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Protoblepharon Rosenblatti, a New Genus And

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Protoblepharon Rosenblatti, a New Genus And 10 October 1997 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1l0(3):373-383. 1997. Protoblepharon rosenblatti, a new genus and species of flashlight fish (Beryciformes: Anomalopidae) from the tropical South Pacific, with comments on anomalopid phylogeny Carole C. Baldwin, G. David Johnson, and John R. Paxton (CCB, GDJ) Department of Vertebrate Zoology, MRC 159, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 20560, U.S.A.; (JRP) Division of Vertebrate Zoology, The Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Abstract. — Protoblepharon rosenblatti is described from a single large spec- imen collected at 274 m off Rarotonga, Cook Islands. It differs from other anomalopids most notably in having a low number of gill rakers on the first arch (21 vs. 24 or more), high number of body scale rows (ca. 145 vs. 130 or fewer), no postorbital papillae, and a very small gap between the lacrimal and nasal for passage of the fibrocartilaginous stalk, which is twisted and not broad- ly exposed posteriorly. Protoblepharon is a primitive member of the lineage of flashlight fishes characterized by a shutter mechanism for light-organ occlu- sion. The Anomalopidae comprise a small Phthanophaneron + Kryptophanaron + group of nearly circumtropically distribut- Photoblepharon clade. ed, marine beryciform fishes characterized We have examined a very large (229 mm most conspicuously by a subocular lumi- SL) flashlight fish from the preserved col- nous organ in which symbiotic luminous lections at the Australian Museum that can- bacteria are cultured (e.g., Harvey 1922, not be assigned to any known species. The Haygood & Cohn 1986). Since a review of specimen was collected on hook and line in the family by McCosker & Rosenblatt deep water off Rarotonga, Cook Islands. A (1987), in which five species were recog- comparison of the single known specimen nized in three genera, Johnson & Rosenblatt of the new species with other anomalopids (1988) erected a new genus, Phthanophan- suggests that it is a primitive member of the eron, for the eastern Pacific Kryptophan- group of flashlight fishes characterized by a aron harveyi Rosenblatt & Montgomery, shutter mechanism for light-organ occlu- and Rosenblatt & Johnson (1991) described sion, i.e., all anomalopid genera except An- a new genus and species from Tahiti, Par- omalops (Johnson & Rosenblatt 1988). Our mops coruscans. With the exception of phylogenetic placement of the new species Photoblepharon, with two species, all gen- is best served by erecting a new genus for era are monotypic. it. Using derived morphological features, Flashlight fishes observed by divers and including aspects of the occlusion mecha- those preserved in fish collections typically nism of the light organ, Johnson & Rosen- are small (< 100 mm SL), and thus the large blatt (1988) hypothesized the following re- size of the holotype of the new species is lationships (in phyletic sequence) among unusual. However, several large specimens four anomalopid genera: Anomalops, (>200 mm SL) are known for Anomalops Phthanophaneron, Kryptophanaron, Pho- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1987), and toblepharon. Rosenblatt & Johnson (1991) Phthanophaneron harveyi is known from a placed Parmops as the sister group of the 20-mm SL juvenile, the 67.7-mm SL ho- 374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Iotype, and a 204-mm SL specimen (Ro- dae hypothesis, which also is based on a senblatt & Montgomery 1976, McCosker & single character: presence of a separate spi- Rosenblatt 1987, Allen & Robertson 1994). nous dorsal fin in monocentrids and all an- Large flashlight fishes typically are taken in omalopids except Photoblepharon. Recog- deeper water than small ones (e.g., Mc- nizing that neither hypothesis of trachich- Cosker & Rosenblatt 1987), and may be thyoid interrelationships is well supported, more common than their poor representa- we initially included the sister group of tion in fish collections suggests. Further trachichthyoids, the Anoplogastridae + Di- collecting efforts are needed to find small retmidae (Zehren 1979, Moore 1993, Bald- specimens of the new species, the holotype win & Johnson 1995), as an additional out- of which is from an area of the Cook Is- group in our analysis, but this inclusion had lands where small specimens of both An- no effect on the topology of the tree and omalops and Photoblepharon occur. Our will not be discussed further. All characters purposes here are to describe the new spe- included in the phylogenetic analysis were cies and discuss its relationships in the con- weighted equally, and multistate characters text of an existing phylogenetic hypothesis were treated as unordered. of anomalopid genera. Protoblepharon, new genus Methods Diagnosis.—An anomalopid with 21 gill Measurements were made with needle- rakers on the first arch, about 145 body point dial calipers or an ocular micrometer scale rows, a small (14.5% HL) rotatable to the nearest 0.1 mm. Terminology of light organ, no postorbital papillae, and a structures associated with the light organ very small gap between the lacrimal and follows Johnson & Rosenblatt (1988). Gill- nasal for passage of the stalk, which is raker counts include all rudiments. Scale twisted and not broadly exposed posterior- bars in illustrations represent 1 mm. We fol- ly. The following combination of characters low Johnson & Rosenblatt (1988) in using also is useful in distinguishing Protobleph- the name "Trachichthyoidei" for the clade aron: a separate spinous dorsal fin, a pel- comprising the Anomalopidae, Monocentri- vic-fin spine, two anal-fin spines, 59—60 en- dae, and Trachichthyidae, the monophyly of larged lateral-line scales, an elastic shutter, which was proposed by Zehren (1979) and and a broad strap-like ethmomaxillary lig- Moore (1993). The Monocentridae and ament with no groove or swelling. Trachichthyidae were considered the first Type species. — Protoblepharon rosen- and second outgroups, respectively, for the blatti, new species. phylogenetic analysis of anomalopid genera Etymology. — From the Greek protos, based on the hypothesized monophyly of first, and blepharon, eyelid, in reference to the Trachichthyoidei and a proposed sister- the cladistic position of the genus as first in group relationship between the Monocen- the lineage of flashlight fishes that occlude tridae and Anomalopidae (Konishi & Oki- the light organ with an erectable shutter. yama 1997). Following Zehren (1979), Moore (1993) suggested a sister-group re- Protoblepharon rosenblatti, new species lationship between the Monocentridae and Fig. 1 Trachichthyidae, but the single character cited as evidence involves the infraorbital Holotype.—AMS 1.24275-001. A series, which is modified in all anomalopids 229-mm SL female specimen caught by to accommodate the light organ. Further hook and line northwest of Matavera, Rar- study is needed to test Konishi & Okiya- otonga, Cook Islands (21°12'S, 159°45'W), ma's (1997) Anomalopidae + Monocentri- at 274 m on 30 Nov. 1983, and donated by VOLUME 110, NUMBER 3 375 N. Sims of the Cook Islands Fisheries De- pillae. Distinct notch at symphysis of pre- partment. maxillae, presumably accommodating small Description. — Counts and measure- dentigerous knobs at symphysis of dentaries ments, in mm, of the holotype: Dorsal-fin when mouth closed. Premaxillae, including rays VII, 14; anal-fin rays II, 11; pectoral- most of lateral and medial surfaces, covered fin rays iil5i; pelvic-fin rays 1,5; caudal-fin with bands of villiform teeth; no teeth at rays 10, 10+9, 9 (all procurrent rays spi- symphyseal notch. Each dentary with nar- nous except the posteriormost in the upper row band of villiform teeth posteriorly, and lower caudal-fin lobes); branchiostegals patch of slightly larger teeth near symphy- 8; gill rakers on first arch 21 (5+ 12 rakers, sis extending onto lateral and medial sur- plus two flat plates at dorsal end of epi- faces. Vomer edentulous, palatines with branchial and two at anterior end of cera- well-developed bands of villiform teeth. tobranchial); pored lateral-line scales 59 (60 Bones of head and pectoral girdle cov- on right side); scale rows above lateral line ered with numerous, rugose to minutely ser- ca. 18; abdominal scutes 9; vertebrae rate ridges. Cleithrum with large exposed 14+16. Head length 83.4; predorsal length surface posteriorly, margin smooth. Supra- 96.9; prepelvic length 112; body depth at cleithrum almost completely beneath oper- origin of dorsal fin 81.9; caudal-peduncle cle, only posterodorsal corner exposed, depth 23.3; caudal-peduncle length 50.5; margin smooth. Anterior infraorbitals en- snout length 23.7; eye diameter 19.4; orbit larged, covering anteroventral corner of or- diameter 20.5; light-organ length 12.1; pec- bit, and slightly flared laterally forming a toral-fin length 51.9; pelvic-fin length 41.2; medially sloping plate. Laterosensory ca- first dorsal-spine length 12.2; third dorsal- nals of head appearing as channels of dark spine length 17.0; sixth dorsal-spine length skin surrounded by bone, skin covered with 6.8; seventh dorsal-spine length 20.0; first small black papillae and perforated fre- anal-spine length 5.8; second anal-spine quently by pores. length 12.3. Eye small, diameter 4.1 in head. No Body compressed (width 1.9 in depth) fleshy papillae on posterior rim of orbit. Lu- and deep (depth at origin of dorsal fin 1.8 minous organ below eye small, length 6.9 in length without head). With mouth open, in head. Light organ free posteriorly, sup- profile sloping gradually from occiput to ported by fibrocartilaginous cup anteriorly, snout, somewhat convex in region of mes- which is ligamentously bound to a fibro- ethmoid, then dropping slightly to symphy- cartilaginous stalk. Organ capable of being sis of upper jaw; upper-jaw symphysis at rotated downward into pocket below eye level of horizontal through middle of eye. and medial to infraorbitals. When occluded, Nostrils anterior and completely dorsal to dorsal margin of light organ well below in- eye with mouth open, the anterior with fraorbital rim.
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