M. ROSS ARCH. 422
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A RACQUET CLUB FOR LUBBOCK, TEXAS. A Racquet Club for Lubbock, Texas
A Thesis Program in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor of Architecture degree. Design Option
Presented by Michael David Ross Texas Tech University Spring 1978 1, INTRODUCTION 2, THE CLIENT 3, FINANCING
4, THE SITE 11
S> FACILITIES 24
^, RESTRICTIONS 40
7, APPENDIX 54 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The nature of this thesis program is the development of the most precise and complete collection of data concerning my topic, A Racquet Club for Lubbock, Texas.
Some of the questions this program will answer are:
What is a Racquet Club?
Who this Racquet Club is for?
Where is this Racquet Club located?
What goes on in this club?
The elements composing the physical make-up of the facility are:
1. Clubhouse
A) offices
B) lounge and dining
C) pro-shop
D) lockers and dressing facilities
E) indoor tennis and racquet ball courts
2. Outdoor tennis courts
This facility not only will enhance the city of Lubbock but also provide its members a com plex that enables them to play the game as it should be played and to savor the deepest pleas ure the game has to offer. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT
The name and the game came from the ancient net and racquet sport known in France where it was invented, as Jeu de Paume.
This sport had its origins in the Middle Ages. It is mentioned in twelfth and thirteenth century manuscripts. In the sixteenth century the game was known to be exclusively an aristo cratic game because of the high cost of building courts.
French kings were particularly enthusiastic about the game and two of them died as a result of that enthusiasm; Louis X of a chill he took after the game and Charles VIII after being struck in the head by a very heavy ball.
Despite these catastrophies, their successors kept up the sport and by the end of the six teenth century there were between two and three hundred Jeu de Paume courts in Paris and over two thousand throughout the country.
Many books try to extend the game's lineage backward to the ball and stick games played in ancient Greece and Persia but the major contribution to the game was from Jeu de Paume which brought the racquet and the net into the game.
In 1767 Jeu de Paume, which had mainly been an indoor sport was transfered outdoors at a place called The Red House in Battersea, England. This started a game known as "field tennis."
Around 1857 the world's first club devoted exclusively to tennis was founded by Major Harry
Gem and friends. The first standardized set of rules for the game of tennis was established by a group from the Marlebane Cricket Club.
In 1869 a Henry Jones proposed adding lawn tennis to the All England Croquet Club. The club, located alongside the railroad tracks in the Worble Road at Wembledon, was in deep trouble finan cially and was hoping that lawn tennis would add to the club's attractions. Two years passed and the club was still losing money so Henry Jones suggested that the club have a men's singles tourna ment open to all comers with a silver cup worth twenty-five guineas going to the winner. Little did he know, that was to become the world's greatest of all tennis tournaments and the most pres- tigous Racquet Club, Wimbledon.
The Davis Cup was the biggest single factor in creating the world wide interest in the game.
The U.S. Lawn Tennis Association was created and the game of tennis was off and running.
What the game required now was great personalities, star attractions who could command media attention and through it the attention of the masses. They were waiting in the wings. THE CLIENT THE CLIENT
The clients consist of a Lubbock Realtor, Mr. Wood, and several of his business associates out of Dallas. Together they will form The Court's Corporation.
Mr. Wood has been very successful in many real estate transactions around the Lubbock area.
His decision to invest has come about through an extensive study of the rise and feasibility of
Racquet Clubs in America.
His four prominent partners, out of Dallas have all been involved with Racquet Club develop ments in the Dallas area.
The main goal is to make this a successful and profitable venture and to provide Lubbock with an attractive Racquet Club that will enhance the surrounding community. FINANCING FINANCING
The Court's Corporation will sell stock in the corporation to finance the cost of construc- tion and will reimburse the stockholder from profits made in the following activities.
1. Memberships
A. tennis memberships
B. racquet ball memberships
C. combined memberships
2. Membership payments
A. initial fee
B. monthly dues
3. Recreational
A. tennis lessons
B. tennis camps
C. locker rental
D. tennis tournaments
E. court fees
Retail
A. pro shop
B. dining and bar. MEMBERSHIPS
I. Tennis Membership includes use of all tennis and social facilities.
Membership Type Initiation Fee Monthly Dues
A. Tennis Single Membership $550.00 $30.00
B. Tennis Couples Membership Includes membership for any combination of two people in the immediate family $650.00 $35.00 C. Tennis Family Membership
Includes children in a family until age 21 $700.00 $40.00
II. Racquetball-Handball Membership includes use of the racquetball courts and social facilities.
A. Individual $ 50.00 $10.00
B. Couples $ 65.00 $13.00
C. Family $ 75.00 $15.00
III. Combined Membership includes use of the racquetball, tennis and social facilities.
A. Individual $575.00 $35.00
B. Couples $700.00 $45.00
C. Family $750.00 $50.00 COURT FEES:
There is no charge for a member using an outdoor court day or night.
The rates for indoor play are as follows:
Monday - Friday 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. $6.00 per court time
Monday - Friday 4:00 p.m. to closing $8.00 per court time
Saturday, Sunday and Holidays 8:30 a.m. to closing $8.00 per court time
GUEST FEES:
Guest fees are $4.00 per person indoors tennis. Outdoor tennis, racquetball,
handball and squash guest fees are $2.00 per person.
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10 THE SITE LUBBOCK TEXAS
12 T-
LOCATION: Lubbock, Texas
Lubbock is located on the high level surface of the South Plains of Texas at an elevation
of 3,243 feet. Cool nights and pleasant days are outstanding features of Lubbock's climate. The
summers are dry and warm and the winters are dry and mild.
The topography of the area is virtually flat and featureless with a slight slope to the
northeast at a rate of 0.05%.
The soil characteristics of Lubbock, Texas has four distinct layers.
1. Top soil of fine sandy loam.
2. Fine sandy clay or heavy loam.
3. Clay loam or caliche.
4. Sandstone.
The soil drains well and runoff is slow to medium with moderate permeability. Depth to rock
is approximately 13 feet. Load hazard and moisture content of the soil is minimal with wind
erosion moderate.
(Source: The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.)
The depth to the water table in Lubbock averages 99.7 feet. Surface runoff on this site is
minimal due to the flatness of the surface and the composition of the soil.
The site itself is located in West Lubbock, an area of town that is growing at a rapid rate.
The southeast border is the Santa Fe Railroad Line which runs parallel to the Brownfield
Highway and the northern border being the alley of the houses that face 24th Street. The
TEXAS TECH LIBRARY west border of the site, consists of York Avenue, the Golden Age Addition and the Midway Park
Addition, The Midway Park Addition being townhouses and the Golden Age Addition being apartments.
The site chosen is a 30 acre tract, section B, block 17, and is property owned by the city of
Lubbock. The city is using parts of the site as drainage easements, but the Court's Corporation feel they can turn these unsightly eye sores into attractive pools for landscaping their facility.
The Court's Corporation, plans on purchasing the entire area, allowing for future expansion of the facility. Consistent with the rapid growth of participation in tennis (300% since 1970), almost every community will experience an increase in the demand for more facilities. Therefore, when developing a Racquet Club one should think in terms of a piece of land large enough to 2 accomodate the rising demand, even when capabilities are limited.
o View of main access to site from o across York Avenue,
View of site looking east across \ city drainage easement.
View looking north at the back of the houses that face 24th Street. o View of site looking southeast View looking northwest across a o major portion of the site.
PHOTOGRAPHS ^
16 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
UttUfiCD SITE CONFIGURATK)!
y.y 18
ACCESS
Accessibility to the site is easily reached by moving along 29th Drive with its entrance off of York Avenue.
The site being located so close to the Brownfield Highway allows almost direct access from either Loop 289 or the Texas Tech University campus.
Slide Road runs within a block of the area and the entrance to the site is located on a
Lubbock Citi-bus route (see access map).
UTILITIES
At the present time utilities are available on the site. The sewer, gas, water, and elec tric lines run along the eastern edge of the site.
CLIMALOGICAL DATA (Source: N.O.A.A.)
The climate of the area is semiarid, transitional between desert conditions on the west and humid climates to the east and southeast. The normal annual precipitation is 18.41 inches.
Maximxim precipitation usually occurs during May, June, and July when warm, moist tropical air is carried inland from the Gulf of Mexico. This airmass produces moderate to heavy afternoon and evening convective thunderstorms, sometimes with hail.
Snow occasionally occurs during the winter months, but is generally light and remains on the
ground only a short time. Precipitation in the area is characterized by its erratic nature. varying during the period of record from as much as 40.55 inches to only 8.73 inches annually and from as much as 13.93 inches to none in 1 month.
The normal annual temperature is 59.7°. The warmest months are June, July, and August, with normal daily maximum in July of 92°. The record maximum temperature of 107° occurred in June 1957 and July 1958.
The coldest months are December and January with a normal daily minimum temperature in January of 24.8° and a monthly mean of 39.1°. The record minimum temperature of -16° occurred in January
1963.
Maximum winds are usually associated with intense thunderstorms and although of short duration are on occasion very damaging. Winds in excess of 25 miles an hour occasionally occur for periods of 12 hours or longer. These prolonged winds are generally associated with late winter and spring time low pressure centers and usually blow from the south or southwest.
Duststorms are a variable factor in the climate and are dependent upon the current and preced ing years precipitation patterns and the agricultural practices of the local and upstream areas.
Most extensive duststorms are noted with southwesterly, westerly or northwesterly winds.
The summer heat is generally not considered oppressive. The moderating factors are daytime wind and rather dry air. Nighttime temperatures are generally considered pleasant with most summer minima in the sixties.
The climate of the region is generally pleasant. Most periods of disagreeable weather are of only one or two days durations and usually occur in the late winter or spring months. JULY 5.1
NOON SUN ANGLES,LUBBOCK
22 !M
JULY jUUf a-l • 6AM Ib^t op b \A/ OCT. 2J-5 PM 6+" t^ op b 15" UOf b ^ c2cr 2.1 • dAn JAM, 2.1 • SPM 6f C OF S3 (b6* U Op S? JAH «2.| • &AM DIRECTION OF SUN (BEARING) 23 FACIUTIES Building a tennis facility requires making decisions about any number of specialized areas: How many courts to build, surfaces, lighting, clubhouses, indoor facilities, etc. Con sideration must be given to the acquisition and use of land, financing, detailed design, specifications and especially to long range planning. The facility will have four indoor air-conditioned courts and six fully lighted outdoor courts. It will also have four championship handball-racquetball courts. A fully equipped pro shop and locker and dressing facilities will be available for both men and women. The club will be open seven days a week from 8:00 a.m. until 11:30 p.m. Court times begin at 8:30 a.m. and continue by segments of l^g hours through 11:30 p.m. Many clubs undergo financial stress because too much development is done too soon. The Courts Corporation on the other hand will start out on a small scale and develop more facilities as they are needed. They will work with the ratio of 40 members per court, which is lower than most clubs. As they get closer to attaining the ratio of 40 members per court, additional courts will be built to accomodate the new members. THE CLUB HOUSE One of the primary considerations in the design of clubhouse facilities is that the func tions may be arranged in such a way as to allow for the multi use of employees. The more com- 3 pact the facility the less overhead. The clubhouse can be broken down into these essential functions: Pro shop Locker and dressing facilities Indoor tennis and racquet ball courts Lounge and dining Administrative offices PRO SHOP The pro shop is one of a Racquet Clubs most important facilities, It should be considered one of the major control points of the club. Within the pro shop area a single employee could "Control all courts for sign up °Handle services, sales and displays *Design traffic patterns to route players through the pro shop. LOCKER AND DRESSING FACILITIES In the past locker and dressing facilities have been treated as an after thought in club design. They have been places in dark, poorly ventilated basements with exposed piping and duct work overhead. Dressing and locker rooms should be arranged to admit a maximum of sunlight and air. m The men's locker room should be made larger than the women's locker room. Some experts say it should be 2 or 3 times as large. An average of 14 sq. ft. per person should be provided. From the locker rooms,members should be able to proceed directly to the courts. INDOOR TENNIS COURTS The construction of indoor courts is very risky. Building indoor facilities must be a separate investment decision, for there are few developers large enough to support them. The building containing an indoor court should be 120' long to accomodate the length of the tennis court and the back court space on each end. The walls behind the court should be a minimum of 16' high and the center of the building over the net should be a minimum of 35' in the center. INDOOR RACQUET BALL COURTS MINIMUM plMtHbloHb F=t)p. IMDooie- oou^r oOHSTlS-UcrioM A four-wall court is simply a rectangular box with ends 20 feet square and sides 40 feet long. The court is divided in front and back halves by the short lines. A short strip five feet wide just in front of the short service line is the area from which the ball is served. The half of the court behind the short line is the area toward which the serve is directed. 27 Courts may be located anywhere within multi-story build ings or in independent structures. The preferred access into a court is by a specifi cally constructed flush door located as near center of the back wall as possible. The best location for a spectator's gallery is behind and above the back play wall. Playing surfaces, including portions of all four walls as well as floor, should be constructed over an extremely rigid base, preferably masonry. For frame con struction, 3" X 6" studs are recommended. If well braced, leAOQUE-TeALU COUf-T 3" X 4" studs may prove stiff enough. Wood surfaces should be of maple, air dried. Kiln dried lumber will absorb too much moisture and may buckle when swollen. Floors must always be wood, as masonry floors quickly tire players. Finish of playing surfaces must be absolutely smooth and true. Wood should be planed, tra versed, scraped and sandpapered. Door must be finished similarily to playing surface on court side, and may be built up on a solid-panel flush door or on any desired base. Hardware should be invisible or flush. JH Painting. All wood playing surfaces should be sized and given three coats of flat white paint. Lines are all 1" wide and are painted red. After painting lines, wood walls and floors should be given at least two coats of clear white shellac, rubbed smooth. Illumination should be uniform, without glare, and should provide a minimum intensity of 30 foot candles at the floor. LOUNGE AND DINING The lounge is really the stopping off place for persons or groups waiting to participate in other activities. The lounge should have direct access to the bar, dining facilities, men's and women's toilets and powder rooms as well as connecting circulation to locker rooms. Food and beverage service is a necessity for any racquet club. Unfortunately it is also an easy way for a club, just starting out to lose money. The Courts Corp. has decided to offer the services of a fully equipped bar with limited light food services and locate these services in a lounge area. A color T.V. will be available for watching while enjoying a relaxing drink from the bar. By combining these four functions: °T.V. room "Lounge "Dining °Bar 29 they hope to avoid any financial stress in their food and beverage operations. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES These should be located in the general area of the Pro Shop and employ an area of 100-150 SF. THE TENNIS COURT There are two types of court sizes; a singles court and a doubles court. They both have the same spacing except for the side line extensions on the doubles court. A singles court is a rectangle 78' long and 27' wide. It is divided across the middle by a net the ends of which are attached to the top of two posts 3 feet 6 inches high, which stand three feet outside of the court on each side. The height of the net at the center is 3 feet, twenty feet from the net is the service line, it runs parallel to the net. The space on each side of the net between the service line and the side lines is divided into two equal parts by a center service line. Those two parts are service courts. A doubles court is the same except it is 36 feet wide, there being two 4-1/2 foot wide alleys on each side of the court and the net posts are moved 3 feet outside of the side line. ORIENTATION OF TENNIS COURTS Weather,site characteristics, length of tennis season and latitude should all be taken into consideration when arriving at the most desirable court orientation. PACIL bTof b/\5E. LIME- ^^u. collar 5|NCqU^t? coUjLT Left ^^vici: coupT- ^n ?otr( uvr — THE. AUUPT ^Df: bTOp poUbLEib CJOWP" THE TENNIS COURT t]CAM^:i'-^&Q' 31 In the southern part of the country, by turning the court approximately 22° off true north, both winter and summer play will not be penalized by a right-handed player having to look almost directly into the sun, especially during the winter months. Running the courts slightly northwest and southeast allows for more enjoyable play on a year around basis. ullHTI^it ^UM TENNIS COURT ORIENTATION 32 ^ The most economical way to lay out your courts is generally one which places the courts side by side. The ultimate, and also the most attractive visually is for -M05r tcoHoMloM.. courts to be individually fenced or built in batteries of two and separated by landscaped walkways. UAWUi^Y^ It is desirable for the courts to be situated so a player doesn't LAHPbcAPlMti have to disturb other players on adjacent courts to get to the club house and back. TENNIS COURT SURFACES There are three main categories of tennis court surfaces: porous, non-porous non-cushioned, and non-porous cushioned. Porous surfaces include clay, dirt, grit, grass, a special concrete and the popular fast-dry, generally a crushed greenstone, known under such trade names as Hartru, Rubico and En-tout-cas. Non-porous non-cushioned courts are usually asphalt or concrete coated with an acrylic latex, vinyl, epoxy or neoprene. Chevron's Laykold, California Products' Plexipave and Flintkote's k Decoralt are examples. Non-porous cushioned courts are also generally asphalt, but they are coated with a surface of rubber particles bound in asphalt or plastic. Dynaturf, American Biltrite's Uniturf, Decoturk II are examples of non-porous cushioned surfaces. The selection of the tennis court surface depends on a variety of factors: Factors to Consider in Selecting a Tennis Court Surface 1. Player preference. 9. Fast or Slow surface. 2. Maintenance Cost and Amount of 10. Uniformity of Ball Bounce. Maintenance required. H- Effect of Color on Glare and Heat Absorption. 3. Initial Construction Cost. 12. Drying Time after a rain. 4. Surface on which Player can Slide 13. Availability of Service from Court Builder. or Not Slide. 1^- Color-Fastness of Surface and its effect on Ball 5. Length of time until resurfacing Discoloration. is Required. 1^- Effect of Abrasive surfaces on balls, rackets, shoes 6. Resurfacing Cost. and falling players. 7. Softness of surface desired for 16. Effect of Lines on Ball Bounce, Tripping Hazards, Player Comfort. Maintenance of lines. 8. Surface adaptability for possible Other Uses. 34 17. Special Problems of Moisture 18. Experience, Quality, Dependability of Court Builder. Requiring attention for porous 19. Climatic Conditions. courts when used indoors. Considering the "pros" and "cons" for each surface as compared to the climatic conditions of Lubbock, Texas the best surface would be a non-porous cushioned surface. The U.S.T.A. determined that a non-porous cushioned surface called Decoturf II is the best surface on the market. This surface will be used for the 1978 U.S. Open at Flushing Meadows. OUTDOOR TENNIS LIGHTING Three types of outdoor lighting systems are available: incandescent or quartz, mercury vapor and multi-vapor or metal halide. Quarts produces a warm, natural color tone. The fixtures are small in size, thus need only a lightweight pole. The estimated lamp life is only 2,000 hours. Cost is about $40 a fixture. Mercury vapor lamps are much larger and heavier, requiring a stronger, more expansive pole, and cost about $280. However, they have a life of around 24,000 hours, and the same wattage produces over twice the light of quartz lamps. Multi-vapor or metal halide fixtures combine some of the best features of the quartz and mercury-vapor systems. They produce a natural color tone and are 50% more efficient than mercury vapor. The fixtures are about the same size and price as mercury vapor, but estimated lamp life is considerably less: about 6,000 to 8,000 hours. But since they are so much more efficient, fewer fixtures are needed to obtain the same amount of light. y > ^n <.,'•*' One of the most advanced lighting systems in no glare tennis court illumination is the Monterey Pro Light. Eight £2l-o'' TO ^mx 1,000 watt metal halide fixtures at a cost of $2,347.44 per court in the long run would pay for themselves. When placing lighting fixtures, the best arrangement would be to place them parallel to the sidelines of courts rather than at the ends or in the corners. That way, players won't look directly into the light. It is important that one has proper lighting maintenance. A system can lose as much as 50% of its efficiency if the fix " T " tures are not kept clean. INDOOR TENNIS LIGHTING A common method for indoor tennis lighting is the indirect use of metal halide or high pressure sodium lamps both of which are characterized by a very high lumen output. They are direc ted upward making it possible to have an installation free of llCHTlM<3i A^A^tG:imPKr glare. The CE Elsco Inner-Court System provides the ultimate in glare free indoor play. \ r EQUIPMENT FOR TENNIS COURTS ^ ce-MTE-^ NET ^Tf^f j^H^r fcpat TTHHI^ i <0 J: :b'-o" OUTilDE- OF^ DOUbLE.^ COLllCr ^7^ ourssipg- OP EQUIPMENT FOR COURTS Tennis Nets A regulation tennis net is 42 feet long by 3^2;' high with 1 3/4 mesh. Nylon and polythylene is the most used type netting. Canvas headbands coated with vinyl give the longest wear. Head bands are fitted with a 47' cable that is anywhere from 2000 - 3600 lb. test. Net Posts The net posts are made at 3" metal pipe. The top of the net post should be exactly 3'6" above the court and 42' apart. 37 Backstops (Fencing) Backstop fencing can be 8', 10', or 12' high but the recommended height is 12'. The fencing itself is a chain link mesh of 1 3/4" gauge steel. Windscreens are used to achieve wind control, sun/deflection and privacy. The best type of wind screen for the courts is a fiberglass mesh in green. This type of windscreen is easy on the eyes, lasts for a long time, won't burn, dent, shrink, stretch, or disintegrate. INSTRUCTIONAL EQUIPMENT Backboards Backboards may be constructed of concrete or wood and should be around 10' high. Ball Retrievers Ball retrievers are used to save anyone who uses a lot of balls, time and energy in picking the balls up. There are several different types, from metal baskets to sweepers which scoop the ball up into a cage. Ball Throwing Machines Most of these machines are electrically operated and can be moved easily around the court. They are loaded with a quantity of balls that are thrown toward the player at a number of different angles and speeds. The ball throwing machine is of great value to group as well as individual teaching or practicing. Divider Nets These are nets used to separate the courts and prevent balls from rolling into adjoining courts. The net should have a IV or less mesh made of either cotton or nylon. MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT Brooms Hard court surfaces indoor or out require frequent brushing. Large size pusher brooms are the best type. Squeegees Squeegees are useful for pushing water off the outdoor courts. Floor Scrubbing Machines This type of machine is for use on the indoor courts only. It is one of the most effective ways to clean indoor courts. 4- Pf^O ^HOp L'l^t^i^r ^-eLATioii Jlf LQCJCg^ FAClUrt^ 1- M?- LOUSK^C < Ob2?e^VATlOH e^LATIOH!?HiP O PIHlH(3;foAf^<; TV R-ITCHE-M sropKti^ HAHAG,E:|2~b OfFICE: A%T MAH^Gitlt^ OF rice MAiMTE-MAMcg: Office: Pl^05 Of^ficp iMPoo^ iWHib cog^T^ OUTDOOIZ. rpKNl^ couiq^ £>4T^y ^ EXIT coMte^u > SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS 39 RESTRICTIOHS ZONING The site at the time is zoned R-I which is single family residential, and rezoning would be necessary. The site would have to be rezoned C-3, General Retail District. CITY OF LUBBOCK ZONING ORDINANCES 17.1 PURPOSE The purpose of this district is to provide for general commercial uses which are medium activity centers in terms of generated traffic. 17.2 GENERAL PROVISIONS 17.2-1 All uses within this district shall be of a local retail sales and/or service type. 17.2-2 All business shall be conducted entirely within a building. Outside storage and/or display of any type shall be prohibited, except that gasoline service stations shall be permitted outside business with display of products no more than three (3) feet from the building. 17.2-3 No residential use shall be permitted in this district except as provided for in the "Specific Use" section of this Ordinance. 17.2-4 No use shall be permitted which will be injurious to the occupants of the adjacent premises or area by reason of emission of dust, smoke, odor, glare, noise, vibration, trash, water spray or similar causes. 17.2-5 When proposed development in this district is adjacent to any residentially zoned district, on either side or to the rear, even if separated by a street or alley, a six (6) foot solid screening fence of wood or masonry construction or an equiva lent landscape screen shall be installed and permanently maintained on the develop ment lot along the adjacent property line, A solid wall of a building, when per mitted to be located on the property line, shall constitute adequate screening. AREA REQUIREMENTS 17.61 Front Yard. The minimum front yard shall be forty-three (43) feet, or no less than the average setback established by the development on the adjacent lot or lots. The setback on vacant adjacent lots shall be forty-three (43) feet. This section shall not be construed so as to permit obstructions of any nature on corner lots within visibility triangle as defined in section 27.2-6-9-2. 17.6-2 Rear and Side Yard. There shall be no rear or side yard requirement, except where the property is adjacent to any "R-1" or "R-2" zoned property, even if separated by an alley, the minimum side and/or rear yard shall be five (5) feet for any single story structure, and ten (10) feet for any two story structure. On corner lots, there shall be a minimum side yard of ten (10) feet adjacent to the street. 17.7 Lot Width. There shall be no mimimum lot width. 17.8 Lot Area. There shall be no lot area requirements. 17.9 Lot Coverage. There shall be no lot coverage requirements. 17.10 Floor Area Ratio. There shall be no floor area ratio requirement. 17.11 Height Limit. There shall be no height limit, except when the property is adjacent to any "R-1" or "R-2" zoned property, even if separated by a street or alley, the maximtam height shall be twenty-four (24) feet with no windows above ten (10) feet. Provided however, that buildings may be erected to a height of seventy-five (75) feet when the front, side and rear yards are increased two (2) additional feet for each foot such buildings exceed twenty-four (24) feet. Windows may be permitted when the additional setback is imposed. 17.12 Off-Street Parking. General retail sales and/or services—one (1) space for each one hundred and seventy-five (175) square feet of gross floor area. LANDSCAPING REQUIREMENTS 17.13-1 Five (5) percent of the total development lot area shall be landscaping and per manently maintained. The total required landscaping shall be located between the building line and the adjacent streets. 17.13-2 The parkway area shall be landscaped and permanently maintained. This shall be in addition to any required landscaping. UNIFORM BUILDING CODE The site of the racquet club is located within the city limits of Lubbock and shall comply with the requirements of applicable city codes. *FIRE ZONE The fire zone in which the facility is located is determined from the city's Fire District Zoning Map. The fire zone for this facility is designated as Fire Zone No. 1. Since the facility has various characteristics, a single occupancy classification is virtu ally impossible and combination of the following codes set forth in the Uniform Building Code are necessary. *OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS 1) Group A-3 Any assembly building without a stage and having an occupant load of less than 300 people in the building. 2) Group B-2 Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining establishments having an occupant load of less than 100, printing plants, municipal police and fire stations, factories and workshops using materials not highly flammable or combustible, storage and sales rooms for combustible goods, paint stores without bulk handling. *TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION Type I construction is to be used in the facility allowing unlimited floor area and height. The structural elements in Type I Buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete or masonry. Walls and permanent partitions shall be of noncombustible fire-resistive construction except that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour or two-hour fire resistive construction may have fire treated wood within the assembly. '^-FIRE RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS Building Elements Fire Rate Walls (Exterior) Exterior Bearing Walls 4 hrs. Exterior Non-Bearing 4 hrs. Walls (Interior) Interior Bearing Walls 3 hrs. Partitions - Permanent 1 hr. Structural Frame 3 hrs. Floors 2 hrs. Roofs 2 hrs. '^'FLOOR AREA AND BUILDING HEIGHT The basic allowable floor area and building height are based on occupancy group and type of construction. Maximum Allowable Height — unlimited. Minimum allowable area — unlimited. '^SEC. 3302. EXITS REQUIRED Nximber of Exits. Assembly Areas (less concentrated use). 1. Minimum of two (2) exits other than elevators are required where number of occupants is over 50. 2. Square Foot per occupant - 15 3. Egress by means of a ramp or an elevator must be provided for the physically handicapped as indicated is necessary and access to secondary areas on balconies or mezzanines may be by stairs only. Width. The total width of exits shall not be less than the total occupant load served divided by 50. Such width of exits shall be divided approximately equally among the separate exits. Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimensions t of the building or area to be served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are required, they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available. Distance to Exits. The maximum distance of travel from any point to an exterior exit door, horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway in a building not equipped with an automatic fire-extinguishing system throughout, shall not exceed 150 feet, or 200 feet in a building equipped with an automatic fire-extinguisher system. Exits Through Adjoining or Accessory Areas. Exits from a room may open into an adjoining or intervening room or area provided such adjoining room is accessory to the area served and provides a direct means of egress to an exit corridor, exit stairway, exterior exit, horizontal exit, exterior exit balcony or exit passageway. ^LIGHTING VENTILATION AND SANITATION Sec. 1105. All portions of Group B, Divisions 1, 2 and 3 Occupancies, shall be provided with natural light by means of exterior glazed openings with an area equal to one-tenth of the total floor area, and natural ventilation by means of exterior openings with an area not less than one-twentieth of the total floor area or shall be provided with artificial light and a mechanically operating ventilating system. The mechanically operated ventilating system shall supply a minimum of 5 cubic feet per minute of outside air with a total circulated of not less than 15 cubic feet per minute per occupant in all portions of the building and such system shall be kept continuously in operation during such time as the building is occupied. If the velocity tn of the air at the register exceeds 10 feet per second, the register shall be placed more than 8 feet above the floor directly beneath. There shall be provided in an approved location at least one lavatory for each two water closets for each sex, and at least one drinking fountain for each floor level. ^STAIRWAYS Sec. 3305. General. Every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to the requirements of this Section. Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall be not less in width than 44 inches. Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 7-1/2 inches and the run shall be not less than 10 inches. Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 4 feet when the stair has a straight run. Landings, when provided, shall not be reduced in width by more than 3-1/2 inches by a door when fully open. Distance Between Landings. There shall be not more than 12 feet vertically between landings, 48 T 3rAllt.b EIXCEI&DIM^) <3e>" UIPYH MlH. 1^" IN UiprfH HAHOPAIL. MP-ED^D MAHD^AlL hWO^HT I^H-MIN.IO'' ^ MAX. ^>t"^;J ^ l^lbE: - MAX. 11/^" DlbTAHC^ &&TUIPE:H UAHDIMGI^ Id' MAX STAIRWAYS 49 Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side, and every Stairway required to be more than 88 inches in width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate handrail for each 88 inches of required width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately equal within the entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less than 30 inches nor more than 34 inches above the nosing of treads. They shall be continuous the full length of the stairs and except for private stairways at least one handrail shall extend not less than 6 inches beyond the top ani bottom risers. Ends shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals. ^GUARDRAILS Sec. 1716. All unenclosed floor and roof openings, open and glazed sides of landings and ramps, balconies or porches which are more than 30 inches above grade or floor below, and roofs used for other than service of the building, shall be protected by a guardrail. Guardrails shall be not less than 42 inches in height. _*DOORS Sec. 3303. General. This Section shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an occupant load of more than 10, t Swing. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any hazardous area or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a door not less than 3 feet in width and not less than 6 feet 8 inches in height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 32 inches. Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door. The floor or landing shall be not more than 1 inch lower than the threshold of the doorway. ^CORRIDORS Sec. 3304. General. This Section shall apply to every corridor serving as a required exit for an occupant load of 10 or more persons. Width. Every corridor shall be not less in width than 44 inches. Height. Corridors and exterior exit balconies shall have a clear height of not less than 7 feet measured to the lowest projection from the ceiling. Projections. The required width of corridors shall be unobstructed. 51 i>\^\m IMDHLECTIOH Of EXIT TjZ^VElU UIDTH- niH. b'-o" ^ HPIGJHT- niH, 6' rv' ^o' zDOOfZ.« o OM i-AMDiM6, LAMPlNfci UlpTH MIM. ^-o* DOORS UIPTH MIM. tV HPCqHY MIN T-O' DElAP F^HP^ HOT E^XCp.E^3 f do' IM L|:M(pTH ^T^T -V Mo pizojE-cTioH IM coHSiTmicTlOH IHfZ,. rili^coDe H CORRIDORS 1 P Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged that it is possible to go in either direction from any point in a corridor to a separate exit, except for dead ends not exceeding 20 feet in length. Changes in Elevation. When a corridor or exterior exit balcony is accessible to an eleva tor, changes in elevation of the floor shall be made by means of a ramp. Construction. Walls of corridors serving an occupant load of 30 or more shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction and the ceilings shall be not less than that required for a one-hour fire-resistive floor or roof system. *LOAD FACTORS Live Floor Loads Lbs. Per Sq. Ft. Clubs ^0 Office Space 50 Public Space 100 Assembly------100 Stairs 100 Roof 25 Flooring 60-80 Toilets ------50 53 % APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY Amador, Michael. Head Tennis Pro, Brookhaven Country Club, Interviewed by Mike Ross. Dallas, Texas: 10 A.M., Feb. 10, 1978. Browne, Mary H. Design For Tennis. New York: A. S. Barnes Co., 1949, pp. 180-6. Clerici, Gianni. The Ultimate Tennis Book. Translated by Richard Wiezell, Ph.D. Chicago: Follett Publishing Co., 1974, pp. 44-74. De Chiara, Joseph and John H. Callender. Time Saver Standard for Building Types. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974, pp. 896-7. Goldhirsh, Niel R. "Buyers Guide," Tennis Directory, Summer-Fall, 1978, 132-156. Kasses, Bea. (President) Design and Construction Recreational Facilities—Tennis Courts. Interviewed by Mike Ross. Dallas, Texas: March 21, 1978. Koster, Rick. The Tennis Bubble. New York: New York Times Book Co., 1976, pp. 119-126. I>lanning, Van. 1978 U.T.A. Championships. (Mens Singles winner). Interviewed by Mike Ross. Arlington, Texas: 8 P.M., June 11, 1978. McDonnal, Dale. Tennis Surfaces Inc. Interviewed by Mike Ross. Dallas, Texas: 2 P.M., Feb. 10, 1970. Ramsey, Charles G. and Harold R. Sleeper. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1970, p. 61. l- Schickel, Richard. The World of Tennis. New York: Ridge Press Books, 1975, pp. 10-14, 154-9. Saub, Deborah. "Tennis Without a Racquet," Tennis Directory, Summer-Fall, 1978, pp. 18-21. United States Lawn Tennis Association, Official Encyclopedia of Tennis. New York: Harper and Row, 1972, pp. 145-6, 79-86. United States Lawn Tennis Association, Tennis Courts; Construction, Maintenance, Equipment. Lynn, Massachusetts: H. 0. Zimman, Inc., 1975, pp. 19-23, 57-62. Wickstron, Ralph and Charles Larson. Racquetball and Paddleball. Columbus, Ohio: Charles & Merrill Publishing Co., 1972, pp. 3-9. 56 n FOOTNOTES 1 Richard Schickel, The World of Tennis, p. 53. 2 USLTA Facilities Committee, Tennis Courts, p. 15. 3 Joseph DeChiara and John H. Callender, Time Saver Standards For Building Types, p. 978. 4 Ibid. p. 976. 5 USLTA Facilities Committee, Tennis Courts, p. 21. EI n Meteorological Data For The Current Year REGIONAL AIRPORT Staorlwtl 1irn« irwd n.Ii,-.,! >'P Wile' ^luiwBlcnt Snow IC* ptWfn 1 ".h ^1 !-: 5 ' " ' " -1 t-*v li 12; II . 1 S241 A is il = O '-^* I Q -X 1 r" I.I t—r R.Jl^S 0.11 B-9 V.ot «2 67 ' »1 ; 1.9 9,7 TJ 1' 0 4 26 1 934,8 0,21 10-11 29-26 5* 69 M I I 3.5 10.• 7J1 '•'I 0 0 16 0 V04.fi 0.1? 0.S2 26-27 T 5 *1 2» 5.0 13.4 26' 17 I1 'Oi 51 0 0 S99.8 2-90 l.O'l 16-17' 0.t< 63 4.2 12.2 25 1 7j' 0 7 0 •1 0 904,2 2.»« i.n! 26 . O.Oi 7i 52. t.9 12.9 25 20 0 11 0 0 0 900.4 2.2" l.H 21-221 0.0{ 0.0 60 »2; 7.9' 11.1 21 20 0 1) °l 0 0 903.9 I I !•>' 0.92 JT 0,0! 9B t.Ol 9.9 171 27 0 0 o' 909.9 .01 4,31 1.71 22 O.Cj 66 5.61 JO] 9 0 0 0 904.2 o.»v 0.«9 • -5 o.o! •a 98 3»l 13 16 11 0 0 0 902.1 1.11 0.60 6-7 0.0! 97 04, 15 «.l 161 5 0 0 0 909.9 0.02 0.011 )0 «9 i.ai 9.6 J2 16 5 0 6 0' 933.1 O.ol 0.01 2> 47 4,6 11.1 21, 16« 13! It 0 II 0 902,1 ! »ui; FEB 1MA R 907*1 2027 16.16.155 1.71 22 I 29-261 97 6. "I 26! 17 1751 94 4 77 ll 903.6 Normals, Means, And Extremes Rclali,, Pf«iO'U"on i 1 Temo,., urCT F r'-wiir. Water wiitivalpnl Snow, It* prllctl -lb . 5 1 MM M T -—Ic fil 5 i • ? El,.. = 5 p y %" ' •; • 1. 3241 E £ 1 M It Is a E § sl -.1 z : E > £ E hi b! 291 111 31 31 31 31 II 111 10 30 10 30 9 3| 31 "i 1991 64 21, 1965 • 2 0 9 934.7 0.99 4.09 1949 0,00 19»7 0.t9!l«l9 9.4 1973 72 46' 12, 26 • 1996 1961 62 7lj 41 40, 19. 29 1960 • 2 0 1 20 934.2 0.90 2.91 1961 T 1999 2;i9!ltll 16.1 1991 1969 99 93 19. 34 1997 2 1 12 • 99,1 0.19 3.23 1191 7 1972 I'.IO 1979 14.3 67 40 • • 0 1979 1971 69i 41 33, 19. 29 1996 9 1 2 0 2 0 93J.7 1.01 3-6I 1997 0.10 1961 1.92 1961 0.3 0.3 36' 14. 36 1992 4 9 9 1 9 0 930.9 3.17 7.10 1949 1962 9.14 1949 0.0 0.0 61 79! " u • o.to 76l 43 36| 14. 09: 1999 4 1 14 9 • 1» 0 0 0 90J.4 2.71 7.95 1967 0.32 1971 9.70 1967 0.0 0,01 61 11 5 I I 0.0 0.0' t2J 76^ 41 40 11,4l 29, 1990 4 91 14 11 6! 8 • 21 0 0 909.3 92.4 66.9 I 79.7 107 1991 1992 2.29 7.20 1976 T 1970 2.79,1»69 . 0.0 0.0 71, 41 10,1{ 16 1956 4 11 15 101 6 7 • 19 0 939.2 1 91,3 69.9 ' 71.4 '106 1*66 1996 1,17 1.15 1966 0,09 1960 3.71 1966 I 0.0 0. 11 49 10,71 96 1993 4 2; 15 I 7 4 1 8 0 0 0 909.0 13.1 51.2 71,0 il03 ll4l 19»> I 2.19 6.62 1974 7 1994 2.10 1169 s 7.9 1976 1976 71 49, 11,3 29 1997 7 17 61 I 1 2 1 9 1 0 939.9 74,7 47.91 61.0 93 1969 1970 162 2.09 7.76 1969 0.00 1992 3.«0<1960 a 9.1 1976 1974 46 11,1, 25 1999 4% 2 19 1 2 0 • 11 • 934.9 H 34,4 41.1 , 16 ,1969 1997 416 0.49 2.67 1961 0,00 1960 1.9711961 T I »l.l 9.9 1960 , 1960 46 II 29 1997 4 6 14 • 2 0 1 24 0 934.2 0 19.t 27.4 41,3 11 199> 1990 719 0.61 1.47 1999 7 1979 1.12 1959 T 10' FM H4r JUL JIM iUC I JUN F€l I ' 1 1996 1961 46| 4i: 12,1 l»92 4 163 45 16 T8 6 9» 1 939.7 It 71,6 99.7 107 il99l -16 I9»3 11.41 1.15 1966 0,00 9.70,1967 '! 104j 99, 601 9| (a) Length of r^ora, frtn, through the *DBMALS - Based on record for the 1941-1970 penad. current /e«r uileiS othen»Ue note -.1 (A (/I ' >, I Or~ f" •> 1*1 Or~ »«-. o o >< ' IZi on O O 9 re rc»"»-— «CC'•r^. «.#C»« ocoo coooo oc oo oooco ooivot oooo'c«^o •" o ;s o oooo ooooc oo oo ooooo coooo oc co or-o o -•-i O O * * O 3 o 5~o o o ooooo ~6"o'o o o~ "o~o~o'o'o ooo o"^ ~ b o'o'o~o~~o o 6— S— a> 0«) ^1 oooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooo o 0) k. •r • Ofl •—1 a> 30 ooooo o«,..o oooco ooo oo ooooc —o oooo ooooo ooooo aro^6s: ooooo b o o d 'o~ *ooo" oooo ooooo ooooo oo c o o ooo o « ju. 1 3 O OO O C o OD oooo oooco Zlll 6 o o b o^ d 6 6 o~o obS^ oooo oooo ^ _C ta « ooooo ooooo ooooo n O .J o o ooo *^ c < . • o ^ re r« « P- O I 0) X •«««» A«-.9 • r-» aoo •%•« •ooooo i«*ntf) .vi - «Nin» n •>«« n * fv r- < BO»^ 0A-.*O OO 9 « rv O « • « • » rsi « SS* J « «*7S« ;s^ Hi_.o -'OOOO oc O ** J s* * • s ?ss *i i^s:?:; s * oo o o « o •* ^ « — • O ^^f~^^ or- -^ « -^ f^f~»«« P~»r-«^» «»««*- «*^--. «M .n^--, « e 4) o O « • O O o ooo-"0 0-40 o oor — ooo rfo — oo ooHoo oo o-< oo z o 'oo->o o o * r^ -r -•#oo*^ OIMOO— OO'-— -.-JO^O O O A CM .« «« #« * « K -i-K-»e r-***-. » 0 » » » **^-^*« * O" O*^ a* &«7 »"»•!«*• CTK;"*- aj Fi-i4Ct>* •in-«£s •BPiRis'QeTi"''^'^ — MAO" er- ro»f-|.- f-».o r- ooO'io'^ -•-•'-••o -..^of^a -^9^-0.0 ^a r-r- r' r- «»- f r- pr;rs; r~ «»^r-r- rs;^J^i^ 5£~?r ?-^s!; -2; "0'-'.#'*t 000 rd oOfMOO o.*Om¥t '^OO*'^ VfMOOiM Vc) n.«* JJC^S..-,^ SiR*o*- 9 « « 4^^ So o fM * O^C » Ci ~ «fr r v 4 O **F. •-.- *^9ri a™*. M .-• r- o m 3 »r-r- ^««i*w o*9«« .JO '-•OOOO -^ -^ m ^ o (•O'MiX-' «inOMrii < n an • ?^ »(-—— 0 #m niNS~«7~~e *Letters were sent to the following racquet clubs requesting an interview: Brookhaven Country Club — — — —QJ Centre Tennis Club — — — O Inwood Racquet Club — — — — -vJ The Trails Racquet Club T-Bar Racquet Club '— — — — —O Richardson Racquet Club — — - v=/ North Dallas Racquet Club Tiburon Racquet Club *Letters were sent to the following tennis court construction companies requesting information: Recreational Design & Engineering — - (._/ All American Tennis Courts Alaph Systems >— — — —Q Tennis Surfaces Inc. Jennite Co. of Texas Inc. — — — CJ f) Answers received from these people. 60 232^1 5tb, Apt. 4^117 Lubbock, Tftxas 79^01 i:arch 1^, 197^ Bea K».?53ees, President Design lie Construction 7319 Hines Place Suite 102 Dallas, Texas 75235 Dear Mrs. Kasseesi I aT. A fifth yen.r Architecture student at Texas Tech University and am presently involved in the program- miniT phase of ray of ray fifth year thesis, which is required for the completion of my degree. P'y project consists of programming a tennis facility for Lubbock, Texas. I would greatly appreciate any assistance that you or your organization could give me conserning racquetb-iill * courts and tennis courts. "Z- Please send me, at my cost, any imformation that you S feel might benifit my design decisions. ? Sincerely, (D CO -oo a Michael D. Ross fD n3 fD rt rt fD 11 en 1 2 324 5th, Apt. .ni7 Lubbock, T'^yas 79401 March l4, I978 Mike Amador, He.^.d Tennis Pro Brookhftven Country Club 33 Golfing Green Dr. Dallas, Texas Dear Mr. Am?!.dor I am a fifth year Architecture student at Texas Tech University and am presently Involved in the progmraminp- phase of my fifth year thesis,»which is required for the completion of my degree. I will be in Dallas March 20th to the 23th on spring break and would greatly appreciate it if I could visit your club and talk to you about the clubs de.'slgn and function. Thank you, Michael D. Ross rs3 2 324 5th, Apt. '/117 Lubbock, Texa.'s 79401 March l4, 197^ U3TA Education and Research Committee 71 University Place Princeton, New Jersey 08450 Dear Sir: I am a fifth year Architecture student at Texs^s Tech University and am presently involved in th^ program ing phase of my fifth year thesis. My project consists of programming a tennis facility for Lubbock, Tex-^s. I would greatly appreciate any imformation you could send me , at my cost, conserning my thesis project. Thank you. Michael C. Ross ON t UiMTCi) ST/vri-s I.A\\ ^ MY;^MS /KSSOCIATION 51 KAST 4aHo8THi;UT Ni'.W VOWK.N. Y.10017 • Ii2i;il (i f. I 1 T. l 1 ^LtASe ADDRESS RePUY TO OEOROT W GOWf.'l >r 9n ,IfNi3 NtwrOn" AXri. KAUFMAMM OINC —i cc=,.-..t. CHAII94*«N TCNNia F*CILITIt*? C O M M I r f * t 171 NKwourJY >;T BOSTON. MASS 02 118 October, 1974 INDOOR TENNIS SUKuHARY ollLiET The following summary is meant to be a guide only. It is strongly recommended to those who are seriously {• loaning a tennis facility that a professional experienced in indoor t'.;nnis planning and design, or a professional indoor tennit; cci^.3ultant, be engaged as early as possible in your planning. There are many details and options which should be dealt with from a base of knowledge. For further printed information, please send $4.50 (payable to the USLTA) to the USLTA Education & Research Committee, 71 University Place, Princeton, N.J. 08540, and request the booklet "Tennis Courts". 1, FEASIBILITY Investigating the feasibility of an induor facility is the first priority. Generally speaking, a feasibility study should find: a. A population within 15 minutes driv of site, with ovt.T $15,000 annual family income, arid large enough to provid-- at least 110 members per court (-iut; allowance must be made for the number of m(-mber-]n-,-.';pects who have joined or will join competing facilities). b. That the climate makes it rea.sonablo to expect playcri^^ i.o play inside for sufficient p"i"-L<'" o \l time to produce the income required to operate tlio iac-ility at a profit. c. That the land is properly 3cju»."i; is? suitable in size (approximately 11,0 00 square feet P'-^.r court is nef-i^-d, but this figure varies with -Jmi-- o t site and zoniiia re quirements relative to FOtback-s and lot coverage), sliape and topography; shows sat is faoUoi.y -••on borings; does not have undue utility problems and pt e L'erably has utilities available; and is reasonalbe in cost for this usage. .-v^-jrv; .•'•«'••,"•:'''V >•--"••'';'• a initial construction costs for a permanent facility (not including land. Architect's fees, or furnishings) should be budgeted at approximately $110,000-130,000 ^er court, (as of Oct. 1974) depending on area of country. This includes the court building and clubhouse area with lounge, office space, locker rooms, pro shop, plumbing, heating, lighting, ventilation, parking area, and normal site work, etc. Due to the many possible variables in building program and size; materials; court surfaces, site, foundation, and utility conditions; building code re quirements, and geographical location, all facility cost approximations (and comparisons) must be used with great discretion. b. Approximate annual income and expenses for an indoor facility are: Income - $ 275-325/player for MetTibership Fee, Court Fee, and Pro Shop sales, for 32 week season. (170 members/ court at capacity) Expenses - Approximately $60,000 plus taxes and finance charges for a 4-court facility. For more than 4 courts, $14,000-15,000/court. c. Financing can be obtained through groups of individuals. Savings & Loan Associations, insurance companies, banks, REIT's, etc. Terms usually cover 50% of construction and land costs. d. Depending on the fee structure, 100 to 120 members per court are needed on the average for the facility to break even (including debt service), 170 players per court is about the capacity for a 14-hour day. e. Air conditioning is highly desirable, and can almost be considered a standard. In many parts of the country, air-conditioned play is becoming increasingly popular and accepted. 3. STATISTICS a. Growth of nuj-nber of all tennis players: I960 - 5,000,000 1970 - 10,665,000 1973 - 20, 158, 000( Ni-ls-' 1974 - 33,949,000 (Nielsen Survey) of whom 3b,.. y. ..r.--/ survey) of whom 31% play less than 3x/montn. less than 3x/month. b. Growth of indoor facilities: 1960 - 50 +/- 1969 - 250 +/- 19V1 - 500 +/- 1972 - ov^r r.'^O 1071 - over 950 1974 - over 1,250 4 , :''JILDING a. There are at least 90 trade names for court surfaces - costing from $.65-$2/sf not including base and leveling course (asphalt or concrete) which is $.60-$l/sf additional. (In a bank of courts spread 12' apart,, the first court is 7,200 sf, and each additional court is 5,760 sf) b. Courts should have a horizontal clearance of 12' between courts 10' is acceptable; provide 16'-24' if netting dividers are used, 12' from side of end-court to building wall (10' is minimum), and 21' from baseline to backstop (18' is minimum). Minimum vertical clearances should be 14' at walls behind courts and 35' over court at net. c. Typical facilities include: Lounge and Pro Shop areas, office(s), storage areas, complete locker rooms, nursery, etc, Food service is generally limited to vending machines; depending on size and character of club, a snack bar may be considered. d. Good court lighting can be provided by an indirect system with white ceilings, be a well shielded, non-glaring direct (fluorescent) system, or by a combination of the two. Good lighting, however, is more a function of quality and distri bution of light than of quantity, and therefore needs to be designed into the conditions applicable to each building. e. Heating can be provided by gas or electric radiant units, by a forced air system or by a fin-tube system, f. "Bubble" type structures are low in initial cost, but have higher maintenance costs and a much shorter life expectancy than permanent buildings, 5. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS a. Good management is vital. The manager should all at once be a bookkeeper, personnel manager, and a public relations expert. The manager should be flexible, imaginative, and very personable. b. Municipally-owned and operated facilities can and have been built which are self-supporting and able to pay off their bond issues. « Official Encyclopedia of Tennis I 82 Check this for accuracy before driving a the West .Side Tennis Club at Forest Hills, nail at D. Point F (21 feet from A) and point perhaps the most important championship C (21 feet from H) should then be established after Wimbledon, is also played each year and nails driven at these points. This gives upon grass. That great tennis country, Aus you the lower (or suuih) half of the court. tralia, holds its chanipioiiships upon grass. ,So, The upper (or north) half ts determined in a even though millions of tennis players never similar manner. This completes the boundaries hit a ball upon a grass court, it is still the for the singles court. The doubles-court boun surface of the great championships. For the daries are established by prolonging the base most part, grass courts are to bc fourd in lines (from points /•. imd D on lower half and F.nglaiid, the eastern seaboard of the United similarly for the upper half) 4 feet 6 inches States, and in Australia, in each directon and joining the four new Cement courts are mostly in America and points to establish the side lines for the in the state of California particularly, where doubles court. (Note that the doubles court one must look long for a court other than is actually 9 feet wider than the singles court, cement. Other sections of America have their with side lines parallel to those of the singles cement courts but not to the extent one finds court.) in California. Note the inside face of the net posts 3 feet Certain sections of Europe, notably Sweden, outside the doubles side line and other details possess many indoor courts with a wood sur given. For championship play, the space be face. And there has been a great increase in hind the base line—i.e., between the base line the number of indoor courts in the United and fence (or wire netting)—should be not States in recent years. less than 21 feet and the space between the There can be no real understanding of the side lines and the fence not less than 12 feet. playing qualities of the various surfaces, or Lines are a maximum of 2 inches in width, any intelligent approach to how best to play with the exception of the base line, which on the various surfaces, without an under may vary from 2 to 4 inches, and the center standing of one all-important fact. Some court line, which must be 2 inches in width. surfaces play "fast" and some play "slow." For tournament play when a doubles court There persists a coniplele misimdcrstanding is used for a singles match, net sticks should on the part of a great majority of players as be placed exactly 3 feet outside the service to just what is meant by this. In what manner side line to support the top of the net at ex is it judged that a certain court possesses fast actly 3 feet 6 inches above the court. or slow playing qualities? What exactly is the gauge of measurement? Court Material The speed of the game (is the court fast i)r slow') is determineil by the .iiiiiuint of lime There are almost as many different tennis- which elapses between the moment the hall court surfaces as there ;irc coiitilrics. How meets the court the first lime .iiul the nuinienl ever, for the purpose of the I'.iuxclnpcdia of it hits, or would hit if allowed to bounce Tennis, wc shall use general classifications. again, the court the second time. The length First of all, it might be well to rem.irk th.it of that period of time between bounces is the well over 90 percent of the courts in the world time one has to reach and hit the ball. The are of clay, or of a surface so coinparable to longer this period of time, the slower the clay that they can bc grouped under this game and, conversely, the shorter this period heading. Throughout Europe, for cx.imple, ol time, the faster the game. (The subject of one mav look a long time before discovering how to "play ' the sarious court surfaces is any other type of outdoor court surliice. 1 he fully covered in Section III.) game was first played upon grass and, while Selection of Tcnnis-Court Surfaces. The the number of grass courts total hut a fraction selection of the tennis-court surface depends of the total number of clay courts, the gre.it on a variety of factors. Among the factors to championships of the game are still competed be considered are climate, the amount of for upon grass surfaces. money available tor construction, upkeep and The United States Championships phiycd .it maintenance, the preference of the players 83 ] Lawn Tennis Equipment who will be using the court; and the reputa the full range of tennis skill can best bc em tion, experience, and availability of the court ployed. That is, grass courts in good condition installer. Other than grass, most porous sur provide one of the most luxurious of all sur faces (ones which permit water to filter faces. The U,S, championships and Wimble through the surface) use some type of tape don matches are held on grass. There is great for lines rather than marking the lines daily. resilience under foot, and grass lends itself to Tapes often affect a ball bounce differently the largest variety and perfection of stroking than the rest of the surface and require main of any surface. It is a cool, clean surface, free tenance: and if not properly maintained they of dust and glare. Owing to climate and soil create tripping hazards. requirements, it cannot be grown everywhere. One of the main factors to be considered The install.ition costs are high, as is the daily is the amount of supervision to be provided care required to keep these courts in playable at the court location. The cushioned-type condition. Therefore if you are concerned tennis-court surface and the fast-drying tennis- about cost, consider something other than this court surface, and other surfaces such as clay most luxurious ol surfaces. and grass, should never be constructed in an It is essential that the installer be an expert area where anyone except tennis players, wear in turf construction. The drainage lines and ing tennis shoes, is to be allowed. Should pi^rous beds below the surface must be per courts using these types of surfaces be con fectly installed. Over this must be a niininuim structed in an area where constant supervision of 6 inches of specially prepared, tested, fertile is not provided, children with street shoes, soil. Specially selected grass seed must be bicycles, etc., could do a great amount of expertly sown and maintained. damage. In general, tennis courts with these Daily care is a must with grass courts. They surfaces are found in country clubs and tennis need watering, top dressing, fertilizing, mow clubs, where supervision is provided con ing, and reseeding or sodding. The court needs stantly by someone, such as the tennis profes- moving periodically to rest the most abused sion.il, who sees that the courts are properly grass. In addition, there is rolling, fungus cared for. These types of courts can also be control, aerification, grub and worm control, installed in parks and in schools provided that additions of chemicals, and brushing to prop the authorities in these places supply the erly maintain a grass court. Its high initial and supervision necessary to insure that the tennis maintenance cost, lack of uniform bounce surfaces are not abused. when not in nearly perfect condition, rela Tennis courts to be constructed in areas tively slow drying after a moderate rain, such as parks or schools where supervision slipperiness when damp, discoloring of balls, cannot be provided should have surfaces of and the need for experts to maintain the court the noncushioned type. This type of court, are the major disadvantages. Remember that such as hot plant-mix asphalt, concrete, or grass varies a great deal even at clubs in the job-mixed asphaltic composition, is sturdier same geographical area. Different types of ami stronger anil can take some abuse with grass combin.iliuns can be used. Some grass out damage. courts are kept close-cropped and are heavily Climate may affect choice of courts. Ex rolled. Others are maintained in an entirely treme heat may produce softening of certain dilferent manner because of differences in glass types. I ocal coiulitions siieh .is the siirlaees, gl.ire, he.it r.idiation, or cracking ol amount of rainf.ill, presence of certain fungi, surface. Fxtri^me cold anti frost action may or even the preference of gioumlMiieii or club be more likely to d.miage certain surfaces olTici.ils must be taken into consider.ilion when unless specilic precautiiins are taken by an selecting a grass surface. The diltercnces be experienced court builder and maintenance tween the courts at such wiirld-f.imoiis clubs personnel. as Wimbledon's All ' ngland Club and Fi)rest 1 he following is ,i diNCUssioii of the "pros" llii|s West Side Tennis Club are quite and "cons ' for each surface, .uul ihese l.iclors pronounced. should be caretully considered in the selectmn of the tennis-court surface. In most c.ises, however, grass courts are Grass Courts. It is on grass, perhaps, thai consuleietl l.ist, since the ball does not rise Official Encyclopedia of Tennis [ 84 appreciably from the surface and one has a or other types of lines, they can creatJ! minimum of time to reach the ball and execute irregular ball bounce or possible tripping haz the necessary stroke. ards and they must be kept clean to be seen. Clay Courts. These courts and so-called On clay surfaces, the ball usually bounces claylike surfaces are many times more numer up higher than on grass, its forward speed ous than all the other surfaces combined. slowed more by contact with the surface than From almost the beginning of tennis upon in the case of grass, and one has much more the continent, the standard or popular court time in which to reach the ball and make the has carried the name of its maker. What this necessary stroke. Of course, clay courts have "maker" produced was a gritty top dressing many variations. An extreme example might for a court. Ft was usually dark red in color, be some sun-baked courts in the mid-United which made it most pleasant to the eye and States as compared with a fast-drying type of which served as a fine background. This top court in France. The ball bounces high on dressing, or court surface, was quite porous sun-baked clay and, of course, much lower and was applied on top of a carefully installed on the fast-drying type. The latter sometimes foundation which allowed quick drainage. gives the impression that the ball is almost There are today many such top dressings hanging in air so much does surface check on the market and thcv usually bear the bounce. name of the manufacturer. There are thou In the construction of the clay court today sands of such courts in this country, and they there is nationally used and constructed a fall definitely within our term of "clay" clay-base composition installation. This con courts. In fact, the U.S. National Clay Court struction utilizes the binding of clay and Championships are played upon these courts. eliminates the slow drying properties of the Their advantage lies in the fact that they drain clay material by introducing certain composi much more quickly than regular clay and, tion aggregates into the clay and surfacing as a rule, the maintenance is much less than over the clay. These courts, constructed in clay. They are seen more often in this country either red or green, afford excellent playing in a green color, while Europe prefers the qualities and are at least 50 percent faster in dark red. Sometimes this top dressing men drying than the old clay court. However, they tioned is applied on top of a clay court in this still require maintenance, which should be country simply to add color to the court. As given daily and which usually consists of to real clay, the color and substance varies dragging, watering, and rolling. in different sections and so do the courts. In recent years there has been an increased Some clay courts are light in color and others use of the fast-drying composition installation quite dark. Some may be more dirt than clay. which usually is constructed in green and Advantages of clay courts are that materials which affords a most excellent playing sur for construction are available in most parts face. This court features a porous cushion of the country. They can be built with rela base over which is laid an approximate I to tively inexperienced labor. With reasonable 1 '-2 inches of fast-drying green composition maintenance, one can have relatively uniform surface (usually patented). This type of court ball bounce. Repairs are rather inexpensive dries off almost immediately after rains, there Because the player can slide on this surface, fore affording almost uninterrupted play dur it is easy on the feet anil legs. Cl.iy courts are ing the season. However, it is put out of the least expensive to construci commission by frost action, and in the north One disadvantage of a clay court is ihat it ern sections of the country usually has to be may take a d.iy to be playable after a mod covered during the winter months to prevent erately heavy rain. Depending on the color deterioration of the surface. This fast-drying and nature of the clay, it also may stain the court presents very fine pla\ing qualities and balls and cre.ile a glare in the pl.iyer J eyes. has great plavcr acceptance. These courts are Dailv mainten.ince is required to keep the relatively expensive to construct because courts in re.ison.ibly playable condition. drainage through the surface and into the base Painted lines must be marked freshly every is necessary and because of the problem ol day—or at least cleaned. If there are leaded transporting surfacing materials from the 85 Lawn Tennis Equipment sources of supply to the site of the in gree of refinishing required approximately stallation. every five to six years, depending upon the Concrete and Asphalt Courts. For some type of court installed and the location rela years concrete courts were to be found only tive to climatic and weather conditions. in California. Of recent years, court-construc Most all-weather, nonmaintenance courts tion companies have found that by f.ir the built today have a semiresilient to resilient greatest growth and demand, by percentage, surface and usually consist of asphalt com has been with this type of court. Now they are positions. These compositions consist of an found in all sections. There arc several rea,sons asphalt mixture with mineral aggregate, fibers, for this. Perhaps one of the leading reasons is cork, granules, asbestos, and other ingredients economics. Once a cement court is in.stalled, which tend to give a certain degree of re the only upkeep is that of brushing the court siliency to the court This court usually pre clear of dirt and occasionally repainting the sents a sealed surface, which means that all lines or restaining the surface. In these days drainage is taken care of off the surface of the of soaring labor costs, the maintenance prob court and not through to the base of the con lem has become no small item. struction. The surfaces vary from regular On concrete, the ball is not slowed ap black finish to green compositions using preciably by contact with the surface, but it asphalt and acrylic mixtures. There are also bounces much higher than on grass. It is defi rubber-composition installations. nitely a fast surface. In addition, one gen The all-weather, or so-called "hard," court erally doesn't think of variations on concrete affords the school, college, playground, muni court surfaces. However, for some time two cipality, and club a tennis-court surface which of California's biggest tournaments were requires no daily maintenance, has excellent played within a week of each other and upon player acceptance, and for purpose of surface courts which varied a great deal as to speed. damage generally requires no supervision. The answer can be found in the method of These are definite assets, and because of the finishing the concrete surface: a smooth- resiliency of the surface and the development finished concrete as compared with a concrete of nondiscoloring rubberized finishes make finished with certain whorls, or a slight degree these courts the most desirable and accept of coarseness, which to a certain extent may able. The all-weather courts play very much somewhat slow the bounce of the ball. the same as concrete. Concrete courts, while they present no Wood Courts. The use of wooden courts great problem of maintenance, do present a indoors, has, of course, been quite extensive problem of abrasiveness and rigidity which in tennis-loving Sweden and, to a much lesser creates such undesirable features as shock to extent, in other countries where long and hard the feet and legs and wearing out of tennis winteis are the rule. These wooden eouris shoes and tennis balls. In recent years, great vary too. but to a le.sser extent than some of strides have been made in so-called "all- the other siirlaces. Upon occasion, wooden weather," nonmaintenance types which fall courts may be found with canvas stretched within the concrete category but also include over the surface. some added features Each company seems Wooil is the fastest of all court surfaces to have its own name or names for these sur The ball skids upon contact with the surface, faces, but they are quite alike in that they have remains low, and the player has the absolute produced a solid-surfaced court with some minimum of time in which to react. "give" and spring. Other Surfaces, ("urrenily, oihcr surfaces By "all-weather" we mean that the surface are being tested and in some cases have been of the court is ready for play whenever in use for some time, particularly abroad. weather conditions permit. This means that One such imported material is sheet cork. This play would only be interrupted during the material requires a solid sub-b.ise over which actual periods of rain or snow on the court the sheet cork can be laid. Therefore the cost area. The "nonmaintenance" features of this will bc relatively high. At present, available court mean that the surface requires no daily information is not sufficient to evaluate the maintenance, although there is a certain de material. 1. 150 members oe^CGj-: o ::ur: t-.cihty 30 weeks of operation 2 We-^days - ^'^ l-^ ,-- - 5 K CO ;i?r 'lour - 5 320 aer v.ee-. per court ' Niohts - 35 Hours - 12 Cn L^er hour - 420 per v.eek per court We'ekends - 24 hou-s - 15 .0 j-r-our - 3o0 per week per cou-t snoo S1.100 per week per coutt X 6 cou'ts = S66G0 x 30'.veeks = TOTAL . 5198,000 00 3 CAPITAL INVESTMENT Land (2\ acres :. 52 GO oer foot) • 217.800 00 Cor'struct'on (inclufi.nq bui'dino pa'kma , courts.'icnr.na -c . " _ 720 000 00 ^g TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT . 937.800.00 4. INCOME Membership 150 -; 525 00x6 courts . ^? !°° °° I00°o court re:i;3 19S 000 00 Pro shop proceeds 27.000 00 Lessons (6 courts -. 54 000 oeri ^1°!:^ 1:2 Vending rractune 3,000 00 Locker rentals 1100 double : 320 00) 2.000 00 Group lessons i cimics (51.000 per courti 6,000.00 Weekend oarfies (51,000 per court) 6.000 00 15.000.00 Summer rentals 303.500 00 Less 10% contingency ^.^ 30.35OJ)0 TOTAL INCOME 5273,150.00 -Constnjction cost; also include sut;,-.'.= '-n-',tarv Mxper,?^-, such a^s plus other start-up costs 5 EXPENSES Payroll it-').-.' i ;.••• ,• 15 Ouu uu Pavroll. assistan; oro 13.000 00 Payroll, manaq-ifr 12.500 00 Payroll c^ssi':)!.-!''; F.^-V'Oii, t :;<•:•-. 3.300 00 .Advertiii.'iU P'oni-'o;-, 5.000 00 UtilituiS 30,000 00 lnsur:ir',,e 5.00000 Lauiidi 2.000 00 Office s.:^,. .. 2.400 00 Reai eitstc Mxr.-i . 15.000 0''^ Rec..:.-s :i; o ;:M .'; 3.GOO 00 3, u C' 'J 0\j "vliSCC-';r;'':'rOU5 (incl'.v!:: r; b ,". c;er.;= ci i.j Sl'pp.ieS itvl-i f-;r.S -U" 6.000 00 Moryja^e (ntere^'. (20yen.'S "i :0 .i _.. 62.520 CO TOTAL E.vP£,\S£:i 196.020 00 6. NETIfcJCOME income 52/3,150 00 Expenses.. ^J96 020C0 TOTAL r;ETPnOi^iT 77.13000 ---•••'•'S77.130 00 eau.;ib 2-i b'o retur'i CM eau :, 7. PROJECTED CAPACITY Pirst • ear - 70 u — 553 9<:' 1 00 — 1 7 2% return on equity Second year -SO-h - o' 704 GO - i-::* 7'^,, ret'jrn on equiv Third year - 90'"j — 69.41 7,00 - 22 1-.• return on equity ••'^These e\pense3 are ra'nc-r a'Ditrainy selected to Ce, as ciosely as possible, m iine with national a^.erages, and aren t meant to reflect cos's m any gi.en area *•'••• Utility figures vary so cra^.ticaliv from one part of the country to another that it is nearly i,r,L"js,:Oie ;o estim.^.te thiS cost Tnis t-.yjre is meant to mciuce air con.jit.oning heat, lighting, water and sewer connections, where appiicaole. on a yearly oasis. ''•"'=' Mortgage interest is based on 'j of 5937.800.00 at I0°o simple interest for 20 years. .,,,,:.oi Based on 'i of 5937.800.00 Landscaping, furniture. disol.T.' cases and ••The-- f.-.t'.j'es are not included in this stateir.ent Total Mlc...^e .•.= bJ:>^o on loOo .Mucn is not likeiy for the firs' '•= '^ •-;"= n.,-^-.^ • -"."• '• '.,.; --d .;:CC- :2n, P^ '2t3 of return on equity percentages are tjisec on n.oie reasonably expected occuoancv rates .^^ A Raquet Club for Lubbock, Texas Doctimentation Michael D. Ross Texas Tech University DOCUMENTATION I. FORWAWD 2 THE SITE 3 FUNCTIONAL 4 STRUCTURAL I TECHNICAL 6 ELECTRICAL 2 ESTHETICS CONTENTS FOREWORD A well designed racquet club needs to have an open appearance that conveys a feeling of activity and informality. The club should have an appearance that attracts people to it and be a visual experience to those people as they move through it. This facility should provide its members a complex that enables them to enjoy the deepest pleasures tennis has to offer. THE SITE In the original program the proposed site was a 30 acre tract of land. The facility, with future expansion, requires only an area of 22 acres. The project owners (The Courts Corp.) had planned on purchasing the entire 30 acres with approximately 8 of those acres having to be used for the purpose of access on to the site from York Avenue. By changing the access to the site from York Avenue, on the west border, to the Brown field Highway on the southeast border, there would be no need to purchase the extra 8 acres of land. Not only does this change of access save the owner (The Courts Corp.) money, the different entry to the site provides better accessibility to the site. * Orientation This tennis facility can be divided into three main parts: * The clubhouse. * The outdoor courts. * Parking. The Clubhouse is located in the eastern portion of the site because that area has the highest elevation and would tend to avoid any major drainage problems. The Outdoor Courts will be constructed on the northern portion of the site. By z / a|2.|GllMAU iDitg.- \ / H^u ^rv^ I r \ CHANGE IN SITE placing the courts in this area, the clubhouse is used as a buffer, to isolate the outdoor courts from traffic and parking lot noises. The northern portion of the site is also the most attractive part of the site with trees on the right side and water on the left. For the members of the club, this area would be a most attractive setting in which to play tennis. Parking for the facility is located on the southeast portion of the site. This part of the site is the same general area as the major access into the site. The southeast portion is also where the major traffic noises from the Brownfield Highway and Santa Fe Railroad occur. By locating the parking in this area, there will be a strong control on most of the noises into the site. The parking is divided into two sections. This was done to keep from having a single massive parking area. By spliting the parking into two sections, more in formal parking lots are created. FUNCTIONAL NEEDS The key to clubhouse planning is its circulation patterns. The facility should be arranged in such a way as to allow easy circulation between the different types of activi ties. There are 3 types of activities in a racquet club: Athletic. Social. Administrative. From the main entrance there should be direct access to all of these activities. The indoor courts are depressed into the ground 6' so the 40-ft.-high building will stay in scale with the rest of the project. The locker rooms are on the same level as the indoor courts. This provides direct access from the locker facilities to the athletic activities. Access is also provided from the locker rooms to the social areas of the club. The Social Areas are composed of spectator and lounge areas. Circulation between these areas is direct. From the spectator area one can watch tennis games down, in the indoor courts. By combining the lounge, bar, and dining into one area the project owners (The Courts Corp.) can allow for the multi-use of employees, create a more open atmosphere, and easier access through the space. The kitchen area is located next to the lounge area with easy circulation between the two. The circulation between the kitchen and service area is by means of a covered walk way. There is a semi-covered walkway that separates the facility. It begins with the out door sculptor at the front of the facility and ends in an open courtyard area at the rear of the facility. By using this walkway members of the club can proceed directly to the outdoor courts, without having to go through the main area of the clubhouse. After fini shing their game, if they wish they can use this walkway to proceed directly to their cars. At the courtyard area is a skylighted walkway that leads to the mechanical and service areas, offices of the maintenance man and pros, and to one of the two indoor court struc tures. Also off this courtyard area are entrances to the pro shop, lounge and observation level of the racquetball courts. These walkways and open areas create easier circulation and a more open atmosphere in the clubs overall design. A covered outdoor terrace is off the back of the lounge and dining areas. Here, members can sit outside enjoying dinner or a drink. The pro shop is located along the two walkways with its entrance off the courtyard area. People going straight to the courts can sign-in, talk to the pro, buy a can of balls, etc. without having to go through the main lounge area of the facility. The pro has visual con- control over the indoor courts. There is a storage area adjacent to the pro shop for retail merchandise and main tenance equipment. There is a steel fence separating these two. The service and mechanical areas are located off the rear of the building and are separated from all of the other activities by the skylighted walkway. The Racquetball Courts are located in the northern portion of the building with direct access from the pro shop, locker rooms, and lounge areas. These courts have two functions concerning the overall design of the facility. They separate the service drive and alley from the major outdoor areas and they create a more attractive outside area, which tends to draw the people, playing on the outdoor courts, toward the building. The Outdoor Tennis Courts are built in groups of two. They are separated by land scaped walkways. This is done so a player won't disturb other players on adjacent courts to get to the clubhouse and back. The Administrative Activities are composed of the receptionist-secretary, assistant manager and manager's offices. They are located off the main entry with direct access into the lounge area. This area of the building is where the majority of the formal and social activities occur, both of which are very important to the manager and his assis tant. The secretary's area separates the two offices and also forms a small conference area. STRUCTURAL In the racquetball courts and clubhouse area of the facility, a structural steel frame system is used. The columns and beams are spaced on a 20' x 20' grid which breaks down to a 20' x 10' grid in certain areas. Open web steel joists are used to support the roof and floor. Open web steel joists are lightweight, strong, economical and are manufactured in a wide range of spans and sizes. The roofing for this part of the structure is the Celatex upside-down roof, a built- up roof. With this type of roofing, the insulation is on top of the roof assembly. This gives more protection to the membrane of the roof. The lower level of the structure is depressed 6' into the ground so a basement wall foundation with a continuous footing is used with spread footings under each column. The area where the indoor courts are contained is considered long span construction. A good structural system for this part of the facility would be a "tudor" three hinged arch made out of glued laminated timber. Reasons for choosing this structural system are: 1) The clean appearance. 2) Lightweight, yet great strength. 3) Visual beauty and warm texture combines well with other materials. 4) Excellent fire resistance. 5) Absorbs impact and temporary overloads. The archs are four feet at the base and are spaced every 20'. They are connected into a spread foundation by an arch shoe with concealed anchor bolts. Solid timber decking is utilized with the laminated arches. Not only does this serve as a structural component, but forms a beautiful exposed surface as well. On top of the decking goes #30 asphalt saturated felt with 24 inch wood shake shingles. TECHNICAL * Mechanical: A racquet club should have a sufficient amount of fresh air distributed properly. Heating and cooling for the clubhouse can best be accomplished by central station all-air systems. The air system can utilize both heating and cooling, it is reasonably quiet, it gives controlled ventilation, air cleaning by filters, and more fresh air. The air would be distributed through a system of ducts located above the ceiling. Three units will be utilized. One for the main level of the clubhouse, one for the lower level, and one for the racquetball courts. The condensing units will be lo cated at the rear of the building. A mechanical shaft located between the bathroom on the main level will bring the supply and return ducts to the lower level. The duct work for the main and lower levels crosses through the walkway of the facility through a ceiling connection in the building between the semi-covered portion of the walkway and the open courtyard. For the indoor tennis courts a package system will be utilized for the cooling with radiant heaters, suspended from the ceiling, for the heating. Because of the large amounts of fresh air needed for the indoor courts, a separate package system is the best answer. This type of system will save the project owners money and energy. define space, reveal color, etc. Track lighting will be used in the pro shop and 2x4 fluorescent lighting (recessed) will be used in offices, corridors, mechanical and maintenance areas. ESTHETICS * Materials: Materials must be carefully chosen to relate and compliment each other. The two main materials that will be used are brick and wood. These two materials give the beautiful natural expression I am trying to create. The walkways, terrace, and courtyard will be paved with a reddish slate. The slate pavers are 18" x 24" and are 7/8" thick with a smooth surface. The interior walls are 4" metal studs @ 24" o.c. with 5/8" gyp. bd. walnut wood siding is used behind the bar and in the offices of the manager and assistant mana ger. A cheery design, vinyl surfaced, wall covering is used in the other parts of the facility. Flooring for the major part of the building is a brownish carpet with unglazed quarry tile being used in the kitchen. The quarry tile is wood for the kitchen because of its strong and longlasting surface.