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The Horn of Africa at the Brink of the 21St Century: Coping with Fragmentation, Isolation and Marginalization in a Globalizing Environment

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The Horn of Africa at the Brink of the 21St Century: Coping with Fragmentation, Isolation and Marginalization in a Globalizing Environment The Horn of Africa at the Brink of the 21st Century: Coping with Fragmentation, Isolation and Marginalization in a Globalizing Environment Edited by Daniel R. Mekonnen and Mussie Tesfagiorgis i The Horn of Africa at the Brink of the 21st Century: Coping with Fragmentation, Isolation and Marginalization in a Globalizing Environment. Edited by Daniel R. Mekonnen and Mussie Tesfagiorgis Felsberg: edition eins, 2013 ISBN: 978-3-933184-99-3 Copyright © 2013 Hartmut Quehl Umschlaggestaltung: Romea Kliewer Titelfotos: Magnus Treiber Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Kein Teil dieser Veröffentlichung darf ohne die vorherige schriftliche Erlaubnis der Autoren in irgendeiner Form vervielfältigt, kopiert oder durch elektronische oder andere Medien weiter verbreitet werden. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................... INTRODUCTION: THE HORN OF AFRICA BETWEEN ENDLESS CONFLICTS AND “COMPASSION FATIGUE” by Daniel R. Mekonnen 1 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Of endless conflicts and “compassion fatigue” .......................................................................... 2 1.3. Conceptual parameters ............................................................................................................... 8 1.4. Some methodological issues .................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Sequence of chapters ................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................. SHAPING THE WORLD – REGIONAL RECONFIGURATIONS BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES AND AUTO DYNAMICS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HORN OF AFRICA, WEST ASIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA by Hartmut Quehl .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.2. Determinants and limits of comparison of the three regions with regard to world history and cultural studies on the micro, meso and macro levels .............................................................. 24 2.3. The micro level – the comparison of fighters’ life experiences in wartimes ........................... 25 2.4. The meso level – a comparison of the country case studies with a focus on the liberation fronts ................................................................................................................................... 28 a) The relations between the military and political sectors ........................................... 30 b) Ideological references ................................................................................................ 31 2.5. The macro level – exploring correlations of events which enable us to analyse local and regional developments within a global framework .................................................................. 32 2.6. Regional reconfigurations: global correlations, local auto dynamics and regional impacts .... 35 2.7. Correlation of events and regional reconfigurations during the Cold War: the caesuras of ....... 1961 and 1975 .......................................................................................................................... 36 2.8. Regional reconfigurations in the light of global, regional and local correlations: The example of 1977-1980 ............................................................................................................................ 39 2.9. A view into the Horn after 1991 ............................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................... OROMO SECESSIONISM IN THE BROADER CONTEXT OF THE HORN OF AFRIC by Jan Záhořík 45 3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 46 3.2. The Oromo and Oromia ........................................................................................................... 48 3.3. Oromo nationalism in a globalizing world ............................................................................... 52 3.4. Oromia in the context of Eritrea, Somaliland, and Southern Sudan ........................................ 56 3.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 61 iii CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................. FROM TROUBLED HOMES TO HUMAN ORGAN HARVESTERS: ........................................ THE ODYSSEY OF AFRICAN REFUGEES IN NORTH AFRICA by Mussie Tesfagiorgis ... 63 4.1. Background .............................................................................................................................. 63 4.2. Horn of African refugees in motion ......................................................................................... 70 4.3. Refugees and human trafficking in global context ................................................................... 72 4.4. The exodus and the refugee camps in the Horn of Africa ........................................................ 74 4.5. Facing the desert, the sea and the sun! ..................................................................................... 79 4.6. Life in the Sinai: “modern slavery” or beyond? ....................................................................... 89 4.7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 99 4.8. Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 100 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................................. SELF-DETERMINATION AND INTERDEPENDENCE IN SUDAN AND THE HORN OF AFRICA by Giorgio Musso ................................................................................................... 103 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 103 5.2. Self-determination: The need for reconsideration .................................................................. 105 5.3. Interdependence: A theoretical background ........................................................................... 108 5.4. The Sudan: A history of contested self-determination and cursed independence .................. 110 5.5. A civilised divorce ................................................................................................................. 113 5.6. The “secession trap” ............................................................................................................... 117 5.7. Interdependency and self-determination at the regional level ............................................... 120 5.8. The need for institutions ......................................................................................................... 123 5.9. Borderlands as resources ........................................................................................................ 126 5.10. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 127 CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................. LEAVING ERITREA, ENTERING THE WORLD: MIGRANTS IN THE MAKING by Magnus Treiber ...................................................................................................................... 127 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 127 6.2. Reasons to leave ..................................................................................................................... 130 6.3. Confinement and control: Being a refugee ............................................................................ 132 6.4. Self-reliance again .................................................................................................................. 134 6.5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 137 CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................................... 138 PRE- AND POST-MIGRATION PATTERNS OF VICTIMISATION AMONG ERITREAN REFUGEES IN THE NETHERLANDS by Daniel R. Mekonnen ........................................ 138 7.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................
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