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沖縄島で採集された日本初記録のヒカリキンメダイ科 オオヒカリキンメ Photoblepharon Palpebratum

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沖縄島で採集された日本初記録のヒカリキンメダイ科 オオヒカリキンメ Photoblepharon Palpebratum 魚類学雑誌 61(1):27–31 短報・Short Report 2014 年 4 月 25 日発行27 沖縄島で採集された日本初記録のヒカリキンメダイ科 オオヒカリキンメ Photoblepharon palpebratum 小枝圭太・藤井琢磨・吉野哲夫 〒 903–0213 沖縄県中頭郡西原町字千原１番地 琉球大学理学部海洋自然科学科 （2013 年 10 月 17 日受付；2013 年 12 月 25 日改訂；2014 年 1 月 7 日受理） キーワード：Photoblepharon palpebratum，オオヒカリキンメ，オオヒカリキンメ属，ヒカリキンメダイ科，沖縄島 Keita Koeda*, Takuma Fujii and Tetsuo Yoshino. 2014. First record of the eyelight fish Photoblepharon palpebratum from Okinawa Island, Japan. Japan. J. Ichthyol., 61 (1): Japanese Journal of 27–31. Ichthyology © The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2014 Abstract A single specimen of Photoblepharon palpebratum (Boddaert, 1781), formerly limited to the tropical western Pacific, was collected from Okinawa Island, Japan at a depth of 1 m. The specimen was characterized by the following combination of characters: single dorsal fin with 3 spines; a black shutter lifting to cover the subocular organ; a large white spot on the dorsal corner of the opercle; pelvic-fin rays I, 6. The tiny first dorsal- fin spine was identified from a radiograph. The specimen represents the first record of P. palpebratum from Japan and is the northernmost record of the species. The specimen produced a total of 273 eggs, but those were probably postmaturity. *Corresponding author: University of the Ryukyu, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903– 0213, Japan ([email protected]) カリキンメダイ科 Anomalopidae はキンメダ は P. palpebratum の北限記録であるとともに，日 ヒイ 目 に 属 し， 世 界 で 6 属 9 種（Eschmeyer, 本初記録となるため，ここにその形態を詳細に記 2013）， イ ン ド・ 太 平 洋 で 4 属 7 種， 本 邦 に は 載し，また本種の生態に関する断片的な知見につ ヒ カ リ キ ン メ ダ イ Anomalops katoptron（Bleeker, いても報告する． 1856）のみが分布するとされる（林，2013）．ヒ 標本の計数方法は Baldwin et al.（1997）に，計 カリキンメダイ科はおもに浅海域に生息する夜行 測方法は Ho and Johnson（2012）に従った．標準 性魚類であるが，本邦のヒカリキンメダイは亜深 体長は体長と略記した．計測はデジタルノギスを 海性であることが知られる（林，2013）．著者ら 用いて 0.1 mm 単位で行い，体長に対する百分率 は，2013 年 5 月 22 日に沖縄島恩納村真栄田付近 （%）で示すとともに，頭部の形質に関しては頭 の半海中洞窟の入り口（水深約 4 m）において明 長に対する百分率（%）も併記した．脊椎骨の計 瞭な発光器をもつヒカリキンメダイ科魚類を確認 数には，軟 X 線写真を用いた．なお，本研究で した． その後，2013 年 8 月 4 日には， 同一個体 用いた標本は琉球大学理学部（URM-P）に所蔵 を同洞窟内の水深 1 m 地点で採集した．この標本 されている． は，背鰭が 1 基であること，発光器の下に伸縮性 の黒い膜を有し，それが伸長することで発光器 Photoblepharon palpebratum（Boddaert, 1781） が覆われ光が遮断されること，主鰓蓋骨の上部 オオヒカリキンメ に白色斑を有することなどにより Photoblepharon (Figs. 1, 2) palpebratum（Boddaert, 1781）と同定された．これ 28 小枝圭太ほか Fig. 1. A: Photoblepharon palpebratum, URM-P 47588, 85.1 mm, Cape Maeda, Okinawa Island, Japan; B: underwater photograph of Photoblepharon palpebratum (URM-P 47588) from “Ao-no-Doukutsu” at Cape Maeda, Okinawa Island (taken at 2 m depth by K. Koeda); C: illustration of Photoblepharon palpebratum in Boddaert (1781). 記載標本 URM-P 47588，1 個体，雌，85.1 mm， 眼窩径 11.9%，38.6%；両眼間隔 9.0%，29.1%；発 沖 縄 島 恩 納 村 真 栄 田（26˚26'33″N, 127˚46'24″E）， 光器径 15.1%，48.6%；背鰭前長 41.9%；腹鰭前長 半海中洞窟，水深 1 m，小枝圭太・藤井琢磨・横 39.7%；臀鰭前長 62.4%；背鰭高 32.2%；背鰭第 1 正 紫，2013 年 8 月 4 日． 棘 長 0.9%； 背 鰭 第 2 棘 長 4.7%； 背 鰭 第 3 棘 長 標徴 本種は背鰭が 1 基，発光器の下に伸縮性 6.4%； 背 鰭 第 1 軟 条 長 10.8%； 背 鰭 第 2 軟 条 長 の黒い膜を有し，それが伸長することで発光器が 14.3%；背鰭第 3 軟条長 17.0%；背鰭第 4 軟条長 覆われ光が遮断される，腹部稜鱗数 5，腹鰭条数 20.0%；背鰭第 5 軟条長 19.6%；背鰭第 6 軟条長 1 棘 6 軟条，側線の延長上にあたる主鰓蓋骨の上 18.7%；背鰭第 7 軟条長 18.1%；胸鰭長 21.1%；腹 部に瞳とほぼ同じ大きさで台形の白色斑をもつ． 鰭長 16.9%；腹鰭棘長 10.6%；臀鰭高 22.5%；臀 記載 本標本の計数形質と体各部の体長（SL） 鰭 第 1 棘 長 1.0%； 臀 鰭 第 2 棘 長 4.6%； 尾 柄 高 も し く は 頭 長（HL） に 対 す る 割 合 を 以 下 に 示 11.7%；尾柄長 26.6%；尾鰭長 26.8%；最短尾鰭条 す： 背 鰭 条 数 III，iii，15； 臀 鰭 条 数 II，ii，11； 長 9.4%． 胸鰭条数 ii，14，i；腹鰭条数 I，6；尾鰭条数 i+9（上 体はよく側扁し，体高は高い．体高は背鰭第 葉），i+8（下葉）；側線有孔鱗数 35；体側縦列鱗 1‒3 軟条基部で最大．頭部は大きく，後頭部から 数 96；側線上方横列鱗数 13；側線下方横列鱗数 鼻孔付近にかけてゆるやかに傾斜した後，強く湾 40；腹部稜鱗数 5；背鰭基底稜鱗数 42；臀鰭基底 曲し，吻端ではほぼ垂直．鼻孔は 2 対で，眼窩の 稜鱗数 20；鰓耙数 7+20=27；脊椎骨数 15+16；頭 直前に位置する．開口部は円形で，前鼻孔は鼻管 長 31.0%（体長比）；体高 37.4%；体幅 16.6%；吻 を形成する．口裂は強く傾斜する．主上顎骨後端 長 7.9%，25.5%（ 頭 長 比 ）； 眼 径 10.1%，32.7%； は眼窩前縁直下をわずかに越え，先端は眼下縁と 日本初記録のオオヒカリキンメ 29 ほぼ同じ高さ．下顎は上顎より突出する．前上顎 骨には小さな円錐歯が密集し，複数列からなる歯 帯を形成する．下顎は前方から外側にはみ出すよ うに歯塊を有し，後方にかけて狭い歯帯が伸び る．眼は大きく水平方向にやや長い楕円形．両眼 間隔は広く，吻長より長い．発光器は眼より大き く，水平方向にやや長いソラマメ型で，眼の下約 1/4 を覆い，上縁は瞳に達する．死後，数時間は 毛細血管が多数みられるが，氷蔵下で 12 時間以 内に不明瞭．また発光器は，前部約 1/5 のみ眼窩 下部と膜で接合し，後部は外側に可動する．発光 器下には伸縮性の黒い膜を有する．頭部はほとん ど鱗がないものの，眼窩前端から鼻孔付近，発光 器から吻端付近を除くほぼすべてが微細な円錐型 突起で覆われる．これら円錐型突起は眼窩上部で やや大型で，主鰓蓋骨表面，頣部表面では縞状に 並ぶが，他の部位では不均一．鱗のほとんどは強 い櫛鱗で，鰓孔後縁，腹中線上，肛門周辺，背鰭 基部， 臀鰭基部の稜鱗は，櫛鱗より明瞭に大き い．体側の櫛鱗は不均一に並ぶ．背鰭の棘条間の 鰭膜は切れ込まない．背鰭棘条数は 3 で，そのう ち第 1 棘が第 2，3 棘と比較してきわめて短い． 軟条数は 18 でそのうち，第 1‒3 軟条は分岐せず， 第 4 軟条が最長で以後はゆるやかに短くなる．背 鰭始部は，腹鰭基部と肛門のほぼ中央垂線上に位 置する．臀鰭第 1‒2 軟条は分岐せず，第 3 軟条が 最長で以降はゆるやかに短くなる．胸鰭は短く， 上方へと傾斜し，上部の第 1‒2 軟条および最下部 の 1 軟条は不分岐で，第 3 軟条が最長．腹鰭は背 鰭基部より前に位置し，1 本の柔軟な棘条と 6 本 の分岐軟条からなり，最外側の軟条が最長．鰭を Fig. 2. Luminescent light organ of Photoblepharon 倒すと腹鰭基部と尾鰭基部の中央に達するが肛門 palpebratum (URM-P 47588). には達しない．尾鰭は深く二叉し，上葉下葉とも に先端はやや尖る． 色彩 生鮮時の体色は，体では暗褐色で，頭部 光器は青緑色の光を発するが，暗条件下でのみ発 では黒色．前鰓蓋骨および間鰓蓋骨の下前隅には 光が認められる（Fig. 2）．自然下においては，水 小さな白色斑があり，眼窩後背部には U 字型で 深 2‒3 m 付近を遊泳している様子が水面上からで 瞳とほぼ同じ大きさの白色斑を有する．側線の延 も視認できるほど強い光を発する．発光は死後， 長上にあたる主鰓蓋骨の上部に瞳とほぼ同じ大き 数時間続くが，氷蔵下で 12 時間以内に消失する． さで台形の白色斑をもつ．虹彩のほとんどは円状 液侵標本の体色は，体・頭部ともに暗褐色で側 に黒く，前後縁部のみ三日月型に白い．発光器は 線より背側はやや淡い．頭部の白色斑は残る．背 淡黄色．主鰓蓋骨後縁および胸鰭後部における腹 鰭，臀鰭，腹鰭，尾鰭は体と同 じ暗紫色で，各鰭 部体側鱗の露出部外縁，側線有孔鱗，後鼻孔内部 の基部から最長部付近までの外縁は白みがかった は輝青紫色．背鰭，臀鰭，腹鰭，尾鰭は体と同じ 透明．胸鰭は一様に黒色で，基部は白い． 暗褐色．鮮時，各鰭の基部から最長部付近までの 分布 本種は沖縄島およびフィリピン，インド 外 縁 は 白 み が か っ た 透 明 で， 生 時 は 輝 青 紫 色 ネシア，南シナ海，グアム，マーシャル諸島，カ （Fig. 1A）．胸鰭は一様に黒色で，基部は白い．発 ロリン諸島，クック諸島，オーストラリア北西 30 小枝圭太ほか 部，ニューカレドニアに分布する（Amesbury and 本種の体長は， 本研究の 85.1 mm や McCosker Myers, 1982；McCosker and Rosenblatt, 1986； and Rosenblatt（1986） の 76 mm と 最 大 で も 100 Kotlyar, 1996；Paxton and Johnson, 2000；本研究）． mm に達しないが，日本に分布するヒカリキンメダ 備考 本標本は，眼窩の発光器が回転して発光 イ Anomalops katoptron は体長 200 mm 以上に達する 器嚢に収納される回転型でなく，黒い膜が発光器 こ と が 知 ら れ て い る（McCosker and Rosenblatt， を覆うシャッター型である，背鰭が 1 基である， 1986）．このように P. palpebratum は A. katoptron と 腹中線上の稜鱗数が少ないなどの特徴を有し， 比べて明らかに小型の種であるにも関わらず，標 McCosker and Rosenblatt（1986）や Paxton and Johnson 準和名としてオオヒカリキンメが与えられたの （1999）が示した Photoblepharon 属の特徴とよく一 は，本種の発光器がヒカリキンメダイと比較して 致した．McCosker and Rosenblat（t 1986）によると， 大きいことに由来すると考えられる． 本 属 に は 太 平 洋 中 西 部 に 広 く 分 布 す る P. 生態学的知見 本研究においてオオヒカリキン palpebratum と紅海をタイプ産地とし，インド洋 メ が 初 め て 観 察 さ れ た 2013 年 5 月 22 日 か ら 西 部 に 分 布 す る Photoblepharon steinitzi Abe and 2013 年 8 月 4 日の間に計 10 回（19–23 時），恩納 Haneda, 1973 の 2 種が含まれる．本標本は側線の 村真栄田岬付近の洞窟（幅約 5 m，奥行き約 30 延長上にあたる主鰓蓋骨の上部に瞳とほぼ同じ大 m，最大水深 5 m の半海中洞窟）において観察調 き さ の 台 形 の 白 色 域 を も つ こ と か ら，Boddaert 査を行った．その結果，すべての観察時において （1781）が図示した P. palpebratum の特徴とよく一 日没後の 20 時付近に洞窟の奥約 25 m に位置する 致する（Fig. 1C）．一方で，同属の P. steinitzi は， 水深約 2 m の横穴から出現し，洞窟内を遊泳する 主鰓蓋骨の上部に白色斑がないあるいは小さいこ 様 子 が 観 察 さ れ た．Morin et al.（1975） は，P. とから本標本とは異なる．本研究で採集された標 steinitzi が，夜間，特に新月に近い日にサンゴ礁 本 の 背 鰭 棘 数 は III で あ り， 先 行 研 究 が 示 す P. 域を活発に遊泳することを報告している．しかし palpebratum の特徴（背鰭棘数 II）と一致しない． 本研究では，初めて観察された日を除き，新月付 この相違は，X 線写真上でのみ確認できるほど背 近においても洞窟の入り口付近や外のサンゴ礁域 鰭第 1 棘が著しく短いために先行研究では見落と では観察されなかった．この理由として，本研究 されていた可能性がある． での観察場所が本来の生息域と比較して人工光に こ れ ま で の 文 献 で は， 本 種 の 種 小 名 と し て より明るかったことや，観察時間が日没後 4 時間 palpebratus が多く用いられてきた（Weber and de に限られていたこと，観察した個体が単独であっ Beaufort, 1929；McCosker and Rosenblatt, 1986； たことなどが関係する可能性があるが，その詳細 Kotlyar, 1996）．しかし，本属名は中性であること は不明である．本研究では洞窟内を遊泳中は発光 が示されていることから（Eschmeyer, 2013），種 器が点灯し，追われたり，洞窟内が明るくなると 小名として palpebratum が適切であると判断した． いった危険が迫ると，光を消して逃げる様子が観 従 来， グ ア ム に お け る 観 察 例 は あ る も の の 察された（Fig. 1B）．また，音に対してきわめて （Amesbury and Myers, 1982）， 標 本 に 基 づ く P. 敏感で，SCUBA で近づくと直ちに光を消して隠 palpebratum の分布北限は，フィリピンのミンド れ 場 所 で あ る 横 穴 へ と 逃 げ 込 ん だ． な お， ロ 島 沖 の Apo Reef（12˚39'N, 120˚25'E） で あ っ た SCUBA を用いずに近づいた観察者に警戒した際 （McCosker and Rosenblatt，1986）．本報告により， には光がゆるやかに点滅し，採集時に網にかかっ 本種の分布北限は約 1,600 km 更新された． た時は激しく点滅した．このことから本種は，状 属名の提唱と標準和名 Photoblepharon palpebratum 況に合わせて光を点滅していると考えられた． の和名としては，国外でのダイビングや科学番組， Photoblepharon steinitzi では，索餌や 被食回避，情 水族館の展示等においてオオヒカリキンメダイが 報伝達のために発光器下に収納された膜を上下さ 用いられている場合が多い．しかし、本種には松 せ 光 の 点 滅 を 調 整 す る こ と が 知 ら れ て お り 原（1963）により和名（新称）としてオオヒカリ （Morin et al., 1975；Johnson and Rosenblatt, 1988）， キンメが既に与えられており，標準和名としては 本研究で観察された P. palpebratum の行動も，こ これを使用するのが適切である．また本種は，日 れを支持する結果であるといえよう． 本において初めて記録された Photoblepharon の種 本研究で採集された個体の腹部を圧迫したとこ であるため，Photoblepharon にはオオヒカリキン ろ，吸水期と考えられる成熟卵が排出された．こ メ属の新標準和名を提唱する． れらは円形，透明，やや粘着性の浮性卵で，全体 日本初記録のオオヒカリキンメ 31 が白く濁った卵も観察された．排出された卵は Generaal Duymaer van Twist. Acta Soc. Sci. Indo- 272 粒 で， 多 く の 卵 径 は 約 1.5 mm で あ っ た． Neêrl., 1: 1–80. Meyer-Rochow（1976）は，採集した本種が 18–19 Boddaert, P. 1781. Beschreibung zweyer merkwürdiger Fische. Neue Nord. Beyträge, St. Petersburg und 時の間に水槽内で産卵したと報告しており，ここ Leipzig, 2: 55–57, Pl. 4. に示された卵の卵径（約 1.2 mm）は本研究のも Eschmeyer, W. N. 2013. Catalog of fishes. On-Line のと比べて小さかった．また，採卵方法が異なる Version. California Academy of Sciences. http:// ものの，水槽内産卵で産卵された卵数（約 1,000 researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/ 粒）は，本研究で腹部圧迫により得られた卵数に catalog/fishcatmain.asp.（参照 2013-9-2). 林 公義．2013．ヒカリキンメダイ科．中坊徹次 比べ明らかに多かった．これらの点を踏まえる （編），pp．596．日本産魚類検索，全種の同定 と，沖縄島で採集されたオオヒカリキンメの卵は 第三版．東海大学出版会，秦野． 排卵されないまま腹腔内に残った過熟卵である可 Ho, H.
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    click for previous page 1178 Bony Fishes Order BERYCIFORMES ANOPLOGASTRIDAE Fangtooths (ogrefish) by J.A. Moore, Florida Atlantic University, USA iagnostic characters: Small (to about 160 mm standard length) beryciform fishes.Body short, deep, and Dcompressed, tapering to narrow peduncle. Head large (1/3 standard length). Eye smaller than snout length in adults, but larger than snout length in juveniles. Mouth very large and oblique, jaws extend be- hind eye in adults; 1 supramaxilla. Bands of villiform teeth in juveniles are replaced with large fangs on dentary and premaxilla in adults; vomer and palatines toothless. Deep sensory canals separated by ser- rated ridges; very large parietal and preopercular spines in juveniles of one species, all disappearing with age. Gill rakers as clusters of teeth on gill arch in adults (lath-like in juveniles). No true fin spines; single, long-based dorsal fin with 16 to 20 rays; anal fin very short-based with 7 to 9 soft rays; caudal fin emarginate; pectoral fins with 13 to 16 soft rays; pelvic fins with 7 soft rays. Scales small, non-overlapping, spinose, goblet-shaped in adults; lateral line an open groove partially bridged by scales; no enlarged ventral keel scutes. Colour: entirely dark brown or black in adults. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Meso- to bathypelagic, at depths of 75 to 5 000 m. Carnivores, with juveniles feeding on mainly crustaceans and adults mainly on fishes. May sometimes swim in small groups. Uncommon deep-sea fishes of no commercial importance. Remarks: The family was revised recently by Kotlyar (1986) and contains 1 genus with 2 species throughout the tropical and temperate latitudes.
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  • Larvae and Juveniles of the Deepsea “Whalefishes”
    © Copyright Australian Museum, 2001 Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 407–425. ISSN 0067-1975 Larvae and Juveniles of the Deepsea “Whalefishes” Barbourisia and Rondeletia (Stephanoberyciformes: Barbourisiidae, Rondeletiidae), with Comments on Family Relationships JOHN R. PAXTON,1 G. DAVID JOHNSON2 AND THOMAS TRNSKI1 1 Fish Section, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia [email protected] [email protected] 2 Fish Division, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Larvae of the deepsea “whalefishes” Barbourisia rufa (11: 3.7–14.1 mm nl/sl) and Rondeletia spp. (9: 3.5–9.7 mm sl) occur at least in the upper 200 m of the open ocean, with some specimens taken in the upper 20 m. Larvae of both families are highly precocious, with identifiable features in each by 3.7 mm. Larval Barbourisia have an elongate fourth pelvic ray with dark pigment basally, notochord flexion occurs between 6.5 and 7.5 mm sl, and by 7.5 mm sl the body is covered with small, non- imbricate scales with a central spine typical of the adult. In Rondeletia notochord flexion occurs at about 3.5 mm sl and the elongate pelvic rays 2–4 are the most strongly pigmented part of the larvae. Cycloid scales (here reported in the family for the first time) are developing by 7 mm; these scales later migrate to form a layer directly over the muscles underneath the dermis. By 7 mm sl there is a unique organ, here termed Tominaga’s organ, separate from and below the nasal rosette, developing anterior to the eye.
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  • Order BERYCIFORMES ANOPLOGASTRIDAE Anoplogaster
    click for previous page 2210 Bony Fishes Order BERYCIFORMES ANOPLOGASTRIDAE Fangtooths by J.R. Paxton iagnostic characters: Small (to 16 cm) Dberyciform fishes, body short, deep, and compressed. Head large, steep; deep mu- cous cavities on top of head separated by serrated crests; very large temporal and pre- opercular spines and smaller orbital (frontal) spine in juveniles of one species, all disap- pearing with age. Eyes smaller than snout length in adults (but larger than snout length in juveniles). Mouth very large, jaws extending far behind eye in adults; one supramaxilla. Teeth as large fangs in pre- maxilla and dentary; vomer and palatine toothless. Gill rakers as gill teeth in adults (elongate, lath-like in juveniles). No fin spines; dorsal fin long based, roughly in middle of body, with 16 to 20 rays; anal fin short-based, far posterior, with 7 to 9 rays; pelvic fin abdominal in juveniles, becoming subthoracic with age, with 7 rays; pectoral fin with 13 to 16 rays. Scales small, non-overlap- ping, spinose, cup-shaped in adults; lateral line an open groove partly covered by scales. No light organs. Total vertebrae 25 to 28. Colour: brown-black in adults. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Meso- and bathypelagic. Distinctive caulolepis juvenile stage, with greatly enlarged head spines in one species. Feeding mode as carnivores on crustaceans as juveniles and on fishes as adults. Rare deepsea fishes of no commercial importance. Remarks: One genus with 2 species throughout the world ocean in tropical and temperate latitudes. The family was revised by Kotlyar (1986). Similar families occurring in the area Diretmidae: No fangs, jaw teeth small, in bands; anal fin with 18 to 24 rays.
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  • Diverse Deep-Sea Anglerfishes Share a Genetically Reduced Luminous
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Diverse deep-sea anglerfishes share a genetically reduced luminous symbiont that is acquired from the environment Lydia J Baker1*, Lindsay L Freed2, Cole G Easson2,3, Jose V Lopez2, Dante´ Fenolio4, Tracey T Sutton2, Spencer V Nyholm5, Tory A Hendry1* 1Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, United States; 2Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, United States; 3Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, United States; 4Center for Conservation and Research, San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, United States; 5Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States Abstract Deep-sea anglerfishes are relatively abundant and diverse, but their luminescent bacterial symbionts remain enigmatic. The genomes of two symbiont species have qualities common to vertically transmitted, host-dependent bacteria. However, a number of traits suggest that these symbionts may be environmentally acquired. To determine how anglerfish symbionts are transmitted, we analyzed bacteria-host codivergence across six diverse anglerfish genera. Most of the anglerfish species surveyed shared a common species of symbiont. Only one other symbiont species was found, which had a specific relationship with one anglerfish species, Cryptopsaras couesii. Host and symbiont phylogenies lacked congruence, and there was no statistical support for codivergence broadly. We also recovered symbiont-specific gene sequences from water collected near hosts, suggesting environmental persistence of symbionts. Based on these results we conclude that diverse anglerfishes share symbionts that are acquired from the environment, and *For correspondence: that these bacteria have undergone extreme genome reduction although they are not vertically [email protected] (LJB); transmitted.
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  • FAMILY Anomalopidae Gill, 1889 - Lanterneyefishes, Flashlightfishes [=Heterophthalminae] Notes: Heterophthalminae Gill, 1862K:237 [Ref
    FAMILY Anomalopidae Gill, 1889 - lanterneyefishes, flashlightfishes [=Heterophthalminae] Notes: Heterophthalminae Gill, 1862k:237 [ref. 1664] (subfamily) Heterophthalmus Bleeker [invalid, Article 39] Anomalopidae Gill, 1889b:227 [ref. 32842] (family) Anomalops [family name sometimes seen as Anomalopsidae] GENUS Anomalops Kner, 1868 - splitfin flashlightfishes, twofin flashlightfishes [=Anomalops Kner [R.], 1868:26, Heterophthalmus Bleeker [P.], 1856:42] Notes: [ref. 6074]. Masc. Anomalops graeffei Kner, 1868. Type by monotypy. Also appeared as new in Kner 1868:294 [ref. 2646]. Anomalopsis Lee, 1980 is a misspelling. •Valid as Anomalops Kner, 1868 -- (Shimizu in Masuda et al. 1984:109 [ref. 6441], McCosker & Rosenblatt 1987:158 [ref. 6707], Johnson & Rosenblatt 1988 [ref. 6682], Paxton et al. 1989:368 [ref. 12442], Rosenblatt & Johnson 1991:333 [ref. 19138], Kotlyar 1996:218 [ref. 23292], Paxton & Johnson 1999:2213 [ref. 24789], Paxton et al. 2006:764 [ref. 28995]). Current status: Valid as Anomalops Kner, 1868. Anomalopidae. (Heterophthalmus) [ref. 352]. Masc. Heterophthalmus katoptron Bleeker, 1856. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Heterophthalmus Blanchard, 1851 in Coleoptera, apparently not replaced. •Synonym of Anomalops Kner, 1868 -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1987 [ref. 6707]). Current status: Synonym of Anomalops Kner, 1868. Anomalopidae. Species Anomalops katoptron (Bleeker, 1856) - splitfin flashlightfish, twofin flashlightfish [=Heterophthalmus katoptron Bleeker [P.], 1856:43, Anomalops graeffei Kner [R.], 1868:26] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Anomalops katoptron (Bleeker, 1856). Anomalopidae. Distribution: West Pacific: Indonesia and Philippines to Mariana and Tuamotu islands and Ryukyu Islands to Australia. Habitat: marine. (graeffei) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 58 (nos 1-2); ref.
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  • Bioluminescent Flashes Drive Nighttime Schooling Behavior and Synchronized Swimming Dynamics in Flashlight Fish
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Ocean Engineering Faculty Publications Ocean Engineering 8-14-2019 Bioluminescent flashes drive nighttime schooling behavior and synchronized swimming dynamics in flashlight fish David F. Gruber Brennan Phillips Rory O'Brien Vivek Boominathan Ashok Veeraraghavan See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oce_facpubs Authors David F. Gruber, Brennan Phillips, Rory O'Brien, Vivek Boominathan, Ashok Veeraraghavan, Ganesh Vasan, Peter O'Brien, Vincent A. Pieribone, and John S. Sparks RESEARCH ARTICLE Bioluminescent flashes drive nighttime schooling behavior and synchronized swimming dynamics in flashlight fish 1,2,3 4 5 6 David F. GruberID *, Brennan T. PhillipsID , Rory O'Brien , Vivek BoominathanID , Ashok Veeraraghavan6, Ganesh Vasan5, Peter O'Brien5, Vincent A. Pieribone5, John S. Sparks3,7 1 Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Baruch College, New York, New York, United States of America, 2 PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, a1111111111 New York, United States of America, 3 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of a1111111111 Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, 4 Department of Ocean Engineering, a1111111111 University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America, 5 Department of Cellular a1111111111 and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, a1111111111 Connecticut, United States of America, 6 Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States of America, 7 Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Gruber DF, Phillips BT, O'Brien R, Abstract Boominathan V, Veeraraghavan A, Vasan G, et al.
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  • Reef Fishes of the Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia
    Check List 5(3): 587–628, 2009. ISSN: 1809-127X LISTS OF SPECIES Reef fishes of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia Gerald R. Allen 1 Mark V. Erdmann 2 1 Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum. Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Perth, Western Australia 6986. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Conservation International Indonesia Marine Program. Jl. Dr. Muwardi No. 17, Renon, Denpasar 80235 Indonesia. Abstract A checklist of shallow (to 60 m depth) reef fishes is provided for the Bird’s Head Peninsula region of West Papua, Indonesia. The area, which occupies the extreme western end of New Guinea, contains the world’s most diverse assemblage of coral reef fishes. The current checklist, which includes both historical records and recent survey results, includes 1,511 species in 451 genera and 111 families. Respective species totals for the three main coral reef areas – Raja Ampat Islands, Fakfak-Kaimana coast, and Cenderawasih Bay – are 1320, 995, and 877. In addition to its extraordinary species diversity, the region exhibits a remarkable level of endemism considering its relatively small area. A total of 26 species in 14 families are currently considered to be confined to the region. Introduction and finally a complex geologic past highlighted The region consisting of eastern Indonesia, East by shifting island arcs, oceanic plate collisions, Timor, Sabah, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and widely fluctuating sea levels (Polhemus and the Solomon Islands is the global centre of 2007). reef fish diversity (Allen 2008). Approximately 2,460 species or 60 percent of the entire reef fish The Bird’s Head Peninsula and surrounding fauna of the Indo-West Pacific inhabits this waters has attracted the attention of naturalists and region, which is commonly referred to as the scientists ever since it was first visited by Coral Triangle (CT).
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  • Parmops Echinatus, a New Species of Flashlight Fish (Beryciformes: Anomalopidae) from Fiji
    25 May 2001 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOC1KTY OF WASHINGTON 1I4(2):497 500. 2001. Parmops echinatus, a new species of flashlight fish (Beryciformes: Anomalopidae) from Fiji G. David Johnson, Johnson Seelo, and Richard H. Rosenblatt (GDJ) Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0109, U.S.A.; (.IS) Marine Studies Programme, The University of the South Paciiie, Suva, Fiji; (RHR) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La .Tolla, California 92093, U.S.A. Abstract. A second .species of the genus Parmops is described from two specimens collected in 440m and 550m respectively in Fiji. Parmops echinatus n.sp. is distinguished most prominently from P. coruscans in lacking midven- tral scutes and an external tooth patch on the lateral face of the dentary, and in having papillose ridges on the gular isthmus, 15 dorsal-fin soft rays, 12 anal- fin soft rays, 15 or 16 pectoral-fins rays, 34 pored lateral-line scales and 14 + 17 vertebrae. The species of the family Anomalopidae of fieqa Island and north of Yanuca Island, were reviewed most recently by McCoskcr from a prawn trap in 250 fathoms (440 m) & Rosenblatt (1987). Shortly thereafter, 20 Sept 1983, University of the South Pa- Johnson & Rosenblatt (1988) described the cific (USP) R/V Aphareus. anatomy of the mechanisms of light-organ Paratype.—XJNSM 361380, 88.5 mm occlusion in the family, introduced a new SL, sex unknown, off the Suva Barrier genus, and proposed a phytogeny of the Reef, from a prawn trap in 300 fathoms family. Since that time two additional gen- (550m), 9 Jul 1981, USP R/V Nautilus.
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  • Inventory and Atlas of Corals and Coral Reefs, with Emphasis on Deep-Water Coral Reefs from the U
    Inventory and Atlas of Corals and Coral Reefs, with Emphasis on Deep-Water Coral Reefs from the U. S. Caribbean EEZ Jorge R. García Sais SEDAR26-RD-02 FINAL REPORT Inventory and Atlas of Corals and Coral Reefs, with Emphasis on Deep-Water Coral Reefs from the U. S. Caribbean EEZ Submitted to the: Caribbean Fishery Management Council San Juan, Puerto Rico By: Dr. Jorge R. García Sais dba Reef Surveys P. O. Box 3015;Lajas, P. R. 00667 [email protected] December, 2005 i Table of Contents Page I. Executive Summary 1 II. Introduction 4 III. Study Objectives 7 IV. Methods 8 A. Recuperation of Historical Data 8 B. Atlas map of deep reefs of PR and the USVI 11 C. Field Study at Isla Desecheo, PR 12 1. Sessile-Benthic Communities 12 2. Fishes and Motile Megabenthic Invertebrates 13 3. Statistical Analyses 15 V. Results and Discussion 15 A. Literature Review 15 1. Historical Overview 15 2. Recent Investigations 22 B. Geographical Distribution and Physical Characteristics 36 of Deep Reef Systems of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands C. Taxonomic Characterization of Sessile-Benthic 49 Communities Associated With Deep Sea Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands 1. Benthic Algae 49 2. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) 53 3. Corals (Phylum Cnidaria: Scleractinia 57 and Antipatharia) 4. Gorgonians (Sub-Class Octocorallia 65 D. Taxonomic Characterization of Sessile-Benthic Communities 68 Associated with Deep Sea Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands 1. Echinoderms 68 2. Decapod Crustaceans 72 3. Mollusks 78 E.
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  • The Intermuscular Bones and Ligaments of Teleostean Fishes *
    * The Intermuscular Bones and Ligaments of Teleostean Fishes COLIN PATTERSON and G. DAVID JOHNSON m I I SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 559 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.
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  • HANDBOOK of FISH BIOLOGY and FISHERIES Volume 1 Also Available from Blackwell Publishing: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Edited by Paul J.B
    HANDBOOK OF FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES Volume 1 Also available from Blackwell Publishing: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds Volume 2 Fisheries Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries VOLUME 1 FISH BIOLOGY EDITED BY Paul J.B. Hart Department of Biology University of Leicester AND John D. Reynolds School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia © 2002 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company Chapter 8 © British Crown copyright, 1999 BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds to be identified as the Authors of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2002 Reprinted 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data has been applied for. Volume 1 ISBN 0‐632‐05412‐3 (hbk) Volume 2 ISBN 0‐632‐06482‐X (hbk) 2‐volume set ISBN 0‐632‐06483‐8 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 9/11.5 pt Trump Mediaeval by SNP Best‐set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
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  • Morphological Development of Four Trachichthyoid Larvae (Pisces: Beryciformes), with Comments on Trachichthyoid Relationships
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. 60(1): 66-88. 1997 MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR TRACHICHTHYOID LARVAE (PISCES: BERYCIFORMES), WITH COMMENTS ON TRACHICHTHYOID RELATIONSHIPS Yoshinobu Konishi and Muneo Okiyama ABSTRACT The morphological development of four trachichthyoid larvae, Anomalops katoptron in the Anomalopidae, Hoplostethus sp., Gephyroberyx japonicus and Aulotrachichthys sp. in the Trachichthyidae, are described and illustrated based on larval specimens collected from the western North Pacific. The striking characters shared by these four trachichthyoid larvae are well developed head ornamentation with bony ridges and spines, spinous scales, and spinules on the fins and branchiostegal rays. Head spination is different in arrangement and configu- ration among larvae of the four species. Other features, such as body shape, anus position, presence of scutes on the abdominal keel, the incipient luminous organs beneath the eye or on the ventrolateral side of the trunk, and pigmentation on the body and pelvic fin, are useful for identification of the postflexion larvae of the four species. Cladistic analysis of relation- ships among the Anoplogastridae, Diretmidae, Anomalopidae, Monocentridae, and Trach- ichthyidae using larval and some adult characters corroborates hypotheses based on adult characters that these five families are a monophyletic assemblage, anoplogastrids and diret- mids are sister groups, and the Trachichthyoidei (anomalopids + monocentrids + trach- ichthyids) are monophyletic. Our analysis also suggests that anomalopids and monocentrids are sister taxa, and the Trac:hichthyidae are paraphyletic. To clarify the interrelationships among trachichthyids, more complete ontogenetic series of their larvae are needed. Systematic investigations of living beryciform fishes were made by Greenwood et al. (1966), Woods and Sonoda (1973), Zehren (1979), Johnson and Patterson (1993) and Moore (1993).
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