DOCSLIB.ORG

Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition Sorbonne_ICSS_Cover_V2.pdf 1 07/05/2014 10:49 Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition C M Y The Last Bet for Modern Sport CM MY CY CMY K An executive summary of the Sorbonne-ICSS Integrity Report Sport Integrity Research Programme, 2012-14 International Centre for Sport Security P.O. Box 64163, Doha - Qatar Phone: +974 4430 8000 Fax: +974 4430 8001 Email: [email protected] www.theicss.org Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition The Last Bet for Modern Sport An executive summary of the Sorbonne-ICSS Integrity Report Sport Integrity Research Programme, 2012-14 Published May 2014 © 2014 University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and the International Centre for Sport Security (ICSS). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher. The information contained in this publication is believed to be correct at the time of going to press. While care has been taken to ensure that the information is accurate, the publishers can accept no responsibility for any errors or omissions or for changes to the details given. Readers are cautioned that forward-looking statements including forecasts are not guarantees of future performance or results and involve risks and uncertainties that cannot be predicted or quanti!ed and, consequently, the actual performance of companies mentioned in this report and the industry as a whole may di"er materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Authors: University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and the International Centre for Sport Security (ICSS) Publisher: Sorbonne-ICSS Research Programme on Ethics and Sports Integrity Design and production: SportBusiness Communications CONTENTS 1. WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE PROBLEM OF THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 3 The recurrence of Acts of Manipulation of Sports Competitions: A Worldwide Phenomenon Threatening the Foundations of Modern Sport 4 Persons Involved: Athletes and other Perpetrators 5 The Localisation of Cases of Manipulation of Sports Competitions: Europe and Asia Particularly Targeted 5 2. WHICH CONTEXTUAL FACTORS EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 7 The Increasing Weight of Sport in the Global Economy 8 The Advent of a Global Sports Market 8 The Parallel Development of a Transnational Market of Sports Bets of an Estimated Amount Between €200 and €500 Billion (Amounts Bet) 9 The Abuses Associated with the Globalisation of Sports and Sports Bets 10 3. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON THE SPORTS BETTING MARKET? 11 An Evolution or a Revolution? 12 The E"ects of Public Regulation on the Sports Betting Market 14 The Dynamics of the Sports Betting Market 19 4. WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS THAT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS BETS? 25 Illegal Gambling, Tax Havens and High-Frequency Transactions 26 5. WHERE DOES THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL BETS CURRENTLY STAND? 31 Mobilisation and Results: an Undeniable Correlation 32 Monitoring the Fluctuation of Odds: an Easily Circumvented Anti-Manipulation Test 32 Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition The Last Bet for Modern Sport iii 6. WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 35 A Classi!cation of Cases of the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 36 7. WHAT LESSONS CAN BE LEARNED FROM ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC RATIONALE OF A COMPETITION’S PARTICIPANTS? 41 Identifying the Actors Involved, their Interests and their Risks (Athletes, Sports Entities, Bettors, Betting Operators and Regulatory Authorities) 42 Identifying the Economic Rationale of Stakeholders 45 Recommendations Based on an Analysis of the Economic Rationale of Participants 47 8. WHAT ARE THE ETHICAL CHALLENGES INVOLVED CONCERNING THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS AND COMBATING THIS PRACTICE? 49 Sports Ethics: From the Need For Rules to Controversies on the Values that Form their Basis 50 The Di$culties in Implementing the Ethical Prescriptions Brought to Light by the Social and Practical Dimensions of Sports Practice 51 The Contribution of Institutional Ethics to Sport: Identifying the Responsibilities and Suggesting Remedies 51 Are there Speci!c Conditions for the Promotion of Ethics in the Sporting World? 52 9. WHAT WERE THE HISTORICAL POSITIONS TAKEN BY SPORTS INSTITUTIONS WITH REGARD TO ETHICS? 55 The Sporting Rule, Fair Play and Chivalry in Sport 56 Olympism, the IOC, the Olympic Movement 57 International Federations and the IOC: an Intertwined History 59 10. WHAT ARE THE REACTIONS TO THE PHENOMENON OF THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 61 How did the Sports Movement Integrate the Fight against the Manipulation of Sports Competitions into a “Sports Public Policy”? 62 How did the Public Authorities React to the Threat to Public Order Embodied in the Phenomenon of the Manipulation of Sports Competitions? 63 11. HOW IS THE DUTY TO COMBAT THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS DIVIDED BETWEEN SPORTS INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES? 65 Basis of the “Autonomy of the Sports Movement” 66 Ordinary Manifestations of the Autonomy of the Sporting Movement 66 Shared Responsibilities and Constraints in the Fight against the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 67 The Concrete Implementation of the Division of Responsibilities between the Public Authorities and the Sports Movement 68 iv Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition The Last Bet for Modern Sport 12. WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS FOR COMBATING THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 71 An Insu$cient Cooperation at the National Level 72 Insu$cient Cooperation on the International Level 73 Nascent Multiparty Rapprochement Mechanisms 73 The Uneven E$ciency of Normative Devices Internal to Sports Institutions 76 An Unbalanced Fight between the Participants in the Manipulation of Sports Competitions and the Authorities Combating it 78 13. WHICH INSTRUMENTS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED AS A PRIORITY TO PREVENT THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 83 Developing Prevention, Information and Education Instruments: the First Priority 84 Improving the Governance of Sports Organisations: A Recently Identi!ed Priority 85 Developing Regulation Instruments Applicable to Sports Betting Operators: Fighting Against Illegal and Irregular Bets, Restrictions Imposed on Betting Operators, Self-Regulation of Operators 87 Improving Tools Adopted Through the Initiative of Betting Operators and Sports Institutions 91 14. WHAT ARE THE PRIORITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REPRESSIVE INSTRUMENTS OF MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 93 How should Repression be Undertaken by the Disciplinary Bodies of the Sports Movement? 94 The Disciplinary Power of Sports Institutions, an Asset in the Fight Against The Manipulation of Sports Competitions 94 The Protection of the Integrity of Sports Competitions, General Objective of Disciplinary Measures 95 The Cumulative E"ect of Disciplinary Repression and Criminal Repression in the Case of the Manipulation of Sports Competition and How to Increase E$ciency 95 Adaptations of disciplinary law required to !ght against the manipulation of sports competitions 96 The Adoption of Disciplinary Sanctions: Strictness in the Case of the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 98 The Disciplinary Procedure: A Procedural Framework Su$ciently Flexible to Outwit Cunning Manipulators of Sports Competitions 100 How Can Other Private Parties Contribute to Economic Sanctions Against Violations of the Integrity of Sports? 101 How Can States and International Organisations Render More E"ective the Criminal Repression of the Manipulation of Sports Competitions? 102 The Need to Evaluate and Adjust the National Standards Applicable to the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 104 Need to Adopt an International Agreement Dedicated to Combating the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 107 Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition The Last Bet for Modern Sport v 15. HOW TO ACHIEVE BETTER COORDINATION FOR AN EFFECTIVE FIGHT AGAINST THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? 111 What are the Lessons to be Learned from Existing Coordination Mechanisms for Combating Fraud in Horseracing and Doping? 112 The Horseracing Industry Implemented E"ective Mechanisms that Are not Fully Transferable to Sports 112 The Fight against Doping is Neither a Model nor an Anti-Model 113 What Lessons can be Learned from Multi-Party Regulation and Cooperation Outside the Sporting World? 115 The Creation of a Global Regime should be Based on Some Essential Principles 116 Mechanisms Borrowed from Other Frameworks Outside the Sporting World Would Amplify the E"ects of Multi-party Cooperation Already Started in the Framework of the Fight Against the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 117 16. WHAT ARE THE COMMON PRINCIPLES THAT ALL STAKEHOLDERS COMMITTED TO FIGHTING THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS SHOULD RESPECT? 119 Respecting the Fundamental Rights of Human Beings in Procedures to Fight Against the Manipulation of Sports Competitions 120 Facilitating but also Regulating the Exchange of Information 121 17. WHO FINANCES THE FIGHT AGAINST THE MANIPULATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS? THE BETTING TAX EXAMPLE 125 EDITORIAL CREDITS 128 vi Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition The Last Bet for Modern Sport LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Global Distribution of Reported Cases of the Manipulation of Sports Competitions Over the Last 3 Years 6 Figure 2: Countries that have become
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Greyhound Racing Amendment Florida
    Greyhound Racing Amendment Florida Sufistic Burnaby still compares: disqualifiable and forfeit Nelson demonising quite soaking but disabusing her misestimate signally. Limbate and intercolumnar Schroeder deport while gamophyllous Jeromy deoxidizing her mazer repellantly and blanches multitudinously. Micheil is harmed: she divvied despondingly and overglancing her splotches. We ask that has worked for florida greyhound racing amendment Greyhound racing amendment is florida, and other amendments directly to say you share the beach last week it that would not. A new voter-approved amendment banning Greyhound racing in Florida leaves the walk of thousands of greyhounds up in quality air. Staring has mostly positive intentions, wellbeing, and they simply stare back at you it could mean that they do not understand what you are asking. The Observer Media Group Inc. It really brought thereby the ballot although the Florida Constitution Revision Commission. Reason with, this is your flock to vote and angry it eliminated. Photos of fabric finish will help Derby Lane judges determine which dogs finished in principal place. The constitutional amendment on the Nov. Amendments Florida will restore felons' voting rights ban. To many, parimutual wagering, Inc. Walt disney who want to be significantly easier to move by and ceo of. Dog racing could work be regular thing spend the correct in Florida because of Amendment 13 It ray ban wagering on dog racing throughout the proud by. But Republicans like Trump, which has had similar struggles to attract new customers, or adequate sustenance. As hunters they work cooperatively with other hounds and develop strategies of pursuit spontaneously during the chase.
    [Show full text]
  • To Sports Records
    ALPHBETICAL INDEX TO SPORTS RECORDS May 2008 Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................2 Alphabetical Index .................................................................................3 A .........................................................................................................3 B .........................................................................................................4 C.........................................................................................................7 F .........................................................................................................8 G.........................................................................................................9 H.......................................................................................................10 I.........................................................................................................12 J........................................................................................................12 K .......................................................................................................12 M.......................................................................................................12 P .......................................................................................................13 R.......................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Les Jeux De Paume : Systèmes Des Scores, Morphismes Et Paradoxes Mathématiques Et Sciences Humaines, Tome 92 (1985), P
    MATHÉMATIQUES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES PIERRE PARLEBAS Les jeux de paume : systèmes des scores, morphismes et paradoxes Mathématiques et sciences humaines, tome 92 (1985), p. 41-68 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=MSH_1985__92__41_0> © Centre d’analyse et de mathématiques sociales de l’EHESS, 1985, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Mathématiques et sciences humaines » (http:// msh.revues.org/) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www. numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est consti- tutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit conte- nir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ 41 LES JEUX DE PAUME : SYSTEMES DES SCORES, MORPHISMES ET PARADOXES Pierre PARLEBAS* "Car vous savez que ce noble jeu a toujours fait le divertissement des per- sonnes de la première qualité et bientôt vous verrez que s’il est utile pour l’exercice du corps, il est très capable et très digne aussi de fixer les mé- ditations de l’esprit". C’est en ces termes insolites que Jacques Bernoulli introduit sa Lettre à un Amy, sur les Parties du Jeu de Paume ([1] p.2) , lettre qui clôt le célèbre Ars conjectandi, ouvrage posthume publié en 1713, dans lequel l’auteur jette les fondements d’une science de la décision. Pas plus que Pascal, Bernoulli n’hésite à choisir ses exemples dans l’univers des jeux. "J’entre dans le détail de toutes les particularités de mon sujet".
    [Show full text]
  • Greyhound Dog Racing - Initiative Statute
    University of California, Hastings College of the Law UC Hastings Scholarship Repository Propositions California Ballot Propositions and Initiatives 1976 Greyhound Dog Racing - Initiative Statute Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/ca_ballot_props Recommended Citation Greyhound Dog Racing - Initiative Statute California Proposition 13 (1976). http://repository.uchastings.edu/ca_ballot_props/832 This Proposition is brought to you for free and open access by the California Ballot Propositions and Initiatives at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Propositions by an authorized administrator of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Greyhound Dog Racing-Initiative Statute Ballot Title GREYHOUND DOG RACING. INITIATIVE STATUTE. Establishes California Greyhound Racing Commission to license and regulate the conduct of greyhound races by qualified greyhound racing associations. Applicants for a first license shall pay a fifty thousand-dollar non-refundable application fee. Once issued, licenses shall automatically be renewable for three-year periods unless revoked for just cause. The pari-mutuel method of wagering shall be permitted on greyhound races. A specified perc3ntage of proceeds from pari-mutuel wagering shall be deposited in a Greyhound Racing Fund in the State Treasury, which fund shall be available for specified public purposes when appropriated by the Legislature. Financial impact: Indeterminable. Analysis by Legislative Analyst PROPOSAL: FISCAL EFFECT: Current law does not permit betting on greyhound The magnitude of the state license fee revenues will racing, although it does permit state-licensed depend, to a large extent, on how fast greyhound tracks horseracing with betting at race tracks. are developed and the number of racing days actually allocated.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Beautiful Game
    THE FIRST BEAUTIFUL GAME Stories of obsession in Real Tennis Roman Krznaric Ronaldson Publications September 2006 CONTENTS Introduction The Wordless Conversation From Abbots to Zealots Life in Court Serving to Gentlemen The Missionary Adventures With My Father References Acknowledgements About the author Notes 2 INTRODUCTION Bent rackets, hand-sewn balls and netted windows. Painted crowns, brass bells and penthouses. Chases, railroads and giraffes. Welcome to the curious world of real tennis. Originating in medieval Europe, the court, rules and equipment have hardly changed in four centuries. Yet this book is not a chronicle of its history, nor is it a manual on technique and strategy. It is about the players and their obsession. Over the past five years I have spoken with real tennis players about their experiences of the sport, why they play and what it means to them. I learned that most of them are fanatics, some are addicts. More than a few are eccentrics. And I found their stories revealing about the art of living: whether to pursue our passions and ambitions, how to balance work and personal life, why we need respect and equality, where we can find and create beauty. This book tells those stories in their own voices. I should admit that I am one of the fanatics, an amateur player who has named three bicycles and a car after former World Champions. I first encountered real tennis in the late 1980s when a student. At the time I was dedicated to another sport that, in my ignorance, I called ‘tennis’ – the game played at Wimbledon and in parks on sunny afternoons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tennis Court
    M. ROSS ARCH. 422 • A RACQUET CLUB FOR LUBBOCK, TEXAS. A Racquet Club for Lubbock, Texas A Thesis Program in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor of Architecture degree. Design Option Presented by Michael David Ross Texas Tech University Spring 1978 1, INTRODUCTION 2, THE CLIENT 3, FINANCING 4, THE SITE 11 S> FACILITIES 24 ^, RESTRICTIONS 40 7, APPENDIX 54 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The nature of this thesis program is the development of the most precise and complete collection of data concerning my topic, A Racquet Club for Lubbock, Texas. Some of the questions this program will answer are: What is a Racquet Club? Who this Racquet Club is for? Where is this Racquet Club located? What goes on in this club? The elements composing the physical make-up of the facility are: 1. Clubhouse A) offices B) lounge and dining C) pro-shop D) lockers and dressing facilities E) indoor tennis and racquet ball courts 2. Outdoor tennis courts This facility not only will enhance the city of Lubbock but also provide its members a com­ plex that enables them to play the game as it should be played and to savor the deepest pleas­ ure the game has to offer. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT The name and the game came from the ancient net and racquet sport known in France where it was invented, as Jeu de Paume. This sport had its origins in the Middle Ages. It is mentioned in twelfth and thirteenth century manuscripts. In the sixteenth century the game was known to be exclusively an aristo­ cratic game because of the high cost of building courts.
    [Show full text]
  • Greyhounds and Racing Industry Participants: a Look at the New South Wales Greyhound Racing Community
    Animal Studies Journal Volume 8 Number 1 Article 9 2019 Greyhounds and Racing Industry Participants: A Look at the New South Wales Greyhound Racing Community Justine Groizard University of Newcastle Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Art and Design Commons, Art Practice Commons, Australian Studies Commons, Communication Commons, Creative Writing Commons, Digital Humanities Commons, Education Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, Fine Arts Commons, Legal Studies Commons, Linguistics Commons, Philosophy Commons, Political Science Commons, Public Health Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, Sociology Commons, and the Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Groizard, Justine, Greyhounds and Racing Industry Participants: A Look at the New South Wales Greyhound Racing Community, Animal Studies Journal, 8(1), 2019, 133-157. Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol8/iss1/9 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Greyhounds and Racing Industry Participants: A Look at the New South Wales Greyhound Racing Community Abstract Subsequent to the exposure of live baiting and animal cruelty within the NSW greyhound racing industry in 2015, a public debate emerged about animal welfare, oppression and exploitation. It resulted in a community outcry, an inquiry into live baiting and animal welfare within the industry and a proposed ban of greyhound racing in the state of NSW. Whilst the proposed ban of greyhound racing was celebrated amongst animal activists, it was met with a mixture of sadness, shock and animosity from people from within the industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories from the Archives
    STORIES FROM THE ARCHIVES: The enduring popularity of tennis The popular sport of tennis descends from a game called “real tennis” or “royal tennis” that probably began in France in the 12th century. It was known as jeu de paume (game of the palm) because the ball was struck with the palm of the hand. Racquets were introduced in the 16th century. Lawn tennis, what we know today as tennis, began in Birmingham, England in the early 1860s. The first Lawn Tennis Championship was held at Wimbledon in 1877. The popularity of the game arrived in Australia in 1875 when a “real tennis” club was established in Hobart. Five years later Australia’s first tennis tournament was held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. We can read of a tennis club at PLC Sydney in the first issue of the Aurora Australis, published in December 1893. Tennis court at PLC, 1894 “B” Tennis Team, 1913 Tildesley Shield The Tildesley Tennis Shield competition was first held in 1918. It is named after Miss Evelyn Mary Tildesley, who was then the Headmistress of Normanhurst School, in Ashfield. She donated a beautiful oak and bronze shield that was to be awarded to the winning independent girls’ school. It is the most coveted trophy in school tennis because it teaches the girls to play for their school rather than for themselves, its special value lying in the fact that at least 12 girls, with a maximum of 32, according to the number of pupils over 12 years of age, compete for the trophy, thereby giving a 1 number of the younger girls an opportunity of representing their school which they would not otherwise get until much later.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Race Descriptions______
    2014 RACE DESCRIPTIONS_ _____ Scratch Race – The scratch race is a basic mass start race. All riders start from the rail and race for a set number of laps. A neutral lap may be required at the discretion of the officials. A bell rings with one lap to go. First rider across the line wins. The race is run from a “scratch” starting point, and no one is handicapped with a longer distance start position. Points Race – A points race is a mixture of sprinting and fast endurance racing. A pre- determined number of sprints occur at set intervals. For example, a 6x5 points race will have 6 sprints every 5 laps. A bell rings with one lap to go before each sprint. Points are awarded to the top 4 riders across the line for each sprint (5,3,2,1). Riders are awarded 20 points if they lap the field – or conversely have 20 points subtracted if they lose a lap to the main field. The rider with the most points at the end of the race wins. Ties are broken by the finish sprint. Point-a-Lap – A Point-a-Lap is a mass start race run over a set distance with all riders starting from the rail. After a neutral lap, the first rider across the line for each lap earns one point. Second place earns zero points. Final sprint awards 3,2,1 points to the first 3 riders. Rider with the most points at the end of the race wins. Ties are broken by the finish sprint.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Racing and Career Duration of Racing Greyhounds in New Zealand
    animals Article Patterns of Racing and Career Duration of Racing Greyhounds in New Zealand Anna L. Palmer 1,*, Charlotte F. Bolwell 1 , Kevin J. Stafford 2, Arnon Gal 3 and Chris W. Rogers 1,2 1 School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; [email protected] (C.F.B.); [email protected] (C.W.R.) 2 School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; k.j.staff[email protected] 3 Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, IL 61802, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 28 April 2020; Published: 5 May 2020 Simple Summary: There is limited information on the career length and patterns of racing for greyhounds. Performance outcomes, including number of racing starts, career length and the age at which greyhounds finish racing, provide insight into causes of attrition in the greyhound racing industry. To investigate trends in greyhound racing careers a baseline is required. This paper presents results from a retrospective cohort study exploring career duration and patterns of racing of greyhounds in New Zealand. Abstract: The welfare and wastage of racing greyhounds is a topic of public concern. Little is published about the racing patterns of these dogs in New Zealand. The aim of this study is to describe the pattern of greyhound racing in New Zealand. Data on all race starts between 1 August 2011 and 25 March 2018 were supplied by Greyhound Racing New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • Basics of Greyhound Racing.Pub
    Greyhound Racing in Texas Texas Greyhound Associaon Greyhound History The origin of the greyhound is deeply rooted in ancient history; murals and painngs of dogs strikingly similar to today's greyhound existed more than 4,000 years ago. From the beginning, the greyhound was held in high regard in the Middle East and throughout Eu‐ rope. Pictures of the early greyhound can be found etched on walls of ancient Egypan tombs and Pharaohs rated them first among all animals as both companions and hunt‐ ers. In Persia, Rome and Greece, the greyhound enjoyed similar stature and is the only canine menoned in the Bible in Proverbs 30:29‐31. It is documented that the greyhound arrived in England over 3,500 years ago. Their link with nobility was established in 1014 when King Canute of England enacted the Forest Laws, which stated that only noblemen could own and hunt with greyhounds. In fact, greyhound racing in England was first established for the English nobility and could not be enjoyed by other cizens. The Forest Laws were abolished in the 1500s by Queen Elizabeth I, who later iniated the first formal rules of greyhound coursing (the pursuit of hares), thus officially inaugu‐ rang the "Sport of Queens". Greyhounds were introduced to America in the 1800's to help farmers control the jackrabbit populaon. It was not long before compeons of greyhound racing were conducted by the surrounding farmers. This proved to be both an excing event for the local populaon but also proved that the greyhound loved the chase and excitement of racing.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports Et Loisirs
    Sports and Recreation Sports et loisirs 1. Bishop George J. Mountain, one of the founders of Bishop's University, sports the famous Bishop's gaiters. - Christine Ljungkull In 1947 a competition was sponsored by the Committee on Athletics and The Campus newspaper, unaware of the team name used in the 3Os, to find a nickname for the University's 1843 -1891 Football team which would fire up the enthusiasm of the fans. 1843-1891 The contest was won by George B. McClintock '49 who originally suggested « 'Garors. after the alligator which is a clough and formidable foe when aroused, capable of swift There are few accounts of early sports at Bishop's. Bien qu'on sathe peu aprlsent de Ia vie sportive clans les pre­ and decisive action in an emergency •• However, by using a play on words, the name spelled «Gaiters. seemed more However, early diaries record that students eagerly partici­ mieres annles de Bishop's, j/ semble d'apres les Icrits de lepoque appropriate for an Anglican College. Gaiters were an article pated in team sports such as cricket and football. In the que les ltudiants partidpaient activement ades sports d'equipe of ecclesiastical clothing which covered part of the wearer's early years, lectures finished at 1:00 p. m. and the after­ tels que Ie cricket et Ie football Aux dibuts de luniversit/, les shoes and lower legs. These were wom by Bishops. Deans and Archdeacons as part of the clerical dress when not robed. noons could be used by students as they liked. This was the cours se terminaient a13 heures, laissant aux ltudiants Ia pos­ Collection: Quebec Diosesan Archives time that many spent participating in numerous sporting sibilitl de disposer libremmt de l'apres-midi.
    [Show full text]