverman. . ., Rutgers University Columbia of & Yi-lu O. Yuan. Harvard University Richik Ghosh, Llniversity College Physicians Surgeons \\ ade Sigurdson. State University of New York. Buffalo Neurobiology & Development of the Leech Eli/abeth Welnhofer, State University of New York, Buffalo (August 5- August 26) Lecturers Jan Ilinsch. Leica. Inc. Direct nr Shmya Inoue, Marine Biological Laboratory Pierre Drapeau. Montreal General Hospital Research Institute. H. Ernst Keller. Carl Zeiss. Inc. Canada Rudolf Oldenbourg. Marine Biological Laboratory- Martin Scott. Consultant in Scientific Imagine

Faculty Shirley Bissen. University of Missouri Students Susanna Blackshaw, University ol Glasgow. Scotland Shaoyou C'hu. Johns Hopkins Llniversity Peter Brodfuehrer, Bryn Mawr College Christopher S. Cohan. State Llniversity of New York. Buffalo L. Dabora. Women's I rancisco Fernandez de Miguel. Universidad Nacional Autonoma. Sandra Brigham & Hospital Mexico Deana L. Erdner. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution John Jellies. Western Michigan Llniversity Stefan Gunnarsson. Llppsala University Jorgen Johansen. Iowa State Llniversity Yohko llatada. Columbia Llniversity Anna Klemhaus. New York Medical College Peter Hug, National Institutes of Health

William Kristan. University of California. San Diego Philip I . Jones. National Cancer Institute Denmark Eduardo Macagno. Columbia Llniversity Peter Kristensen. Novo Nordisk. Kenneth Muller. University of Miami School of Medicine Gary J. 1 aughhn. Illinois Institute of Technology Illinois of Medicine John Nicholls. University of Basel. Switzerland Tom N. Laurence, University of College National Institutes of Health Oystein Olsen. Emory University Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Martin Shankland. Harvard Medical School Jodi M. Nunnari. University of California. San Francisco Dav id Weisblat, University of California. Berkeley Stine F. Pedersen. Llniversity of Copenhagen. Denmark Kducational Programs K31

Peter S. Reinach. State University of New York \} orkshop on Molecular Evolution Lynn Anne Sanguedolce. University of Pennsylvania (August 6- August 18) Donald B. Stedman, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Christine L. Tock, University of Texas Medical School Rochelle R. Medical and Graduate Schools Torgerson. Mayo Directors Sandy L. White. Lilly Research Labs Dan Davison. University of Houston Mark B. Willard. Washington University School of Medicine Mitchell Sogin. Marine Biological Laboratory Donna A. Williams. University of Missouri Toshiki Yagi. University of Tokyo. Japan Hal F. Yee, University of California. San Francisco Faculty Douglas Eernisse, California State University Pathogenesis ofNeuroimmunologic Diseases Andrew Ellington. University of Indiana Joseph Felsenstein, University of Washington (August 13- August 25) Walter Fitch. University of California, Irvine Barr\ Hall, University of Rochester Directors Daniel Haiti. Harvard University David Hillis, University of Texas Celia Brosnan. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Mike Holder, Llniversity of Houston Jack Rosenbluth, New York University Medical Center Elizabeth Kellogg, Harvard University James Lake, University of California. Los Angeles Facu/ly Laura Landweber. Princeton University Etty Benveniste. University of Alabama, Birmingham David Maddison, Llniversity of Arizona Joan Herman. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Lynn Margulis. University of Massachusetts Robert Darnell. The Rockefeller University- Mark McMenamm, Mt. Holyoke College Dennis Dickson. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Francois Michel, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire du CNRS. Robert Gould. New York State Institute of Basic Research France Diane Griffin. Johns Hopkins University Gary Olsen, Llniversity of Illinois John Griffin. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Norman Pace. Indiana Llniversity William Hickey. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Rudy Raff, Indiana Llniversity Gilla Kaplan. The Rockefeller University Michael Rice. University of Houston David Kaufman. Montenore Medical Center Monica Riley. Marine Biological Laboratory Paul Knopf. Brown LJniversity David Swofford, Smithsonian Institution Keith Krolick, Llniversity of Texas Health Science Center, Bruce Walsh, University of Arizona San Antonio Steven Pfeiffer. University of Connecticut Medical School John Prineas, Veterans Administration Hospital Teaching Assistants Bruce Ransom. Yale University School of Medicine Janet Siefert, University of Houston State Anthony Reder. University ol Chicago Steven Thompson. Washington University J. Murdoch Ritchie. Yale Llniversity School of Medicine Luiz National Institute Rizzo. Eye Course Assistant Clifford Saper. Beth Israel Hospital Jennie Halfant, Llniversity of Virginia Bhagvvan Shahani. Llniversity of Illinois, Chicago Moon Shin. University of Maryland, Baltimore Peter Shrager. University of Rochester Medical Center Students Howard Weiner, Brigham & Women's Hospital Anna Marie A. Aguinaldo. University of California. Los Angeles Robin G. Allaby, UMIST. England Lecturers Rashid A. Aman, National Museums of Kenya. Kenya Andrew Taylor, Yale University Medical School Michele K. Anderson, University of South Florida Bryon Waksman. New York University Medical Center John D. Bacheller. Llniversity of California, Los Angeles Lidia G. Bardygula-Nonn, University of Wisconsin Students Gina Berardesco, Llniversity of Massachusetts, Boston Michael B. Black, Nata Aptsiauri. University of Florida Rutgers University Barbara H. Roche Molecular Andrew P. Byrnes, University of Oxford, England Bowman. Systems Matthew J. of Austin Dana D. Dean, Texas A&M University Brauer. University Texas, Edward L. of New Mexico Cassandra J. Kirk, Cambridge NeuroScience, Inc. Braun, University Kenneth D. of Maria S. Leite. Hospital Santo Antonio. Portugal Bruce, University Liverpool, England G. of Judy S. Liu, Albert Einstein School of Medicine Allen Collins. University California. Berkeley Mildred Morales, Albert Einstein School of Medicine Gretchen M. Colon. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign T. Harvard Lorri A. Morford, University of Kentucky James Costa. University D. of Texas. Austin Cheryl C. Ordway. University of Connecticut Wayne Crill. University Marisol Pocino Gistav, IVIC, Venezuela Maria D. Diaz-Ronda Canals, University of California. Santa Cruz Lisa M. DSouza. of Houston Jennifer F. Rowell. Johns Hopkins University University David R. Dalhousie Canada Tahir S. Shirani, New York University Medical Center Edgell, University, James A. Smithsonian Research Institute Dominique S. Tews, Mainz Llniversity Medical Center. Germany Engman. Tropical Robert Weissert. Karolinska Institute. Sweden Elizabeth J. Farnsworth. Harvard Llniversitv R32 Annual Report

David W. Freshwater, Center tor Marine Science Research Gabriel Rocap, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Louise Goggin, University of Queensland. Australia Andrew J. Roger. Dalhousie University. Canada Robert M. Grant, University of California. San Francisco Marilyn J. Roossinck, The Noble Foundation Lisbeth A. Guethlein, University of Cologne, Germany Manuel Ruedi. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Starr Hazard. Medical University of South Carolina Heinrich Sandmeier, University of Basel Dental Institute, Susan K. Hollingshead. University of Alabama, Birmingham Switzerland Lori Hugg. University of Houston Christopher A. Scholin. Monterev Bay Aquarium Research Warren E. Johnson, National Cancer Institute Institute John R. Jungck. Beloit College Timothy M. Shank. Rutgers University David Kerk, Point Loma Nazarene College Peter J. Simon. Princeton University Alexander M. Kerr, Yale University Jill P. Slattery, National Cancer Institute Maria Korab-Laskowska, Universitede Montreal, Canada Kathrin Sommer, Harvard University Stephanie Lavau, University of Melbourne, Australia Helen F. Stanley, Institute of Zoology, London Carol E. Lee, University of Washington Stephen Tay, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nathan R. Lovejoy, Cornell University Otavio H. Thiemann, University of California, Los Angeles Francis I. Molina, American Type Culture Collection Joanne Trgovcich, University of North Carolina Thomas A. Nerad, American Type Culture Collection Gert Van der Auwera, University of Antwerp, Belgium Patrick M. O'Grady. University of Arizona Anne-Mieke I. Vandamme. LIniversity of Leuven, Belgium Colleen O'Ryan, University of Cape Town. South Africa Sara Waterhouse, University of Warwick, England Andrew S. Peek, Rutgers University Mark S. Willcox, Liverpool John Morres University, England Ken E. Robbins, Centers for Disease Control Christophers. Willett. Cornell LIniversity Nigel J. Robinson. LIniversity of Newcastle. England Carsten Wiuf, University of Aarhus. Denmark Frank Wright. University of Edinburgh, Scotland Summer Research Programs

Gadsby, David. The Rockefeller University Principal Investigators Garrick, Rita Anne, Fordham University College, Lincoln Center Gaudiano, Paolo, Boston University Aimes, Ron. State of New York, Brook University Stony Giuditta. Antonio, University of Naples, Italy Daniel National Institutes of Health Alkon. L.. Goldman. Robert D.. Northwestern University Medical School Armstrong, Clay, University of Pennsylvania Armstrong. Peter B., University of California. Davis Haimo, Leah, University of California, Riverside Ashley-Ross. Miriam. University of California. Irvine Hardin, John. Medical College of Georgia Augustine, George J., Duke University Medical Center Henry, Jonathan J., University of Illinois Hershko, Avram, Technion, Israel Baguiia, Jaume. Universitat de Barcelona. Spain Steven M.. University School of Medicine Barlow, Jr.. Robert B.. Syracuse University Institute for Sensory Highstein, Washington Research Holmgren, Miguel. The Chicago Medical School Holz. IV, G.. Harvard Medical School. Massachusetts General Beauge. Luis. Institute M. y M. Ferreyra. Argentina George Bennett. Michael V. L., Albert Einstein College of Medicine Hospital Hoskin, Francis C. G.. U.S. Natick RD&E Center Bingham. Eula, University of Cincinnati Army Tom, of Hawaii Bodznick, David. Wesleyan University Humphreys, University Borgese, Thomas A., Lehman College. CUNY Jackson, B., University of Wisconsin Medical School Boron. Walter F., Yale University Medical School Meyer Robert K., of California. Irvine Borst. David. Illinois State University Josephson. University Boyer, Barbara. Union College Kaneshiro. Edna, of Cincinnati Brady. Scott T., The University of Texas Southwestern Medical University Western Institute & Clinic Center. Dallas Kaplan. Barry. Psychiatric Ilene M., Union College Brown. Joel E., Albert Einstein College of Medicine Kaplan, Kentros, Clifford, New York University School of Medicine Burdick, Carolyn J., Brooklyn College, CUNY Peter. University of Arizona Burger. Max M., Friedrich Miescher Institut. Switzerland Kloppenburg, Kuhns, William. The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada

Chaet, A. B.. University of West Florida Kumar. Ajit. George Washington University School of Medicine Chappell. Richard L.. Hunter College. CUNY Clay, John, National Institutes of Health Landowne, David, University ot Miami School of Medicine Cleland. Thomas, University of California, San Diego Langford, George, Dartmouth College Yale School of Medicine Cohen, Lawrence B., University Laskin, Jeffrey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Cohen, William D., Hunter College. CUNY Lester, Roger, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences Victoria P.. of Houston Connaughton. University Texas. Lipicky. Raymond J.. Food and Drug Administration Corwin. Jeffrey, University of Virginia Lipscombe, Diane. Brown University Llinas, Rodolfo R., New York University Medical Center De Weer, Paul, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine DeBello. William, Duke University Medical Center Malchow, Robert Paul, University of Illinois College of Medicine, DePina, Ana, Dartmouth College Chicago Devlin, Leah. Penn State University Malloy, Kirk. Northwestern University DiPolo. Reinaldo, IVIC, Venezuela Martindale, Mark, University of Chicago Dowling, John, Harvard University Metuzals, Janis. University of Ottawa, Canada Pierre. Universitede Bordeaux. France Eckberg. William, Howard University Meyrand. Moore, Lisa, of Massachusetts Medical School Ehrlich, Barbara, University of Connecticut University Moorman. Stephen, University of North Texas Health Science Fay, Richard. Parmly Hearing Institute Center, Fort Worth Fishman, Harvey M., The University of Texas Medical Branch, Moreno, Alonso P.. State University of New York, Buffalo Galveston Muller. Kenneth. University of Miami School of Medicine Flamarique. Inigo N.. University of Victoria, Canada Murray. John, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

R33 R34 Annual Report

Nasi, Enrico. Boston University School of Medicine Beales, Mitchell, Finch University of Health Sciences Bearer, Elaine. Brown University O'Brien, Estela V., The Rockefeller University Bender. J. Scott, California State University, Fresno Olsen. Oystein H., Emory University Benech, Juan Claudio, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Uruguay Palazzo, Robert E., University of Kansas Bezanilla. Francisco. University of California. Los Angeles Pant. Harish, National Institutes of Health Boyle, Richard, Oregon Health Science University Parysek, Linda, University of Cincinnati Breinin, Goodwin, New York University Medical Center Pozzo-Miller. Lucas D.. National Institutes of Health Breitwieser, Gerda E.. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Prechtl, James C., University of California. San Diego Brown, Euan, Marine Biological Association. England Burns. Mane, Duke University Medical Center Quigley. James P., State University of New York. Stony Brook Quinn. Kerry, University of Connecticut Health Center Carey, Megan, Wesleyan University Chen, Ye, State University of New York. Buffalo Rahhitt, Richard D.. University of Utah Chiel, Hillel, Case Western Reserve University Rakowski, Robert F., University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Chludzinski, John, National Institutes of Health Medical School Claerhout. Todd. Illinois State University Rasmussen, Howard, Medical College of Georgia Cohen. Avrum, Yale llniversity School of Medicine Ratner. Nancy. University of Cincinnati Cohen, Darien. Dartmouth College

Reese, Thomas S.. National Institutes of Health Collin, Carlos. National Institutes of Health Reinhart, Peter H.. Duke University Medical Center Cosden. Jeanette, Eckerd College Ren. Dijian. State University of New York, Buffalo Crispmo. Marianna. Llniversity of Naples, Italy Rieder. Conly L.. Wadsworth Center for Labs & Research Ripps. Harris. University of Illinois College of Medicine Dadacas. Alma-Villa. Hunter College Ruderman. Joan V.. Harvard Medical School Dai. Jianwu. Duke University Medical Center Russell. John M.. Medical College of Pennsylvania DeBello. William. Duke Llniversity Medical Center Dodge. Frederick, Syracuse Llniversity Scrable, Heidi, University of Virginia Dreshach, Thomas. Max Planck Institute for Brain Research. Sheetz, Michael, Duke University Medical Center Germany Siwicki, Kathleen K., Swarthmore College Duclohier. Herve, Universite de Rouen, France Sloboda, Roger D., Dartmouth College Dunn, Ivy, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Standart, Nancy, University of Cambridge. England Stokes, Darrell R.. Emory University Stuart. Ann E., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Sugimon, Mutuysuki, New York University Medical Center

Swenson. Katherine I., Duke University Medical Center

Tabb, Joel, Dartmouth College "lel/er, Bruce. Pomona College

I ran. Phong, University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill Trinkaus, John P.. Yale University Troll. Walter. New York University Medical Center Tytell, Michael. Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University

Wachowiak. Matt. The Whitney Lab - * v Waite, Anya. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Walker, James, University of Cambridge, England . \ i Zheng. James, Columbia University

Zigman, Seymour. I 'niversity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

Other Research Personnel

Al Harbi. Saleh A.. Kuwait University faculty of Medicine. Kuwait Andrews, S. Brian, National Institutes of Health Araneda, Ricardo. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Aristarkhov. Alexander. Harvard Medical School A//I. Lyamine, Harvard Medical School

Balgi, Ganesh. State University of New York. Buffalo Baltaglia, Eric. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Summer Research Programs R35

Eddleman, Chris, University of Texas Medical Branch. Austin Mitra. Partha, AT&T Bell Laboratories Moreira. Jorge E., National Institutes of Health North Carolina. Hill Fine, Alan, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine. Canada Morgan. Jennifer. University of Chapel American Red Cross Finnerty, John, University of Chicago Mul'son. R. Alan. Fischer, Beth. University of Pittsburgh Fox, Thomas. Harvard Medical School Ogielski. Andrew. Bell Communications Research

Gainer, Harold, National Institutes of Health Cialhraith. James A., University of California, San Diego Passaglia, Christopher, Syracuse University Gallant. Paul E.. National Institutes of Health Porcello. Darrell M.. Bowdoin College Gerosa, Daniela. Friedrich Miescher Institut, Switzerland Gill-Kumar. Pritam, Food and Drug Administration Radommska, Anna, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Giraud, Lisette, University of Puerto Rico Rotenberg. Susan, Queens College. CUNY Godell. Christopher. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Goldman, Anne E.. Northwestern University Medical School Gomez, Maria del Pilar. Boston University School of Medicine Sadler. Kirsten, Harvard Medical School Gonzalez, Roser. Universitat de Barcelona. Spain Schauer. Stephen. National Institutes of Health Gould. Robert, New York State Institute for Basic Research Schreurs, Bernard. National Institutes of Health Medical Center Grant, Philip. National Institutes of Health Schweizer, Felix, Duke University Grassi. Daniel. Food and Drug Administration Sher, Lorin, Syracuse University Guevara. Michael. McGill University. Canada Shih. John, California Institute of Technology Shrier. Alvin. McGill University of Hagar. Robert. University of Connecticut School of Medicine Sieczkowski, Lisa, University Kansas Hallett. Mark, National Institutes of Health Slaughter. Malcolm. University of Buffalo Heck. Diane. Rutgers University Sorokina. Yelena. Hunter College Hennig, Anne, University of Virginia Sotelo, Jose. I.I. B.C.E. Medical School Hickie. Christopher P.. Vale University School of Medicine Spann, Timothy, Northwestern University Hogan. Emilia M.. Yale University Medical School Spiegel, Evelyn. Dartmouth College Hoh, James, Dartmouth College Spiegel. Melvin, Dartmouth College Food and Administration Holmgren. Miguel. Finch University of Health Sciences Stockbridge, Norman. Drug Connecticut Health Center Hsu. Shyue Fang, University of Wisconsin Medical School Striggow, Frank, University of Huerta. Julio, Hunter College Sueoka. Eisaburo, Saitama Cancer Center, Japan Hung. George. Duke University Sueoka. Naoko. Saitama Cancer Center, Japan Davis Huynh. Paul, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Swarnakar, Snehasikta. University of California, Szanti, Bridget. University of Cincinnati Irvine, Steve. University of Chicago

Terasaki, Mark. University of Connecticut Health Center Jarchow. Janina. Friedrich Miescher Institut. Switzerland Theiner, Caryn, Hunter College Jiang, Ming Ya. Duke University Townsel, James, Meharry Medical College Townsley, Fiona, Harvard Medical School Kaftan. Edward, University of Connecticut Health Center Tsau, Yang, Yale University School of Medicine Kanungo. Jyotshnabala. Medical College of Georgia Tsukimura. Brian, California State University. Fresno Kelly, Mary, Syracuse University Tullman. Matthew. Syracuse University Kelman, Elise. Montefiore Medical Center Tyndale, Elizabeth, Swarthmore College Khan. Shahid, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Khodakah, Kamran, University of Pennsylvania Sudakin, Technion, Israel Khuon. Satya, Northwestern University Medical School Valery. Universite de France Knudsen, Knud D., Food and Drug Administration Vautrin. Jean. Montpellier,

Larner. Brett, Wesleyan University Wagg, Jonathan. The Rockefeller University Litwin, Kathryn, Syracuse University Wilcox, Deryk, Illinois State University Jeannette Liu, Mac, Brown University Williams, Tracey. Howard University Medical School Lopez. Reynold, Northwestern University Wise, Sarah. Swarthmore College Lu. Jin, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Lyddane. Clay, University of Kansas Yamauchi. Angela. University of Utah Lyser. Katherine. Hunter College

Manliguis. Maury, University of Hawaii Zakevicius. Jane M., University of Illinois, Chicago Medicine Martinez. Jr., Joe L.. University of Texas. San Antonio Zavilowitz, Joseph, Albert Einstein College of of Maxwell, Bridey. University of California. San Diego Zecevic, Dejan, Yale University School Medicine Center McNeil. Paul. Medical College of Georgia Zecevic, Nada. University of Connecticut Health of Rochester Medical Center Melishehuk. Alexey. University of Pennsylvania Zigman. Bunnie R., University of Mensinger, Allen F., Washington University Zigmond, Michael, University Pittsburgh Miller, Richard, Ecovale Research Zigmond, Naomi, University of Pittsburgh Minkoff. Charles. Duke University Medical Center Zohar, Opher, National Institutes of Health R36 Annual Report

Library Readers Jacobson. Allan, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Joseph, Ilan. Case Western Reserve University Josephson. Beth. Ocean Arks International Abbott, Jayne, Marine Research. Inc. Jyotshnabala, Kanungo, Medical College of Georgia Aikon. Daniel L.. NIH Alien. Garland E.. Washington University Kaltenbach. Jane C.. Mount Holyoke College Alliegro. Mark C. LSU Medical Center Kaminer. Benjamin, Boston University School of Medicine Anderson. Everett. Harvard Medical School Karlin, Arthur, Columbia University Kelh. Robert E.. Baccetti, Baccio, Institute of General Biology. Italy Ke\ nan. Alex. Institute of Life Sciences, Israel Bernhard, Jeft'ery D.. University of Massachusetts Medical Center King, Kenneth. Kalmouth. MA Bernheimer. Alan W.. NYU Medical Center Kornberg. Sir Hans, Boston University Bower. James M., California Institute of Technology Kramer. Fred R.. Public Health Research Institute Boyd. Steven. Hydros Inc. Krane, Stephen M., Massachusetts General Hospital Kunzig, Robert. Dmcovci magazine Candelas, Graciela C., University of Puerto Rico Chaet, A. B.. University of West Florida Laderman. Amilee, Yale School of Forestry Chambers, Edward L.. of Miami School of Medicine University Laties, Alan, Scheie Eye Institute Child, Frank M., Trinity College Laufer, Hans. University of Connecticut Clark, Arnold M., Woods Hole, MA Lee, John J.. City College of CUNY Clarkson, Kenneth L.. AT&T Bell Labs Leighton, Joseph. Aeron Biotechnology. Inc. Cobb, Jewel P., California State University Leonard, Christopher S., New York University Cohen. S., Seymour Woods Hole. MA Lester. Henry. California Institute of Technology Collier. Jack. Brooklyn College Lester. Roger. University of Arkansas for Medical Science Collier, Marjorie M., Saint Peters College Levitz. Mortimer. NYU Medical Center Collins. Coastside Research Pete, Lewis. Charlene, University of Florida, Gainesville Sherwin J.. of Connecticut Health Cooperstein, University Center Linsenmayer, Thomas F.. Tufts University Woods Copeland. Eugene, Hole. MA Lorand, Laszlo, Northwestern University Bruce Corliss, H.. Duke University Luckenbill, Louise M.. Ohio University Cowling. Vincent F.. University of Florida

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Gilbert. Daniel L.. NIH Pappas. George D., University of Illinois, Chicago Goldfarb, Ronald H.. Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pollen, Daniel A.. University of Medical Center Goldstein, Moise H., Johns Hopkins University Prusch, Robert D., Gonzaga LIniversity Gross, Paul, University of Virginia Grossman, Albert, NYU Medical Center Radommska, Anna. of Arkansas for Medical Science Gruner, John. Cephalon Inc. University Keen A.. Marine Guttenplan, Joseph, NYU Dental Center RafFerty, Biological Laboratory Rarferty. Nancy S.. Marine Biological Laboratory Rasmussen. Howard. Medical of Hall, Valerie A., Nantucket High School College Georgia Rome, of Hardin, John, Medical College of Georgia Larry, University Pennsylvania Ross. William N.. New York Medical Haubrich, Robert. Denison University College Roth. Lorraine. Brookline, MA Helfand. Stephen L., University of Connecticut Health Center Herskovits. Theodore T.. Fordham University Jean M.. of School of Medicine Hunter. Robert. Gartnaval Royal Hospital Sanger. University Pennsylvania Sanger, Joseph W., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Ilan. Joseph. Case Western Reserve University Schippers. Jay. Resources Foundation Man. Judith, Case Western Reserve University Sears, James R.. University of Massachusetts. Dartmouth Imbert. Michel, Centre de Reserche Cerveau et Cognition Shepro. David. Boston University Inoue. Sadayuki, McGill University, Canada Sonnenblick, Benjamin P.. Rutgers University Issidorides, Marietta R.. University of Athens Speclor. Abraham. Columbia University 1995 Library Room Readers

Saleh Al Harbi Kuwait University

Reiko Arimoto Marine Biological Laboratory

Marie E. Burns Duke University Medical Center

Lucio Cariello Stazione-Zoologica, Naples

Guiseppe D'Alessio of . University Naples

Michael Hines Yale University School of Medicine

Daniel Johnston Baylor College of Medicine

Leonard Kaczmarek Yale University School of Medicine

Irwin Levitan Brandeis University

Craig Malbon SUNY /Stony Brook Medical Center

John Moore Duke University Medical Center

Michael Rabinowitz Marine Biological Laboratory

George Reynolds Princeton University

Douglas Shanklin University of Tennessee

Hsien-Yu Wang SUNY /Stony Brook Medical Center

Gerald Weissmann NYU Medical Center

Michael Zigmond University of Pittsburgh

Summer Research Programs R37

California Institute of Spiegel. Melvin, Dartmouth College Technology State Fresno Spotte. Stephen. University of Connecticut California University. Stephen. Michael. Rutgers University California. University of, Berkeley Davis Sundquist. Eric. United States Geological Survey California. University of. Sweet. Frederick. Washington University California. University of. Irvine California, University of. La Jolla Los Thielc. Dennis J.. University of Michigan Medical School California. LJniversity of. Angeles Riverside Tilney. Lewis, University of Pennsylvania California, University of. San Trager. William, MBL California, University of. Diego Treistman, Steven N., University of Massachusetts Medical Center California. University of. San Francisco of, Santa Barbara Tweedell. Kenyon S.. University of Notre Dame California, University of. Santa Cruz Tykocinski, Mark L.. Case Western Reserve University California, University California. University of. School of Medicine Van Holde. Kensal E.. Oregon State University Cambridge NeuroScience. Inc. Carl Zeiss. Inc. Institution Walton, Alan J., Cambridge University Carnegie Warren, Leonard, Wistar Llniversity Carnegie Mellon Llniversity Webb, Maggie H.. Woods Hole. MA Case Western Reserve Llniversity Weidner. Earl. Louisiana State Llniversity Center for Disease Control for Marine Science Research Whittaker, J. R.. University of New Brunswick Center Wilber. Charles G.. Colorado State University Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology of Wittenberg, Beatrice, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Chicago. University Cincinnati, of Wittenberg, Jonathan. Albert Einstein College of Medicine University Harbor Laboratories Wolken, Jerome J.. Carnegie Mellon University Cold Spring Woodrum. David A., Medical College of Georgia Colorado State University Columbia University Connecticut, of Yevick. George J.. Stevens Institute of Technology University Health Center Yevick. Miriam L.. Rutgers State Llniversity Connecticut. University of. Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences

Zapol, Warren M., Massachusetts General Hospital Cornell University

Zottoli, Steven J., Williams College Creighton University

D. C. General Hospital Domestic Institutions Represented Dartmouth College Duke University Albert Einstein College of Medicine Duke University Medical Center American Psychological Association American Red Cross American Type Culture Collection Eckerd College Arizona, University of Ecovale Research Arkansas. University of. Medical Sciences Emory University AT&T Bell Laboratories. Inc.

Fallon Clinic Barnard College Fitch University of Health Sciences Barry University FHP Health Care of Medicine Baylor College Florida State University Bell Communications Research Florida, University of Bellcore Flushing Hospital Medical Center Beloit College Food and Drug Administration Beth Israel Hospital Fordham University College. Lincoln Center Research Institute Biotechnology Franklin and Marshall College Blair Academy Boston University Boston University School of Medicine George Washington University Bowdoin College George Washington LJniversity Hospital Bowman Gray School ol Medicine of Wake Georgetown University Forest University Georgia, College of Brandeis University Georgia Tech Brigham & Women's Hospital Graduate Hospital Bristol-Myers Squibb Brooke Army Medical Center Brooklyn College of the City University of Hampshire College New York Harvard University Brown University Harvard Medical School Bryn Mawr College Harvey Mudd College R38 Annual Report

Hawaii, University of New York State Institute of Basic Research in Houston, University of Developmental Disabilities Howard Hughes Medical Institute New Y'ork. State University of. Buffalo Howard University New York, State University of. Health Hunter College Science Center New York. State University of. Stony Brook Illinois Institute of Technology New York University Illinois State University New Y'ork University Medical Center Illinois, University of Noble Foundation Illinois. University of. Chicago College of North Carolina State University Medicine North Carolina. University of. Chapel Hill Iowa State University North Texas. University of Iowa, University of North Texas, University of. Health Science Center, Fort Worth Johns Hopkins University Northwestern University Medical School Johns Hopkins University School of Notre Dame, University of Medicine Ohio, Medical College of Kaiser Permanente Old Shriners Hospital Kansas, University of Oregon Health Science University Kansas, University of. Medical Center Oregon, University of Kentucky. University of Institute, Kewalo Laboratory, Pacific Biomedical Parmley Hearing Loyola University Research Center of Chicago Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, University of. School of Lehigh University Medicine Lehman College, CUNY Pittsburgh. University of Lilly Research Labs Pittsburgh. University of. School of Medicine Los Alamos National Laboratory Point I oma Na/arene College Pomona College Maryland. University of Princeton University Maryland. of. School of Medicine University Procter & Gamble Massachusetts General Hospital Project HOPL Massachusetts, University of. Amherst Puerto Rico. University of Massachusetts. University of. Dartmouth Puerto Rico. University of. Medical Sciences Massachusetts. University of. Medical School Purdue University Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools Medical College of Georgia Queens College, CUNY Medical College of Pennsylvania Medical Meharry College Rhode Island. University of Mercy Catholic Medical Center Rhone-Poulcnc Rorer Miami University Roche Institute of Molecular Biology Miami. of. School ol Medicine University Roche Molecular Systems Michigan State University Rochester. University of. Medical Center Michigan. University of Rochester, Lljiiversity of. School of Medicine Minnesota. of University A: Dentistry Missouri. University of. Columbia Rockefeller Llniversity. The Monell Chemical Senses ( enter Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Montclaire State University Center Monlenore Medical Center Rutgers Llniversity Mount Sinai Medical Center

Research Institute Monterey Bay Aquarium Scripps Research Institute Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute South Carolina. University of National Cancer Institute South Florida, University of National Institute of Environmental Health Spelman College Science St. Elizabeth's Hospital National Institutes of Health St. Joseph Medical Center National Institute of Neurological Disorders Stanford Llniversity and Stroke Stockton State College New Jersey, University of Medicine and Swarthmore College Dentistry Syracuse University New Mexico, University of Syracuse University Institute for Sensory New York Medical College Research Summer Research Programs R39

of Temple University Chile, University Mexico Temple University Medical School CINVESTAV. Texas A&M University CNRS. France Texas. University of, Austin Cologne. University of, Germany Texas, University of. Galveston Texas, University of. Houston Dalhousie University. Canada Texas, University of, San Antonio Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Texas, University of. Medical Branch, Canada Galveston Switzerland Texas, University of. Southwestern Medical EAWAG Kastanienbaum, Center, Dallas Ecole Polytechnique, France Thomas Jefferson University Edinburgh University. Scotland TopoMetrix Fredrich Miescher Institut. Switzerland Tripler Army Medical Center

Glasgow, University of, Scotland U.S. Department of State Union College Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Utah. Universitvof Hospital for Sick Children. Canada

Vanderhilt University IBS-CNR. Italy INSERM. France Virginia. University of Institute of London. Virginia. University of. School of Medicine Zoology, England Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunisia Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research I.V. I.C., Venezuela Wake Forest University I. LB.C.E., Uruguay Inslituto de Washington Hospital Center Investigaciones Biologicas, Washington, University of Uruguay Instituto M. M. Washington. University of. School of y Ferreyra, Argentina Medicine Karolinska Institute, Sweden Wesleyan University West Florida, University of Kuwait University Faculty of Medicine. Whitehead Institute Kuwait Whitney Laboratory Kyoto University, Japan Williams College Securite Wisconsin, University of, Madison Laboratoire de Nutrition et Wisconsin, University of. Medical School Alimentaire, France Wistar Institute Lethbridge. L'niversity of, Canada Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Leuven. University of. Belgium Worcester Foundation for Experimental Liverpool John Morres University, England Biology Liverpool, University of, England

Madrid, Universidad Autonoma de. Spain Vale University Vale University School of Medicine Manchester. Lmiversity of. England Montreal. Universite de. Canada

Marine Biological Association. England Max Planck Institute for Institutions Biophysics. Foreign Represented Germany Max Planck Institute for Brain Research. Aarhus, University of, Denmark Germany AC Plant Biotek. India Max Planck Institute Tubingen. Germany Alberta, University of. Canada Max Planck Institute Gottingen, Germany Antwerp. University of. Belgium Mainz University Medical Center. Germany McGill University. Canada Barcelona. Universitat de. Spain Medical Research Council, England Basel. University of, Switzerland Melbourne, University of, Australia Basel, University of. Dental Institute. Montpellier, Universite de, France Switzerland Montreal General Hospital Research Ben Gurion University, BeerSheva, Israel Institute, Canada Birmingham, University of, England Bologna University, Italy Nagoya University. Japan Naples. University of. Italy Cairo University, Egypt National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Cambridge. University of, England Newcastle, University of. England Cape Town, University of. South Africa Novo Nordisk. Denmark R40 Annual Report

Oldenburg, University of. Germany Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Osaka University, Japan India Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil Technion. Faculty of Medicine. Israel Ottawa. University of. Canada Tokyo Institute of Technology. Japan Oxford, University of. England Tokyo, University of. Japan Tromso. University of. Nor\\a\

Pisa, University of. Italy U MIST. England Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Queensland. University of. Australia Universidad Simon Bolivar. Venezuela Queen's University. Ontario. Canada University College London. England Uppsala University. Sweden Regensburg, University of, Germany Rome, University of. Italy Victoria. University of. Canada Rouen. Universite de. France Wageningen Agricultural University. The Netherlands Saitama Cancer Center, Japan Wales, University of, Cardiff'. England Santiago, University of, Chile Warwick. University of. England Stockholm University, Sweden Waterloo. University of, Canada Swiss Federal Institute. Switzerland Wiiwatersrand. South Africa Year-Round Research Programs

Architectural Dynamics in Living Cells Lobel. Phillip. Associate Professor of Biology Tamm. Sidney L.. Professor of Biology Program Valiela. Ivan, Professor of Biology Voigl. Rainer, Research Associate Professor Established in I M92, this program focuses on architectural dynamics in living cells the timely and coordinated assembly and disassembly Staff of macromolecular structures essential for the proper functioning, Jean. Administrative Coordinator division, motility. and differentiation of cells; the spatial and temporal Corbett. Coordinator organization of these structures; and their physiological and genetic Guilfoyle. Kerry. Course Senior Administrative control. The program is also devoted to the development and Hahn. Dorothy. Secretary application of powerful new imaging and manipulation devices that Hall. Sheri. Program Manager Assistant permit such studies directly in living cells and functional cell-free Pedersen, Jennifer, Program extracts. The Architectural Dynamics in Living Cells Program

I and promotes interdisciplinary research and consists of resident core n/nntf Facility Investigators and a cadre of members. investigators adjunct Cleland, Thomas. University of California San Diego D'Avanzo, Charlene. Hampshire College Resident Core Investigators Epstein, Slava. Northeastern University H inkle. Greg. MBL Inoue, Shinya, Distinguished Scientist Horridge. Adrian. Australia National Univ. Oldenhourg. Rudolf. Associate Scientist McFall-Ngai, Margaret. Univ. of Southern California Slemmer. Andreas. Assistant Scientist Visiting Mulsow, Sandor. Bedford Institute of Oceanography Muscatine. Len, University of California Los Angeles Staff Read. Andrew. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Rietsma. Carol. SUNY, New Paltz Knudson. Robert. Instrument Development Engineer Rommel, Sentiel. Smithsonian Institution Leighton, Jane. Executive Assistant Rosenbaum. Joel, Yale University Sardet, Christian. Villefranche Zoological Station I 'jailing Investigators Simmons, William. Sandia National Laboratory Solow. Andrew. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Arimoto, Rieko, Nikon Corporation. Tokyo, Japan Thayer, Charles, University of Pennsylvania Fukui, Yoshio. Northwestern University Medical School Wainwright. Norman. MBL Inoue, Theodore D.. Universal Imaging Corporation. West Chester. PA Ward. Nathalie. Center for Coastal Studies Krendel. Mira. Rutgers University Murray. John M.. University of Pennsylvania Research Staff Roegiers. Fabrice. Station Zoologique. Villefranche-sur-Mer, France Postdoctoral Suzuki, Keisuke. Olympus Corporation. Hachioji, Japan Basil, Jennifer, Investigator Terada. Horotoshi. Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City. Cohen, Anne, Postdoctoral Investigator Japan Delay, Rona. Postdoctoral Investigator Postdoctoral Tran. Phong. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill Eisthen. Heather. Investigator Foreman. Kenneth, Postdoctoral Investigator Gerardo. Hortense, Postdoctoral Investigator Boston University Marine Program Gorka, Sancho. Research Assistant Grasso, Frank. Postdoctoral Investigator Lowrance, Courtney, Research Assistant Faculty Nixon, Jennifer, Research Assistant

Atema. Jelle, Professor of Biology. Director Soucy, Lori, Research Assistant Dionne. Vincent. Professor of Biology. Associate Director for Seely, Brad. Visiting Research Assistant Graduate Studies Steele, Meg, Laboratory Assistant Humes. ArthurG., Professor of Biology Emeritus Tomasky, Gabriclle. Research Assistant Kaufman. Les. Associate Professor of Biology Trott. Thomas, Postdoctoral Investigator

R41 R42 Annual Report

Graduate Students Ithier, Warner Linck, Richard PhD students Lovell. Peter Lyons, Julie Balint, Claire MacGregor. Catherine loannis Batjakas. Mann. David Behr. Peter Martinez, Nicole Dale. Jonathan Preisser. Matthew Economakis, Alistair Selkoe. Kim Farley, Lynda Sheridan, Cecelia Hauxwell. Jennifer Wintermyer. Margy Herrold. Ruth Wolfe, Cheryl Lowe, Brian Wright, Amos Ma, Diana McClelland, James Students, Fall 1995 Oliver. Steven Undergraduate Zhou, Qiao Abromaitis, Grace, Boston College Alexander, David MA students Amico, Alyssa Boyar, Marialena Ashcraft, Susan Bula. Staci, Beloit Bell, Kimberly Cosnian. Kristen Beatrice Bocking. Diggin. Melissa Bugajski. David Dompe, Alvaro Bughee. Elizabeth Drucker. Samuel James Cervino. Elliott, Shannon DiNunno. Paul Gallagher, Sheila Daniels. Heather Gamble. Megan Decarie. Linette Gcttmgs. Jill, Beloit Esquibcl. Anthony Goldenberg, Hannah Heiskell, Mary Beth Hard, Lorien Hopkins, Alyssa Hollmeyer, Grelchen Jenkins, Aaron Hopkins, \l\ssa Keith. Lucy Howe, Aimee Lisa Kerr. Jarzohski, Joanne Killen, Heather Laning. Eric Mason. Susan I awler, Raymond Laura Paganessi, Lent. Emily Philibotte, Jason I.o. Francesca. Brown University Pinto-Torres, Sonia Marline/. Robert Pitzer, Jocelyn Mole. Elizabeth Pokoly, Melanie Panasik. Gina Qumn. Catherine Patel. Sonali Christian Reilly. Peluso. Craig Roberts, Brian Phelan. Patrick Talarski. Jennifer Roberts. Jenin Timmer. Edward Runde. Robert Wittenberg, Kim Salomone, Anita, UMass, Amherst Dionne Wrights, Schrank. Donald. Kenyon College Shea, ken Summer I W5 Undergraduate Interns Tu, Sonja Linger, David Ahern, Jennifer Wakefield, Joyce Anderson, Edward Beech. Peter Bermudes, David Laboratory ofJelle. \ienui Bittner. Ke\m

Bohrer, Travis Many organisms use chemical signals as their main source of Buckland-Nicks, John information about the environment. These signals are transported in Callaway. David the marine environment by turbulent currents, viscous flow, and Chaplin. Sue Ann molecular diffusion. Receptor organs extract signals through various

Drake. Chaka physical & biological filtering processes. Currently, the lobster with its Eldndge, Robert exquisite sense of taste and smell, is our major model to study the Evans. Tony signal filtering capabilities of the whole animal and the tuning Gatso. Eguchi properties of its receptor cells. Research focuses on food signals and Year- Round Research Programs R43

Ivan I 'ulicki phcromones used in courtship and dominance, neurophysiology of Laboratory oj receptor cells, behavior guided or modulated by chemical signals, Our major research activity involves the Waquoit Bay Land Margin computational models of odor plumes and neural tillers, and Ecosystems Research Project. This work examines how human underwater robotics. activity in coastal watersheds (including landscape use and urbanization) increases nutrient loading to groundwater and streams. Laboratory oj I 'incent Dionne Nutrients in groundwater are transported to the sea. and. after biogeochemical transformation, enter coastal waters. There, increased Odors are powerful stimuli. They can focus the attention, elicit nutrients bring about a series of changes. The Waquoit Bay LMER is behaviors (or misbehaviors), and even resurrect forgotten memories. designed to help understand and model the coupling of land use and These actions are directed by the central nervous system, but they consequences to receiving waters, to study the processes involved, and depend upon the initial transduction of chemical signals by olfactory to assess consequences and opportunities for coastal management. receptor neurons in the nasal passages. More than just a single process A second long-term research topic is the structure and function of appears to underlie odor transduction. and the intracellular pathways salt marsh ecosystems, including the processes of predation, that are used are far more diverse than once thought. Hundreds of herbivory, decomposition, and nutrient cycles. putative odor receptor molecules have been identified that work several different second messengers to modulate the activity through Calcium Imaging Laboratory of various types of membrane ion channels. Our studies are being This the roles of calcium in conducted with aquatic salamanders using amino acids and other laboratory investigates patterns tool uses the a of soluble chemical stimuli which these animals perceive as odors. Using development. Our main aequonns. family luminescent obtained from a and long electrophysiological and molecular approaches, the research examines proteins ultimately jellyfish Dr. Shimomuraat the MBL. either how these cellular components produce odor detection, and how studied by Osamu Aequorinscan or without odors are identified and discriminated. be microinjected into cells transgenically expressed disturbing function or development. The patterns of luminescence that are emitted by aequorinated cells reveals changing patterns and Laboratory at Arthur G. Humes levels of free calcium within the cell or its progeny. Much of what we Research interests include systematics, development, host know about the roles of calcium in development has been obtained associated with specificity, and geographical distribution of copepods with the aequonns. marine invertebrates. Current research is on taxonomic studies of The four systems under present or planned investigation are the copepods from invertebrates in the tropical Indo- Pacific area, and Drnsorihilu egg (in collaboration with Drs. Lynn Cooley and Carl poecilostomatoid and siphonostomatoid copepods from deep-sea Hashimoto at Yale), the zebraftsh egg (in conjunction with Dr. Roger hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Hanlon at the MBL). the fucoid egg (in collaboration with Dr. Ken Robinson at Purdue) and the cellular slime mold. Dictyostelium.

Laboratory ol Phillip Lohcl Staff Fishes are the most diverse vertebrate group and provide Steele, Margaret. Research Assistant opportunities to study many aspects of behavior, ecology, and Creton. Robert. Research Associate evolution. We primarily study how fish are adapted to different Jaffe. Lionel, Senior Scientist habitats and the behavioral ecology of species interactions. Current research focuses on fish acoustic communication. We are also conducting a long-term study of the marine biology of Johnston Atoll. Centerfar Advanced Studies in the Pacific Ocean. Johnston Atoll has been occupied continuously Central Life Sciences at the MBL for Space by the military since the 1930s and provides a unique opportunity (supported hv the National Aeronautics assessing the biological impacts of pollution. Unlike a city harbor, and ami Space Administration) chemical spills at the atoll are documented as to location, date,

amount. The Marine Biological Laboratory and NASA have formed a partnership with the establishment of a NASA-sponsored Center for This center Laboratory ol Sidney Taiiiiu Advanced Studies in the Space Life Sciences at the MBL. serves as an interface between NASA and the basic biological science Marine model offer unique experimental advantages for systems community, addressing issues of mutual interest. A series of symposia, basic in cell and physiology. In particular, solving problems biology workshops, and seminars will be held at the MBL to advise NASA on comb jellies (ctenophores). important members of the marine will be a wide variety of topics in the life sciences. Special attention the cilia and smooth muscles in nature, a zooplankton, possess largest directed at examining how gravity and its control impact biological simple nervous system, and interesting feeding and locomotory a to processes, and how variations in gravity can be used as probe behaviors. We use ctenophores to investigate the mechanism of ciliary better understand such processes. This setting will provide a forum for and coordination, the neural and ionic control of movement ciliary scientists to think and to discuss, often for the first time, the role that cilia (particularly stimulus-evoked intraciliary calcium transients and gravity may play in fundamental cellular and physiologic processes. distribution of calcium channels), geotaxis and ciliary Meetings at the MBL will inform the community of research transduction by motile cilia statocyst. structure and In mechanosensory opportunities in the life sciences that are of interest to NASA. function of smooth muscle, double-modality sensory receptors and addition to meetings, a newsletter will be published to disseminate this the and evolution of neurotransmitters. and a new type cytoskeleton. information to a wider audience. of reversible cell-cell adhesion that closes the mouth of Berne, a voracious predator of other ctenophores. In addition, we use a termite Staff protozoan with a continuously rotating head to investigate novel types Assistant of cell motility. the fluid nature of cell membranes, and remarkable Crosby. Ann, Administrative prokaryotic-eukaryotic motility symbioses. Dawidowicz. Lenny, Administrator R44 Annual Report

with problems such as acid rain, coastal eutrophication, and possible carbon dioxide-caused climate change. There are opportunities for postdoctoral fellows and graduate students.

Administrative Staff

Hobbie. John E.. Co-Director

Melillo. Jerry M.. Co-Director Berthel. Dorothy J.. Administrative Assistant

Donovan. Suzanne J.. Executive Assistant Monahan, A. Jean, Administrative Assistant Nunez, Guillermo, Research Administrator Penmngton. Susan M.. Administrative Assistant Seifert, Mary Ann, Administrative Assistant Scanlon, Deborah G., Executive Assistant, LMER Coordinator

Scientific Staff

llohbie, John E., Senior Scientist

Melillo, Jerry M., Senior Scientist

Peterson, Bruce J., Senior Scientist Shaver. Gaius R.. Senior Scientist

Giblin. Anne E.. Associate Scientist Hopkinson. Charles S., Associate Scientist

Nadelhoffer. Knute J.. Associate Scientist Deegan. Linda A., Associate Scientist Rastetter. Edward B.. Associate Scientist

Steudler. Paul A.. Senior Research Specialist McGuire. A. David. Research Associate

McKane. Robert B., Research Associate Neill, Christopher, Research Associate Foreman. Kenneth H.. Associate Director of Environmental Studies Program

Educational StaffAppointments

Bret-Harte. Marion S.. Postdoctoral Research Associate

Curne. William. Visiting Postdoctoral Scholar, U.S. Department of Agriculture Fernandes, David N.. Postdoctoral Research Associate Holmes. Robert M.. Postdoctoral Research Associate Johnson. Loretta C.. Postdoctoral Research Associate The Ecosystems Center Pan. V'ude. Postdoctoral Research Associate

The Center earries out research and education in ecosystems Stieglitz. Marc, NOAA Global Climate Change Postdoctoral Fellow ecology. Terrestrial and aquatic scientists work in a wide variety of Tian. Hanqin. Postdoctoral Research Associate ecosystems ranging from the streams, lakes, and tundra of the Alaskan Weaver. Melissa J., Postdoctoral Research Associate Arctic (limits on plant primary production) to sediments of Williams, Mathew, Postdoctoral Research Associate

Massachusetts Bay (controls of nitrogen cycling), to forests in New Vallino. Joseph J., Postdoctoral Research Associate Fngland (effects of soil warming on carbon and nitrogen cycling) and Xiao, \iangming. Postdoctoral Research Associate South America (effects on greenhouse gas tluxes of conversion of rain forest to pasture), and to large estuaries in the Gulf of Maine (effects Technical Staff on the plankton and benthos of nutrients and organic matter in stream runoff). Many projects, such as those dealing with carbon and Bahr, Michele P.. Research Assistant nitrogen cycling in forests, streams, and estuaries, use the stable Belle/.. Neil D.. Research Assistant B I5 isotopes C and N to investigate natural processes. A mass Buffam, Ishi D.. Research Assistant

spectrometer facility is available. Data from field and laboratory Canary. Jana D.. Research Assistant research are used to construct mathematical models of ecosystem Catricala. Christina E.. Research Assistant processes. Some of these models are combined with geographically Dornhlaser. Mark M.. Research Assistant referenced data to produce estimates of how environmental changes Downs. Martha R.. Research Assistant affect key ecosystem indexes such as net primary productivity and Garritt. Robert H.. Senior Research Assistant carbon storage throughout the world's terrestrial biosphere. The Harvey. Christopher J.. Research Assistant results of the Center's research are applied, wherever possible, to the Helfrich 111. John V. K... Senior Research Assistant questions of the successful management of the natural resources of the Kicklighter. David W.. Senior Research Assistant Earth. In addition, the ecological expertise of the staff is made Kwialkowski, Bonnie L.. Research Assistant available to public affairs groups and government agencies who deal I.aundre. James A.. Senior Research Assistant Year-Round Research Programs R45

Research Micks. Patricia, Assistant Staff New kirk. Kathleen M., Research Assistant Abt. Donald A., Director and The Robert R. Marshak Term Professor Nohn, Amy L., Research Assistant of Animal Medicine and School of Regan. Kathleen M.. Research Assistant Aquatic Pathology. Veterinary Ricca. Andrea. Research Assistant Medicine. University of Pennsylvania Bullis. Robert Research Assistant Professor of Schwamb, Carol. Laboratory Assistant A.. Microbiology. of Tholke, Kristin S.. Research Assistant University Pennsylvania Tucker, Jane. Senior Research Assistant Leibovitz, Louis. Director Emeritus Wollheim, Wilfred M., Research Assistant McCafferty, Michelle. Histology Technician. University of Pennsylvania Moniz, PriscillaC. Administrative Assistant Consultants Smolowitz, Roxanna M.. Senior Research Investigator in Pathology. of Bowles, Francis P.. Research Systems Consultant, Research Designs University Pennsylvania Bowles, Margaret C., Administrative Consultant Wadman, Elizabeth A., Microbiology Technician, University of Fry. Brian D., Visiting Consultant. Florida International University Pennsylvania

( 'isiting Scientists and Scholars Laboratory ofAquatic Biomedicine

Galloway, James, Visiting Scientist, University of Virginia This laboratory investigates tumors of marine invertebrates by Gundersen, Per, Visiting Scientist, Danish Forest and Landscape focusing on leukemiasofsoft shell clams. Monoclonal antibodies Research Institute. Ministry of Energy and Environment developed by this laboratory are being used lo diagnose clam Kaduk, Jrg, Visiting Scientist. Max Planck Institute for Meteorolgy. leukemia, identify and characterize a tumor-specific protein, and Hamburg, Germany differentiate other leukemias in bivalve molluscs. The availability of LeCat. Camille. Visiting Student. Universit de Technologic de molecular probes has enabled the laboratory to examine the Compiegne expression of the p53 gene in both normal and leukemia cells. The Piccolo. Marisa. Visiting Scientist. CENA, University of So Paulo impact of pollutants on clam leukemogenesis is currently being Sauf. Walter, Visiting Scientist. Max Planck Institute for Meteorolgy. studied with an emphasis on regional superfund sites. Hamburg. Germany Schmidt. of Inger Kappel. Visiting Scientist. University Copenhagen Staff Sitch, Stephen. Visiting Postdoctoral Candidate. University of Lund Reinisch. Carol Associate Zago. Christina, Visiting Scholar. Institute per lo Studio della L., Scientist, MBL. and Chairperson, of Medicine. Tufts of Dinamica delle Grandi Masse. ISDGM. Venice, Italy Department Comparative University School Veterinary Medicine Barker. Colin. Research Assistant Laboratory ofAquatic Animal Medicine and Pathology I 'isiting Scientists

The laboratory provides diagnostic. consultati\e research, and Brand. Dawna. Department of Environmental Studies. University of educational services to the institutions and scientists of the Woods Victoria, British Columbia Hole community concerned with marine animal health. Diseases of Strandberg, John. Department of Comparative Medicine. The Johns wild, and cultured animals are captive, investigated. Hopkins School of Medicine Powell, DeLois. Department of Biology, University of Maryland. Eastern Shore

Students

Smith. Cynthia. Tufts LIniversity School of Veterinary Medicine Harper. Claudia. Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine

Laboratory' of Cell Biochemistry

This laboratory uses cell and molecular biological methods to study the regulation of gene expression in marine fish. Current emphasis is on gene products involved in heme metabolism including: (a) aminolevulinate synthase. the first and rate determining enzyme of heme production: (b) cytochrome P450, a heme-rcquirmg catalyst for oxidation ol hydrophobia chemicals; and (c) heme oxygenase, a stress- induced, microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of heme degradation. The expression of all three enzymes is affected by endogeneous and pharmacological agents as well as xenobiotics and carcinogens. We have cloned and sequenced cDNAs for both the erthyroid and housekeeping forms ol aminolevulinate synthase, have developed specific probes for cytochrome P450, and, by RT-PCR, arc- generating a homologous probe for heme oxygenase. When that is completed, we will have a battery offish-specific molecular biological R46 Annual Report

acid in conotoxins reagents that can be used to monitor environmental effects on heme With the discovery of 7-carboxyglutamic of the of marine snails biosynthesis, utilization, and degradation. It is expected that such isolated from the toxins venoms predatory to the of simultaneous analyses will be much more informative than belonging to the genus Conns, the question arises as pathway role of vitamin K. in its measurements made on only one aspect. We recently have shown that biosynthesis of this amino acid, the potential isolated fish hepatocytes regulate heme biosynthesis in a manner synthesis and comparison of invertebrate and mammalian >- in Boston resembling that in terrestrial vertebrates (including humans), and we carboxylation systems. Although our primary laboratory blood are using primary cultures offish hepatocytes to address some long- has been engaged in the study of the mammalian coagulation of standing biomedical questions regarding the mechanisms ot that proteins that contain ->-carboxyglutamic acid, and the biosynthesis is an initiative to regulation. Because preliminary sequence alignments indicate that these proteins, the new MBL laboratory study in a marine aminolevulinate synthase has an interesting evolutionary history that invertebrate -v-carboxyglutamic acid biosynthesis unique acid. The is bears on the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of animal animal that synthesizes vcarboxyglutamic laboratory mitochondria, these studies will be extended to include comparative developing an in rum assay for -y-carboxyglutamic acid synthesis by based molecular biology of aminolevulinate synthases from invertebrates the endogenous ( 'onus carboxylase using synthetic peptides With this and lower eukaryotes. upon the structure of conantokin-G and conantokin-T. assay, a purification scheme for the carboxylase from Conns tissue will be developed. The long-term goals are to clone this enzyme, to Staff determine the amino acid sequence homology to the mammalian Cornell, Neal W., Senior Scientist caiturn lasc, and to understand its mechanism of action in fixing Faggart. Maura A., Research Assistant carbon dioxide to glutamic acid. Martin, Holly A., Research Assistant Macarro, Jackie. Laboratory Assistant Staff

I Sciential 'isiting Barbara Furie. Visiting Scientist Bruce Furie. Visiting Scientist Fox, T. O.. Harvard Medical School

Laboratory of Cell Communication Laboratory ofRoger Hanlon

is to the of This the behavior of Studies Established in 1 994. this laboratory devoted study Laboratory m\cstigates cephalopods. intercellular communication. The research focuses on the cell-to-cell of observational learning capabilities are currently being conducted, as channel, a membrane channel built into the junctions between cells. are studies on reproductive strategies that include agonistic behavior, This channel provides one of the most basic forms of intercellular female mate choice, and sperm competition. The latter studies involve communication in organs and tissues. The work is aimed at the DN A fingerprinting to determine paternity and help assess alternative molecular physiology of this channel, in particular, at the mechanisms mating tactics. Complementary field studies are conducted locally and of the that regulate the communication. Electrophysiological-, fluorescent- on coral reefs. The functional morphology and neurobiology ot tracer-, and molecular biological techniques are used to this end. As chromatophore system of cephalopods are also studied on a variety was recently discovered in this laboratory, the channel is the conduit ccphalopod species, and image analysis techniques are being that enable of growth-regulating signals. It is instrumental in a basic feedback loop developed to study crypsis and the mechanisms cryptic whereby cells in organs and tissues control their number: in a variety body patterns to be neurally regulated by visual input.

of cancer forms it is crippled. Work is aimed now at the mechanisms of growth control and at correcting cancer growth by transferring the gene for the cell-to-cell channel protein from normal cells into the Staff cancer cells. Molecular genetic techniques are used in this endeavor. Hanlon. Roger. Senior Scientist Ashcraft. Susan. Research Assistant Staff

Werner Loewenstein, Senior Scientist I '/V////H,' In Birgit Rose. Senior Scientist Research Assistant Tracv Jillson, Claes. Graduate Student, Northeastern University Jenkins. Aaron. Student. Boston University Marine Program Wittenberg. Kim. Graduate Student, Boston University Marine Laboratory Barbara and Bruce Furie of Program 7-Carboxyglutamic acid is a calcium-binding amino acid well- distributed among mammalian species, but the search for this amino acid in invertebrates has not been revealing, with a single exception: Laboratory ofShinya Inoue toxins from the predatory marine cone snails. Conns The biosynthesis of 7-carboxyglutamic acid in the mammalian vitamin K. -dependent Study of the molecular mechanism and control of mitosis, cell on proteins has been studied extensively in our laboratory at Tufts-New division, cell motility. and cell morphogenesis, with emphasis England Medical Center, with recent emphasis on the cloning, biophysical studies made directly on single living cells, especially the in marine invertebrates. of biophysical structure, and enzymology of the > -carboxylase and mechanistic developing eggs Development and role of vitamin K. The synthesis of this amino acid is critical for instrumentation and methodology, such as polarization optical and normal blood coagulation in that all of the vitamin K-dependent video microscopy and digital image processing techniques, of the blood coagulation proteins contain -y-carboxyglulamic acid, an amino exploration of their underlying theory are an integral part acid that is required for biological activity. laboratory's effort Year-Round Research Programs R47

diverse marine environments. The key model has been the horseshoe Staff crab Liiniiln\ /Wr/>/ir/mis l.innilits hemocytes exhibit a very sensitive Scientist Inoue. Shinya. Distinguished LPS-triggered protease cascade which results in blood coagulation. Knudson. Robert, Instrument Development Engineer Several proteins found in the hemocyte and hemolymph display Assistant Leighton. Jane. Executive microbial binding proteins that contribute to antimicrobial defense. Maccaro, Jackie. Laboratory Assistant Commensal or symbiotic microorganisms may also augment the Stemmer. Andreas. Visiting Assistant Scientist antimicrobial mechanisms of macroscopic marine species. Secondary metabolites are being isolated from diverse marine microbial strains in Laboratory ofAlan M. Kuzirian an attempt to understand their role. Microbial participation in oxidation of the toxic gas hydrogen sulfide is also being studied. Our research explores the functional morphology and ultrastructure of various organ systems in opisthobranch molluscs. The program Staff includes mariculture of nudibranch. Hermissenda crassicomis, with emphasis on developing reliable culture methods for rearing and Wainwright. Norman, Senior Scientist maintaining the animal as a research resource. The process of Barry. Kevin. Research Assistant meuunorphic induction by natural and artificial inducers is also being Child. Alice, Research Assistant explored in an effort to understand the processes involved and as a Kreiling, Jill. Postdoctoral Research Associate means to increase the yield of cultured animals. Morphologic studies stress the ontogeny of neural and sensory structures associated with I 'i\iting Investigator* the photic and vestibular systems that have been used in learning and Rochester memory studies. Also being investigated are the spatial and temporal Anderson, Porter, University of occurrence of regulatory and transmitter neurochemicals in the Levin. Jack. University of California central and peripheral nervous system. is the of a Concurrent with these morphologic studies development Laboratory ofRudolfOldenbourg new technique to obtain and reconstruct serial block face images (SBFI) of epoxy-embedded or cry oprepared tissues sectioned or freeze- The laboratory develops advanced instrumentation in light fractured or freeze-etched inside an SEM by an //; \ini miniature microscopy and investigates physical optics relevant to microscope ultramicrotome. Also, collaborative efforts are being conducted imaging for high resolution studies of architectural dynamics in living toward developing and testing an inexpensive and durable silicon cells and cell components. The current focus of the laboratory is the microtomy knife. development of a new polarized light microscope that combines Collaborative research includes histochemical investigations on microscope optics with electro-optical components, video, and digital strontium's role in initiating calcification in molluscan embryos (shell image processing for fast analysis of specimen birefringence over the and statoliths), as well as immunocytochemical labeling of cell-surface entire viewing field at the highest resolution of the light microscope. and secretory product antigens using mono- and polyclonal antibodies Biological systems currently investigated with the new pol-scope are on Hermissenda sensory and neurosecretory neurons in iilu, and in fertilized eggs of the sea urchin, newt lung epithelial cells, microtubule cell culture. Toxicity studies on lead effects on Hermissenda learning in vitro preparations and lyotropic liquid crystals. and feeding, and physiology of cultured neurons are also being conducted. Staff Additional collaborative research includes DNA fingerprinting using RAPD-PCR techniques in preparation for isogenic strain Oldenbourg. Rudolf. Associate Scientist development oflaboratory-reared Hermissenda and hatchery- Maccaro, Jackie, Laboratory Assistant produced hay scallops (Argnpivtin irradians) with distinct phenotypic Knudson. Robert. Instrument Development Engineer markers for rapid field identification. The functional morphology and physiology of digestion in various marine metazoan invertebrates are Laboratory ofSensory Physiology being described. Systematic and taxonomic studies of nudibranch molluscs are also of interest. Members of this laboratory have conducted research on various facets of vision since 1973. Current investigations focus on vertebrate retinal photoreceptors. Light microscopy is used to study physical Staff optical properties, such as birefringence, dichroism. and visual Kuzirian. Alan M.. Associate Scientist pigment absorbance. The chemical basis of color vision is investigated principally with UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy. One aim is a thorough understanding of the chemistry that underlies spectral I 'isiling Investigators tuning. Other objectives are related to biophysical mechanisms that Bumann, Dirk permit polarized light detection and wavelength-dependent Hemant Chikarmane. Research Scientist. Aphios, Assistant Scientist, discrimination in the ultraviolet and visible spectra. MBL Stephen B.. Biomedical Engineering & Instrumentation Leighton. Staff Branch, NCRR-NIH

Harosi, Ferenc I.. Senior Scientist. MBL. and Boston University School of Medicine Laboratory ofNorman Wainwright The mission of the laboratory is to understand the molecular Laboratory ofOsamu Shimomura defense mechanisms exhibited by marine invertebrates in response to involved in the bioluminescence of invasion by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The primitive immune Biochemical mechanisms Based on the results systems demonstrate unique and powerful strategies for survival in various luminous organisms are investigated. R48 Annual Report

obtained in this laboratory, improved forms of bioluminescent probes Staff are designed and produced for the measurements of intracellular free Sussman, Raquel. Associate Scientist calcium and superoxide anion.

I 'i\itinx Investigator Staff Berberian, Graciela. Institute de Investigacion Medica, Cordoba. Shimomura, Osamu, Senior Scientist, MBL, and Boston University School of Medicine Argentina Shimomura, Akemi. Research Assistant The Marine Resources Center

The Marine Resources Center is one of the world's most advanced Laboratory ofRobert B. Silver facilities for maintaining and culturing aquatic organisms essential to This laboratory studies how living cells make decisions. The focus of advanced biological, biomedical and ecological research. Service and the research, typically using marine models, is on two main areas: the education also play important and complementary roles in this role of calcium in the regulation of mitotic cell division (sea urchins, 32,000-square-foot, state-of-the-art facility. sand dollars, etc.) and structure/function relationships of hair cell The MRC and its life support systems have already increased t In- stereociliary movements in vestibular physiology (oyster, toadlish). ability of MBL scientists to conduct research and have inspired new are in scientific research Other related areas of study, i.c . synaptic transmission (squid), concepts experiments. Vigorous programs

also pursued. Tools include video light microscopy, multispectral and focusing on basic biological and biomedical aquatic models are very high speed (sub-millisecond frame rate) photon counting video currently being developed at the Center. These programs will enhance light microscopy, telemanipulation of living cells and tissues, and and build upon the MRC's existing research activities by the modeling of decision processes. A cornerstone of the laboratory's University of Pennsylvania's Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine analytical efforts is high performance computational processing and and Pathology (LAAMP)and in the Laboratory of Roger Hanlon. analysis of video light microscopy images. With luminescent, In addition to research, the MRC provides a variety of services to fluorescent, and absorptive probes both empirical observation and the MBL community through its Aquatic Resources Division computational modeling of cellular, biochemical and biophysical (formerly the Marine Resources Department), the Water Quality and processes permit interpretation and mapping of space-time patterns of System Engineering Division, the Administrative Division, and the intracellular chemical reactions and calcium signalling in living cells. Laboratory for Marine Animal Health. A variety of//; \iiro biochemical, biophysical, and immunological Educational and research opportunities are available at the facility methods are used. In addition to fundamental biological studies, the to postdoctoral fellows, to graduate and undergraduates, and to stall designs and fabricates optical hardware, and designs software for established investigators. Students and investigators will find that the large video image data processing, analysis, and modeling. MRC's unique life support and seawater engineering systems make this a favorable environment in which to conduct masters and doctoral theses and independent research using a variety of aquatic Staff organisms and flexible tank space for customized experimentation on Silver, Robert, Associate Scientist live animals. Prospective students and investigators should contact the Crossin, Glenn, Laboratory Assistant Director of the MRC for further information. Fripp, William. Research Assistant The MRC also hosts several courses annually: the AQUAVETS Hopkins. James, Research Assistant courses sponsored by LAAMP, and an aquaculture course, the theme Knudson. Robert, Instrument Engineer of which changes yearly according to regional and national interests. Maccaro, Jackie. Laboratory Assistant

Interns

Brown. Angela, RELJ Intern. Georgia Institute of Technology Speck. Alexandra. REL' Intern. Columbia University

I 'isiting Scientists

Alt. Maxim. MikroPhotonische Universitat von CZI Kelley, Brian, Graduate Research Assistant, Cornell University Palevitz, Lara, Cornell University Reeves, Anthony, Cornell University Stromboli, Emilio, Statzionede Napoli

Laboratory ofRaquel Sussman

We investigate the molecular mechanism of DNA damage- induciblc functions in E. coll. Present studies deal with novel genes that affect radiation-induced mutagenesis and analysis of RecA functions. In addition, we have been developing techniques for genomic mapping and collaborating in the isolation of neuronal genes in squid. Year-Round Research Programs R49

of the few methods available for measuring the movement of ions Staff involved in non-electrogenic transport, for example the activity of Hanlon, Roger, Director some pumps and porters, has the added advantage of measuring net Ashcraft, Susan, Research Assistant flux of individual ions and, being based on commercially available to Kuzirian. Alan, Acting Director ionophores, is broadly applicable. Although originally developed study transmembrane calcium flux, to date ionophores for potassium and have been successfully used with development studies I 'isiling iHvctiitiiitor* hydrogen completed for magnesium and chloride. Claes. Graduate Student. Northeastern rat to University Highlights of recent work include the use of the vas deferens of Jenkins. Aaron. Student, Boston Marine University Program study the acidification of the male reproductive tract by a proton- of Connecticut Spotte, Stephen, University pumping ATPase; studies of the physiological functions of cation Kim. Graduate Student. Boston Marine of ion Wittenberg. University currents using isolated A/>ly.\ia bag cell neurons; measurements Program fluxes in mouse pre-implantation embryos; and a report on acetylcholine induced calcium fluxes across the sarcolemma of an Molecular Evolution ofGenomes echinoderm smooth muscle. During this year, first recordings were made with the two newer The of the bacterium Escherichia coli contains all the genome systems, the oxygen probe and the BioKelvin aerial probe. The NVP , fora to information required free-living chemoautotrophic organism developed for the study of cell respiration, was used to make the first live, and The information content of the genome can adapt, multiply. measurements of oxygen uptake by a single neuron; the NVPbk , dissected from the of view of the role of each be point understanding designed for measurement of weak fields around tissue in a gaseous these ends. The functions of gene and gene product in achieving many environment, has been used to successfully measure electric fields in a hierarchical the E coli have been organized system representing around corn coleoptiles showing both photo and geotactic responses. complex physiology and structure of the cell. In collaboration with Dr. Peter Karp of SRI International, an electronic encyclopedia of Staff information is being constructed on the genes, enzymes, metabolism, transport processes, regulation, and cell structure of coli. The Jaffe. Lionel F.. Director Emeritus interactive EcoCyc program is now publically available and currently Smith. Peter J.S., Director has graphical hypertext displays, including literature citations, on Hammar. Katherine, Research Assistant nearly all of/;' coli metabolism, all genes and their locations, a Land. Stephen C., Postdoctoral Research Associate hierarchical system of cell functions and some regulation processes. McLaughlin, Jane A.. Research Assistant This work is continuing. Sanger. Richard H., Senior Electronics Technician In addition, the E coli genome contains valuable information on molecular evolution. We are analyzing the sequences of proteins of E. I '/tiling Invi'stiifiiii>r\ coli in terms of their evolutionary origins. By grouping like sequences and tracing back to their common ancestors, one learns not only Baikie, Iain D.. Robert Gordon University, Scotland about the paths of evolution for all contemporary E. coli proteins, but Breton, Sylvie, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General one extends even further back before E. coli, traversing millenia to the Hospital earliest evolutionary times when a relatively few ancestral proteins Brown. Dennis. Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General served as ancestors to all contemporary proteins of all living Hospital organisms, not simply E coli. The nearly complete genome sequence Collier, Kimberley A.. McMaster University, Canada ofE co/i and sophisticated sequence analysis programs permit us to Demarest, JefTery R.. Juniata College identify evolutionary related protein families, determining ultimately Devlin. C. Leah, Penn State what kinds of unique ancestral sequences generated all of present-day Eikenberry. Stephen J., Juniata College proteins. Faszewski. Ellen, Llniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst Gebhardt. Kelley A., Juniata College Hill, Susan D., Michigan State Staff Holbrook. Pamela G.. Universite de Montpellier II, France RMey, Monica, Senior Scientist Howes, Elizabeth. A., The Babraham Institute, England

Crossin, Glenn. Research Assistant I Keefe. David, Yale University School of Medicine Pelligrini-Toole. Alida. Research Assistant II Kunkel, Joseph G., University of Massachusetts, Amherst Malchow, R. Paul, University of Illinois McMaster Canada National Vibrating Probe Facility Misiaszek, Christine F.. University. Morgan, James L. M., University of Arkansas is to The twofold purpose of the National Vibrating Probe Facility Pepperell, John. Yale University Medical School for non-invasive develop and make available techniques the Tytell. Michael. Wake Forest University measurement of transmembrane ion flux. Since the early 1980s, when this NIH-Biotechnology Resource Center was established at the MBL. a number of probes have been introduced: the vibrating potential Program in Comparative Molecular Biology difference probe (NVPpj), a non-invasive wire voltage probe; the ion- and Evolution selective probe (NVP,); the oxygen probe (NVP ); and the BioKelvin The in Molecular Biology and Evolution aerial probe (NVPbk ). Program Comparative studies of and to Vibrating a single, and therefore self-referencing, electrode has employs comparative phylogenetic genes genomes rise to revolutionized the study of electric fields associated with living tissue. define patterns of evolution that gave contemporary on the earth. We are interested in The NVPpj is the most sensitive, measuring nanovolt fields relating to biodiversity planet especially well as the net current (low across membranes of tissues and cells. The NVP,. one discerning how the eukaryotic cell was invented as identity R50 Annual Report

of of microbial groups that were aneestral to animals, plants, and fungi. some of the earliest diverging lineages in the evolutionary history We take advantage of the extraordinary conservation of ribosomal eukaryotes. The objective is to develop a set of additional molecular will be invaluable in RNAs to define phylogenetic relationships that span the largest of markers for studying molecular evolution. These evolutionary distances. These studies have overhauled traditional unraveling sudden evolutionary radiations that cannot be resolved by into the or eukaryotic microbial classification systems. We have discovered new rRNA comparisons and will provide insights presence ancestors evolutionary assemblages that are as genetically diverse and complex absence of important biochemical properties in the earliest as plants, fungi, and animals. The nearly simultaneous separation of common to all eukaryotic species. these eukaryotic groups (described as the eukaryotic "Crown") occurred approximately one billion years ago and was preceded by a Staff succession of earlier diverging protist lineages, some as ancient as the separation of the prokaryotic domains. At the same time this database Sogin. Mitchell L.. Director and Senior Scientist provides a powerful tool for the newly emerging discipline of Hinkle. Greg, Postdoctoral Research Associate Associate molecular ecology. Using the ribosomal RNA database and nucleic Morrison, Hilary G., Postdoctoral Research Associate acid based probe technology, it is possible to detect and monitor Silberman, Jeffrey, Postdoctoral Research microorganisms including those that cannot be cultivated in the laboratory. This strategy has revealed new habitats and major I 'isitiiiK Investigators revelations about geographical distribution of microorganisms. More recently we have initiated a program to sample genomic Bahr, Michele. Ecosystems Center diversity from eukaryotic microorganisms that do not have Barnhisel. Rae, Postdoctoral Sloan Fellow mitochondria. We previously demonstrated that these taxa represent Collins. Allen, University of California. Berkeley Honors

Friday Evening Lectures

June 16 Robert J. Full. University of California, Berkeley "Diversity Enables Discovery: Lessons From Many-Legged Locomotors as Inspiration for Robot Design" June 23 Baldomero M. Olivera, The University of Utah "Using Venoms of the Deadly Cone Snails to Study the Brain" June 30 Sharon R. Long. Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Stanford University "Life in the Underground: How Bacteria and Plants Communicate by Signal Exchange" (Monsanto Lecture) July 7 William E. Paul, National Institutes of Health "Confronting AIDS: A New Paradigm for Responding to Major Diseases" (Glassman Lecture) July 14 Robert D. Goldman, Northwestern University "Cellular Architecture: Form and Function in Health and Disease"

July 20. 2 1 John G. Nicholls, University of Basel "Repair and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System After Injury:" "Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Regeneration" and "Growth of Nerve Fibers Across Lesion of Neonatal Mammalian Spinal Cord in Culture" (Forbes Lectures) July 28 Eve Marder. Brandeis University "Dynamic Modulation of Neurons and Networks" (Lang Lecture) August 4 Susan S. Taylor. University of California. San Diego "Protein Kinases: Critical Switches in Signal Transduction"

August I 1 Andrew H. Knoll. Harvard University "The Context of Early Animal Evolution: Time. Genealogy, and Environment"

Fellowships and Scholarships

' In 1995. the MBL awarded research fellowships to 23 scientistsfrom around the world. Thesefellows research topics ranged In nn studying immune system precursors in horseshoe crabs to understanding cognitivejunction with the aid ofcomputer modeling to examining cardiac muscle contractions in molluscs after being treated with calcium channel blocker drugs used to control hypertension in humans. The MBL also awarded scholarships to 146 students in the MBL 's summer courses.

The Science H 'riling Fellowships Program, now in its 10th year, brings print and broadcast journalists to the MBL each summer to participate in a hands-on laboratory course in cell and molecular biologyfollowed by assignments in the courses and with independent investigators. Fellowships were awarded to 13 journalists in 1995.

In 1995. donors provided $158. 760 in support oj the research fellowship program. $107.000for the Science Writing Fellowships

' Program, and $50.050 to provide scholarships to students in MBL courses. Donors names are noted below. Those individuals who receivedfellowships and scholarships follow.

Robert Allen Day Fellowship American Society for Cell Biology Frederik B. Bang Fellowship Fund Drs. Jean M. and W. Scholarships Joseph Sanger Mrs. Betsy G. Bang Dr. Elizabeth Marincola, Executive Director Dr. Arthur M. Silverstein

R51 R52 Annual Report

Frank A. Brown, Jr. Memorial James A. and Faith Miller Science Writing Fellowships Readership Fellowship Fund Program

Dr. Francis D. Carlson Ms. Helen Cheney The American Association of Immunologists Mr. J. BradCoker American Society for Biochemistry and Mr. Stanley J. Kaiser Molecular Biology Dr. and Mrs. David A. Miller American for Cell The Charles R. Crane Fellowship Society Biology American Society for Investigative Pathology Friendship Fund American Society for Microbiology American Society for Photobiology American Society of Zoologists in and The Jean and katsuma Dan Mountain Memorial Fund Association for Research Vision Ophthalmology Fund Fellowship Mr. and Mrs. Dean C. Allard. Jr. Association of Anatomy. Cell Biology and Dr. Martha B. Baylor Drs. Jean M. and Joseph W. Sanger Neurobiology Chairpersons Mr. Bell Mrs. Eleanor Steinbach HughC. Biophysical Society Dr. William J. Beutler Charles A. Dana Foundation Ms. Brenda J. Bodian Foundation for Microbiology Ms. Elinor W. Bodian Friendship Fund Bernard Davis Fund Ms. Helen Bodian & Mr. Roger Alcaly John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Mr. G. Nathan Calkins. Jr. Merck Company Foundation Dr. Porter W. Anderson. Jr. Ms. Mildred S. Carson New York Times Foundation Dr. and Mrs. J. Woodland Hastings Ms. Alice W. Cross Nicholas B. Ottawa) Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Brevvster H. Gere, Jr. The Washington Post Company Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Gillette Aline D. Gross Fund Mr. and Mrs. -Man J. Jacobsen Scholarship The Moshe Shilo Memorial Col. William E. John Mrs. Mona Gross Fund Mrs. Virginia Stokes Jones Scholarship Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Weisberg Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Kaminer Dr. and Mrs. J. Woodland Hastings Ms. AnneC. Kimball Dr. and Mrs. Laszlo Lorand Mr. Kenneth H. Lange Ann E. Kammer Memorial Ms. Charlotte Z. LeMay The Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Fellowship Fund Mr. Harry Mellins Mr. and Mrs. James E. Milligan Fellowship Fund Ms. Judy A. Akers Ms. Helen T. North Dr. Paulo Alexandre Abrahamsohn Ms. Esther L. Racoosin Dr. Michael Ovadia Reader's Digest Foundation Drs. Jean M. and Joseph W. Sanger Stephen VV. Kuffler Fellowship Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Roberts Drs. and Melvin Mr. Miles H. Robinson Evelyn Spiegel Ms. Virginia Conquest Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Rose Dr. Thomas Oren Fox Mr. Ladislaw Z. Sajor H. B. Steinbach Fellowship Dr. Edward A. Kravitz Mr. William B. Sanford Prof. Brian M. Salzberg Mrs. H. Burr Steinbach Dr. and Mrs. R. Walter Schlesinger Joel W. Silverstem. M.D. Ms. Doris Small The Walter L. Wilson Endowed Lakian Postdoctoral Scholar Mr. and Mrs. Herbert G. Sparrow Scholarship Fund Mr. James B. Steere Lakian Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John W. Stewart Mrs. Marian Rigaumont Dr. and Mrs. William N. Thomas Dr. Jean R. Wilson

Lakian Summer Fellowships Young Scholars/Fellows Program Lakian Foundation Mr. Gordon C. Estabrooks Mrs. Rebeckah D. Glazebrook Nikon Fellowship Dr. Howard H. Hiatt MBL Research Fellowships Mr. Robert A. Knudson Nikon. Inc. Dr. and Mrs. William M. McDermott Dr. and Mrs. Shinya Inoue Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Trinkaus Post-Course Research Support Phillip H. Presley Memorial Provided by Merck Scholarship Fund Scholarships Theodore D. Inoue Merck & Co.. Inc. Carl Zeiss. Inc. Carl Zeiss. Inc. Honors

Fellowships A warded

MBL Summer Research Fellows

Ronald T. Aimes. the Fmlerik 13 Bang Fellow, is a graduate maturation and progressive differentiation of a single embryonic student in the Department of Biochemistry at the State University of neural network towards the multiple functional networks in the adult. New York in Stony Brook, New York. His research focused on Lisa Moore, R.N., Ph.D.. an MBL Associates Fellow, is a of characterizing the receptor-associated protein (RAP) in extracts Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Neuroscience at Albert l.iiiiiilnx that hind mammalian thus its amebocyte RAP establishing Einstein College of Medicine in New York. Dr. Moore studied the homology to the protein in mammals. electrical synapses found between horizontal and amacrine cells that visual and Jaume Baguria. Ph.D., iheJamesA. and Faith Miller appear to play an important role in modulating acuity light Menioiml Fiiml Fellow, is Professor of Genetics at the University of adaptation in the retina. Barcelona in Spain. Dr. Baguna studied cell lineage in early John Murray, M.D.. Ph.D.. the Nikon Felloe; is Associate development in the marine flatworm. llop/op/ana inauilina, one of Professor in the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the the most primitive living animals with bilateral symmetry. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia. Robbert Creton, Ph.D.. supported by the Evelyn and Melvin Pennsylvania. Dr. Murray used video DIC and fluorescence light from the Spiegel and the Eric F Fries Fellowship Funds, worked with Dr. microscopy to investigate individual microtubules derived Lionel Jaffe on directly measuring calcium levels in developing sea mitotic spindle of sea urchins, Arbacia. urchin embryos using the bioluminescent protein, aequorin, and the Robert Palazzo, Ph.D., supported by the Robert Day Allen

MBL's unique photon imaging system. anil I lie MBL Research Fellowship Funds, is Associate Professor in the Ana DePina, the William Townsend Porter Fellow, isa Department of Physiology and Cell Biology at the University of Palazzo studied the centrosome, a graduate student in the Department of Biology at Dartmouth College Kansas in Lawrence. Kansas. Dr. in New Hampshire. Ms. DePina investigated the mechanism by which subcellular organelle, which is integral to fundamental cell processes of cell and organelles move along actin filaments using fluorescence, transmitted such as cell migration, replication, and maintenance shape

light, and electron microscopy. polarity. Leah Devlin. Ph.D., supported by the MBL Associates and the Lucas Pozzo-Miller. Ph.D.. a Lakian Fellow, is a Postdoctoral MBL Research Fellowships Funds, is an Assistant Professor of Biology Fellow at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology in Nutley. New at Penn State University in University Park. Pennsylvania. Dr. Jersey. Dr. Pozzo-Miller investigated the first-order giant neurons in Devlin's research explored the function and evolution of invertebrate the axon of the squid. LoliKo pealei L.. using electrophysiological and calcium channels and the role of extracellular calcium ions in the ultrastructural methods. generation of cardiac and smooth muscle contractions. James Carl Prechtl, Ph.D., supported by the MBL Associates the Esther A. and Paolo Gaudiano, Ph.D.. supported by and the MBL Research Fellowship Funds, is Assistant Research Ji Fund and the G F Fuorles Fund, is >seph Klingenstein M Fellowship Scientist in the Department of Neurosciences at the University of of and Neural an Assistant Professor in the Department Cognitive California. San Diego in La Jolla. California. Dr. Prechtl investigated at Boston in Massachusetts. Dr. Gaudiano Systems University spatiotemporal patterning related to visual stimulation in the pond the behavioral bias of arousal-induced nonassociative investigated turtle. Pseudemys scrip/a learning as compared to operant conditioning in the head-waving Peter Reinhart. Ph.D., an MBL Associates Fellow, is Assistant behavior of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica. based on the Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Duke University computational neural model that he recently devised. Medical Center in Durham. North Carolina. Dr. Reinhart Jonathan Joseph Henry, Ph.D., supported by the Lucy B investigated the role of ion channels in synaptic plasticity in Purkinje Lemann and the MBL Associates Fellowship Funds, is an Assistant cells isolated from rat brain. Professor in the Department of Cell and Structural Biology at the Heidi Scrable, Ph.D., supported by the John O Crane and the University of Illinois. Dr. Henry returned during the summer of 1995 MBL Associates Fellowship Funds, is Assistant Professor in the to pursue his research on cell lineage of the nermertean, Cerebratulus of Neuroscience at the of in lacteus. Department University Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia. Dr. Scrable's project was designed to Diane Lipscombe, Ph.D.. supported by the H Burr Steinbach characterize the functional defects in ion channels and their associated and MBL Associates Fellowship Funds, is an Assistant Professor in the electrical currents that arise as a consequence of mutations at the NFI Department of Neuroscience at Brown University in Rhode Island. locus using electrophysiological techniques. Dr. Lipscombe's work was designed to determine how the electrical Ph.D., the Frank R Lillie Fellow, is properties of sensory neurons are disrupted when the protein, Kathleen King Siwicki, in the at Swarthmore neurofibromin. is not expressed. Assistant Professor Biology Department College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Dr. Siwicki studied the neurobiology Kirk Malloy, Ph.D., supported by the Frederik B. Bang and and genetics of insect circadian rhythms in the fruit fly, Drosoplnla the MBL Associates Fellowship Funds, is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the melanogusler. and in the hawkmoth, Mandncti se.\la, with emphasis Biology Department at Northeastern University. Dr. Malloy on the role of the period (per) gene in controlling rhythmic behaviors. investigated the developmental ontogeny of DNA repair and cell cycle control in Fundulus relative to processes of tumorigenesis caused or Joel Tabb, Ph.D., a Lakian Fellow, is Research Associate in found in natural induced by exposure to ultraviolet radiation sunlight. the Department of Biology at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. tubulovesicular Pierre Meyrand. Ph.D.. a Herbert II'. Rand Fellow, is an Dr. Tabb characterized endoplasmic reticulum-like. filaments fluorescent and investigator in the Neurobiology and Comparative Physiology organelles that move along actin using dyes and Laboratory at the University of Bordeaux in Arcachon, France. Dr. organelle-specinc antibodies for immunoblotting Meyrand studied the cellular mechanisms underlying development. immunotluorescent microscopic studies. R54 Annual Report

Phong Trail, the Eric I- I-'nes l-'ellnw. is a graduate student in Inigo Novales Flamarique, University of Victoria, Canada.

the Department of Biology at the University of North Carolina at Project title: Optical studies of polarized light detection in fishes. Hill. North Carolina. Mr. Tran continued last summer's Chapel Clifford Kentros, NYU School of Medicine. Project title: studies on the of microtuhules within the mitotic organization spindle Evolution of thalamocortical circuitry. and kinetochore fibers during chromosome movement using the Peter Kloppenburg. Ph.D.. University of Arizona. Project digital polarization microscope to obtain four-dimensional images. title: Voltage-activated currents in antennal motorneurons of the Waite. Ph.D.. the Bernard Dan-, l-cllim. is a Anya honey bee. Apis nielliteru. Postdoctoral Scholar in the Department of Biology at Woods Hole Estela V. O'Brien. The Rockefeller University. Project title: Oceanographic Institution. Ms. Waite investigated the physiological Intrinsic optical signals of horseshoe crab brain neural imaging regulation of sugar-containing compounds on the surface of bloom- techniques. forming marine diatoms. Oystein HaugOlsen, Ph.D., Emory University. Project title: James Walker, a Herbert II Rand Fellow, is a post-graduate Mapping of interneuronal activity to motor neuron output in the student in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of heartbeat network of the medicinal leech. Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Mr. Walker investigated the Kerry Quinn. Ph.D.. University of Connecticut Health mechanism of translational control of masked maternal mRNA in the Science Center. Project title: Structure function relationship of the early development of the clam, S/>/s/<; \nluli\inui ryandine receptor (RYR)/calcium release channel. James Zheng, Ph.D.. supported by the Stephen II Kuffler and Dejian Ren. SUNY. Buffalo. Project title: Functional studies ihc MBL Associates Fellowship Funds, is a Postdoctoral Fellow in of calcium channels modulated with targeted ribozymes against BETA Department of Biological Sciences at Columbia University in New subunit. York. Dr. Zheng studied how the growth cone at the tip of a neurite Matt Wachowiak. The of interacts with environmental signals and makes appropriate path- Whitney Laboratory. University Florida. title: Central in a crustacean model hnding decisions to form specific neuronal connections. Project olfactory coding system.

MBL Science Writing Fellows Grass Fellows I aura Bcil. Dallas \lnriiini; .\Vn\ David Berreby, Freelance Miriam Ashley-Ross. Ph.D.. University of California. Irvine. Jim Dawson. Minneapolis Star Tribune Project title: Work and power output offish dorsal fin muscle. William Dietrich, Seattle Times Thomas A. Cleland. University of California. San Diego. Joshua Fischman. Science magazine Project title: Glutamate-gated chloride channels of central pattern Vincent .1. Kiernan, NewScientisl magazine generating neurons in lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Kim E. Motylevvski, NPR's "Living on Earth" Victoria Ph.D., of Texas at Pryor Connaughton, University Gary Robbins. The Orange County Register Houston. title: Modulation of ion channel the actin Project activity by John Sehvvart/. Tlie II asliini;t

Scholarships Awarded

American Society for Cell Biology Scholarships C. Lalor Burdick Scholarship Fund

Carrie Lynn Bivens. University ofCalifornia. Santa Barbara Francesco di Blasi. IBS-CNR. Italy Dionne Hoskins, of South Carolina University The Burroughs VVellcome Fund Andrea Morris. Princeton University Kathryn Richards, Brandcis I nivcrsity Salwa Ahmed, Cairo University, Egypt Alejandro Sanchez, Carnegie Institution Andrew Brittingham, Temple LJniversity Robert Vasquez, Lehigh Umveisi, Bridget Coughlin. University of Iowa

Ronelle Young, University ofCalilonn i Davis Elisa Cupolillo, Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Brazil Cecile Denis. INSERM-Lillie. France Victor Fernandez. Karolmska Institute, Sweden American Psychological Association Arunava Goswami, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. India Carrie Lynn Bivens. University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara Ikram Ciui/uni. Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunisia Helena Helmby. Stockholm University. Sweden Maria Marchetti. Yale Biology Club of the City of New York Scholarship Fund Llniversity Soloman Mpoke. Wesleyan Llniversity Shankar Srinivas, Columbia University Christine Muller-Graf. University of Oxford. L'.K. Man Reynolds, University of Pennsylvania Mineko CINVESTAV, Mexico Father Arsenius Boyer Scholarship Fund Shybayama. Louise Wallace. Llniversity of Witwatersrand. South Africa Eugemo Carpizo-Ituarte. University of Hawaii Jacqueline Waterkeyn, Llniversity of Melbourne, Australia Honors R55

Gary N. Calkins Scholarship Fund Howard Hughes Medical Institute Educational Program Scholarship Funding Ruth Bodner, University of California, San Diego Mini Krendel, Rutgers University Kugenio Carpizo-ltuarte, University of Hawaii Simona Casarosa. University of Pisa. Italy Frances S. Claff Scholarship Fund Chih-Ching Chien. University of Connecticut Pedro Funez, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Spain Guoqiang Bi. University of California, Berkeley Chris Gee. Queen's University. Canada Steven Gendreau. L'niversity ofWisconsin, Madison Alison George. University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. Davis 1 akchiro Kusakabe. University of California, Edwin Grant Conklin Scholarship Fund Vered Levy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Israel KT Moortgat. University of California, San Diego Bin Lu. University of California, Los Angeles Tatjana Piotrowski. Max-Planck Institute. Germany Andre Francisco Pires da Silva. Max-Planck Institute. Germany Lucretia Crocker Scholarship Fund Natalia Sanchez Soriano, University of Cambridge, U.K. Davide Zannoni, University of Bologna, Italy Emanuela Bonfoco. Karolinska Institute. Sweden James Kozloski. University of Pennsylvania KT Moortgat, University of California, San Diego Merkel II. Jacobs Scholarship Fund Karen Schmeichel. University of Utah Craig Mandate. University of Waterloo Richard Schneider. Duke University Paula Suarez Sanchez. Universidad Simon Bolivar. Venezuela Costantino Vetriani, University of Rome, Italy Arthur Klorfein Scholarship Fund

Bernard Davis Fund Guoqiang Bi. University of California. Berkeley Francesco di Blasi. ISB-CNR, Italy Lars Damgaard. University of Aarhus. Denmark Andrew Giusti, University of California, Santa Barbara Caroline Plugge. Wageningen Agricultural University. Netherlands Jerry Kelly. University of California, Riverside Davide Zannoni. University of Bologna. Italy Craig Mandate. University of Waterloo Nanette Nascone. Harvard Medical School Timothy Oliver. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill William F. and Irene C. Diller Scholarship Fund Tom Smulders, Cornell University Bhagwati Prasad Gupta. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India Frank R. Lillie Scholarship Fund

Caswell Grave Scholarship Fund Natalia Sanchez Soriano. University of Cambridge. U.K. Kang Shen. Duke University Medical Center Sharon Achilles, Johns Hopkins University Todd Verrastro, Colorado State University Simona Casarosa. University of Pisa, Italy Chih-Ching Chien. University of Connecticut Fund Lars Damgaard, University of Aarhus. Denmark Jacques Loeb Founders' Scholarship Steven Gross. University of Texas at Austin Tadas Panavas, University of Massachusetts. Amherst Melissa Hsu, Rutgers University Margot Leonard, University of Pennsylvania S. O. Mast Memorial Fund Scholarships Daniel S. Grosch Scholarship Fund Chih-Ching Chien. Llniversity of Connecticut Shen, Duke Medical Center Paula Suarez-Sanchez. Universidad Simon Bolivar. Venezuela Kang Llniversity Li Van. University of Kansas Medical Center Naibo Yang, Thomas Jefferson University Aline D. Gross Scholarship Fund

Aihui Wang. Michigan State University Allen R. Memhard Memorial Fund Scholarships

Francesco di Blasi. IBS-CNR. ItaK William Randolph Hearst Educational Fndowment Scholarships Mountain Memorial Fund Carrie Lynn Bivens. University of California. Santa Barbara Kristin Boylan, University of Minnesota Karen Beningo. University of Michigan Demetra Dalamagas. Carnegie Mellon University Elizabeth Holleran, University of Pennsylvania Robert Guldberg. University of Michigan Craig Mandate, University of Waterloo Hill Elizabeth Holleran. University of Pennsylvania Timothy Oliver. Llniversity of North Carolina. Chapel Amherst Thomas Maynard, University of Oregon Tadas Panavas. University of Massachusetts, Kathryn Richards, Brandeis University Melanie Zitek. Brown University R56 Annual Report

Planetary Biology Institute Scholarships Society for Developmental Biology Scholarships

Laurel Crosby, Michigan State University Demetra Dalamagas, Carnegie Mellon University Jiancai He. University ot Massachusetts, Amherst F. James King, Duke Llniversity Medical Center Nanette Nascone, Harvard Medical School Denise Robb. of Minnesota William Townsend Porter Scholarship Fund Llniversity Julie Segre. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dionne Hoskins. University of South Carolina Andrea Morris, Princeton University Alejandro Sanchez, Carnegie Institution Society of General Physiologists Scholarships Robert Vasquez. Lehigh University Sharon Achilles. Johns Ronelle Young, University of California. Davis Hopkins University Phyllis Hanson, Yale University Sanchez, Institution H. Memorial Alejandro Carnegie Phillip Presley Scholarships Tom Smulders, Cornell University

David Arahal. University of Sevilla. Spain Joan Cerda, Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida Ben Philpot, University of Virginia Marjorie R. Stetten Scholarship Fund

Melissa Hsu. Rutgers Llniversity Herbert VV. Rand Scholarship Fund

Emanuela Bonfoco. Karolmska Institute. Sweden Pamela England, California Institute of Technology Surdna Foundation Michael Ezrokhi, Brown University Karen Beningo, University of Michigan Alison George, University of Wales. Cardiff, U.K. Sabine Hilnker-Rothenfluh, Rockefeller University Mira Krendel. Rutgers University Katya Prince, Duke University Vered Levy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Israel Naibo Yang. Thomas Jefferson University Bin Lu. University of California. Los Angeles Yuki Nakatani, Tokyo Institute of Technology. Japan Bhagwati Prasad Gupta. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, \Villiam Morton Wheeler Family Founders' India Tatjana Piotrowski, Max-Planck Institute, Germany Scholarships Andre Francisco Pires da Silva, Max-Planck Institute. Germany Mira Krendel, Rutgers University Katya Prince, Duke University Julie Segre. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Shankar Srinivas. Columbia University Walter L. Wilson Endowed Scholarship Fund Aihui Wang. Michigan State University Melanie Zitek, Brown University Mira Krendel, Rutgers Llniversity Board of Trustees and Committees

1996 Corporation Officers and Trustees Class of

Norman Bernstein, Diane and Norman Bernstein Foundation, Inc. Alexander W. Clowes, University of Washington School of Medicine Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Sheldon J. Segal, The Population Eric H. Davidson. California Institute of Technology Council, New York, NY Robert D. Goldman. Northwestern University Medical School Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees. Robert E. Mainer, The Irving W. Rabb. Stop & Shop Company retired Boston Company, Boston, MA President of the Corporation, James D. Ebert. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Director and Chief Executive Officer, John E. Burris, Marine Honorary Trustees Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA* Chair of the Science Council, Ronald L. Calabrese, Emory University, William T. Golden, New York, NY Atlanta. GA* Ellen R. Grass. The Grass Foundation Treasurer, Robert D. Manz. Helmer& Associates, Waltham. MA* Clerk of the Corporation, Neil Jacobs, Hale and Dorr, Boston. MA

Trustees Emeriti Class of 1999 Edward A. Adelberg, Yale University. New Haven, CT John B. Buck. MD Mary-Ellen Cunningham. Grosse Pointe Farms. MI Sykesville. S. Cohen. Woods Hole, MA Neil Jacobs, Hale and Dorr Seymour Arthur L. Colwin, Key Biscayne, FL Darcy Brisbane Kelley, Columbia University Laura Hunter Colwin, Key Biscayne. FL Laurie J. Landeau, Northport, NY Donald Eugene Copeland, Woods Hole, MA Burton J. Lee, III. Intracel Corporation Sears Crowell. Indiana IN Robert E. Mainer. The Boston Company University, Bloomington, Alexander T. Daignault. Falmouth. MA Teru Hayashi, Woods Hole, MA Ruth Hubbard. Cambridge. MA Class 1998 of Lewis Kleinholz, Reed College, Portland, OR Maurice E. Krahl. Tucson, AZ John R. Lakian. The Fort Hill Group, Inc. Charles B. Metz, Miami, FL Joan V. Ruderman, Harvard Medical School Keith R. Porter, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. PA Sheldon J. Segal. The Population Council C. Ladd Prosser. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Alfred Zeien. The Gillette Company W. D. Russell-Hunter. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY John W. Saunders, Jr., Waquoit. MA Mary Sears, Woods Hole, MA Class of 1997 David Shepro. Boston University, Boston, MA D. Thomas Trigg. Wellesley, MA Frederick Paul and C. Michael Paul Foundation, Inc. Bay. Josephine Bay Walter S. Vincent, Woods Hole, MA Martha W. Cox, Hobe Sound, FL George Wald. Cambridge, MA Mary J. Greer, Cambridge, MA Thomas D. Pollard. John Hopkins Medical School William C. Steere. Jr.. Pfizer Inc. Gerald Weissmann. New York University School of Medicine Science Council

Ronald L. Calabrese. Chairman Donald A. Abt * Exiifticio John E. Burris*

R57 R58 Annual Report

John Dowlinglt'rom 8/95) Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees Barbara Ehrlich (from 8/95) Shinya Inoue Sheldon J. Segal, Chairman George M. Langford (thru 8/95) Robert E. Mainer, Viee-Chairman Irwin B. Levitan (thru 8/95) John E. Burris* Knute Nadelhoffer Mary-Ellen Cunningham Roben E. Palazzo Robert D. Goldman Robert B. Silver Ronald L Calabrese Mitchell Sogin Robert D. Manz* Ann E. Stuart Gerald Weissmann

Standing Committees ofthe Board of Trustees

Development Robert Man/ Irving Rabb Mary-Ellen Cunningham, Chair Alfred Zeien Robert Barlow Frederick Bay Martha Cox Nominating James Ebert Gerald Weissmann, Chair Neil Jacobs Ronald Calahrese John Lakian Alexander Clowes Burton Lee Martha Cox William Speck Mary-Ellen Cunningham William Steere Mary Greer Thomas Pollard Finance and Investment Sheldon Segal William Steere Robert Mainer, Chair Norman Bernstein Alexander Clowes Facilities and Capital Equipment Eric Davidson Donald DeHart Robert Goldman. Chair Neil Jacobs Jelle Atema Darcy Kelley Alfred Chaet John Lakian Jerry Mehllo Laurie Landeau Joan Ruderman Werner Lowenstem Robert Silver

Corporation Standing Committees

Ann Gibhn Buildings and Grounds George Langford Alfred B. Chaet, Chair Jose Lemos Barbara Boyer Eduardo Macagno Lawrence B. Cohen Carol L. Reinisch Richard D. Cutler* John Rummel* William Eckberg Barry Fleet* Ferenc Harosi Housing, Food Service, Joe Hayes* and Child Care Kenyon Tweedel

Stephen Highstein. Chairman Fellowships Elaine Bearer Donald C. Chang Thoru Pederson, Chair Milton Charlton Kathleen Dunlap Richard Cutler* Robert Gould LouAnn King* * E-\ nf/n.'1/i Daryl Stokes Trustees and Committees R59

MBL/WHO1 Library Joint Users Kenneth Foreman Committee Louis Kerr Jack Levin David Shepro. Chair, MBL James Quigley JudyAshmore*. MBL John Rummel* Cabell Davis, WHO1 Peter J. S. Smith Colleen Hurter*. WHO! Paul Steudler Mark Kurz, WHOI Michael Tykocinski Kevin Friedland. NMFS Steve Gregg*. WHOI Research Space John Hobbie, MBL Cathy Norton*. MBL/WHOI Hans Laufer, Chair Monica Riley. MBL Paul De Weer Jim Robb, USGS David Landowne Peter J. S. Smith, MBL Eduardo Macagno Bruce Warren. WHOI Andrew Mattox* Jerry Melillo Research Services Merle Mizell Robert Silver Peter Armstrong, Chair Steven Treistman Neal Cornell Ivan Valiela Richard Cutler* Richard Vallee

Standing Committee ofthe Science Council Education

John Dowling. Chairman Elaine Bearer Vincent Dionne Roger T. Hanlon Holger W. Jannasch Michael E. Mendelsohn

Steven J. Zottoli Ronald L. Calabrese* John D. Rummel* Dorianne Chrvsler Mebane*

' Exofficio Administrative Support Staff*

Biological Bulletin Nelson, Mary F. Maxwell. Thanh L Clapp. Pamela L., Managing Editor Patch-Wing. Dolores Fox, Chryseis O. Gibson, Victoria R McCaffrey, Karen Armstrong, Ellen P., Liaison Pennington, Susan Brown. M. Kathryn S.. Gift Shop

Controller's Office Communications O/ficc Speer, John W., Controller Clapp, Pamela L., Director Renna, Laura M. Accounting Services Liles. Beth R. Afonso, JanisE. Binda, Ellen F. Campbell. Ruth B. Ghetti. Pamela M. King. LouAnn D.. Conference Center and Gilmore. Mary F. Housing Manager Hobbs, Roger W., Jr. Barry. Maureen J. Lancaster, Cindy Johnson. Frances N. Poravas. Maria Telephone O/ficc Chan Roniii Baker, Ida M. Schorer, Timothy M. Barry. Maureen J. Shepherd, Denise M. Mayne, Pamela Ridley. Alberta W. Purchasing Hall. Lionel E.. Jr. Human Resources Shepherd, Denise M. Goux, Susan P., Manager Donovan, Marcia H. Director 's Office

Burris, John E . Director and CEO Burrhus. I. Elaine Marine Resources Center Catania. Didia Hanlon. Roger T.. Director Kaufmann, Sandra J. Kuzirian. Alan, Acting Director Nelson, Mary F. Mom/. Priscilla C. Leighton, Jane L.

Marine Revnirees Department External Affairs Enos. Edward G.. Jr., Supenntendent

Carotenuto, Frank C., Director Grossman. William M. W. Berthel. Dorothy Sexton. Andrew Black, Nancy O. Sullivan, Daniel A. Boulet. Jane F. Tassinari, Eugene Faxon, Wendy P. MRC Life Support S\ \iciu Mebane, William N.. Systems Operator Ashcraft. Susan E. * Includingpersons whojoined or left the Hanley, Janice S. mat] during 1995. Stukev. Jellev

R60 Administrative Support Staff R61

A1BL/U HOI Library Rattacasa, Frank D. Serrano, Robert A. Norton, Catherine N., Head Librarian Silva, Cynthia C. Ashmore, Judith A. Ware, Lynn M. Costa. Marguerite E. Drury. Eulalie A. Plant Operations and Maintenance Jackson, James R. Fleet, Barry M.. Superintendent Mirra, Anthony J. Barnes, John S. Monahan, A. Jean Bennett, Patrick V. Mover, Lisa A. Blunt, Hugh F. Nelson. Heidi Bourgoin. Lee E. Pratson, Patricia G. Carini. Robert J. deVeer, Joseph M. Carroll. James R Zuwallack, Barbara A. Fish. David L., Jr. Zuwallack, Raymond J. Fuglister, C. Kurt Zuwallack, Ronald L. Gonsalves, Walter W.. Jr. Hathaway, Peter J. Copy Sen-ice Center Justason, C. Scott Rebecca J., Mountford, Supervisor Lochhead. William M. Jesse, Martha V. Lunn, Alan G. LaPlante, Robert F. McAdams, Herbert M. Ill Mancini. Mary E. McHugh, Michael O. Mills, Stephen A. Information Systems Division Olive. Charles W., Jr. Norton, Catherine N.. Director Schoept, Claude Leslie, Donald F. Serrano, Robert A. Mountford, Rebecca J. Remsen, David Machine Shop Renna. DenisJ. Sylvia, Frank E. Space. David B. Tollios. Constantine D. Photolab Colder, Linda M.

Safety Sen'ices Colder, Robert J.

Mattox. Andrew H., Environmental, Health. and Safety Manager Research Administration & Educational Programs

Rummel. John D.. Director Services. Projects, and Facilities Chrysler. Dorianne Cutler. Richard D., Manager Hamel, Carol C. Enos. Joyce B. Huffer, Linda Hunt. Sharon L.

Sandra J. Apparatus Kaufmann. Barnes, Franklin D. Haskms, William A. Central Microscopy Facility Kerr, Louis M.

Services ami Grounds Hayes, Joseph N., Superintendent Journal ofMembrane Biology Allen, Wayne D. Loewenstein. Werner R.. Editor Lewis B. Anderson, Fay. Catherine H. Atwood, Paul R. Howard, Linda L. Barnes, Susan M. Lvnch. Kathleen F. Beaudoin, Helen Boucher, Richard L.

Callahan. John J. Temporary Employees

Collins, Paul J. Baptiste. Michael Dorris. John J. Davis, Doris C. Dutra. Roger S.. Jr. Gilbrook, Maggie M. Gibbons. Roberto G. Rymsha, Steven M. Gonsalves. Nelson Hopkins. Sharon C. Hannigan. Catherine Illgen, Robert F. Summer Support Stall' Krajewski. Viola 1. Luther. Herbert Arnold, Suzanne Lynch. Henry L. Atwood. Karl M. McNamara, Noreen M. Bennett, Tara R62 Annual Report

Bernos, Kelly L. Luther. Jonathan A. Bolton. Jason D. Mansfield. Darren P. Boyer. Paul L. Mattox. Craig Brillon, Amy McHugh. Michael P. Bronnenkant. Kerry Melillo, Edward D. Cameron. Lawrence M. Monaghan. Christine Casey. Sarah A. Nelson. Beth Cutler. Laura Nelson. Cynthia DeGiorgis. Joseph Noe. Eric C. Derksen. Todd O'Connor. John E.

Diachun, Peter J. O'Neill, Maureen D. Diehl, Janet L. Parent. Scott M. Duda, Laurel E. Rakowski, Cara E. Edson. Eleanore Richmond. Hazel E. Faszewski, Ellen Robinson, April Paulina Fay. Amanda Robinson. Fitz, AnnemarieJ. Rugh, Douglas Gallant. Carolyn Sainlours, Frederick H.. Jr. Gilbrook, Maggie L. Schadegg. Heather Hauser. Jessica P. Schneider. Peter Hayden. Trent J Sholkovitz. Nathan Higham. Benjamin T. Smith. Mandy L. Hillsgrove. Jayma Lou Till. Geoffrey Jearld. Saba A. long. Cherr\ Kilpatnck, Brian Ulbnch. Ciona Kitchen. Jenna Varao. John Ledwell. Leo P. Vogel. Augustus Levitan, Kathnn Welenc. Karen P. Linck, Guthrie A. Wetzel. Ernest D. Longbotham. Carolyn Members of the Corporation"

Glusman, Murray, 22 Nobska Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Life Members Goldman, David E., 63 Loop Road, Falmouth, MA 02540 Graham, Herbert. 36 Wilson Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Adelberg. Edward A., 204 Prospect Street, New Haven. CT 065 I 1- Green, James W., 409 Grant Avenue, Highland Park, NJ 08904 2107 (deceased) Amatnick. Ernest, 4797 Boston Post Road. Pelham Manor, NY 10803 Hamburger, Viktor, Washington University. Department of Biology. St. Louis. MO 63 130 Bang, Betsy G., 76 F, R. Lillie Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Hamilton, Howard L., Jumping Branch Farm, Rt. 16, Box 40 1. Garth Bartlett, James H.. Professor, University of Alabama. Department of Road. Charlottesville. VA 22901 Physics. Box 870324. Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0324 Harding. Clifford \ ., Jr.. 54 Two Ponds Road. Falmouth, MA 02540 Berne. Robert M., 185 1 Wayside Place. Charlottesville. VA 22903 Haschemeyer, Audrey E. V., 2 1 Glendon Road, Woods Hole. MA Bcrnheimer, Alan \\ ., 5 I Fifth Ave.. New York, NY 10003 02543 Bertholf, Lloyd M., Westminster Village #2114, 2025 E. Lincoln St.. Hauschka, Theodore S., FD1. Box 781. Damariscotta. ME 04543 Bloomington, IL 61701-5995 Hisaw, Frederick L., 5925 SW Plymouth Drive, Corvallis, OR 97330 Bosch, Herman F., Box 6 1 7. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Hoskin, Francis C. G., 7r Dr. John E. Walker, U.S. Army Natick Bridgman, A. Josephine, 9 1 3 Wesley Woods Towers, 1825 Clifton RD&E Center. SAT NC-YSM. Kansas Street. Natick, MA 1 760- Rd., NE, Atlanta. GA 30329 5020 Buck. John B.. 7200 Third Avenue, #C20, Sykesville. MD 2 1 784 Hubbard, Ruth, 21 Lakeview Avenue. Cambridge. MA 02 138 Burbanck, Madeline P., Box 1 5 1 34. Atlanta, GA 30333 Humes, Arthur G., 30 Riddle Hill Road. Falmouth, MA 02540 Burbanck, William D.. Box 1 5 1 34, Atlanta. GA 30333 Hurwitz, Charles, Veterans Administration Hosp.. Basic Science Research Lab.. Albany. NY 12208 Carlson, Francis D., 2302 W. Rogers Avenue. Baltimore, MD 21209- 4426 Clark, Arnold M., 53 Wilson Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Kingsbury, John M., Ten Snyder Heights. Ithaca. NY 14850 Cohen, Seymour S., 10 Carrot Hill Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543- Kleinholz, Lewis, Reed College. Department of Biology. 3203 SE 1206 Woodstock Blvd.. Portland. OR 97202 Colwin, Arthur L., 320 Woodcrest Road. Key Biscayne. FL 33 149 FL Colwin. Laura Hunter. 320 Woodcrest Road. 33149 1 1 Key Biscayne. Laderman. Ezra, 3 1 1 Greene Street, New Haven, CT 065 of Cooperstein, Sherwin J., University of Connecticut. School Lauffer, Max A., Address unknown Medicine, of CT 06030-3405 Department Anatomy. Farmington, LeFevre, Paul G., 1 5 Agassiz Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 D. 41 Fern Lane, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Copeland, Eugene, Levine, Rachmiel, 2024 Canyon Road, Arcadia, CA 9 1 006 Corliss, John O., P. O. Box 13191, Albuquerque. NM 87192 Lochhead, John H., 49 Woodlawn Road, London SW6 6PS, England

Costello, Helen M., Carolina Meadows. Villa 1 37. Chapel Hill, NC Loewus, Frank A., N.E. 1 700 Upper Drive. Pullman. WA 99 163 27514-8512 Loftfield, Robert B., 707 Fairway, N.W.. Albuquerque. NM 87 107

Crouse, Helen, Rt 3. Box 2 1 3, Hayesville. NC 28904

Magruder, Samuel R., 270 Cedar Lane. Paducah. KY 42001 Dudley, Patricia L., 3200 Alki Avenue. SW. #401. Seattle. WA 98 1 16 (deceased) Malkiel, Saul, 18 Heatherwood Drive. Shrewsbury. MA 01545 Edwards, Charles, 2244 Harbour Court Drive. Longboat Key. FL Marsh, Julian B., Medical College of Pennsylvania. Dept. of 34228 Physiology & Biochem.. Philadelphia. PA 1 9 1 29 Erulkar, Solomon D.. 318 Kent Road, BalaCynwyd, PA 19004 Martin, Lowell V., 10 Buzzards Bay Avenue. Woods Hole. MA 02543 (deceased) Mathews, Rita W., East Hill Road. P.O. Box 237. Southtield, MA 01259-0237 Failla, Patricia M., 2 149 Loblolly Lane. Johns Island. SC 29455 Moore, John A., Univ. of California. Department of Biology, Ferguson, James K. W., 56 Clarkehaven Street, Thornhill. Ontario Riverside, CA 92 521 L4J 2B4 Canada Moscona, A. Aron, 5510 Kenwood Avenue, Chicago. IL 60637 Mountain, Isabel M., Arleigh Burke Pavilion, #121, 1739 Kirby Road, McLean. VA 22101 * Including action of the 1995 Annual Meeting. Musacchia, X. J., P.O. Box 5054, Bella Vista. A2. AR 72714-0054

R63 R64 Annual Report

Nasatir, Maimon, P. O. Box 379. Ojai, CA 93024 /inn, Donald .J., P.O. Box 589. 143 Oyster Pond Road, Falmouth, MA 02541

1 1 La Jolla. 92037 Passano, Leonard M., R.R 1, Box 634, Chebeague Island. ME 04017- /weifach, Benjamin W., 88 Nottingham Place. CA 9761

Pollister, A. W ., 8 Euclid Ave.. Belle Mead, NJ 08502 Porter, Keith R., 74 Pasture Lane, #319. Beaumont. Bryn Mawr. PA 19010 Members Prosser, C. Ladd, 101 W. Windsor Road. Apt. 2106. Urbana. IL 61801 Abt, Donald A., Marine Biological Laboratory, Laboratory for Marine Address unknown Prytz, Margaret McDonald, Animal Health, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Acheson, George H., 25 Quissett Avenue. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Ratner, Sarah, Public Health Research Inst.. Department of Adams, James A., 348 1 Paces Ferry Road. Tallahasee. FL 32308 Biochemistry. 455 First Ave.. New York, NY 10016 Adelman, William J., Jr., 160 Locust Street, Falmouth, MA 02540 Renn, Charles E., Address unknown Al/clius, Bjorn, University of Stockholm. Wenner-Gven Institute. Reynolds, George T., 1 23 McCosh Circle. Princeton, NJ 08540 Stockholm, Sweden Rice, Robert V., 30 Burnham Drive. Falmouth. MA 02540 Alkon, Daniel L., Chief, NIH Lab. of Adaptive Systems, 36 Convent Rockstein, Morris, 600 Biltmore Way, Apt. 805, Coral Gables, FL Drive 36/4A21, Bethesda. MD 20892-4 1 24 33134 Allen, Garland E., Professor of Biology. Washington University, Dept. Ronkin, Raphael R., 32 I 2 McKinley St.. NW, Washington, DC of Biology, Box 1 137. One Brookings Drive. St. Louis. MO 63 130- 20015-1635 4899

Allen, Nina S., North Carolina State University. Department of Sanders, Howard L., 7 Oyster Pond Road. Falmouth. MA 02540 Botany. Box 7612. Raleigh. NC 27695 Sato, I hck mi. Visiting Professor. Japanese Univ. of the Air. 3-24-101 Anderson, E\erelt, Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Cell Biology, 25 Oakinishi machi. Toba. Mie 5 I 7. Japan Shattuck Street. Boston. MA 02 1 1 5-6092 Saz, Arthur K., 6507 Pyle Road. Belhesda, MD 208 1 7 Anderson, J. M., I K) Roal St.. Ithaca. NY 14850 Scharrer, Berta, Department of Anatomy. Albert Einstein College of Anderson, Porter W., Jr., Unit 320, 6901 East Edgewater Drive, Coral Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue. Bronx, NY 10461 (deceased) Gables, FL 33 133 Schlesinger, R. Walter, 7 Langley Road. Falmouth. MA 02540- 1 809 Armett-Kibel, Christine, University of Massachusetts. Boston. Dean Schmitt, K. O., Room 16-512. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. of Science Faculty. Boston. MA 02125 Cambridge, MA 02 I 39 (deceased) Armstrong, Clay M., Llniv. of Pennsylvania Med. Sen., Dept. of Scott, Allan C., 1 Nudd Street, Waterville, ME 04901 Physiology, B701 Richards Bldg.. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085 Silverstein, Arthur M., 20 1 1 Skyline Road, Ruxton, MD 2 1 204 Armstrong, Ellen P., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA Smith, Paul F., P. O. Box 264. Woods Hole. MA 02543-0264 (12543 Sonncnblick, Benjamin P., 515A Heritage Hill Village, Southbury, CT Armstrong, Peter B., Llniv. of California. Sec. of Molecular/Cellular 06488 Biology. Davis. CA 95616-8755 Spiegel, Kvelyn, Darthmouth College, Biological Sciences Arnold, John M., 329 Sippewissett Road. Falmouth, MA 02540 Department. 204 Oilman, Hanover. NH 03755 Arnold, William A., Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Biology Spiegel, Melvin, Darthmouth College. Biological Sciences Division. Oak Ridge. TN 37830 Department. 204 Gilman. Hanover. NH 03755 17 Ashton, Robert W ., Esq., Executive Director. Bay Foundation. Steinhardt, Jacinto. 1 508 Spruce St.. Berkeley, CA 94709 West 94th Street. New York. NY 10025 Stephens, Grover C., Univ. of California. School ol Biological Atema, Jelle, Director. Boston University Marine Program. Marine Sciences. Dept. of Ecol. & Evol. Biology. Irvine, CA 92717 Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Sussman, Maurice, 72 Carey Lane. Falmouth. MA 02540 Szent-Gyorgyi, Gwen P., 45 Nobska Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Baccetti, Baccio, L'niversity of Siena. Institute of Zoology. 53 100

Taylor, Robert E., 20 Harbor Hill Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Siena. Italy Robert New York Univ. Medical Center, of I Baker, G., Dept. Physiol. hnrmlike, W. Nicholas, 1 50 Dudley Street. Brookline, MA 02 146 & 550 First Avenue, New York. NY 10016 Trager, William, 1 161 York Avenue. Apt. 5J. New York, NY 10021 Biophysics. Thomas Texas A of Trinkaus, Philip J., Yale University. Biology Department. New Baldwin, O., & M University. Department and Station, TX 77843 Haven. CT 0651 1 Biochemistry Biophysics, College Barlow. Robert B., Jr., SUNY Health Center, Dept. of Villee, Claude A., Harvard Medical School, Carrel L. Countway Ophthalmology, 550 Harrison Street, Syracuse. NY 13210

Library, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 Barry, Daniel T., 24 1 5 Fairwind Drive, Houston. TX 77062-4756 Vincent, Waller S., 16 FR Lillie Rd., Woods Hole, MA 02543 Barry, Susan R., Mount Holyoke College. Dept. of Biological Sciences. So. Hadley. MA 01075

Wald, George, 2 1 Lakeview Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02 1 38 Bass, Andrew II., Cornell University. Dept. of Neurobio. /Behavior. Warren, Kenneth S., 125 Southlawn Avenue. Dobbs Ferry, NY' 10522 Seely Mudd Hall. Ithaca. NY 14853 Waterman. Talbot H., 200 Fountain Street. Apt. 502, New Haven, CT Battelle, Barbara-Anne, University of Florida. Whitney Laboratory.

065 1 5 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St. Augustine. FL 32086 10025 Wichterman, Ralph, 3 1 Buzzards Bay Avenue. Woods Hole. MA Ba>, Frederick, Park West Finance Station. New York, NY 02543 (deceased) Baylor, Martha B., P. O Box 93. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Div. of Medicine. W iercinski, Floyd J., 2 1 Glenview Road, Glenview, IL 60025 Bearer, Elaine I.., Brown University. Biology &

(deceased) Dept. of Pathology, Box G, Providence. RI 029 1 2 Wigley, Roland L., 35 Wilson Rd.. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Beatt), John M., Associate Professor, University of Minnesota. Dept. Wilber, C harles G., 900 Edwards Street. Fort Collins, CO 80524 of Ecology & Behavioral Biology. St. Paul. MN 55108 Members of the Corporation R65

Beauge, Luis Alberto, Institute M. & .M. Ferreyra. Dept. of Burger, Max M.. Director. Freidrich Miesner Institute, P.O. Box Biophysics. Casilla de Correo 389, Cordoba. Argentina 5000 2543, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland Begenisich, led, University of Rochester, Medical Center. Box 642. Burgess, David R., University of Pittsburgh, Dept. of Biological 601 Elm wood Avenue, Rochester. NY 14642 Sciences, 234 Langley. Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Begg, David A., Univ. of Alberta. Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biol.. Burgos, Mario. IHEM Medical School, UNC Conicet. Casilla de Edmonton. Alberta. Canada. T6G 2H7 Correo 56. 5500 Mendoza, Argentina 5500 Bell, Kugene, 305 Commonwealth Avenue. Boston. MA 021 15 Burky, Albert, University of Dayton. Department of Biology. Dayton. Benjamin. Thomas L., Professor. Harvard Medical School. Pathology. OH 45469

D2-230. 200 Longwood Avenue. Boston. MA 02 1 1 5 limns. John E., Director & C.E.O.. Marine Biological Laboratory, Bennett, Michael V. L., Chairman, Albert Einstein Coll. of Med., Water Street. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Dept. of Neuroscience, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY Burstyn, Harold Lewis, McGuire Law Offices. 770 James Street, Suite 10461 14 IB, Syracuse. NY 13203 Bennett, Miriam F., Colby College. Department of Biology, Bursztajn, Sherry, Harvard Medical School. Mailman Research

Waterville, ME 04901 Center. I 1 5 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02 1 78

Berg, Carl J., Jr., P.O. Box 769. Kilauea. Kauai. HI 96754-0769 Berlin, Suzanne T., 5 Highland Street. Gloucester. MA 01930 C'alabrese, Ronald I... Emory University, Department of Biology,

Bernstein, Norman, President. Diane and Norman Bernstein 1 510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 Foundation, Inc.. 5301 Wisconsin Ave., NW, #600. Washington. Callaway, Joseph C., New York Medical College. Dept. of Physiology,

DC 200 1 5-20 15 Basic Sciences Bldg., Valhalla, NY 10595 Bezanilla, Francisco, Health Science Center, Department of Calvin, Katherine Graubard, University of Washington, Dept. of Physiology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles. CA 90024 Zoology, NJ-15. Seattle. WA 98195 Biggers, John D., Harvard Medical School. Department of Cameron, R. Andrew, California Inst. of Technology. Division of

Physiology. Boston. MA 02 1 1 5 Biology. 156-29. Pasadena. CA 91 125 Bishop, Stephen H., Iowa State University. Department of Zoology. Campbell, Richard II., Bang-Campbell Associates. Box 402. Woods Ames. IA50010 Hole, MA 02543 Blauslein, Mordecai P., University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Candelas, Graciela C., University of Puerto Rico. Department of Department of Physiology. Baltimore. MD21201 Biology. P.O.B. 23360. San Juan. PR 0093 1-3360 P.O. Blennemann, Dieter, 1 1 17 E. Punam Avenue, Apt. #174, Riverside, Carew, Thomas J., Yale University, Department of Psychology.

CT 06878- 1 333 Box 1 1 A. Yale Station, New Haven. CT 06520

Bloom, George S., Univ. of Texas Southwestern. Medical Ctr.. Dept. C'ariello, Lucio. Director. Stazione Zoologica, Villa Comunale,

of Cell Biology and Neuroscience. Dallas, TX 75235-9039 Naples. Italy 80 1 2 I Bloom. Kerry S., Univ. of North Carolina, Department of Biology, Case, James F., University of California, Assoc. Vice Chancellor of 623 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill. NC 27516 Research, Santa Barbara. CA 93 106 Bodznick, David A., Wesleyan University. Department of Biology, Cassidy, J. D., Providence College, Priory of St. Thomas Aquinas,

Lawn Avenue. Middletown. CT 06457-0 170 Providence. RI 029 1 8 Boettiger, Edward G., 17 Eastwood Road. Starrs. CT 06268-2401 Cavanaugh, Colleen M., Harvard University. Biological Laboratories, Booloolian, Richard A., Science Software Systems, Inc., 3576 16 Divinity Avenue. Cambridge. MA 02 1 38 WoodclirTRoad, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403 Chaet. Alfred B., University of West Florida. Dept. of Cell & Molec. 14 Borgese, Thomas A., Lehman College. CUNY. Department of Biol., 1 1000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 325 Biology, Bedford Park Blvd., West, Bronx, NY 10468 Chambers, Edward L., Univ. of Miami School of Med.. Dept. of Boris), Gary G., University of Wisconsin. Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Biophys., P.O. Box 01 6430, Miami. FL 33101 Biology. Madison. WI 53706 (resigned) Chang, Donald C., Hong Kong Univ of Sci & Tech, Department of Borst, David \V., Jr., Illinois State University, Dept. of Biological Biology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong

Sciences, Normal, IL 6 1 790-4 1 20 Chappell, Richard L., Hunter College, CUNY, Dept. of Biological

Bowles, Francis P., Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Center. Sciences. Box 210. 695 Park Ave., New York. NY 1002 1 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Chen, Thomas T., Univ. of Maryland, Ctr. for Marine Biotechnology. Boyer, Barbara C., Union College. Department of Biology, 600 E. Lombard St.. Baltimore, MD 2 1202 Schenectady, NY 12308 Chikarmane, Ilemant M., 109 Amberwood Circle, Nashville. TN Brandhorst, Bruce P., Simon Fraser University. Inst. oi Molec. Biol./ 37221-1340 Biochem, Barnaby. B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada Child, Frank M., Ill, 28 Lawrence Farm Road, Woods Hole, MA Brinley, F. J., NINCDS/NIH. Neurological Disorders Program. Rm. 02543 SI 2 Federal Building. Bethesda, MD 20892 Chisholm, Rex L., Northwestern University. Medical School,

Brown, Stephen C., SUNY, Dept. of Biological Sciences. Albany, NY Department of Cell Biology. Chicago, IL 6061 1 12222 Citkowitz, Elena, Hospital of St. Raphael, Lipid Disorders Clinic.

Brown, William L., Retired Chairman. Bank of Boston. 100 Federal 1450 Chapel Street. New Haven, CT 065 I 1

Street. 01-23-1 1, Boston, MA 02106-2016 Clark, Eloise E., Vice President, Bowling Green State University, Browne, C'arole L., Wake Forest University, Dept. of Biology, Box Bowling Green. OH 43403 7325 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem. NC 27 109 Clark, Hays, 26 Deer Park Drive, Greenwich. CT 06830 Browne, Robert A., Wake Forest University, Dept. of Biology. Box Clark, James M., 210 Emerald Lane. Palm Beach. FL 33480 7325. Winston-Salem, NC 27 109 Clark, \\allis H., Jr., 7922 NW 7 1st Street. Gainesville, FL 32606 Bucklin, Anne C., Univ. of New Hampshire, Ocean Process Analysis Claude, Philippa, Univ. of Wisconsin. Pnmate Center. 1223 Capitol

Lab, 142 Morse Hall, Durham. NH 03824 Court, Madison, Wl 537 1 5 Bullis. Robert A., Marine Biological Laboratory. Laboratory of Clay, John R., Laboratory of Biophysics. 36/2C02, Bethesda, MD Marine Animal Health. Woods Hole. MA 02543 20892 R66 Annual Report

Clowes, Alexander W.. Professor of Surgery, University of Daw, Nigel W., 5 Old Pawson Rd.. Branford. CT 06405 Washington. School of Medicine, Dept. ofSurgery, Box 356410. De Weer, Paul J., Chairman. LJniversity of Pennsylvania, School of Seattle. WA 98 195-64 10 Medicine, Dept. of Physiology, Philadelphia. PA 19104-6085 Clutter. Mar\, 2555 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Apt. 611. Deegan, Linda A., Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Washington, DC 20037-1646 Center. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Cobb, Jewel Plummer, President Emeritus, California State DeGroof. Robert C., 145 Water Crest Drive. Doylestown, PA 18901 University. Office of the President, 5151 State University Drive, Los Del hum, Robert L., Emory Univ. School of Medicine, Dept. of Angeles, CA 90032-8500 Anatomy and Cell Biol.. 1648 Peirce Drive. Room 108. Atlanta. Cohen, Carolyn, Brandeis University. Rosenstiel Basic Medical GA 30322 Sciences Research Center. Waltham. MA 02254 Denckla, Martha B., Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med.. Kennedy-

Cohen, Lawrence B., Yale University Sch. of Med., Dept of kneger Inst.. 707 North Broadway, Baltimore. MD 2 1 205

Physiology. 333 Cedar Street. New Haven, CT 06520 I V I'll 1 1 h p v I lenry A., Jr., Trinity College. Department of Chemistry. Cohen, Maynard M., Rush Medical College. Dept. of Neurological 300 Summit Street. Hartford, CT 06 106

Sciences. 600 South Paulina, Chicago, IL 606 I 2 DeSimone, Douglas W., Llniv. of Virginia, Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Cohen, William D., Hunter College. Dept. of Biological Sciences, 695 Biology. Box 439, Health Sciences Ctr., Charlottesville, VA 22908

Park Avenue, Box 79, New York, NY 1002 I Deloledo-Morrell, Ley la, Rush-Presbytenan-St. Lukes Medical Coleman, Annette W., Brown University, Div. of Biology and Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago. IL 60612 Medicine. Department of Biology, Providence, Rl 1912 Dettbarn, Wolf-Dietrich, Vanderbill University, School of Medicine, Collier, Jack R., Brooklyn College, Department of Biology. Bedford & Department of Pharmacology, Nashville, TN 37232 Avenue H. Brooklyn. NY 11210 Dionne, Vincent E., Boston Univ. Marine Program. Marine Biological Collier, Marjorie MeCann. Chair. Saint Peter's College. Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole. MA 02543 Department, 2641 Kennedy Boulevard, Jersey City, NJ 07306 Dixon. Keith E., Flinders University. School of Biological Sciences, Collin, Carlos, NIH/N1NDS, Dept LAS. Room B306, Bldg. 36, 36 Bedford Park. 5042, South Australia Convent Drive. Bethesda. Ml) 20892-4124 Dow ling, John E., Harvard University, The Biological Laboratories,

Cook, Joseph A., Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. 250 Park Ave.. I h Divinity Street. Cambridge, MA 02 1 38 New York. NY 10177-0026 DuBois, Arthur Brooks, Professor, John B. Pierce Foundation Lab., Cornell. Neal \V., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven. CT 065 19 02543 Duncan, Thomas K., Nichols College. Department of Environmental

Cornwall, Melvin C., Jr., Boston University School of Medicine, Sciences. Dudley. MA 1 57 I

Department of Physiology L7I4, Boston, MA 02 1 18 Dunham, Philip B., Professor of Biology. Syracuse University, Corson, D. Wesley, Jr., Storm Eye Institute, Room 537, 171 Ashley Department of Biology, Syracuse, NY 13244 Avenue, Charleston. SC 29425 Dunlap, Kathleen, Tufts Univ. School of Medicine. Department of

Corwin, Jeffrey T., Univ. of Virginia Med. Center, Dept. of Physiology, Boston, MA 02 I I 1 Otolaryngology. Box 396 Health Science Center, Charlottesville. Dunlap, Paul V., Associate Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanograpluc VA 22908 Inst., Dept. of Biology, Redtield 316, Woods Hole. MA 02543 Coslello, Walter J., Ohio University. College of Medicine, Dept. of Dnorkin, Martin, Llniv. of Minnesota, Dept. of Microbiology. 1460

Zoology Z/BS, Athens. OH 4 5 70 1 Mayo Bldg.. Box 196 UMHC. Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312 Couch, Ernest F., Texas Christian L'niversity. Department of Biology.

Fort Worth. TX 76 I 29 Eberl, James I)., The Johns Hopkins University. Dept. of Biology. Crane, Sylvia E., 438 Wendover Drive, Princeton. NJ 08540 Homevvood. 3400 No. Charles Street. Baltimore. MD 2 12 18-2685

Cremer-Bartels, Gertrud, Universitats Augenklimk. 44 Munster. West Eckberg, \\ i Ilium R., Howard University. Department of Biology. Germany P.O. Box 887. Admin. Bldg.. Washington, DC 20059

Crow, Terry J., Llniv. of Texas Medical School. Depl. of Neurobiol. Edds. Kenneth I .. RD Systems. Inc.. Hematology Division, 614 and Anatomy. Houston. TX 77225 MeKinlcy Place. NE. Minneapolis, MN 55413 Crowell, Sears, Indiana University. Department of Biology, Eder, Howard A., Albert Einstein College of Med.. 1300 Morris Park Bloomington, IN 47405 Avenue. Bronx. NY 10461 Crowther, Robert J., Llniv. of New Brunswick, Dept. of Biology, BS Edstrom, Joan, 53 Two Ponds Rd., Falmouth. MA 02540

45 1 1 I . Fredencton, NB. Canada E3B 6E 1 Egyud, Laszlo G., President & CEO. Cell Research Corporation. 100 C unningham, Mary-Ellen, 62 Cloverly Road, Grosse Pointe Farms. Inman Street, Cambridge, MA 02 1 39 Ml 48236-33 13 Ehrlieh, Barbara E., University of Connecticut, Division of Cutler, Richard, Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA Cardiology, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1307 02543 Eisen, Arthur Z., Washington University. Division of Dermatology. St. Louis. MO63I 10

D'Alessio, Giuseppe, Llniv. of Naples, Dept. of Org. & Biol. Chem.. Eisen, 1 lerman N., Mass. Inst. of Technology, Center for Cancer

Via Mezzocannone 1 6. Naples, Italy 80 1 34 Research, E 1 7- 1 28. 77 Massachusetts Ave.. Cambridge. MA 02 1 39- Daignault, Alexander T., 29 Quisset Harbor Road. Falmouth, MA 4307 02540 Elder, Hugh Young. University of Glasgow. Institute of Physiology.

Dan, Katsuma. Tokyo Metropolitan Union. 1-1 Minami-Osawa. Glasgow G 1 2 8QQ. Scotland Hachioji City 192-03. Tokyo. Japan (deceased) Elliott. Gerald F., The Open Univ. Research LJnit. Foxcombe Hall.

Daviil. John R., Chairman of the Department, Harvard Sch. of Public Berkeley Road. Boars Hill. Oxford. England. OX 1 5HR Health, Tropical Public Health. 665 Huntington Ave.. Boston. MA Englund, Paul T., The Johns Hopkins University. Dept. of Biological 021 15 Chemistry. 725 N. Wolfe St.. Baltimore. MD 21205

Davidson, Eric H., CA Inst. of Technology, Division of Biology. 1 56- Epel, David, Hopkins Marine Station. Dept. of Biological Sciences. 29, 1201 E. California Blvd.. Pasadena. CA 91 125 Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Members of the Corporation R67

Institute for of Kpstein, Herman T., 18 Lawrence Farm Road. Woods Hole, MA Gibbs, Martin, Brandeis University, Photobiology 02543 Cells and Organelles. Waltham, MA 02254 Marine Center. Epstein, Ray L., 1602 West Olympia St.. Hernando. FL 34442 (iiblin. Anne E., Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Woods Hole, MA 02543 Gibson, A. Jane, Cornell University, Dept. of Biochemistry. Biotech. Farb, David II., Chairman, Boston Univ. School of Med.. Dept. of Building. Ithaca, NY 14850

Pharmacology L603, 80 East Concord Street. Boston, MA 02 I 1 X Gilford, Prosser, Library of Congress, Madison Bldg., LM 605, Farmanlarmaian, A., Rutgers University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC 20540 36. Nelson Biology Lab, FOB 1059, Piscataway. NJ 08855 Gilbert, Daniel I... NIH/NINDS. Biophys. Sec.. BNP. Bldg. Rm Feldman, Susan C., Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey 5A-27, Bethesda, MD 20S92 Medical School, 100 Bergen St., Newark. NJ 07103 Giudice, Giovanni, Universitadi Palermo, Dipartimentodi Biologia, Festoff, Barry William, VA Medical Center. Neurology Service (151), Cellulare e Dello Sviluppo, 1-90 123. Palermo. Italy 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64 128 Giuditta, Antonio, University of Naples, Dept. of Gen. Physiology, Via Fink, Rachel D., Mount Holyoke College. Dept. of Biological Mezzocannone 8. Naples, Italy 80134 Sciences, Clapp Laboratories, South Hadley, MA 01075 Glynn, Paul, 2770 Beechwood Boulevard. Pittsburgh. PA 15217 Finkelstein, Alan, Albert Einstein Collg. of Med.. 1300 Morris Park Golden, William T., Golden Family Trust, 40 Wall Street. Room Avenue, Bronx. NY 10461 4201, New York. NY 10005 Fischbach, Gerald D., Harvard Medical School. Neurobiology Goldman, Robert D., Northwestern Univ. Med. School, Dept. of Cell

Department, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 & Molec. Biology. 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago. IL 6061 1 Fishman, Harvey M., Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, Dept. of Goldsmith, Paul K., National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 9C- Physiology & Biophys., 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 101, Bethesda, MD 20X42 77555-0641 Goldsmith, Timothy H., Yale University, Department of Biology, Flanagan, Dennis, 12 Gay St., New York. NY 10014 New Haven, CT 065 10 Fluck, Richard Allen, Franklin & Marshall College, Department of Goldstein, Moise H., Jr., The Johns Hopkins University, ECE

1 2 1 Biology. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 1 7604-3003 Department, Barton Hall. Baltimore, MD 2 8 Foreman, Kenneth M., Ecosystems Center. Marine Biological Goodman, Lesley Jean, Queen Mary College, Dept. of Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Sciences. Mile End Road, London, El 4NS, England Fox, Thomas Oren, Harvard Medical School, Division of Medical Gould, Robert Michael, Inst. for Basic Research in Developmental

Sciences, 260 Longwood Avenue. Boston. MA 02 1 1 5 Disabilities. 1050 Forest Hill Road. Staten Island. NY 10314-6399 Fran/.ini-Armstrong, Clara, University of Pennsylvania, School of Govind, C. K., Scarborough College, Life Sciences Division, 1 265

Medicine, 330 S. 46th Street, Philadelphia. PA 19143 Military Trail. West Hill. Ontario, Canada M 1C 1 A4 Fra/ier, Donald T., University of Kentucky. Medical Center, Dept. of Grace, Dick, Doreen Grace Fund. The Brain Center. Promontory Physiol. and Biophysics, Lexington, KY 40536 Point, New Seabury, MA 02649 French, Robert J., Univ. of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, Alberta, Graf, Werner, College of France. Nat'l Ctr. of Sci. Res. Lab. of Phys.,

T2N4N I.Canada 1 5, rue de 1'Ecole de Medecine, Paris, FRANCE, F-75270

Fry, Brian D.. Florida International Univ.. Dept. of Biology, OE Bldg. Grant, Philip, National Institutes of Health, NINDS.BN.DIR, Rm 239, Miami. FL 33199-0001 Neurochemistry, Bldg. 36. Rm. 4D20, Bethesda, MD 20892-4 1 30 Fulton, Chandler M., Brandeis University. Department of Biology, Grass, Ellen R., The Grass Foundation. 77 Reservoir Road. Quincy,

Waltham, MA 02254 MA 02 170-36 I (I Furshpan, Edvvin J., Harvard Medical School, Department of Grassle, Judith P., Rutgers University. Inst. of Marine & Coastal Std.. Neurophysiology. 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 Box 231, New Brunswick. NJ 08903 Futrelle, Robert P., Assoc. Prof, of Comp. Science, Northeastern Greenberg, Everett Peter, Univ. of Iowa. College of Medicine, Dept. University, College of Computer Science. 360 Huntington Avenue, of Microbiology, Iowa City. IA 52242 Boston, MA 021 15 Greenberg, Michael J., Univ. of Florida, C. V. Whitney Lab, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St. Augustine. FL 32086-8623 Greer, Mary J., 16 Hillside Avenue. Cambridge, MA 02 140 Gabriel, Mordccai L., Brooklyn College, Department of Biology. 2900 Griffin, Donald R., Associate of Zoology, Harvard University, Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn. NY 1 1210 Concord Field Station, Old Causeway Road, Bedford, MA 1 730 David C., The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Cardiac Gadsby, Gross, Paul R., 53 Two Ponds Road, Falmouth. MA 02540

1 230 York Avenue. New York, NY 10021-6399 Physiol.. Grossman, Albert, New York University Medical Center. 550 First National Institutes of Health. NINDS.BNP.DIR, Gainer, Harold, Avenue, New York, NY 10016 36, Room 4D20, Bethesda, MD 20892- Neurochemistry, Building Grossman, Lawrence, The Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of 4130 Biochemistry. 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore. MD 21205 IL Galatzer-Levy, Robert M., 1 80 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Gruner, John, Cephalon. Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway. W. Chester. 60601 PA 19380-4245 Gall, Joseph G., Carnegie Institution, 1 15 W. University Parkway, Gunning, A. Robert, P. O. Box 165, Falmouth, MA 02541 Baltimore, MD 21210 Gwilliam, G. F., Reed College. Department of Biology. Portland, OR Sarah Medical Coll. of of Garber, S., Pennsylvania. Dept. Physiology. 97202 2900 Queen Lane. Philadelphia, PA 19129 of California, Gascoyne, Peter, University of Texas. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Haimo, LeahT., Associate Professor. Univ. Department Experimental Pathology, Box 89, Houston, TX 77030 of Biology, Riverside, CA 92521 of Biochem. Pharmacol.. 329 Gelperin, Alan, AT & T Bell Labs. Dept. of Biophysics. Rm. 1C464. Hall, Linda M., SUNY at Buffalo, Dept. 600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill. NJ 07974 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-3850 Office ofthe Director. German, James L., Ill, The New York Blood Center, Lab. of Human Hall, Zack W., Chairman, NINDS/NHS. Bldg.

1 1 Rockville Pike, Bethesda. MD 20892-2540 Genetics, 3 1 East 67th Street. New York, NY 002 31-8A52. R68 Annual Report

8 I 41 Halvorson, Harlyn O., 26 Fay Road. P.O. Box . Woods Hole. MA Humphreys, Tom D., L'niv. of Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Lab, Ahui 02543 Street. Honolulu. HI 96813

Haneji, Tatsuji, Kyushu Dental College, Dept. of Anatomy. 2-6-1. Hunt, Richard I., ICRF, Clare Hall Laboratories. South Minims Manazuru. Kokurakita-Ku. Kitakyushu 803, Japan Potter's Bar, Herb EN6-3LD, England Hanlon. Roger T., Director. Marine Resource Center, Marine Hunter, Robert D., Oakland University. Dept. of Biological Sciences. Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street. Woods Hole. MA 02543- 1015 Rochester. MI 48309-4401

Harosi, Kerenc, Marine Biological Laboratory. Lab. of Sensory I luxley, I lugh K., Brandeis University. Rosenstiel Center. Biology

Physiology. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Department. Waltham, MA 02 1 54 Harrigan,JuneF., 7415 Makaa Place. Honolulu. HI 96825 Harrington, Glenn \V., Weber State University. Dept. of Ilan, Joseph, Case Western Reserve Univ., School of Medicine. Microbiology. Ogden. UT 84408 Department of Anatomy, Cleveland. OH 44 106 Haselkorn, Robert, llniversity of Chicago, Dept. of Molecular Ingoglia, Nicholas A., New Jersey Medical School, Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Chicago. 1L 60637 Physiology, 100 Bergen Street, Newark. NJ 07103 Hastings, J. Woodland, Harvard University, The Biological Inoue, Saduyki, McGill University, Dept. of Anatomy, 3640 Laboratories, 16 Divinity Street. Cambridge. MA 02 1 38-2020 University Street, Montreal. PQ H3A 2B2 Canada Hayashi, Teru, 7105 SW I 12 Place. Miami, FL33173 Inoue, Shinya, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. MA Maydon-Baillie. Wensley G., Porton Int., 2 Lowndes Place. London, 02543 SW1X8DD. England Isselbacher, Kurt J., Director. Mass. General Hospital Cancer Center, Hayes, Raymond I-., Jr., Howard University College of Medicine, 520 Charlestown. MA 02 1 29 W Street. NW. Washington, DC 20059 Issidorides, Marietta Radovic, University of Athens, Department of Henry, Jonathan Joseph, Assistant Professor, Univ. of Illinois. Dept. Monis Petraki 8. Athens 140. Greece of Cell & Struct. Biol.. 505 South Goodwin Avenue. Urbana. IL Psychiatry, Iward. Colin S., SUNY Albany. Dept. of Biological Sciences. 1400 6 1 80 1 Washington Avenue. Albany, NY 12222 Hepler, Peter K., Univ. of Massachusetts. Department of Biology. Amherst. MA 01003 Herndon, Walter R., Llniv. of Tennessee, Department of Botanv, Jacobs, Neil, Hale & Dorr. 60 State Street. Boston. MA 02 109 Knoxville. TN 37996- 1100 JiifTe, I.aurinda A., Univ. of Connecticut Health Ctr.. Dept. of Hcrskovits, Theodore I., Fordham University, Dept. of Chemistry, Physiology. Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032. John Mulcahy Hall. Rm. 638. Bronx. NY 10458 Jaffe, Lionel, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. MA 02543 Hiatt, Howard II., Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Jannasch, Holger W., Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.. Department Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston. MA 02 1 1 5 of Biology, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Highstein, Stephen M., Washington Univ. Sch. of Med., Dept. of JeHery, William R., LIniversity of California, Bodega Marine Otolaryngology. Box 8115, 4566 Scott Avenue. St. Louis, MO 63110 Laboratory, Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 Johnston, Daniel, Baylor College of Medicine. Division of Hildebrand, JohnG., Univ. of Arizona, ARL Div. of Neurobiology. Neuroscience. 1 Baylor Plaza. Houston. TX 77030 603 Gould-Simpson Sci. Bldg., Tucson, AZ 8572 I Josephson, Robert K., Llniv. of California. Dept. of Psychobiology, 1 1 ill. Richard \V.. Michigan State University. Department of Zoology, Irvine. CA 927 I 7 East Lansing. Ml 48824 Hill, Susan D., Michigan Stale University. Department of Zoology. East Lansing. Ml 48824 Kaczmarek, Leonard K., Chairman. Yale Univ. School of Medicine. Hillis. I.lewellya, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, LInit (W4S Dept. of Pharmacology. 333 Cedar St.. New Haven. CT 06520 APO-AA, Miami. FL 34002-0448 Kaley, Gabor. New York Medical College. Department of Physiology.

Hinegardner. Ralph I '., University of California. Division of Natural Basic Sciences Building. Valhalla. NY 10595 Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 kaltenbach, Jane, Mount Holyoke College. Department Biological \\ Hinsch, Gertrude ., University of South Florida. Department of Sciences. South Hadley. MA 01075 Biology, Tampa. FL 33620 Kaminer, Benjamin, Boston Univ. Medical School. Physiology Dept.,

Hobble. John E., Marine Biological Laboratory. Ecosystems Center, 80 East Concord Street. Boston. MA 02 1 I S Woods Hole, MA 02543 Kancshiro, Edna S., Univ. of Cincinnati. Department of Biological

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I lollytield, Joe G., Baylor School of Medicine. Texas Medical Center. Karakashian, Stephen J., Apartment 16-F. 165 West 91st Street, New Houston. TX 77030 York, NY 10024

IIolz, George G., IV, Mass. General Hospital. Lab. of Molec. Karlin. Arthur, Columbia LIniversity, Ctr. for Molecular Recognition.

Endocrinology. Wellman 320, 50 Blossom St.. Boston, MA 02 1 14 630 West 168th St. .Rm. 1 1-401. New York, NY 10032 Hoy, Ronald R., Cornell University. Section of Neurobioand Katz, George, Merck. Sharp and Dohme. Fundamental and Behavior. 215 Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 Experimental Research Lab., PO Box 2000. Rahway, NJ 07065 Huang, Alice S., Dean for Science, New York University, 6 Kelley, Darcy B., Columbia University, Dept. of Biological Sciences,

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Humphreys, Susie H., Food and Drug Administration. HFS-308 200 Kendall, John P., Faneuil Hall Associates. 1 76 Federal Street, 2nd

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Klesscn, Rainer, President. Carl Zeiss, Inc., 1 Zeiss Drive, Lee, John J., City College of CUNY, Department of Biology. Convent

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Kravitz, Edward A., Harvard Medical School. Dept. of Neurobiology, of Biological Sciences, Broadway & 1 16th Street, New York, NY

220 Longwood Avenue. Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 10026 kriebel, Mahlon E., SUNY Health Science Center. Dept. of I.evitan, Herbert, Section Head, National Science Foundation, 4201 Physiology. Syracuse. NY 13210 Wilson Boulevard. Room 835. Arlington. VA 22230 kristan, William B., Jr., Univ. of California San Diego. Department I.evitan, Irwin B., Brandeis University, Volen Center for Complex

of Biology, B-022, La Jolla, CA 92093 Sys.. 4 1 5 South Street, Waltham. MA 02254 kropinski, Andrew M. B., Queen's University. Dept. of Microbiol./ Linck, Richard W., Univ. of Minnesota, Dept. ofCell Biol./ Immunology. Kingston, Ontario Canada K7L 3N6 Neuroanat., 321 Church Street, S.E., Minneapolis. MN 55455 kuffler, Damien P., Associate Professor, Univ. of Puerto Rico. Lipicky, Raymond J., FDA/CDER/ODEI/HFD- 1 10, 5600 Fishers Institute of Neurobiology. Dept. of Physiology. 201 Blvd. del Valle, Lane. Rockville. MD 20857

San Juan, P.R. 00901 I ismaii. John E., Brandeis University. Department of Biology, kuhns, William J., Hospital for Sick Children. Biochemistry Waltham, MA 02254

Research. Toronto, Ontario. Canada M5G 1 XX Liuzzi, Anthony, 320 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 021 16 kunkel, Joseph G., Univ. of Massachusetts. Dept. of Biology, I.linas. Rodolfo R., NYU Medical Center, Dept. of Physiology & Amherst. MA01003 Neurosc.. 550 First Ave. Rm 442, New York, NY 10016 kusano, kiyoshi, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 36, Room 4D- Lobel, PhillipS., Boston Univ. Marine Program. Marine Biological 20, Bethesda, MD 20892 Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA 02543 kn/ii i:ui. Alan M., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA Eoew, Franklin M., Dean. Cornell University, College of Veterinary 02543 Medicine, Ithaca. NY 14853-6401

Eoewenstein, Birgit Rose, Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods

I adt i man. Aimlee, Yale University. Sch. of Forestry & Env. Stds., 370 Hole, MA 02543

Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 065 1 1 Loewenstein, Werner R., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. LaMarche, Paul H., Eastern Maine Medical Center. 489 State Street. MA 02543 Bangor, ME 04401 London, Irving M., Mass. Institute of Technology. Harvard-MIT.

Landcau, Laurie J., Listowel. Inc., 2 Park Avenue, Suite 1 525, New Division, E-25-55 1 , Cambridge, MA 02 1 39 York, NY 10016 Longo, Erank J., University of Iowa, Department of Anatomy, Iowa I.andis, Dennis, Case Western Reserve Univ.. School of Medicine. City, IA 52442

Dept. of Dev. Gen. & Anatomy, Cleveland, OH 44106 I orainl. Laszlo, Northwestern Univ. Med. School. CMS Biology. Landis, Story C., Scientific Director. NIH/NINDS, Bldg. 36 Room Searle 4-555, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 606 1 1-3008 5A05 (41 50), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda. MD 20892 Euckenbill-Edds, Louise M., Ohio University, Dept. of Biological I.andowne, David, Univ. of Miami Medical School, Dept. of Sciences. Irvine Hall. Athens. OH 45701 Physiology. PO Box 01 6430, Miami, FL 33101 Langford. George M., Dartmouth College, Dept. of Biological Macagno, Eduardo R., Columbia University. Department of Sciences, 6044 Gilman Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755 Biosciences, I003B Fairchild, New York. NY 10027 Lasser-Ross, Nechama, New York Medical College, Dept. of MacNichol, Edward F., Jr., Boston Umv School of Medicine. Dept. of Physiology, Valhalla, NY 10595 Physiol.. 80 E. Concord Street, Boston. MA 02 1 1 8 Laster, Leonard, Chancellor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts, Maglott-Duftield, Donna R., Amer Type Culture Collection. 12301 Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue. North. Worcester, MA 01 655 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-1776 Eaufer, Hans, Univ. of Connecticut, Dept. of Biological Science Maienschein, Jane Ann, Arizona State University. Department of

Molec. & Cell Biol.,U- 1 25, Storrs, CT 06269-3 1 25 Philosophy, Tempe. AZ 85287-2004 R70 Annual Report

Mainer, Robert E., The Boston Company, Inc., One Boston Place, Morin, James G., Llniversity of California. Department of Biology. OBP-15-D, Boston, MA 02 108 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Malbon, Craig C., SUNY, Stony Brook, Univ. Medical Center, Morrell, Frank. Rush Medical Center. Dept. of Neurological Science.

Pharmacology HSC, Stony Brook. NY I I 794-865 1 1653 W. Congress Parkway. Chicago, IL60612 Manalis, Richard S., Indiana-Purdue University, Dept. of Biological Morse, M. Patricia, Northeastern University. Marine Science Center, Sciences. 2 101 Coliseum Blvd.. E., Fort Wayne, IN 46805 Nahant. MA 01908

Mangum, Charlotte P., College of William and Mary. Department of Morse, Stephen S., The Rockefeller University. 1 230 York Avenue.

Biology, Williamsburg. VA 23 1 87-8795 Box 120. New York, NY 10021-6399

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Marinucci, Andrew C., 102 Nancy Drive. Mercerville, NJ 086 19 Biophysics. R-430. 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33 I 36

Martinez, Joe L., Jr., Univ. of Texas, San Antonio, Division of Life Murray, Andrew \\ ., Llniv. of California, Dept. of Physiology, Box

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Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02 1 38 Cary Hall. Buffalo, NY 14214 Miyakawa, Hiroyoshi. Tokyo College of Pharmacy. Lab. of Cellular Oldenbourg, Rudolf, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA Neurobiology, 1432-1 Horinouchi. Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-03, 02543 Japan Olds, James L., American Association of Anatomists. 9650 Rockville Miyamoto, David M., Drew University, Department of Biology. Pike. Ste. 4515. Bethesda. MD 208 14-3998 Madison, NJ 07940 Olins, Ada L., Llniv. of Tennessee Oak Ridge. Grad. School of Mi/ell. Merle, Tulane LIniversity. Dept. of Cell & Molecular Biology. Biomed. Sci.. Biology Div. ORNL FOB 2009. Oak Ridge. TN New Orleans. LA 701 18 37831-8077 \\ Moore, John ., Duke University Medical Center. Department of Olins, Donald E., Univ. of Tennessee Oak Ridge. Grad. School of Neurobiology. Box 3209, Durham. NC 277 10 Biomed. Sci.. Biology Division ORNL FOB 2009, Oak Ridge. TN Moreira, Jorge E., NIH/NINDS. Lab. of Neurobiology. Bldg. 36. Rm. 3783I-S077

2A-2 1 , Bethesda, MD 20892 Oschman, James L., 3 1 Whittier Street. Dover, NH 03820 Members of the Corporation R71

Palazzo, Robert E., llniv. of Kansas, Dept. ofPhysiol./Cell Biol.. RaH'ertv, Nancv S., Scientist. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Haworth Hall, Lawrence. KS 66045 Hole, MA 02543

Palmer, John D., Univ. of Massachusetts. Department of Zoology, Rakowski, Robert 1-.. U HS/The Chicago Medical School. Dept. of N. IL 22 1 Morrill Science Center. Amherst. MA 01003 Physiol. & Biophysics. 3333 Greenbay Road. Chiacago. Pant, HarishC, NINCDS/NIH. Lab. of Neurochemistry. Building 60064 36. Room 4D20. Bethesda. MD 20892 Ramon, Fidel, UNAM-CU, Div. Est. Posgrado E Invest.. Facultadde Pappas, George D., Univ. of Illinois. College of Medicine, Medicma. Mexico. D.F. 045 10 Department of Anatomy. Chicago. IL 60612 Ranzi, Silvio, Sez. Zoologia Scienze Naturali. Dip. di Biologia. Via

Pardee, Arthur B., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. D8 10, 44 Binney Celoria. 26. 2(1 1 33 Milano, Italy

Street. Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 Rastctter, Edward, B., Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Pardy. Roosevelt L., University of Nebraska, School of Life Sciences, Center. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Lincoln, NE 68588 Rebhun. Lionel I., University of Virginia, Department of Biology.

Parmentier, James L., 175 S. Great Road. Lincoln. MA 01 773-4 1 12 Gilmer Hall 43. Charlottesville. VA 22901 Sciences. Pearlman, Alan I.., Prof of Neurology & Cell Biol.. Washington Reddan, John R., Oakland University, Dept. of Biological University. School of Medicine. Cell Biology. Box 8228, St. Louis, Rochester, MI 48309-4401 MO 631 10 Reese, Thomas S., NINCDS/NIH. Bldg. 36, Room 2A21. 9000 Pederson, Thoru, President. Worcester Foundation for Biomed. Res., Rockville Pike. Bethesda, MD 20892 222 Maple Avenue. Shrewsbury, MA 01545 Reinisch, Carol L., Tufts Univ. Sch. of Vet. Med.. Dept. of

Perkins, Courtland 1)., 400 Hilltop Terrace. Alexandria. VA 22301 Comparative Medicine. 200 Westboro Road. Bldg. 20. North

Person, Philip, 137-87 75th Road. Flushing, NY 1 1367 Grafton. MA 01 536 Peterson, Bruce J., Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Center. Rich. Alexander, Mass. Institute of Technology Department of

Woods Hole. MA 02543 Biology 68-233. Cambridge. MA 02 1 34 Pelhig, Ronald, University Coll. of No. Wales. School of Electronic Rickles, Frederick R., 2633 Danforth Lane. Decatur. GA 30033 Eng. Sci.. Bangor, Gwynedd. LL 57 IUT, UK Riley, Monica, Senior Scientist. Marine Biological Laboratory, Lillie Pfohl, Ronald J., Miami University. Department of Zoology. Oxford, 302,Woods Hole, MA 02543 OH 45056 Ripps, Harris, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, Dept. of Ophthal/Vis. Sci..

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Neurobiology, 25 Shattuck St.. Boston, MA 02 I 1 5 West I68th Street, New York, NY 10032-3702 Potts, \\ illiam T., University of Lancaster, Department of Biology. Rosenkranz, Herbert S., University of Pittsburgh. Dept. of Environ./ Lancaster. England Occup. Hlth.. 260 Kappa Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 Powers, Dennis A., Director. Stanford University. Hopkins Marine Roslansky, John D., 57 Buzzards Bay Avenue, Woods Hole, MA Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 02543 Powers, Maureen K., Professor. Vanderbilt University. Dept. of Roslansky. Priscilla F., 57 Buzzards Bay Avenue. Woods Hole, MA Psychology. 301 Arts & Sci. Psych. Bldg. Nashville, TN 37240 02543 Pratt-Merriman, Melanie M., VITAS Healthcare Corporation. 100S Ross, \\ illiam N., New York Medical College. Department of Biscayne Boulevard. Miami, FL 33101 Physiology. Valhalla, NY 10595 Prendergast, Robert A., Wilmer Institute. Johns Hopkins Hospital, Roth. Jay S., 571 B. Carriage Shop Road. E. Falmouth. MA 02536

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1 21601-3934 23209, 1011 Bryan Res. Bldg.. Durham. NC 27710 Russell-Hunter. \V. D., 71 Howard Street, Easton. MD

Quiglej, James P., SUNY Health Science Center. Dept. of Pathology. BHSTower9. Rm. 140. Stony Brook. NY 11794-8691 Saffo, Mary Beth, Arizona State Univ. West. Life Sci. Dept.. MC 2352, P.O. Box 37 100. Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 44 Street, Boston. Rabb, Irving \V., 44 Brattle Street. 4th Floor, Cambridge. MA 02 1 38 Sager, Ruth, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Binney

Rabin, Harvey, 591 1 Valley Way, Wilmington, DE 19807 MA 021 15 Rabinowitz, Michael B., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. Sagi, Amir, Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Dept. of Life Sciences. MA 02543 P.O. Box 653. Bee-Sheva. Israel. 84105 R72 Annual Report

Salama, Guy, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physiology, Sloboda, Roger D., Dartmouth College, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 6044 Oilman Laboratory. Hanover, NH 03755 Salmon. Edward D., Professor, University of North Carolina, Sluder, Greenh'eld, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research. Department of Biology, Wilson Hall, CB 3280. Chapel Hill, NC Inc.. 222 Maple Avenue, Shrewsbury, MA 01 545

27599 Smith, Peter J. S., Marine Biological Laboratory . National Vibrating Salzberg, Brian M., Univ. of Penn. Sch. of Med., Dept. of Neurosci. Probe Facility. Woods Hole. MA 02543

1 4 1 Stanford Univ. Sch. of of Cell. & 2 1 5 Stemmler Hall. Philadelphia. PA 04-6074 Smith, Stephen J., Med., Dept. Sanger. Jean M., Univ. of Penn. School of Med.. Dept. of Anal.. 36th Molec. Phys.. Beckman Center. Stanford. CA 94305-5426 4 and Hamilton Walk. Philadelphia. PA 1 1 74 Smolowitz, Roxanna M., Marine Biological Laboratory. Laboratory of Anat.. Marine Animal Health. Hole. 02543 Sanger, Joseph V\ ., Univ. of Penn. School of Med., Dept. of Woods MA 36th and Hamilton Walk. BI3. Philadelphia. PA 19174-6058 Sogin, Mitchell L., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. MA

Saunders. John V\ ., Jr., 1 1 8 Metoxit Road. P.O. Box 338 1 . Waquoit, 02543 MA 02536 Sorenson, Martha M., Cidade Universitana-RFRJ. Dept. de Schachman, Howard K., Univ. of Calif.. Berkeley. Molecular & Cell Bioquimica-ICB/CCS, Riode Janeiro. RJ 21910, Brasil Biology Dept.. 229 Stanley Hall, #3206, Berkekey, CA 94720-3206 Speck, \\ illiam T., President and CEO. Columbia-Presbyterian 161 Ft. Schatten, Gerald P.. Univ. of Wisconsin, I 1 1 7 W. Johnson Street, Medical Center. Washington Avenue, New York, NY Madison, Wl 53706 10(132 Schatten, Heide, Univ. of Wisconsin. Department of Zoology, Spector, Abraham, Columbia University, Dept. of Ophthalmology. Madison, WI 53706 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 \\ Schmeer, ArleneC., Mercenene Cancer Res lust.. 790 Prospect Speer, John ., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA

Street. New Haven. CT 065 1 I 02543 Schmidek, Henry H., St. Luke's Hospital. Dept. of Neurosurgery, 102 Speksnijder, Johanna E., Univ. of Groningen. Dept. of Genetics, Page Street. New Bedford, MA 02740 Kerklaan 30. 475 I NN Haren, The Netherlands of Schnapp, Bruce J., Harvard Medical School. Dept. of Cellular & Mol. Sperelakis, Nicholas, University of Cincinnati, Dept. Physiol./

Phys.. 25 Shattuck Street. Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 Biophysics. 23 1 Bethesda Avenue, Cincinnati. OH 45267-0576 Schuel, Herbert, SUNY at Buffalo. Dept. of Anatomy/Cell Biology. Sprav. DatidC., Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dept. of Buffalo. NY 14214 Neurosci.. 1300 Morris Park Avenue. Bronx. NY 10461 Schwartz, James H., New York State Psychiatric Insitute. Research Steele, John H., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Annex. 722 West 168th St.. 7th floor. New York. NY 10032 Hole. MA 02 54 3 of of Schweitzer, A. INicola, Bngliam & Women's Hospital. Dept. of Steinacker, Antoinette, Washington Univ. School Med. Dept.

1 10 Pathology, 221 Longwood Ave., LMRC521, Boston. MA 021 15 Otolaryn., Box 8 15. 4566 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, MO 631 Princeton of Molecular Sears, Mary, P.O. Box 1 52. 49 Glendon Road. Woods Hole. MA Steinberg, Malcolm, University. Dept. 02543 Biology. M-18 Moffett Laboratory, Princeton. NJ 08544-1014 fur Zurich Segal, Sheldon J., The Population Council. One Dag Hammarskjold Stemmer, Andreas C., Institut Robotik. ETH-Sentrum. Plaza. New York. NY 10036 8092 Senft, Stephen I.amont, Neuroengineering/Neurosc. Ctr.. 5 Science Stelten, Jane l.azarow, 4701 Willard Avenue, Apt. 1413, Chevy

Park North, New Haven. CT 065 1 I Chase. MD 208 1 5-4635 Shanklin. Douglas R., University of Tennessee. Dept of Pathology, Steudler, Paul A., Marine Biological Laboratory. Ecosystems Center,

Rm. 576. 800 Madison Avenue. Memphis. TN 38 1 1 7 Woods Hole, MA 02543

Shashoua. Victor E., Harvard Medical School. Ralph Lowell Labs. Stokes. Darrell R., Fmory Univensty. Department of Biology. 1510

1 Clifton Rd.. 30322-1 100 McLean Hospital. I 1 5 Mill St.. Belmont. MA 02 78 NE. Atlanta. GA \\ Hitchcock Medical Center. Shaver, Gaius R., Marine Biological Laboratory. Ecosystems Center. Stommel, Elijah ., Darthmouth Woods Hole, MA 02543 Department of Neurology. Lebanon, NH 03756 of Shaver. John R.. Michigan State University. Depl. of Zoology. East Slracher, Alfred. SUNY Health Science Center, Dept.

1 1 203 Lansing, MI 48824 Biochemistry. 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn. NY Sheet/, Michael P., Chairman. Duke Univ. Medical Center. Dept. of Strehler, Bernard I.., 2310 N. Laguna Circle Drive. Agoura. CA

Cell Biology'. B\ 3709. 388 Nanaline Duke Bldg.. Durham. NC 91301-2884 27710 Strumwasscr, Felix, USUHS, Dept. of Psychiatry. F. E. Herbert Sch.

Shepro, David, Microvascular Research. I dilonul Offices. 5 of Medicine. 4301 Jones Bridge Rd.. Bethesda, MD 20814-4744 of Cummington Street. Boston. MA 022 1 5 Stuart, Ann E., Llniversity of North Carolina. Department Sheridan, William F., University of North Dakota, Biology Physiology. Medical Res. Bldg. 206H, Chapel Hill. NC 27599-7545 Department, Box 8238, University Station, Grand Forks, ND Sugimori, Mutsuyuki, New York Llniversity Medical Center, Dept. of 58202-8238 Physiology & Neurosc., Rm 442, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY

(i Shimomura, Osamu, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA I 00 1 02543 Summers, William C., Western Washington University. Huxley Coll. Shipley, Alan M.. Address unknown of Environ. Stud.. Bellingham. WA 98225 Cell. Silver, Robert B., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA Suprenant, Kathv A., Llniversity of Kansas. Dept. of Physiol. & 02543 Biol..40l() Haworth Hall. Lawrence. KS 66045 Siwicki, Kathleen K., Swarthmore College, Biology Department, 500 Sussman, Kaquel B., Mannc Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA

- l 1 >7 College Avenue, Swarthmore. PA 1908 1 3 02543 Univ. School of Medicine. of OB Sjodin, Raymond A., University of Maryland, Department of Sweet, Frederick. Washington Sept. St. 631 10 1 Box Louis. Biophysics. Baltimore. MD 2 1 20 & GYN. 8064, MO of Skinner, Dorothy M., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biology Swenson, Katherine I., Duke Univ. Medical Center. Dept. 27710 Division. P.O. Box 2009, Oak Ridge, TN 3783 I Molecular Cancer. Box 3686, Durham. NC Members of the Corporation R73

Lawrence J., Brandeis University, Dept. of Biology, 415 Sydlik, Mary Anne, Hope College, Holland, MI 49422 \\angh, South Street. Waltham, MA 02254 Szcnt-Gyorgyi, Andrew, Brandeis University. Department of Biology, Warner, Robert C., Univ. of California Irvine. Molecular Bio. & Bassine 244. 4 1 5 South Street. Waltham. MA 02254 Biochemistry. Irvine. CA 927 1 7 Warren, Leonard, Wistar Institute, 36lh and Spruce Streets, Tabares, Lucia, Univ. of Seville Sch. of Med., Dept. of Physiology, Philadelphia. PA 19104 Avda. Sanchez 4, Seville 41009 Spain of Pizjuan. Waterbury, .John B., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Dept. Tamm, L., Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue. Sidney Biology. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Boston, MA 022 1 5 Waxman, Stephen G., Chairman. Yale School of Medicine. Dept. of Tanzer, Marvin L., Univ of Conn Sch of Dental Med. Dept. of 065 10 Neurology, P.O. Box 208018. 333 Cedar St.. New Haven, CT Biostructure & Fund. CT 06030-3705 Farmington. Webb, H. Marguerite, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. of 36. Tasaki, Ichiji. NIMH/NIH. Laboratory Neurohiology. Building MA 02543 2B- 16. Bethesda. 20892 Room MD Weber, Annemarie, Univ. of Pennsylvania Med. Sch. Dept. of D. Mellon University. Ctr. for Fluorescence Taylor, Lansing, Carnegie Biochem. & Biophysics. Philadelphia. PA 19066 Res., 4400 Fifth Avenue. PA 1 52 1 3 Pittsburgh, Weidner, Earl, Louisiana State University. Dept. of Zoology & Teal, John Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department M., Physiology, Baton Rouge. LA 70803 of Woods Hole, MA 02543 Biology. Weiss, Dieter, University of Rostock. Inst. Tierphysiologie. of of Telfer, William H., University Pennsylvania, Department 1 Fachbereich Biologie. Rostock, Germany D- 1 805 PA 19104 Biology. Philadelphia. Weiss, Leon P., Univ. of Penn. Sch. of Vet Med. Department of Telzer, Bruce. Pomona of Biol.. Thille Bldg.. 1 75 W. College, Dept. Animal Biology. Philadelphia. PA 19104

9 1 7 1 1 6th Street. Claremont. CA W eissmann. Gerald, New York Univ. Medical Center. Dept. of Med/ James Medical of Townsel, G., Meharry College. Dept. Physiology. Div. Rheumatology. 550 First Avenue. New York. NY 10016 Nashville, TN 37208 \\esterfield, R. Monte, Univ. of Oregon, Institute of Neuroscience. Travis, David M., 19 St.. Woods Hole, MA 02543 High Eugene. OR 97403 Steven IN., Univ. of Massachusetts Medical Ctr., Dept. of Treistman, \\ hittaker, J. Richard, Univ. of New Brunswick. Dept. of Biology, BS 55 Lake Avenue North, Wocester. MA 01655 Pharmacology. 1 45 1 1 . Fredericton. NB, Canada E3B 6E D. Thomas, One Federal Street, 9th Floor. Boston, MA 022 1 1 Trigg, Wilson, Darcy B., San Diego Regional Cancer Ctr.. 3099 Science Park Troll, Walter, NYU Medical Center. 550 First Avenue. New York. Road. San Diego. CA 92 1 2 1 NY 10016 W ilson, T. Hastings, Professor, Harvard Medical School. Department Boston LJniv. School of Troxler. Robert F., Professor of Biochemistry. 1 1 of Physiology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02 5 Med.. Dept. of Biochem.. 80 East Concord Street. Boston. MA W itkovsky, Paul, NYU Medical Center, Department of 02118. Ophthalmology, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Tucker, Edward B., Baruch College, CUNY, Dept. of Natural of Wittenberg, Beatrice, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dept. Sciences. 17 Avenue. New York, NY 10010 Lexington Physiol. & Biophysics. Bronx, NY 10461 Turner, Ruth D., Harvard University. Museum of Comparative of W ittenberg, Jonathan B., Albert Einstein Coll. of Med.. Dept. Mollusk Department, Cambridge. MA 02138 Zoology, Physiol. & Biophysics. Bronx. NY 10461 Tweedell, S.. Professor. Univeristy of Notre Dame. Dept. of Kenyon W olken, Jerome J., Carnegie Mellon University. Dept. of Biological Sciences. Notre Dame. IN 46656 Biological Sciences. 440 Fifth Avenue. Pittsburgh, PA 1 52 1 3 kocinski, Mark L., Case Western Reserve Univ.. Institute of Ty W onderlin, William F., West Virginia University, Dept. of 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106 Pathology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Morgantown, WV 26506 Michael. Wake Forest Bowman Gray School of Tytcll, University, Worden, Mary Kate, Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Neurobiology, Medicine. of & Neurobio., Winston-Salem, NC Dept. Anatomy 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 27157 W orgul, Basil V., Columbia University. Department of Ophthalmology, 630 West 168 Street. New York, NY 10032 Wu, Chau Hsiung. Northwestern Univ. Med. School. Dept. of Ueno, Hiroshi, Univ., Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Agr. Kyoto - IL 606 1 1 Pharmacology (S2 1 5). 303 E. Chicago Avenue. Chicago. Chem.. Sakyo, Kyoto 606. Japan 3008 Wyttenbach, Charles R., University of Kansas. Biological Sciences 106 Valiela, Ivan, Professor of Biology. Boston University Marine Dept., 2045 Haworth Hall, Lawrence. KS 66045-2 Program. Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Northwestern Medical School, Department Vallee, Richard, Worcester Fdn. for Biomedical Research. Inc.. 222 Yen, Jay Z., University, of IL 606 1 I Maple Avenue. Shrewsbury, MA 01 545 Pharmacology. Chicago. Valois, John J., 420 Woods Hole Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Zacks, Sumner L, 65 Saconesset Road. Falmouth. MA 02540-1 85 1 Van Holde, Kensal E., Oregon State University, Department of Zigman, Seymour, Univ. of Rochester Med. Sch.. Ophthalmol. Biochemistry and Biophysics. Corvallis. OR 97331-7503 Research. Box 3 14, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14640 Steven S., National Institutes of Health. LTPB/NICHD. Bldg. Vogel, Hall, Zigmond, Michael J., Unic. of Pittsburg. 570 Crawford 10, Room 6C205, Bethesda. MD 20892 Pittsburg, PA 1 5260 Zimmergberg, Joshua J.,NIH, Building 12 A. Room 2007, Bethesda, \\ainwright, Norman R., Senior Scientist. Marine Biological MD 20892 J Williams of Biology, Williamstown. Laboratory, Room 108. Lille. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Zottoli, Steven ., College. Dept. Waksman, Byron, NYU Medical Center, Department of Pathology. MA 01 267 California. Div., Dept. 550 First Avenue, New York. NY 10016 Zucker, Robert S., University of Neurobiology Cellular CA 94720 Wall, Betty, 9 George Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 of Molecular & Biol., Berkeley. Coll. of Med., of Neurosci., Wang. Hsien-Yu, SUNY. Stony Brook, Univ. Medical Center, Zukin, R. Suzanne, Albert Einstein Dept. South. Bronx, NY 10461 Physiology & Biophysics HSC, Stony Brook, NY 1 1 794-8633 1410Pelham Parkway R74 Annual Report

MBL Associates

Executive Board Dr. and Mrs. John B. Buck Dr. and Mrs. Aubrey Pothier. Jr. Julie S. Child, President Dr. and Mrs. John E. Burris Drs. Frank and Bilhe Press Ruth Ann Laster, Vice President Dr. and Mrs. Francis D. Carlson Dr. and Mrs. C. Ladd Prosser Deborah G. Senft. Treasurer Dr. and Mrs. Alfred B. Chaet Mr. Allan Ray Putnam Priscilla Roslansky. Secretary Dr. and Mrs. Frank M. Child. Ill Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Reynolds Man. Ulbrich, Membership Chair Dr. and Mrs. Arnold M. Clark Mr. and Mrs. John Ripple Barbara Atwood Dr. Laurence P. Cloud and Kitty Kell> Drs. John and Priscilla F. Roslansky Seymour Cohen Dr. Jewel PlummerCobb Mr. and Mrs. John D. Ross Molly Cornell Dr. and Mrs. Neal W. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. John D. Rummel Michael Fenlon Mr. and Mrs. David L. Crabb Dr. and Mrs. John W. Saunders, Jr. Hanna Hastings Mr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Crane Dr. and Mrs. R. Walter Schlesinger Doris B. Hiatt Dr. and Mrs. John M. Cummings Mr. and Mrs. Peter J. Schwamh Megan Jones Mr. and Mrs. Bruce G. Daniels Mr. Harold Sears and Mrs. Olga Karplus Barbara Little Mr. and Mrs. Francis J. DeYoung Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Sears Robert Livingstone, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Brooks Dubois Dr. and Mrs. Sheldon J. Segal Luigi Mastroianni. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David Fausch Dr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Shanklm Jack Pearce Mr. and Mrs. Howard G. Freeman Dr. and Mrs. David Shepro Joan Pearlman Dr. and Mrs. Robert A. Frosch Mr. and Mrs. Bertram R. Silver Ted Rowan Dr. and Mrs. Mordecai L. Gabriel Drs. Frederick and Marguerite Smith Lillian Saunders Dr. and Mrs. Prosser Gi fiord Mr and Mrs. Heinz Specht John Valois Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Gilette Dr. and Mrs. William K. Stephenson Barbara Wheeler Mr. and Mrs. Charles Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. E. Kent Swift, Jr. Mrs. Daniel S. Grosch Mr. and Mrs. Gerard L. Swope Sustaining Associate Dr. and Mrs. Harlyn O. Halvorson Mr. and Mrs. Gordon F. Todd Mrs. Margaret Clowes Drs. Alexander and Carol Hannenberg Dr. and Mrs. Walter Troll. Ph.D. Mr. A. Felix DuPont. Jr. Mrs. Janet M. Harvey Mr. and Mrs. Volker Ulbrich Mr. Michael Fenlon and Ms. Linda Sallop Dr. and Mrs. Richard B. Harvey Mr. and Mrs. John Valois Plymouth Savings Bank Dr. and Mrs. J. Woodland Hastings Mr. and Mrs. Henr\ Walter Dr. and Mrs. Howard H. Hiatt Mr. and Mrs. John T. Weeks Supporting Associate Dr. and Mrs. John E. Hobbie Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Weisberg Hocker Dr. and Mrs. Gerald Weissman Dr. and Mrs. Richard Armstrong Mr. and Mrs. Lon Mr. and Mrs. John Holdren Dr. and Mrs. Paul S. Wheeler Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ashworth Drs. Francis C. G. Hoskin and Eli/aheth M. Mr. and Mrs. G. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy Clark, Jr. Geoffrey Whitney. Dr. and Mrs. Alexander W. Clowes Farnham Mr. and Mrs. Leslie J. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Ian D. W. Cramer Dr. and Mrs. Shinya Inoue Dr. and Mrs. T. Hastings Wilson Dr. and Mrs. James D. Ebert Dr. and Mrs. Kurt J. Isselbacher Dr. and Mrs. Sumner I. Zacks Mrs. D. Dr. and Mrs. Donald J. Zinn Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson, Jr. Mary Janney Mr. and Mrs. David Gaiser Mr. and Mrs. DeWitt C. Jones. Ill Mr. and Mrs. William K. Macke\ Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Kaminer // ulividi ial Associates Mr. and Mrs. A. Knowles. Jr. Mr. Albers Drs. Luigi and Elaine Mastroianni Sidney Henry Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Laster Dr. Nina S.Allen Dr. and Mrs. J. Wister Meigs Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Nickerson Dr. and Mrs. Hans Laufer Mrs. Kimball C. Atwood. Ill Mr. Everett E. Mrs. Anne W. Sawyer Mr. William Lawrence Bagley J. Mrs. H. Thomas Jr. Mr. John Seder and Ms. Frances Plough Dr. and Mrs. Berton Leach Ballantine, Mrs. G. Dr. John Tochko and Mrs. Christian Myles- Mr. and Mrs. Stephen R. Levy Betsy Bang Tochko Mr. and Mrs. James E. Lloyd Mr. Richard T. Baum Mr. Norman N. Tolkan Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Manuel Mr. C. John Berg Dr. and Mrs. Phillip B. Maples Dr. Alan W. Bernheimer Dual Membership Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Martyna Dr Thomas P. Bleck Mr. and Mrs. Dean C. Allard. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank J. Mather, III Mr. Anthony Briana Mr. and Mrs. Douglas F. Allison Dr. and Mrs. William McDemott Mrs. Frank A. Brown, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Duncan P. Aspinwall Mr. and Mrs. Arthur V. Meigs Mrs. Kathryn S. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Donald R. Aukamp Dr. and Mrs. Jerry M. Melillo Dr. Robert H. Broyles Mr. and Mrs. William L. Banks Dr. and Mrs. Merle Mizell Dr. Alan H. Burghauser Mr. and Mrs. R. Channing Barlow Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Montgomery Mrs. Barbara Burwell Dr. and Mrs. Robert B. Barlow. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clifford T. O'Connell Mrs. Beatrice F. Buxton Dr. Martha Baylor Mr. and Mrs. David Palmer Mr. Bruce E. Buxton Dr. and Mrs. Robert M. Berne Dr. and Mrs. John B. Pearce Mrs. David Campbell Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Bigelow Mr. and Mrs. John B. Peri Mr. Frank C. Carotenuto Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Bolton Dr. and Mrs. Courtland D. Perkins Dr. Robert H. Carrier Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Borgese Dr. and Mrs. Philip Person Mrs. Christie L. Chapman Dr. and Mrs. Francis P. Bowles Mr. and Mrs. E. Joel Peterson Dr. Peter L. Clark Dr. and Mrs. Thornton Brown Mr. and Mrs. George H. Plough Mrs. Roberta Clark Members of the Corporation R75

Ms. Ann P. Cleary Mrs. James Miles Jennie Brown Mrs. Octavia C. Clement Dr. Daniel G. Miller Kitty Brown Mr. Allen W. Clowes Mrs. Florence E. Mixer Elizabeth Buck Dr. Seymour S. Cohen Mrs. Mary E. Montgomery Julia Child Prof. D. Eugene Copeland Mrs. Kathleen Mullin Vera Clark Dr. Helen M.Costello Mrs. Eleanor M. Nace Peggy Clowes Dr. Vincent Cowling Mr. Paul F. Nace. Jr. Jewel Cobb Dr. Sylvia E. Crane Mr. John E. Naugle Janet Daniels Ms. Charlotte E. Cross Mr. William G. Neall Fran Eastman Ms. Dorothy Crossley Dr. Pamela Nelson Alma Ebert Miss Helen Crossley Mr. I.C.T. Nisbet Margaret German Mrs. Villa B. Crowell Mr. Edmond F. Nolan Violet Gifford Dr. Marie A. DiBerardino Mr. Thomas O'Neil Rose Grant Mr. David L. Donovan Dr. Janice S. Olszowka EdieGrosch Ms. Suzanne Droban Ms. Joan Pearlman Bobbie Grossman Mrs. Charles E. Eastman Ms. Joyce S. Pendery Jean Halvorson Mr. Raymond Eliott Mr. Raymond W. Peterson Pat Haneox Mr. William M. Ferry Dr. and Mrs. Anthony Pires Hanna Hastings Dr. Krystyna Frenkel Mr. John S. Price Helen Hodosh Mr. Paul J. Freyheit Mr. Nicholas Psaledakis Sally Karush Mrs. Paul M. Fye Mrs. Julia S. Rankin Barbara Little Miss Eleanor Garfield Ms. Anecia Kathy Regis Sally Loessel Mr. Charles Giflford Dr. Monica Riley Winnie Mackey Mr. Michael P. Goldring Mrs. Lola E. Robertson Miriam Mauzerall Mrs. Moise H. Goldstein Mrs. Edward A. Rose. Jr. Man Mavor Mrs. Barbara Grossman Ms. Hilde Rosenthal Polly Miles Dr. Harry O. Haakonsen Ms. Virginia F. Ross Florence Mixer Mrs. Valerie A. Hall Mr. Edward Rowan Lorraine Mizell Ms. Mary Elizabeth Hamstrom Mrs. Elsie M. Scott Eleanor Nace Ms. Elizabeth E. Hathaway Dr. Cecily C. Selby Bertha Person Dr. Robert R. Haubrich Mrs. Deborah G. Senft Liz Price Dr. David S. Hays Dr. Charlotte Shemin Linda Rakowski Mrs. Jane M. Heald Dr. James Sidie Julie Rankin

Mrs. Bertha V. Hill Mrs. Phyllis J. Silver Jean Ripps Mrs. Nathan Hirschfteld Dr. Evelyn Spiegel Lilyan Sauders Mrs. Helen Hodosh (deceased) Mrs. H. Burr Steinbach Marilyn Shepro Mrs. Margaret Jenkins Mrs. Jane Lazarow Stetten Cynthia Smith Mr. Raymond L. Jewett Mr. Robert Stump Peggy Smith Mrs. Barbara W. Jones Mr. Albert H. Swain Louise Specht Mrs. Joan T. Kanwisher Mrs. Marjorie P. Swope Susie Steinbach Ms. Patricia E. Keoughan Mr. Arthur D. Traub Jane Stetton Mrs. Donald Kirschenbaum Miss Natalie Trousof Peg Talcot Dr. Peter N. Kivy Mr. T. Ricou Eleanor Troll Dr. Ben Korgen Mrs. Alice M. Veeder Natalie Trousof Mrs. Rodney C. Larcom Ms. Susan Veeder Mary Ulbnch Ms. Rebecca Lash Mr. Lee D. Vincent Barbara Van Holde

Mrs. F. Arthur Le Blond Mrs. Eve Warren Alice Veeder Dr. Michael T. Leahy Ms. Lillian WendorrT Joan Wheeler Dr. Marian E. LeFevre Dr. Gary Wessel Clare Wilber Dr. Mortimer Levitz Dr. William M. Wheeler Mr. Lennart Lindberg Mrs. Barbara Whitehead MBL Summer Tow Guides Mrs. Barbara C. Little Mrs. A.A.T. Wickersham Betsy Bang Mr. Robert Livingstone, Jr. Mrs. Clare M. Wilber John Buck Mrs. Sarah Loessel Dr. William M. Wmn Sears Crowell Mrs. Margaret M. Macleish Ms. Nancy Woitkoski Teru Hayashi Mrs. Annemarie E. Mahler Dr. SumnerZacks Barbara Little Dr. Julian B. Marsh Mr. Kenneth H. Zimble Kathy Mullin

Dr. Miriam J. Mauzerall Steve Oliver Mrs. Jane C. McCormack Jason Philibotte Associates Mrs. Nella W. McElroy MBL Gift Shop Julie Rankin

Mr. Paul McGonigle I 'oluntccrs I dla Robertson Ms. Mary W. McKoan Margaret Armstrong Priscilla Roslansky Ms. Cornelia Hanna McMurtrie Barbara Atwood Mary Ulbnch Martin Mendelson. M.D. Harriet Bernheimer Donald Zmn Dr. Charles B. Metz Gloria Borgese Margery Zmn Certificate of Organization Articles of Amendment Bylaws

Certificate ofOrganization Articles ofAmendment

(On File in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth) (On File in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth)

D. President, and David Clerk of the Marine No. 3 1 70 We. James Ebert, Shepro, Biological Laboratory, located at Woods Hole. Massachusetts 02543, do hereby certify that the following amendment to the Articles of Organization of the Corporation was We. Alpheus Hyatt. President. William Stanford Stevens. Treasurer, and William duly adopted at a meeting held on August 1 5. 1975, as adjourned to August 29, T. Sedgwick. Edward G. Gardiner. Susan Minis and Charles Sedgwick Minot 1975. by vote of 444 members, being at least two-thirds of its members legally being a majority of the Trustees of the Marine Biolouic.il I ahoraton in compli- qualified to vote in the meeting of the corporation: ance with the requirements of the fourth section of chapter one hundred and fifteen of the Public Statutes do hereby certify that the following is a true copy of it is \ 1 Certificate of of this be and the agreement of association to constitute said Corporation, with the names of nicd hat the Organization corporation hereby the subscribers thereto: amended by the addition of the following provisions: "No Officer, Trustee or Corporate Member of the corporation shall be personally liable for the payment or satisfaction of any obligation or liabilities incurred as a We. whose names are hereto subscribed, do, h\ this agreement, associate our- result ot, or othci\\ ise in connection with, any commitments, agreements, activi- selves with the intention to constitute a Corporation according to the provisions ties or affairs of the corporation.

of the one hundred and fifteenth chapter of the Public Statutes of the Common- "Except as otherwise specifically provided rn the Bylaws of the corporation, meet- held in the wealth of Massachusetts, and the Acts in amendment thereof and in addition ings of the Corporate Members of the corporation may be anywhere thereto. United States. "The Trustees of the corporation may make, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the

in whole or in part, except with respect to any provisions thereof The name by which the Corporation shall he known is corporation of the action which shall by law . this Certificate or the bylaws corporation, require THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABOR VIORY " h> the Corporate Members

The purpose for which the Corporation is constituted is to establish and maintain The foregoing amendment will become effective when these articles of a laboratory or station for scientific study and investigations, and a school for amendment are hied in accordance with Chapter 180. Section 7 of the General instruction in biology and natural history. Laws unless these articles specify, in accordance with the vote adopting the The place within which the Corporation is established or located is the city of amendment, a later effective date not more than thirty days after such filing, in Boston within said Commonwealth. which event the amendment will become effective on such later date. The amount of its capital stock is none. In Witness Whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, this twenty seventh day of our February in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, Alpheus Hyatt, Samuel In Witness whereof and Under the Penalties of Perjury, we have hereto signed Mills. William T. Sedgwick, Edward G. Gardiner. Charles Sedgwick Minot, Wil- names this 2nd day of September, in the year 1975, James D. Ebert, President; liam G. Farlow, William Stanford Stevens. Anna D. Phillips, Susan Mims. B. H. David Shepro. Clerk. Van Vleck. (Approved on October 24, 1975, as follows: held on the thir- of and, the fee in the That the first meeting of the subscribers to said agreement was I hereby approve the within articles amendment filing tiled with teenth day of March in the \c.n ^mhlecn hundred and eighty-eight. amount of $1(1 having been paid, said articles are deemed to have been In Witness Whereof, we have hereunto signed our names, this thirteenth day of me this 24ih day of October. 1975. March in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, Alpheus Hyatt, President. William T- William Stanford Stevens. Treasurer. Edward G. Gardiner. Sedgwick. Paul Guzzi Susan Mims. Charles Minot. Sedgwick Secretary of the Commonwealth) (Approved on March 20. 1988 as follows: certifi- I hereby certify that it appears upon an examination of (he within written cate and the records of the corporation duly submitted to my inspection, that the Bylaws requirements of sections one, two and three ol chapter one hundred and fifteen, and sections eighteen. twenty and twenty-one of chapter one hundred and six. of

the Public Statutes, have been with and I hereby approx e said certificate complied (Revised August 7. 1992 and December 10, 1992) this twentieth day of March A.D. eighteen hundred and eighty-eight.

\R I ICLE 1 THE CORPORATION

Bi- Charles Endicott A. ftaim- u/ul I'uiptHc The name of the Corporation shall be The Marine shall be to establish and mam- Commissioner of Corporations) ological I ahoratory. The Corporation's purpose

R76 Bylaws of the Corporation R77

lam a laboratory or station for scientific and and a school for study investigation Chairperson of the Board who shall be Vice Chairperson of the meetings of the instruction in biology and natural history Corporation. They shall annually elect a Treasurer. They shall annually elect a B. Nondiscrimination. The Corporation shall not discriminate on the basis of Clerk, who shall he a resident of Massachusetts. They shall elect Trustees-at-Large age, religion, color, race, national or ethnic sex or sexual origin, preference in as specified in this Article IV. They shall appoint a Director of the Laboratory loi its policies on employment and administration or in its educational and other a term not to exceed five years, provided the term shall not exceed one year if the programs. candidate has attained the age of 65 years prior to the date of the appointment. They shall choose such other officers and agents as they shall think best. ARTICLE II MEMBERSHIP They ma> fix the compensation of all officers and agents of the Corporation and may A. Member*. The Members of the Corporation ("Members") shall consist of remove them at anytime. They may fill vacancies occurring in any of theolli. es persons elected by the Board of Trustees (the "Board"), upon such terms and The Board shall have the power to choose an Executive Committee from their conditions and in accordance with such procedures, not inconsistent with law or own number us provided in Article V. and to delegate to such Committee such of these their own B> laws, as may be determined by the Board. At any regular or special meet- powers as they may deem expedient in addition to those powers con- ing of the Board, the Board max elect new Members. Members shall have no ferred by Article V. They shall, from time to time, elect Members to the Corpora- or other tion such terms voting rights with respect to the Corporation or its activities except as upon and conditions as they shall have determined, not inconsis- tent with law s specified in these Bylaws, and any Member may vote at any meeting of the Mem- or these Bylaw bers in person only and not by proxy. Members shall serve until their death or B. Composition and Election

( 1 ) The Board resignation unless earlier removed with or without cause by the affirmative vote shall include 24 Trustees elected by the Board as provided of two-thirds of the Trustees then in office. Any Member who has retired from below: his or (a) At least six Trustees her home institution may. upon written request to the Corporation, be ("Corporate Trustees") shall be Members who are a scientists, and the other Trustees designated Life Member. Life Members shall not have the right to vote and shall ("Trustees-at-Large") shall be individuals who not be assessed for dues. need not he Members or otherwise affiliated with the Corporation. B. (b) The 24 elected Trustees shall be divided Meetings The annual meeting of the Members shall be held on the Friday into four classes of six Trust- ees each, with one class to be elected each following the first Tuesday in August of each year, at the Laboratory of the Cor- year to serve for a term of four years. and with each such class to poration in Woods Hole. Massachusetts, at 9:30 a.m. The Chairperson of the include at least one Corporate Trustee. Such classes Board shall of Trustees shall be the of preside at meetings of the Corporation. If no annual meeting is held designated by year expiration of their respective terms. in (2) The Board shall also include the accordance with the foregoing provision, a special meeting may be held in lieu Chief Executive Officer. Treasurer and thereof the of the Science with the same effect as the annual meeting, and in such case all references Chairperson Council, who shall be e\ u/liein voting members of the Board. in these Bylaws, except in this Article II. B., to the annual meeting of the Members shall be deemed to refer to such special meeting. Members shall transact business Ul Although Members or Trustees may recommend individuals for nomi- as nation as nominations for may properly come before the meeting. Special meetings of the Members may Trustees, Trustee elections shall be made by the Nomi- be Committee in its sole called by the Chairperson or the Trustees, and shall be called by the Clerk, or nating discretion. The Board may also elect Trustees who in the case of have not been nominated the the death, absence, incapacity or refusal by the Clerk, by any other by Nominating Committee. C. A Trustee or a officer, upon written application of Members representing at least ten percent of Eligibility. Corporate Trustee-at-Largc who has been elected the to an initial term or smallest quorum of Members required for a vote upon any matter at the four-year remaining portion thereof, of which he/she has annual served at least two shall be meeting of the Members, to be held at such time and place as may be years, eligible for re-election to a second four-year but shall designated. term, be ineligible for re-election to any subsequent term until one year C. has elapsed after he/she has last served as a Trustee. Quorum. One hundred (100) Members shall constitute a quorum at any D. Remmal. Trustee be meeting. Except as otherwise required by law or these Bylaws, the affirmative vote Any may removed from office at any time with or ol a without cause, vote of a of majority of the Members voting in person at a meeting attended by a quorum by majority the Members entitled to vote in the elec- shall constitute action on behalf of the Members. tion of Trustees: or for cause, by vote of two-thirds of the Trustees then in office. D. !s'i>tue nl A Trustee be removed for cause if notice of such action shall Meetings. Notice of any annual meeting or special meeting of may only have been to all of the Trustees Members, if necessary, shall be given by the Clerk by mailing notice of the time given or Members entitled to vote, as the case may be, prior and and to the at which such action is to be taken and if place purpose of such meeting at least 15 days before such meeting to meeting the Trustee to be so each removed shall have been reasonable Member at his or her address as shown on the records of the Corporation. given notice and opportunity to be heard E. Wavier before the to remove him or her. ofNorici'. Whenever notice of a meeting is required to be given a body proposing t. I Mancies in the Board filled Member, under any provision of the Articles or Organization or Bylaws of the Any vacancy may be by vote of a majority of

a written the Trustees at a of Trustees at a is Corporation, waiver thereof, executed before or after the Meeting by remaining present meeting which quorum such in the Board Member, or his or her duly authonzed attorney, shall be deemed equivalent present. Any vacancy resulting from the resignation or removal of a to such notice. Corporate Trustee shall he filled by a Member who is a scientist. F. F. of the Board Adjournments. Any meeting of the Members may be adjourned to any other Meeting Meetings shall be held from time to time, not less time and the vote frequently than twice as determined the Board. place by of a majority of those Members present at the meeting, annually, by Special meetings of whether or Trustees be called the not such Members constitute a quorum, or by am officer entitled to may by Chairperson, or by any seven Trustees, to be held at or to act as at such time and as be The the preside Clerk of such meeting, if no Member is present or repre- place may designated. Chairperson of Board, when It shall over all sented. shall not be necessary to notify any Members of any adjournment unless present, preside meetings of the Trustees. Written notice shall be no Member is sent to a Trustee's usual or last known of present or represented at the meeting which is adjourned, in which place residence at least two weeks before case, notice of the the Notice of a need not to adjournment shall be given in accordance with Article II. D. meeting. meeting be given any Trustee if a written waiver of Any business which could have been transacted at any meeting of the Members notice executed by such Trustee before or after the meeting is filed with the records of as originally called may be transacted at an adjournment thereof. the meeting, or if such Trustee shall attend the meeting without protesting prior thereto or at its commencement the lack of notice given to him ARTICLE III ASSOCIATES OF THE CORPORATION or her.

G. and Action h\ Trustees. A of all Trustees then in Associates Quartan majority office nl ihe Corporation. The Associates of the Marine Biological Labora- shall constitute a of Trustees ma\ be vote of shall be quorum. Any meeting adjourned by tory an unincorporated group of persons (including associations and cor- a majority of Trustees present, whether or not a quorum is present, and the meet- porations) interested in the Laboratory and shall be organized and operated under ing may be held as adjourned without further notice. When a quorum is present the general supervision and authority of the Trustees. The Associates of the Ma- at of the Trustees, a of the I ruslees rine any meeting majority present and voting Biological Laboratory shall have no voting rights. (excluding abstentions) shall decide any question, including the election of offi- ARTICLE IV BOARD OF TRUSTEES cers, unless otherwise required by law. the \rticles of Organization or these By- laws. A. Powers. The Board of Trustees shall have the control and of H. management Transfers nl Interests in I uiul There shall he no transfer of title nor long- the affairs of the Corporation. The Trustees shall elect a of the Chairperson Board term lease of real property held by the Corporation w-ithout prior approval of not who shall serve until his or her successor is elected and qualified. shall an- less They than two-thirds of the Trustees Such real property transactions shall be finally nually elect a President of the Corporation. shall elect a Vice They annually acted upon at a meeting of the Board only if presented and discussed at a prior R78 Annual Report

shall include as ex the meeting of the Board. Either meeting may be a special meeting and no less than ment funds and marketable securities otlicio members, of the Audit four weeks shall elapse between the two meetings. Any property acquired by the Chairperson ol the Board, the Treasurer and the Chairperson Com- Trustees as be for not less than two-thirds Corporation after December 1. 1989 may be sold, any mortgage or pledge of real mittee, together with such may required to consist of Trustees. as otherwise property (regardless ol when acquired) to secure borrowings by the Corporation of the Investment Committee Except provided or determined the Trustees, such committee make may be granted, and any transfer of title or interest in real property pursuant to by these Bylaws by any may the lorcUosure or endorsement of any such mortgage or pledge of real property rules for the conduct of its business, but, unless otherwise provided by the Trust- in the may he effected by any holder of a mortgage or pledge of real property of the ees or in such rules, its business shall be conducted as nearly as possible the Trustees. Corporation, with the prior approval of not less than two-thirds of the Trustees same manner as is prov ided by these Bylaws for

II or to be taken at (other than any Trustee or Trustees with a direct or indirect financial interest in F. Aclitni\ iihmii 11 Meeting. Any action required permitted elected the the transaction being considered for approval) who are present at a regular or any meeting ol the Executive Committee or any other committee by if all members of such committees con- special meeting of the Board at which there is a quorum. Trustees may be taken without a meeting sent to the action in writing and such written consents are tiled with the records ARTICLE V COMMITTEES ol meetings. Members of the Executive Committee or any other committee elected by the Trustees may also participate in any meeting by means of a tele- A. Executive Ctiiniiuticc There shall bean Executive Committee of the Board phone conference call, or otherwise take action in such a manner as may. Irom of Trustees which shall consist of not more than eleven (II) Trustees, including lime to time, be permitted by law.

c'.x in elected the Board. ol/ii Trustees, by G Manual nl I'rucedurc", The Board of Trustees, on the recommendation of The Chairperson ol the Board shall act as Chairperson of the Executive Com- the I xecLilive Committee, shall establish guidelines and modifications thereof to mittee and the Vice as Vice The Executive Committee Chairperson Chairperson, he recorded in a Manual of Procedures. Guidelines shall establish procedures for: shall meet at such times and and upon such notice and appoint such sub- places I the Board of Trustees ( ) Nomination and election of members ot Corporation. committees as the Committee shall determine and I vccuiive Committee: (2) Election of Officers: (3) Formation and Function The Executive Committee shall ha\c and m.i\ exercise all the powers of the of Standing Committees. Board during the intervals between meetings ol the Board except those powers specifically withheld, from time to time, by \otc ol the Board or by law. The Executive Committee may also appoint such committees, including persons who ARTICLE VI OFFICERS

are not Trustees, as it max. from tune to time, approve to make recommendations

\ / officers the shall consist of a President, a with respect to matters to he acted upon by the Executive Committee or the ininicititii'ii The of Corporation Board. Treasurer and a Clerk, and such other officers having the powers of President. determine, a Director of the Labora- The Executive Committee shall keep appropriate minutes ot its meetings, I rcasurer and Clerk as the Board may and assistant officers as the which shall he reported to the Board. \ny actions taken by the Executive Com- lui v I he Corporation may have such other officers and a ofthe Board, mittee shall also he reported to the Board. Hi LI id may determine, including (without limitation) Chairperson B. Nominating t'oinininec There shall be a Nominating Committee which Vice Chairperson and one or more Vice Presidents. Assistant Treasurers or Assis- the The Chair- shall consist of not fewer than lour nor more than six I rustees appointed by the tant Clerks. Any two or more offices may be held by same person. Board in a manner which shall reflect the balance between Corporate Trustees person and Vice Chairperson of the Board shall be elected by and from the Trust- not be Trustees or Members. If and Trustees-at-Large on the Board. The Nominating Committee shall nominate ees, but other officers ofthe Corporation need bond for the persons for election as Corporate Trustees and Trustees-at-Large. Chairperson ot required by the Trustees, any officer shall give the Corporation a the Board. Vice Chairperson of the Board. President. Treasurer. Clerk, Director faithful performance ol his or her duties in such amount and with such surety or ol the Laboratory and such other officers, if any. as needed, in accordance with sureties as shall he satisfactory to the Trustees. of the requirements of these Bylaws. The Nominating Committee shall also be re- B. 7"enure Except as otherwise provided by law. by the Articles Organiza- all other officers shall hold sponsible for overseeing the training of new Trustees. The Chairperson ot the tion or by these By laws. Ihe President. Treasurer, and of Mem- Board of Trustees shall appoint the Chairperson ol the Nominating Committee. office until the first meeting of the Board following the annual meeting of until his or her successor is chosen and I he Chairperson of the Science Council shall be an e.\ n/lit'in voting member bers and thereafter, qualified. the Nominating Committee. C Keiivniiliiiii Any officer may resign by delivering his or her written resigna- such C. Science Cinincil There shall be a Science Council (the "Council") which tion to ihcc 01 pi nation at its principal office or to the President or Clerk and be effective at shall consist of Members of the Corporation elected to the Council by vote of the resignation shall he effective upon receipt unless it is specified to Members of the Corporation, and which shall advise the Board with respect to some other time or upon the happening of some other event. with or without cause a matters concerning the Corporation's mission, its scienhtic and instructional en- D. Reiinmil 1 he Board may remove any officer by ol deavors, and the appointment and promotions ol persons or committees with vote nl a maioniy ofthe entire number of Trustees then in office, at a meeting for notice ofthe thereof has responsibility for matters requinng scientific expertise. Unless otherwise ap- the Board called for that purpose and which purpose be for cause after proved by a maiontx of the members of the Council, the Chairperson of the been riven piovuled that an officer may removed only having ofthe Board at which a Council shall be elected annually by the Council. The chief executive officer of an opportunity to he heard by the Board at a meeting the Corporation shall be an c\ n!hcn> voting member of the Council. quorum is personally present and voting. in be filled for the balance ol D. Bmml i>l On-r\ccr\ There shall be a Board of Overseers which shall consist E I'mi/mr A vacancy any office may unexpired Trustees at of Trustees of not fewer than five nor more than eight scientists who have expertise concern- the term by vote of a majority ofthe present any meeting

is written consent of all ofthe Trustees, if less ing matters with which the Corporation is involved. Members of the Board of at which a quorum present or by Overseers may or may not be Members of the Corporation and mas be appointed than a quorum ol Trustees shall remain in office. have such and duties as be by the Board of Trustees on the basis of recommendations submitted from scien- F, t'lhn>'pci'\i>n The Chai rperson shall powers may otherwise determined the Board, shall tists and scientific organizations or societies. The Board of Overseers shall be determined by the Board and. unless by available to review and offer recommendations to the officers, Trustees and Sci- serve in that capacity for a term coterminous with his or her term as Trustee . shall the duties and exer- ence Council regarding scientific activities conducted or proposed by the Corpo- G. I 'ice ( '/itiir/icr\ini The Vice Chairperson perform ration and shall meet from time to time, not less frequently than annually, as cise the powers of the Chairperson in the absence or disability ofthe Chairperson, other as be determined by the Board of Trustees and shall perform such other duties and possess such powers may

: hv determined the Board, the Vice E. BoaiJ Ci'mnnucc\ ( n tu'i\ill\ The I rustees may elect or appoint one or determined the Board. Unless otherwise by to. an Investment shall serve for a term. more other committees I including, hut not limited Committee, Chairperson one-year officer and. unless other- a Development Committee, an Audit Committee, a Facilities and Capital Equip- II llircciiir The Director shall be the chief operating The I of the ment Committee and a Long-Range Planning Committee) and may delegate to wise voted hv the rustees. the chief executive officer Corporation. direction ofthe Trustees, have .in \ such committee or committees any or all of their powers, except those which Director shall, subject to the general supervision ofthe At the annual by law. the \rtieles of Organization or these Bylaws the Trustees are prohibited ofthe Laboratory and control ofthe business Corporation. ofthe ofthe from delegating: pro\ ided that any committee to w hich the powers of the Trustees meeting, the Director shall submit a report operations Corporation a of its affairs, and shall, from time to time, report are delegated shall consist solely of Trustees. I he members of any such committee for such year and statement ol the shall have such tenure and duties as the Trustees shall determine. The Investment to the Board all matters within his or her knowledge which the interests

< .. to its notice. i ommitiee. which shall oversee Ihe management ol the Corporation's endow- lunation may require to he brought Bylaws of the Corporation R79

1. Deputy Director The Deputy Director, if any, or if there shall he more than The Corporation shall provide no indemnification with respect to any matter one. the Deputy Directors in the order determined hy the Trustees, shall, in the as to which any such Trustee, director or officer shall be finally adjudicated in ahsence or disahility of the Director, perform the duties and exercise the powers such action, suit or proceeding not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable of the Director and shall perform such other duties and shall have such other belief that his or her action was in the best interests of the Corporation. The Cor- powers as the Trustees may, from time to time, prescribe. poration shall provide no indemnification with respect to any matter settled or J. President The President shall have the powers and duties as may be vested comprised unless such matter shall have been approved as in the best interests of in him or her by the Board the Corporation, after notice that indemnification is involved, by (i) a disinter- K. Treasurer ami Assistant Treasurer The Treasurer shall, subject to the di- ested majority of the Board of the Executive Committee, or (ii) a majonty of the rection of the Trustees, have general charge of the financial affairs of the Corpo- Members. ration, including its long-range financial planning, and shall cause to be kept ac- Indemnification may include payment by the Corporation of expenses in de- curate books of account. The Treasurer shall prepare a yearly report on the fi- fending a civil or criminal action or proceeding in advance of the final disposition nancial status of the Corporation to be delivered at the annual meeting. The of such action or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by the person inde-

Treasurer shall also prepare or oversee all filings required by the Commonwealth mnified to repay such payment if it is ultimately determined that such person is of Massachusetts, the Internal Revenue Service, or other Federal and State Agen- not entitled to indemnification under the provisions of this Article VIII. or under cies. The account of the Treasurer shall be audited annually by a certified public any applicable law. accountant. As used in the Article VIII. the terms "Trustee," "director." and "officer" in-

The Assistant Treasurer, if any. or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant clude their respective heirs, executors, administrators and legal representatives, Treasurers in the order determined by the Trustees, shall, in the absence or dis- and an "interested" Trustee, director or officer is one against whom in such ca- ability of the Treasurer, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Trea- pacity the proceeding in question or another proceeding on the same or similar surer, shall perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the grounds is then pending. Trustees may, from time to time, prescribe. To assure indemnification under this Article VIII of all persons who are deter- L. Clerk and Assistant Clerk The Clerk shall be a resident of the Common- mined by the Corporation or otherwise to be or to have been "fiduciaries" of any wealth of Massachusetts, unless the Corporation has designated a resident agent employee benefits plan of the Corporation which may exist, from time to time, in the manner provided by law. The minutes or records of all meetings of the this Article VIII shall be interpreted as follows: (i) "another organization" shall be Trustees and Members shall be kept by the Clerk who shall record, upon the deemed to include such an employee benefit plan, including without limitation, record books of the Corporation, minutes of the proceedings at such meetings. any plan of the Corporation which is governed by the Act of Congress entitled He or she shall have custody of the record books of the Corporation and shall "Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974," as amended, from time to have such other powers and shall perform such other duties as the Trustees may. time, ("ERISA"); (ii) "Trustee" shall be deemed to include any person requested from time to time, prescribe. by the Corporation to serve as such for an employee benefit plan where the per- The Assistant Clerk, if any. or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant formance by such person of his or her duties to the Corporation also imposes Clerks in the order determined by the Trustees, shall, in the absence or disability duties on. or otherwise involves services by, such person to the plan or partici- of the Clerk, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Clerk and shall pants or beneficiaries of the plan; (iii) "fines" shall be deemed to include any perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the Trustees may. excise tax plan pursuant to ERISA; and (iv) actions taken or omitted by a person from time to time, prescribe. with respect to an employee benefit plan in the performance of such person's In the absence of the Clerk and an Assistant Clerk from any meeting, a tempo- duties fora purpose reasonably believed by such person to be in the interest of the rary Clerk shall be appointed at the meeting. participants and beneficiaries of the plan shall be deemed to be for a purpose M. Other Powers anil Duties. Each officer shall have in addition to the duties which is in the best interests of the Corporation. and powers specifically set forth in these Bylaws, such duties and powers as are The right of indemnification provided in this Article VIII shall not be exclusive customarily incident to his or her office, and such duties and powers as the Trust- of or affect any other rights to which any Trustee, director or officer may be enti- ees may. from time to time, designate. tled under any agreement, statute, vote of Members or otherwise. The Corpora- tion's obligation to provide indemnification under this Article VIII shall be offset ARTICLE VII AMENDMENTS to the extent of any other source of indemnification of any otherwise applicable insurance coverage under a policy maintained by the Corporation or any other These Bylaws may be amended by the affirmative vote of the Members at any person. Nothing contained in the Article shall affect any rights to which employ- meeting, provided that notice of the substance of the proposed amendment is ees and corporate personnel other than Trustees, directors or officers may be en- stated in the notice of such meeting. As authorized by the Articles of Organiza- titled hy contract, by vote of the Board or of the Executive Committee or other- tion, the Trustees, by a majority of their number then in office, may also make, wise. amend or repeal these Bylaws, in whole or in part, except with respect to (a) the provisions of these Bylaws governing (i) the removal of Trustees and (ii) the ARTICLE IX DISSOLUTION amendment of these Bylaws and (b) any provisions of these Bylaws which by law. the Articles of Organization or these Bylaws, requires action by the Members. The consent of every Trustee shall be necessary to effect a dissolution of the No later than the time of giving notice of meeting of Members next following Marine Biological Laboratory. In case of dissolution, the property shall be dis- the making, amending or repealing by the Trustees of any Bylaw, notice thereof posed of in such a manner and upon such terms as shall be determined by the stating the substance of such shall be given to all Members entitled to vote change affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Trustees then in office in accordance with the on the amending Bylaws. laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Any Bylaw adopted by the Trustees may be amended or repealed by the Mem- bers entitled to vote on amending the Bylaws. ARTICLE X MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ARTICLE VIII INDEMNITY A. Fiscal Year Except as otherwise determined by the Trustees, the fiscal year

Except as otherwise provided below, the Corporation shall, to the extent legally of the Corporation shall end on December 3 1st of each year.

permissible, indemnify each person who is, or shall have been, a Trustee, director B. Seal. Unless otherwise determined by the Trustees, the Corporation may or officer of the Corporation or who is serving, or shall have served at the request have a seal in such form as the Trustees may determine, from time to time.

of the Corporation as a Trustee, director or officer of another organization in C. Execution <>/ Instruments. All checks, deeds, leases, transfers, contracts, which the Corporation directly or indirectly has any interest as a shareholder, bonds, notes and other obligations authorized to be executed by an officer of the creditor or otherwise, against all liabilities and expenses (including judgments, Corporation in its behalf shall be signed by the Director or the Treasurer except fines, penalties, and reasonable attorneys' fees and all amounts paid, other than as the Trustees may generally or in particular cases otherwise determine. A cer- to the Corporation or such other organization, in compromise or settlement) im- tificate by the Clerk or an Assistant Clerk, or a temporary Clerk, as to any action posed upon or incurred by any such person in connection with, or arising out of, taken by the Members, Board of Trustees or any officer or representative of the the defense or disposition of any action, suit or other proceeding, whether civil or Corporation shall as to all persons who rely thereon in good faith be conclusive criminal, in which he or she may be a defendant or with which he or she may be evidence of such action. threatened or otherwise involved, directly or indirectly, by reason of his or her D. Corporate Records The original, or attested copies, of the Articles of Orga- being or having been such a Trustee, director or officer. nization, Bylaws and records of all meetings of the Members shall be kept in R80 Annual Report

or is in connected with Massachusetts at the principal office of the Corporation, or at an office of the interested in such contract or other transaction any way or Corporation's Clerk or resident agent. Said copies and records need not all be kept any person or person, firm, association, partnership, corporation pecuniarily that he or she in the same office. They shall be available at all reasonable limes for inspection by or otherwise interested therein; provided that the fact individually association or any Member for any proper purpose, but not to secure a list of Members for a or as a director, member or officer of such corporation, firm, part- shall be disclosed to or shall have been purpose other than in the interest of the applicant, as a Member, relative to the nership in such a party or is so interested or a of such Members thereof as shall affairs ot the Corporation. known by the Board of Trustees majority at which action such E. Articles of Organization All references in these Bylaws to the Articles of be present at a meeting of the Board of Trustees upon any Trustee be counted in determin- Organization shall be deemed to refer to the Articles of Organization of the Cor- contract or transaction shall be taken; any may and vote at of the Board of Trust- poration, as amended and in effect, from time to time. ing the existence of a quorum may any meeting force F. Transactions with /ntcn'\tcd Panics In the absence of fraud, no contract or ees for the purpose of authorizing any such contract or transaction with like or other transaction between this Corporation and any other corporation or any and effect as if he/she were not so interested, or were not a director, member or thai firm, association, partnership or person shall be affected or invalidated by the tact officer of such other corporation, firm, association partnership, provided must be a ma- that any Trustee or officer of this Corporation is pecuniarily or otherwise inter- any vote with respect to such contract or transaction adopted by interest in such contract or ested in or is a director, member or officer of such other corporation or of such jority of the Trustees then in office who have no firm, association or partnership or in a party to or is pecuniarily or otherwise transaction.