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Thickness and Material Properties of Multi-Year Ice Sampled During the CAT Study, August 2007 Johnston, M NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Thickness and material properties of multi-year ice sampled during the CAT study, August 2007 Johnston, M. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/20178996 Technical Report, 2008-01-01 NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC: https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=8d889fc2-f524-448b-9f2d-e0ef9bde85e6 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=8d889fc2-f524-448b-9f2d-e0ef9bde85e6 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. Thickness and Material Properties of Multi-Year Ice Sampled during the CAT Study, August 2007 M. Johnston Technical Report, CHC-TR-067 January 2008 Thickness and Material Properties of Multi-Year Ice Sampled during the CAT Study, August 2007 M. Johnston Canadian Hydraulics Centre National Research Council of Canada Montreal Road Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 prepared for: Transport Canada Transport Canada, Marine Safety 330 Sparks St., 10th floor (AMSRP), Tower C, Place de Ville Ottawa, ON Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD) Natural Resources Canada 580 Booth St. Ottawa, ON Canadian Ice Service Environment Canada Marine and Ice Services 373 Sussex Drive Ottawa ON Technical Report, CHC-TR-067 January 2008 CHC-TR-067 i Abstract A field program was carried out to measure the properties of multi-year ice in the high Arctic. Thicknesses are reported for multi-year ice floes in Nares Strait (9 floes), Norwegian Bay (1 floe) and Lady Anne Strait (1 floe). The diameter of the 11 floes ranged from 175 m to 7.5 km. Multi-year ice in mainstream Nares Strait drifted south at 1.38 to 2.04 km/hr in a near-straight trajectory. The trajectories of two floes were mapped using satellite tracking beacons. Floe N06, which had an average thickness of more than 9.5 m but was only about 500 m in diameter, drifted south from Nares Strait until it disintegrated along the eastern coast of Baffin Island almost two months later. Floe N08 was a 2.8 km diameter floe that had an average thickness of more than 8.7 m. The beacon on Floe N08 continues to transmit at the time of writing this report, six months later, off the eastern coast of Baffin Island. More than 1500 m of ice was drilled during the program. Five of the floes had an average thickness of more than 7.7 m, whereas the average thickness of the other six floes ranged from 3.6 to 5.9 m. Standard deviations in thickness on the 11 floes ranged from 0.7 to 3.7 m. The temperature and salinity of the multi-year ice was measured on 4.80 to 5.50 m long cores. The top ice surface was the warmest (-0.9°C) and the interior of the ice was the coldest (-6.9°C). The average temperature of the ice cores ranged from -2.6°C to -4.7°C. Salinities in the uppermost 60 to 100 cm of ice were negligible (0 to 0.2 ‰) and increased to a maximum of 3.6 ‰ towards the interior of the ice. Most of the floes had an average salinity that was quite uniform (1.0 to 1.7 ‰). Borehole strengths were conducted on five floes. The strength was lowest in the uppermost 60 cm of ice (4.0 to 11.5 MPa) and generally increased with increasing depth to 21.5 to 30.6 MPa. The average borehole strength was remarkably consistent on four of the floes (15.9 to 17.5 MP). One floe had an average borehole strength of 23.1 MPa. Comparison of the strength and temperature profiles for the different floes illustrate the inverse relation between temperature and strength. ScanSAR and Standard imagery from RADARSAT-1 were examined to determine whether individual floes were recognizable. Standard imagery was preferred over ScanSAR imagery because of its higher resolution (25 m vs. 150 m). ScanSAR images adequately captured multi- year ice floes upwards of 4.0 km in diameter, but they were not useful for identifying floes less than several kilometers across. In comparison, floes from 400 to 500 m across were detectable in the Standard images, except for when they were masked by the high concentrations of pack ice. CHC-TR-067 ii CHC-TR-067 iii Résumé Une étude de terrain a été effectuée dans le but de mesurer les propriétés de la glace pluri- annuelle dans le Haut-Arctique. Dans ce rapport, on présente des données sur l’épaisseur de neuf (9) floes dans le détroit de Nares, de un (1) floe dans la baie Norwegian et de un (1) floe dans le détroit de Lady Anne. Le diamètre de ces 11 floes se situait entre 175 m et 7,5 km. La glace pluri-annuelle dans l’axe du détroit de Nares a dérivé vers le sud suivant un tracé à peu près rectilinéaire, à une vitesse de 1,38 à 2,04 km/h. La trajectoire de deux floes a été suivie par satellite, par l’intermédiaire de radio-balises. Le floe N06, d’épaisseur moyenne de plus de 9,5 m mais dont le diamètre n’était que d’environ 500 m, a dérivé vers le sud depuis le détroit de Nares, jusqu’à son démantèlement presque deux mois plus tard le long de la côte est de l’île de Baffin. Le floe N08 avait un diamètre de 2,8 km et une épaisseur moyenne de plus de 8,7 m. La transmission de données de la radio-balise sur ce floe était encore en cours durant la rédaction de ce rapport, six mois plus tard, depuis la côte est de l’île de Baffin. Durant cette étude, on a foré sur une longueur cumulative totale de plus de 1500 m. Cinq des 11 floes avaient une épaisseur de plus de 7,7 m; l’épaisseur moyenne des autres allait de 3,6 à 5,9 m. L’écart-type pour l’ensemble des floes variait de 0,7 à 3,7 m. On a également mesuré la température et la salinité de la glace multi-annuelle sur des carottes de 4,80 à 5,50 m de longueur. La température à la surface du floe était la plus élevée (-0,9oC) et diminuait par la suite (jusqu’à un minimum de -6,9oC). La température moyenne des carottes variait de -2,6oC à -4,7oC. La salinité de la glace, négligeable à 60-100 cm de la surface (0 à 0,2 ‰), atteignait 3,6 ‰ par la suite. On a constaté que la salinité moyenne de la plupart des floes était relativement uniforme (1,0 à 1,7 ‰). La résistance de la glace dans les trous de forage a été mesurée sur cinq floes. Elle était la moins élevée (4,0 à 11,5 MPa) à 60 cm de la surface, et augmentait avec la profondeur jusqu’à des valeurs de 21,5 à 30,6 MPa. La résistance moyenne de la glace sur quatre floes était étonnamment uniforme (15,9 à 17,5 MPa). Sur un des floes, elle atteignait 23,1 MPa. On observe une relation inverse entre la résistance et les profils thermiques sur chacun des floes. On a procédé à l’examen d’images radar ScanSAR et Standard de RADARSAT-1 pour savoir si on pouvait y distinguer ces floes. L’imagerie Standard était préférable à ScanSAR, en vertu d’une meilleure résolution (25 m plutôt que 150 m pour ScanSAR). Pour retracer les floes dont le diamètre dépassait 4,0 km, les images ScanSAR étaient adéquates. Mais elles ne se sont pas avérées utiles pour les floes dont la dimension était inférieure à quelques kilomètres. Par contre, sur les images Standard, on arrivait à identifier des floes dont la dimension se situait entre 400 à 500 m, sauf dans les cas où ces floes ne se démarquaient pas suffisamment de la banquise environnante (lorsqu’elle était particulièrement dense). CHC-TR-067 iv CHC-TR-067 v Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................................i Résumé.........................................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures.............................................................................................................................vii List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................ix 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Reports Issued for this Project.................................................................. 2 2.0 Voyage Information and Study Area .................................................................... 2 3.0 Floe Selection Process .......................................................................................... 5 3.1 RADARSAT Imagery............................................................................... 5 4.0 Location of Sampling Sites................................................................................... 6 5.0 Results from Field Study ...................................................................................... 8 5.1 Floe N01.................................................................................................... 9 5.1.1 Satellite View.............................................................................. 12 5.2 Floe N02.................................................................................................
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