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9. the Maratha War of Independence

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9. the Maratha War of Independence 9. The Maratha War of Independence After the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj. He was born Maharaj, the Marathas fought with great on 14 May 1657 on the Purandar Fort. valour with the Mughals under the After Shivaji Maharaj, he became the leadership of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Chhatrapati. At this time, the Marathas Maharaj, Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj were battling against the Mughals. During and Maharani Tarabai to protect the the same period, Emperor Aurangzeb's son Swaraj. This long war that lasted for Shahajada Akbar rebelled against his twenty seven years is called the ‘Maratha father. The Emperor crushed his rebellion. War of Independence’. In 1682 ce Emperor Then Akbar came to the Deccan to take Aurangzeb himself led the invasion of shelter with Sambhaji Maharaj. Then the South. Even then, despite enormous Emperor himself descended on the South difficulties, the Marathas emerged in 1682 ce to vanquish Akbar. He had with victorious in this struggle. This war is an him a huge army and a powerful artillery. exciting and glorious period in the history He asked the Siddi of Janjira to undertake of India. In this chapter, we shall learn an expedition against the Marathas. He about this war of independence. also won over the Portuguese to his side. Consequently, Sambhaji Maharaj had to The word ‘Maratha’ used here means the face many adversaries at one and the same ‘people who speak Marathi’ or time. ‘Maharashtrian people’. The reign of Sambhaji Maharaj marks the first chapter of the Maratha War of Do this. Independence after Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj had given him excellent Sambhajiraje speaking... Present a education in civil administration and role play. military campaigns. Sambhaji Maharaj had begun to take interst in the administration of the State and the command of the army from the age of fourteen years. While he was still a prince, he had led attacks on many territories of the Mughals and the Adilshah. Then French traveller Abbe Carrey says about his battle skills, “Even though the prince is young, he is courageous and brave like his father was famous for….” When Sambhaji Maharaj became Chhatrapati, the war with the Mughals became fiercer. Aurangzeb wanted to Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj occupy regions from Kabul to Kannyakumari and create a grand unified Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj : Mughal empire. His dream was to destroy Sambhaji Maharaj was the eldest son of the Maratha State completely using his military and financial prowess. But Campaign against the Portuguese : Sambhaji Maharaj shattered his dreams The Portuguese of Goa joined hands with with his bravery and military skills. Troops the Emperor against Sambhaji Maharaj. of the Maratha army attacked many of the So, Sambhaji Maharaj decided to teach a Mughal territories. Though the Emperor’s lesson to the Portuguese. He attacked the generals tried very hard for a long time, Revdanda fort of the Portuguese in 1683 ce. they couldn’t win the Maratha fort of To counter this, the Portuguese laid a siege Ramsej near Nashik. Thus, Sambhaji to the Fonda fort of the Marathas on the Maharaj’s valour brought Aurangzeb to his Goa border. The Marathas broke through knees. Once he removed his turban in the siege and attacked Goa. In this battle, frustration and threw it on the floor. He Yesaji Kank showed great valour. The made a vow that until he had vanquished Portuguese Governor got wounded and Sambhaji, he would not wear his turban. retreated. Sambhaji Maharaj followed him. Sambhaji Maharaj had rendered Aurangzeb The Portuguese were in deep trouble. At helpless to this extent. this time, Sambhaji Maharaj got the news that the Mughals had attacked South Do you know ? Konkan. Therefore, he had to abandon the winning campaign of Goa and return to Aurangzeb thought that once the fight with the Mughals. Maratha forts were captured, their The end of Adilshahi and rule too, would come to an end. So Qutubshahi : Aurangzeb did not succeed he put a siege around Ramsej fort in his campaign against the Marathas. near Nashik. Aurangzeb’s army was Therefore, he suspended that campaign. huge. The Maratha army was small. Then he turned towards the kingdoms of But they fought with perseverance. Adilshah and Qutubshah and conquered The siege continued for the next five them. years. This bravery of a handful Maratha soldiers was unparalleled. The wealth and army of both the This resistance offered by the Marathas kingdoms was now acquired by the made Aurangzeb realise the difficulty Mughals and it made Aurangzeb even of fighting with them. stronger. Then he concentrated all his might on defeating the Marathas. He Campaign against the Siddi : The attacked their territory from all sides. The Siddi of Janjira used to harass the people Maratha army General Hambirrao Mohite in the Maratha territory. He used to raid, got killed during an encounter with the burn, and loot the Maratha territory and Mughal army. Due to this blow the commit atrocities. Sabhasada has described military strength of Sambhaji Maharaj him as a rat in the house. Sambhaji was weakened. Maharaj started a campaign against him Administration of Sambhaji Maharaj : in 1682 ce. His army laid a siege to Siddi’s Even though Sambhaji Maharaj was busy Dandarajpuri fort, and battered the fort of fighting on various battle fronts, he did not Janjira with the artillery. But at the same ignore his administrative responsibilities. time, the Mughal army invaded Swaraj. He continued the prompt justice and Sambhaji Maharaj had to abandon the revenue system, which was a characteristic Janjira campaign and turn back. of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s era. He severely punished the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. He was born landlords who harassed common people on 24 February 1670 on Raigad. He became and who rebelled against the Swaraj. He Chhatrapati after the death of Sambhaji gave administrative powers to Maharani Maharaj. Now Aurangzeb thought that his Yesubai. He gave her, her own stamp. He dream of winning continued the legacy of Shivaji Maharaj’s the Maratha welfare policies. kingdom would Sambhaji Maharaj knew Sanskrit and be realised. He many other languages well. He studied sent Zulfikarkhan many ancient books on polity and wrote to put Raigad their gist in a book called under siege. That ‘Budhbhushanam’. time Rajaram Maharaj and his Do you know ? wife Maharani Tarabai and Sambhaji Maharaj composed Chhatrapati Sambhaji Rajaram Maharaj ‘Budhbhushanam’ in the Sanskrit Maharaj’s wife language. The second chapter of this Maharani Yesubai and his son Shahu were book discusses polity. It includes on Raigad. It was risky for all members of information about the virtues of a king, the royal family to stay at one place. prime minister, princes and their Maharani Yesubai tackled this education and functions, the advisers to unprecedented calamity very bravely. the king, forts and the goods and Resolving that, she would not surrender to materials needed on a fort, the army, the the Mughals under any conditions, she took duties of a king, espionage, etc. many important political decisions on Raigad. It was decided that Rajaram Death of Sambhaji Maharaj : Maharaj should escape from Raigad and if Aurangzeb was trying very hard to defeat necessary, go to a far off place like Jinji. Sambhaji Maharaj. He had placed It was decided that the fight to defend Mukarrabkhan in charge of the Kolhapur Raigad would continue under the leadership province. Mukarrabkhan learnt that of Maharani Yesubai. Maharani Yesubai Sambhaji Maharaj was at Sangameshwar chose to make Rajaram Maharaj and not in Konkan. He raided the place and her own son the Chhatrapati. Her decision captured Sambhaji Maharaj. When is a shining example of her love for Swaraj Sambhaji Maharaj was taken to the and her extreme selflessness. She kept the Emperor, he faced him fearlessly. By the Maratha Chhatrapati secure without regard Emperor’s orders, he was brutally put to for her own life or that of her son. death on 11 March 1689. This Maratha Chhatrapati did not compromise his self respect and faced his death nobly and Let’s find out. bravely. The Marathas took inspiration Find Jinji on a map of India. from his sacrifice and intensified their Rajaram Maharaj leaves for Jinji : fight against the Mughals. On 5 April 1689 Rajaram Maharaj Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj : escaped from the besieged Raigad with a Rajaram Maharaj was the second son of few of his associates. He decided to go south to Jinji. The Jinji fort was invincible. Do you know ? It was not an easy task for the Mughals to capture this fort. Rajaram Maharaj The Mughal soldiers were so took his faithful Sardars like Pralhad scared of Dhanaji that when their Niraji, Khando Ballal, Rupaji Bhosale horse baulked while drinking water, and managed to reach Jinji. they would say: “Why, do you see The Movements of the Marathas : Dhanaji in the water?” It was difficult to defend the Raigad fort against the might of the Mughals. Marathas defended the fort bravely for The Mughals captured Raigad in nearly eight years. The Mughal forces November 1689 and arrested Maharani engaged in the siege were fiercely Yesubai and Shahu. While going to attacked from outside by Santaji and Jinji, Rajaram Maharaj had assigned Dhanaji. Rajaram Maharaj escaped the duty to fight against the Mughals through the siege, and returned to to Ramchandrapant Amatya, Shankaraji Maharashtra. Later Zulfikarkhan captured Narayan Sachiv, Santaji Ghorpade and the fort of Jinji. Dhanaji Jadhav. The return of Rajaram Maharaj to From the Maratha point of view, the Maharashtra gave a boost to the Maratha situation was critical. Aurangzeb had activity. The Marathas attacked the enticed many Maratha Sardars to his Mughal territories of Khandesh, Varhad side by giving them watans and jagirs.
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