. BIBLIOGRAPHY

WESTERN SNOW . CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY

of the

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE

Issued

January 1974

Phillip E. Farnes (General Chairman) Robert T. Davis (Secretary) Box 691 Room 360 u.s. Courthouse Bozeman, Montana 59715 Spokane, Washington 99201

Editorial Committee Jack N. Washichek, Editor Charles Leaf Robert T. Davis

Printed By

Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado

For Sale by the Western Snow Conference BIBLIOGRAPHY

OF

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE

1933 - 1973

This publication presents a complete summary of the technical papers and discussions that have been published under the auspices of the Western Snow Conference and its pre­ decessor the Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference. It contains 573 items published between 1933 and 1973. The summary for each published article is on a 3 x 5 card and in­ cludes an abstract, listing of authors and major subjects.

The Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference was created and organized, to discuss and resolve problems in the field of snow surveying including: procedures, instruments, and the forecasting of streamflow derived from snowmelt. Dr. J. E. Church, Jr., Professor of the Classics, University of Nevada, and Meteorologist, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, developed procedures for measuring the depth and the amount of water in a snow sample. Average water content was compared with the runoff for a period of months during the snowmelt season. This work was started in 1909 on Mount Rose, between Reno and Lake Tahoe, Nevada. By 1932 the work had spread to other localities in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the high mountains of Utah, the Rockies, and the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington.

In 1933, Dr. Church; Harlowe M. Stafford, Hydraulic Engineer, Division of Water Resources, State of California; and George D. Clyde, Head Civil Engineering, Utah State University, at Logan, organized a conference of engineers and scientists interested in the problems of snow surveying. This meeting to discuss mutual problems was held at the University of Nevada at Reno, Nevada. The Proceedings of the first Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference was published as a University of Nevada Bulletin.

During the fall of 1933 Dr. Church arranged ~ith the American Geophys~cal Union, Section of Hydrology, to hold the Snow Conference meetings with that organization and to have the technical papers included with the Transactions of the AGU. This arrangement continued through 1947 when meetings became so frequent that the Western Snow Conference (name changed in 1943) began to lose its identity. In 1948 conference members voted to hold only one meeting per year, and to publish their own Proceedings. This arrangement has since continued.

Technical papers and discussions of the 41 Western Snow Conference meetings have been published in a variety of means and under the auspices of several organizations. The WSC recognized the need to locate, identify, and summarize the technical material developed over the years. This would be a valuable tool for researchers, scientists and others inter­ ested in the theories, procedures, and instruments used in snow survey and water supply forecasting through the many years since its inception. Consequently, the Western Snow Conference prepared and published this bibliography of the technical articles and dis­ cussions published by the Conference.

Work on this bibliography was initiated at the 1959 meeting in Reno. The next year Ashton R. Codd was appointed to head the work on this activity. Sample bibliography sheets were printed in the 1965 Proceedings, and the first draft was completed. Codd continued his work and presented a second draft to the Conference in 1968. W. D. Simons was appointed to review and edit the assembled material. A new style format was prepared in 1969 and sub­ sequently adopted. This format contains title, author, standard data for bibliographic citation, and an abstract of less than 150 words for each paper or discussion. Cards in this original issuance are printed on sheets that can be filed in looseleaf notebooks or cut to size for use in a 3 x 5 card file. Abstract cards published in each years Proceedings will provide a means for keeping the Bibliography up to date.

In the upper right hand side there are three numbers. The first, a Western Snow Conference number identifies the sequence in which it was presented to the conference. Paper No. 1 is the first paper on the program at the first meeting, No. 2 is the second paper and so on. This is followed by the year in which it was presented. For example,

-1- WSC 1-33 identifies the first paper presented to the Conference at the 1933 meeting; WSC 420-64 identifies the four hundred twentieth paper presented to the Conference and it was at the 1964 meeting.

The other two numbers; Catalogue No. and CRREL No. refer to the "Bibliography on Snow, Ice and Perma-Frost with Abstracts" prepared by the SIPRE and CRREL projects of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Snow Ice Permafrost establishment and Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory at Hanover, New Hampshire. Many papers presented by Western Snow Conference members have been abstracted by the Library of Congress SIPRE Bibliographic project. Through the generous cooperation of the SIPRE and CRREL organizations permission was granted to the Western Snow Conference to use their abstracts and reference cards. In those cases where these are used, the SIPRE and Library of Congress catalogue numbers are shown in the upper right portion of the bibliography cards.

An alphabetical listing of subjects and sub-subjects has been developed from the key words shown on the right hand side of the card. These are also keyed to the WSC Paper Numbers. The subject index was prepared to emphasize snow and snow surveying and therefore is not identical with the Water Resources Thesaurus. A paper may be shown under several topical headings. In some instances, all of the listings are not shown on the cards. Of the over 450 topical headings some of the most popular ones are: Water Supply Forecasting; Statistical Analysis; Snowmelt and Runoff; and Weather Modification. These clearly indicate the topics of most interest to conference members.

A summary of the Bibliography: by years; paper numbers; and locations are shown in the following tabulation. JEAR PAPER NOS. PLACE 1933 1-13 Reno, Nevada 1934 14-20 Berkeley, California 1935 -21 Salt Lake City, Utah 1936 22-31 Pasadena, California 1937 32-42 Denver, Colorado 1938 43-61 Davis, California 1939 62-86 Los Angeles, CA & Spokane, WA 1940 87-128 Stanford, California 1941 129-145 Sacramento, California 1942 146-148 Pasadena, California 1943 149-161 Corvallis, Oregon 1944 162-183 Berkeley, California 1945 184-190 Portland, Oregon 1946 191-195 Sacramento, California 1947 196-198 Portland, Oregon 1948 199-214 Reno, Nevada 1949 215-221 Denver, Colorado 1950 222-230 Boulder City, Nevada 1951 231-239 Victoria, British Columbia 1952 240-249 Sacramento, California 1953 250-264 Boise, Idaho 1954 265-278 Salt Lake City, Utah 1955 279-288 Portland, Oregon 1956 289-299 Penticton, British Columbia 1957 300-322 Santa Barbara, California 1958 323-334 Bozeman, Montana 1959 335-346 Reno , Nevada 1960 347-362 Santa Fe, New Mexico 1961 363-378 Spokane, Washington 1962 379-393 Cheyenne, Wyoming 1963 394-414 Yosemite, California 1964 415-426 Nelson, British Columbia 1965 427-443 Colorado Springs, Colorado 1966 444-456 Seattle, Washington 1967 457-474 Boise, Idaho 1968 475-493 Lake Tahoe, Nevada

-2- YEAR PAPER NOS. PLACE

1969 494-511 Salt Lake City, Utah 1970 512-527 Victoria, British Columbia 1971 528-543 Billings, Montana 1972 544-560 Phoenix, Arizona 1973 561-573 Grand Junction, Colorado

Every effort has been made to make this bibliography as complete and as free from error as possible. It is inevitable that some discrepancies may occur. It would be appreciated if such items be brought to the attention of the Western Snow Conference.

PUBLICATION AUTHORIZED BY WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE

-3- WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY SUBJECT INDEX

-A-

ABLATION

Snowpack 143-41, 144-41, 261-53, 495.-69, 496-69, 509-69, 530-71

AERIAL

Markers (Snow Cover) 26Q-53, 349-60, 379-62

Observations 379-62 Photography 260-53, 349-60, 408-63, 469-67, 496-69, 488-69

ALBEDO

Snow 50Q-69

ANCHOR ICE 219-49

ARTIFICIAL PRECIPITATION

(See Weather Modification)

AUTOBIOGRAPHY Snow (Church) 221-40

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING

Hydrologic Data 492-68, 493-68

Multiple Regression Formula -Development 350-60 -Solution 35Q-60

Snow Survey Data 514-69

Weather Bureau Data 306-57

AVALANCHE

Countermeasures 223-50, 402-63

Controls 358-60, 359-60, 431-65

Forecasting 223-50

-4- AVALANCHE

Physical Properties 568-73

Research 242-52, 402-63, 423-64, 431-65, 568-73

Rescue 223-50, 298-56

Safety 223-50, 431-65, 502-69, 558-72

Statistical Evaluation 568-73

-B-

BASE FLOW 262-53, 263-53, 264-53, 271-54, 290-5u

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abstracts 28Q-55

BLOWING SNOW

Particle Counter 507-69

Patterns 377-61

-c-

CALCIUM CHLORIDE 107-40, 118-40, 230-50

CANOPY COVER

Measurement 286-55, 337-59

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Snow 346-59

-5- CLIMATOLOGY

Climatic Cycles 124-40, 387-62 Limiting Factors 573-73 Statistical Analysis 366-61

CLOCKS

Recording New Escapements 134-41

CLOUDS Icing Properties 318-57, 319-57 Cloud Seeding (See Weather Modification)

COMPUTERS

Operation and Procedures 35o-6o, 351-60, 503-69 (See Automatic Data Processing)

CONDENSATION

On Snowpaek 344-59, 501-69, 531-71

COOPERATIVE SNOW INVESTIGATIONS 6-33, 199-48, 203-48, 205-48, 207-48, 209-48, 214-48, 218-49

CRYSTALS Snow 87-40

CYCLES Geologie 124-40

Precipitation 1o-33, 387-62

-6- -D-

DESALINIZATION 561-73

DENSITY

Forest Canopy Cover 337-59

Snow or Snowpack 187-45, 197-47, 500-69

DIGITAL COMPUTER

(See Automatic Data Processing) (See also Electronic Computer)

DRY SNOW

Compaction 449-66

-E-

ECONO~ICS

of Water Supply Forecasting 48-38, 50-38, 51-38, 283-55, 288-55, 326-58, 331-58 506-69, 508-69

Snow Hydrology 428-56

ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER 329-58, 334-58, 350-60, 351-60, 417-64, 492-68, 493-68, 523-70, 524-70

ENVIRONMENT 544-72, 545-72, 562-73, 564-73, 565-73, 573-73

EQUIPMENT

Snow Survey 1-33, 5-33, 12-33, 52-38, 174-44, 379-62

Testing 397-63

Telemetering 541-71

-7- EQUIPMENT

Water Measurement 559-60

EVAPORATION

Control- 303-57, 353-60

Deterrents 303-57, 353-60

From Snow 9-33, 15-34, 217-49, 344-59, 501-69

From Reservoirs 303-57, 353-60, 561-73 Research 303-57

Tree Accumulation 15-34

-F-

FINANCING

Snow Survey Programs 3-33, 4-33

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Forecasting Lake Rise 418-64

FLOOD CONTROL

Prediction 42-37, 94-40, 115-40, 116-40, 117-40, 127-40, 348-60, 427-64, 463-67, 512-70, 513-70, 525-70, 551-72

FLOODS

Damage Reports 427-65, 551-72

Ice 119-40

Precipitation floods 200-48, 254-53

Routing Procedures 453-66

Snowmelt floods 200-48, 259-53

Spillway Design 200-48, 421-64, 429-65, 430-65, 453-66

Warning Networks 254-53, 487-68, 527-70

-8- FORECASTING

Lake Rise Levels 7-33, 101-40, 139-41, 418-64

FOREST CANOPY COVER Measurement 286-55, 337-59, 534-71

FOREST FIRE HAZARDS Forecasting danger point 78-39

FOREST MANAGEMENT Optimum Water Yield 179-44 Timber Cutting Model 179-44, 345-59, 354-60, 355-60, 356-60, 357-60, 367-61

FOURIER SERIES Use in Forecasting Water Supply 309-57

FRAZIL ICE 118-40, 119-40, 219-41

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 571-73

FROST

Forest Lands 140-41 Soils 114-40, 140-41, 16Q-43

-G-

GLACIERS

Ablation 202-48

Research Studies 202-48, 281-55, 312-57, 330-58, 363-61

Runoff 16-34

-9- GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

For Water Supply Forecasting 101-40, 126-40, 127-40, 155-43, 295-56, 321-57, 333-58

GROUNDWATER

Storage 196-47, 302-57, 543-71, 547-72, 552-72 I' (See Soil Moisture and Hydrograph)

-H-

HEAT TRANSFER

Balance (Arctic) 376-61

Exchange 243-52

HISTORY

Snow Surveys 1-33, 3-33, 92-40, 129-41, 156-43, 250-53, 335-59, 336-59. 511-69

HYDROLOGY 196-47, 288-55, 451-66

Basin Characteristics 122-40, 164-44, 289-56, 513-70, 516-70

Flood Hydrograph Development 162-44, 163-44, 167-44, 287-55

Flow Analysis 310-57, 398063, 470-67, 473-67, 516-70, 552-72

Groundwater 196-47, 270-54, 302-57, 537-71, 543-71

Planning 149-43, 150-43

Research 63-39, 473-67

Research Programs 199-48, 203-48, 204-48, 465-67

Small Watersheds 166-44

Statistical Studies 203-48, 451-66

Stream Measurement 268-54, 269-54, 284-55, 310-57, 360-60, 492-68, 493-68

Studies 470-67

War-time Efforts 149-43. 150-43

-10- -I-

ICE Anchor Ice 219-49

' Crusts 112-40

Crystals, formation 239-51

Frazil Ice 118-40, 119-40, 219-49

Ocean Ice, Arctic 376-61

River Ice 118-40, 119-40, 473-67 Sheet Ice, Pressure, Reservoir 201-48

INFILTRATION

Forest Canopy Cover 184-48

Infiltration Capacity 168-44, 184-45, 547-72 Snowmelt 184-45

INSTRUMENTATION

Canopy Cover 286-55, 337-59 Precipitation Gages - Storage 72-39, 91-40, 194-46, 305-57, 432-65, 434-65

Radiation 450-66

Soil Moisture 94-40, 444-66

Snow Pressure Pillow 431-65

-J-

-K-

-11- -L-

LAND USE Goals 565-73 ,, Management 565-73

LOADS

(See Snow Loads, Roofs)

LYSIMETER STUDIES

Snowmelt 322-57, 509-69

-M-

MAPPING Snow Cover Areas • -by Aerial Observations 342-59, 38G-62, 469-67 -by Satellite Photographs 381-62, 406-63, 498-69

MARKERS

Aerial 26G-53, 379-62

MATRIC EVALUATION 564-73

METEOROLOGICAL

Instruments -Rainfall 416-64 -Temperature 416-64 Research Programs 199-48, 421-64

-12- MODELS Digital 525-70, 528-71, 546-72, 548-72

Snowmelt 50D-69 Test Design Snowstorms 466-67 Test Snow Gage Shields 22D-49, 234-51

MOUNTAIN SNOWFALL

Program 91-40 Stations 91-40

MOVIE FILMS

Avalanche 224-50, 242-52, 401-63, 402-63

MUNICIPAL

Water Supply 95-40, 393-62

-N-

NORMALS

Precipitation Data 26-36, 27-36, 128-40 Snow Course Data 11-33, 26-36, 128-40, 190-45

Streamflow Data 26-37, 27-36, 128-40, 190-45

NUCLEI

Ice Crystals 317-57

Silver Iodide 317-57, 452-66

-13- -o-

OIL SHALE

Porosity of 567-73 .~ Residue 567-73

OVER SNOW VEHICLES

Development 104-40, 235-51, 477-68 History 477-68 Iron Fireman 189-45 Motor Toboggan 182-44 Snow Motor 181-44 Tests of 213-48, 362-60 Tucker Snow Cat 189-45, 213-48 Tucker Sno Sled 104-40 Utah Snowmobile 18o-44

-P-

PHOTOGRAPHY

Forest Canopy 286-55, 337-59

Measurement Snow Line 41-37, 137-41, 342-59

Snow Area by Satellite Photo 498-69

Snow Cover Area Measurement 177-41

PLASTIC

Snow Survey Tubes 396-63

-14- POWER

Electric Power Development 94-40, 183-44', 196-47,329-58,365-61,512-70

PRECIPITATION

Analysis 1Q-33, 122-40, 164-44, 206-48, 209-48, 223-50, 333-50, 361-60, 387-62, 427-65, 435-65, 459-67, 476-68, 514-70, 528-70, 529-71, 534-71, 549-72, 573-73

Artificial (See Weather Modification)

Gages 20-34, 43-38, 56-38, 72-39, 91-40, 107-40, 108-40, 161-43, 405-63, 434-65, 455-66, 514-70, 536-71, 539-71, 54Q-71 -Design of 195-46 -Heated Orifice 305-57, 405-63 -Network 43-38, 47-38, 123-40, 435-65, 455-66, 514-70 -Operation of 194-46 -Radioactive 222-50 -Shielded Storage 72-39, 91-40, 194-46, 195-46, 218-49, 435-65, 476-68 515-70

PRESSURE PILLOW 431-65, 464-67, 467-67, 488-68, 489~68, 49Q-68, 491-68, 510-69, 533-71, 538-71, 540-71

Location Criteria 467-67

Research 431-65

Telemetry of Data 512-69

-Q-

-R-

RADAR

Communications by 463-67

Snowpack ~easurement by 433-65

-15- RADIOACTIVE Soil Moisture Probe 382-62, 454-66 • Snow Gage and Snow Water Equivalent 222-50

Snow Water Equivalent by 382-62, 454-66, 499-69

RAIN GAGE

(See Precipitation Gage)

RAIN MAKING

(See Weather Modification)

RECORDER CLOCKS

Escapement 134-41

RESEARCH

Ice and Snow 161-43, 299-56

Infiltration 168-44

Soil Moisture 168-44, 169-44

Snowmelt Runoff 141-41, 178-44

RESERVOIRS

Evaporation 303-57, 353-60

Multipurpose, Planning 65-39, 300-57

Regulation of 40-37, 46-38, 65-39, 101-40, 139-41, 154-43, 179-44, 204-48, 226-50, 232-51, 300-57, 347-60, 365-61, 369-61, 512-70, 548-72

RIME ICE 305-57, 531-71

ROOF LOADS 103-40, 465-67, 466-67

RUNOFF 567-73

-16- -s-

SAFETY

Ski Binkings 148-42

Snow Safety 105-40, 111-40, 224-50

SATELLITE

Photographs 381-62, 406-63, 498-69

SILVER IODIDE

Generators 368-61, 413-63, 452-66

Microbial Processes 566-73

Nucleation 317-59, 318-59, 413-63, 504-69

Silver Transformation 566-73

SNOW

Ablation 143-41, 144-41, 261-53, 469-69, 479-69

Accumulation 445-66, 462-69, 498-69

Analysis -Chemical 346-59 -Physical Radiation 451-66

Avalanche Research 224-50, 242-52, 401-63, 402-64, 423-64

Classification 113-40, 236-51

Crystals 87-40, 236-51

Density -Distribution 205-48, 325-58, 458-67, 499-69 -Measurement 39-37, 236-51, 382-62, 384-62, 445-66, 458-67, 515-70, 569-73 -Lateral Sampling 173-44, 197-47

Drifting Snow 377-61, 466-67, 515-70, 536-71

Economics 215-49, 508-69

Evaporation 217-49, 383-62, 385-62, 397-63, 422-64

Fall Probabilities -Intensity 445-66, 509-69 -Possibility 399-63. 532-71 . -Studies 464-67, 573-73

-17- SNOW

Fence 572-73 Free Water Content 186-45, 293-56, 448-66, 499-67, 518-70 (Se~ also Snow Quality) -Quality Measurements and Equipment 142-41

Gages 43-38, 56-38, 72-39, 107-40, 108-40, 220-49, 222-50, 234-51, 236-51, 434-56, 454-66, 476-68, 490-68, 491-68 -Radioactive 222-50, 454-66, 488-68 -Gage Comparisons 490-68

Hydrology 218-49, 299-56, 345-59, 354-60, 355-60, 356-60, 357-60, 368-61, 428-65, 447-66, 453-66

Humanities 414-63

Line Measurement 408-63 Loads, Roof 103-40, 364-61, 465-67, 466-67, 518-70, 519-70, 520-70, 521-70, 571-73 Measurements -Aerial and Photographic 41-37, 137-41, 349-60, 469-67

Oversnow Vehicles 104-40, 213-48 -History 477-68 -Performance 235-51 -Vehicle Test Results 104-40, 362-60 Pressure Pillow -Location Criteria 467-67, 49Q-68 -Research 245-52, 431-65, 445-66, 488-68, 489-68, 490-68, 491-68, 514-69

Quality 142-41, 186-45, 293-56, 449-66, 451-66, 465-67 -Measurement 142-41 -Equipment 142-41

Removal -Airports 403-63 -Equipment for 113-40, 216-49, 292-56, 320-57 -Roads, Highways 113-40, 216-49, 244-52, 292-56, 320-57, 400-63, 401-63, 403-63

Research Programs 38-37, 42-37, 161-43, 197-44, 203-48, 217-49, 245-52, 299-56, 308-57, 324-58, 325-58, 368-61, 384-62, 387-63, 422-64, 462-67 -Chemical Analysis 346-59 -Compression 449-66 -Evaporation 385-62, 502-69 -Forest Cover 111-40, 112-40, 198-47, 325-58, 337-59, 502-69 -General Research 110-40, 161-43, 19Q-45, 198-47, 245-52, 293-56, 294-56, 297-56, 377-61, 428-65, 437-65, 447-66, 448-66, 460-67, 461-67, 475-68, 501-69, 507-69 -Mechanical Properties 246-52 -Physical Properties 161-43, 197-47, 507-69 -Radiomicrowave Sensing 460-67

-18- SNOW

Settlement at Snowpack 475-68, 501-69

Snowmelt Research 481-68, 501-69

Sampler Tubes -Anodyzing 67-39 -Carrying Case 133-41 -Coating 69-39, 70-39, 135-41, 136-41 -Comparison Tests 53-38, 366-61 -Coupling 54-38 -Duraluminum 19-34, 53-38, 54-38 -Lateral Sampler 173-44 -Maintenance 63-39, 69-39, 89-40, 105-40, 131-41 -Plastic 396-63 -Prairie Sampler 366-61 -Steel Sampler 53-38, 54-38 -Tests and Comparisons 5-33, 53-38, 54-38, 135-41, 137-41 -Tube Defects 137-41 -Weighing Scale Spring Test 68-39, 70-39, 71-39, 106-40, 132-41

Snow Sampling -Accuracy Tests 396-63 -Equipment 19-34, 62-39, 63-39, 68-39, 105-40, 106-40 -Procedures 68-38, 89-40

Snow Storm -Models 220-49, 234-51 -Storm Simulation 220-49, 234-51, 377-61

Temperature 172-44, 462-67, 475-68

Thermodynamics 294-56

Trafficability 104-60

Transport Distance 572-73

SNOW COVER

Accumulation 364-61, 535-71, 537-71, 539-71, 544-72

Analysis 138-41

Depletion 501-69, 529-71

Distribution 8-33, 138-41, 214-48, 252-53, 297-56, 304-57, 342-59, 38Q-62, 530-71, 532-71

Hardness 236-51

In Forests 446-66, 530-71, 569-73

Melting 8-33

On Glaciers 312-57

Percolation 8-33, 9-33

-19- SNOW COVER

Permeability 205-48

Photo Analysis 137-41, 177-44, 214-48, 252-53, 342-59, 406-63

Photo Mapping 342-59, 381-62 Photo Observations 469-69, 498-69 .. Radiation 244-52, 451-66

Testing Hardness 236-51

Thermal Effects 172-44

Water Equivalent 476-68, 569-73

SNOWMELT

And Runoff 14-34, 16-34, 41-37, 79-39, 115-40, 117-40, 127-40, 139-41, 143-41, 144-41, 158-43, 179-44, 186-45, 187-45, 200-48, 203-48, 207-48, 208-48, 210-48, 211-48, 212-48, 215-49, 217-49, 228-50, 232-51, 233-51, 240-52, 277-54, 304-57, 342-59, 343-59, 367-61, 378-61, 429-65, 430-65, 513-70, 517-70, 524-70, 525-70, 533-71, 543-71, 548-72, 550-72

Floods 116-40, 139-41, 240-52, 259-53, 272-54, 429-65, 430-65

Management 198-47, 446-66, 537-71, 553-72

Research 141-41, 184-45, 198-47, 273-54, 304-57, 322-57, 425-64, 448-66, 497-69, 500-69, 509-69, 516-70, 528-70

Runoff Hydrograph (Simulation) 179-44, 186-45, 196-47, 233-51

Runoff Logging Effects on Hydrograph 15-34, 46-38, 343-59, 354-60

SNOWPACK

Analysis 112-40, 143-41, 144-41, 197-47, 427-65, 429-65, 454~66, 502-69

Augmentation 566-73

Collapse 502-69

Density 187-45, 197-47, 458-67, 478-68, 495-69, 500-69

Photography 41-37, 469-67

Physics 142-41, 144-41, 293-56, 294-56, 503-69

Plane (See Oversnow Vehicles)

Water Yield 354-60, 355-60, 356-60, 357-60

-20- SNOW SURVEY

Cooperative Programs 6-33, 21-35, 22-36, 29-36, 32-37, 92-40, 155-43 Courses -Aerial Markers 26Q-53, 379-62 -Analysis 36-37, 37-37, 42-37, 323-58, 456-66 -Location Criteria 34-37, 35-37, 70-39, 281-55, 437-65, 467-67 -Maintenance 174-44 -Markers 55-38 -Networks 7-33, 22-36, 34-37, 66-39, 98-40, 109-40, 123-40, 282-55, 314-57, 386-62, 393-62, 424-64, 426-64, 464-67, 523-70 -Normals 11-33, 26-36, 34-37, 35-37, 66-39, 341-58 -Research 437-65

Description 352-66, 426-64 -California 335-59 -Eastern Snow Conference 336-59 -Great Plains States 334-58

Economics 49-38, 50-38, 51-38, 183-44, 237-51, 254-51, 283-55, 315-57, 392-62, 506-69, 512-70, 554-72 -Benefits of 237-51 -Electric Power 49-38, 151-43, 183-44 -Municipal Water Supply 50-38

Equipment 29-36, 33-37 -Office Forms 90-4- -Sampling Tubes 5-33, 12-33, 19-34, 30-36, 33-37, 52-38, 71-39, 109-40, 19D-45, 366-61 -Sampling Tube Carrying Case 133-41 -Tube Comparisons 367-61 -Weighing Scales 5-33, 12-33, 30-36, 68-39, 7D-39, 71-39, 86-39, 106-40, 109-40, 132-41

Forest Fire Hazard Predictions 78-39

Organizations 2-33, 21-35, 32-37

Plains Area Equipment 366-61, 416-64

Problems 13-33

Procedures 29-36, 62-39, 63-39, 109-40, 311-57

Questionaires 31-36

Safety 62-39, 63-39, 298-56, 559-72

Shelter Cabin (plans) 85-39

Training 298-56 Transportation -Airplane 275-54 -Helicopter 313-57, 316-57 -Oversnow vehicle 56-40, 104-40, 105-40

-21- SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT

(or Water Content) 209-48, 431-65, 445-66, 448-66, 476-68, 532-71, 534-71, 54D-71

SOIL ABSORPTION 24-36, 28-36, 184-45

SOIL MOISTURE

Forest Land Yield 152-43 Freezing Soil 497-69 Instruments 97-40, 444-66

Measurement 28-36, 48-38, 97-40, 211-48, 287-55, 340-59, 382-62, 395-63, 436-65, 454-66

Radioisotope Probe 382-62, 388-62, 454-66

Research 168-41, 169-44, 187-45

SOIL PERMEABILITY 28-36

SOIL PRIMING 24-36 Effect of Fall Precipitation 81-39, 83-39, 84-39, 241-52, 444-66 Effect of Fall Streamflow 83-39, 84-39, 241-52 Effect of Shallow Springs 125-40

SOIL TEMPERATURE 47-38, 34D-59

SOLAR RADIATION 244-52, 450-66

SPILLWAY DESIGN FROM SNOW SURVEY DATA 425-64, 453-66

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 25-36, 27-36, 44-38, 45-38, 46-38, 200-48, 203-48, 206-48, 207-48, 208-48, 210-48, 212-48, 214-48, 222-50, 228-50, 231-51, 256-53, 257-53, 269-54, 277-54, 278-54, 361-60, 480-60, 523-70, 536-71

-22- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Snow Cover 214-48, 350-60, 351-60

Sample Size 185-45, 323-58

STREAMFLOW FORECASTING (See Water Supply Forecasting)

SUBLIMATION 572-73

-T-

TELEMETERING

Hydrologic Data 352-60, 388-62, 404-63, 407-63, 431-65, 460-67, 461-67, 462-67, 489-68, 510-69, 526-70, 527-70, 538-71, 541-71

Precipitation Data 415-64, 431-65, 432-65 Telemetering Equipment 487-68, 488-68, 541-71

TEMPERATURE

Factors 14-34, 75-44, 240-52, 461-67, 462-67, 550-72

Water 398-63

TIME TRENDS 271-54

TRANSPORTATION

Airplane 276-54

Helicopter 276-54, 315-57, 316-57

Oversnow Vehicles 104-40, 147-42, 213-48, 316-57, 362-60, 477-68

TREES

Canppy Cover Measurement 286-55, 337-59

-23- TREES

Snow Interception 383-62

-u-

UNIT HYDROGRAPH 117-40. 392-62

-v-

-w-

WASTE WATER RECLAMATION 561-73

WATER

Critical Resource 562-73

Diminishing Supply 562-73

Pollution 567-73

Pricing 562-73

WATER MANAGEMENT 23-36, 326-58, 329-58, 508-69, 510-69, 535-71, 542-71, 546-72, 563-73

WATER MEASUREMENT 360-60

WATER PLAN

Operation 302-57

-24- WATER RECLAMATION

Waste 561-73

WATER REGULATION 563-73

WATER RIGHTS

Adjudication 563-73

Critical Flows 374-61, 375-61, 522-70

Forecast to Meet Usable Demands 145-41

Primary Water Rights Forecast 374-61, 375-61

WATERSHED

Basin Analysis 166-44

Management 11Q-40, 165-44, 166-44, 198-47, 274-54, 279-55, 301-57, 324-58, 325-58, 354-60, 355-60, 356-60, 357-60, 443-65, 459-67, 522-70, 545-72, 553-72

WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING 1-33, 3-33, 17-34, 18-34, 21-35, 24-36, 25-36, 26-36, 27-36, 40-37, 41-37, 44-38, 45-38, 46-38, 47-38, 64-39, 65-39, 77-39, 80-39, 81-39, 82-39, 83-39, 84-39, 94-40, 95-40, 96-40, 99-40, 10Q-40, 101-40, 102-40, 125-40, 126-40, 137-41, 145-41, 151-43, 153-43, 154-43, 156-43, 157-43, 158-43, 175-44, 176-44, 177-44, 188-45, 190-45, 191-46, 192-46, 193-46, 203-48, 204-48, 207-48, 208-48, 210-48, 212-48, 226-50, 227-50, 231-51, 232-51, 233-51, 238-51, 241-52, 243-52, 251-53, 253-53, 256-53, 257-53, 258-53, 260-53, 262-53, 263-53, 264-53, 271-53, 275-54, 278-54, 283-55, 287-55, 29Q-56, 291-56, 295-56, 309-57, 313-57, 314-57, 321-57, 327-57, 331-58, 332-58, 333-58, 334-58, 338-59, 339-59, 34Q-59, 341-59, 347-60, 348-60, 349-60, 350-60, 351-60, 365-61, 369-61, 370-61, 371-61, 372-61, 373-61, 374-61, 375-61, 378-61, 379-61, 380-62, 385-62, 389-62, 390-62, 391-62, 392-62, 394-63, 395-63, 397-63, 417-64, 418-64, 419-64, 420-64, 427-65, 436-65, 444-66, 456-66, 457-67, 468-67, 479-68, 480-68, 481-68, 482-68, 494-69, 496-69, 497-69, 505-69, 506-69, 508-69, 512-70, 522-70, 523-70, 529-71, 542-71, 549-72, 550-72, 556-72, 557-72, 559-72, 569-73

Coordinated Forecasts 251-53, 258-53, 479-68

Data Publication 253-53

Digital Computer 350-60, 351-60

Economics 505-69, 508-69, 509-69

-25- WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING

Evapo-sublimation 494-69

Forecast Accuracy 3-33, 88-40, 102-40, 12Q-40, 121-40, 130-41, 146-42, 159-43, 170-44, 171-44, 190-45, 328-58, 339-59, 468-67, 549-72

Forecast Made in KWH, Direct 47-38

Graphical Analysis Procedures 101-40, 102-40, 126-40, 137-41, 151-43, 156-43, 191-46, 338-59 Low Flow or Critical Flow 370-61, 371-61, 372-61, 373-61, 374-61, 375-61

Modified by Soil Moisture Data 188-45, 395-63, 444-66

Modified by Spring Temperature 175-44, 24Q-52, 496-69

Natural Lake Rise 7-33, 353-60, 418-64

Procedure Errors 278-54

Quantative Method 94-40, 95-40

Recession to Optimum Flow 145-41

Return Flow 457-67

Return Flow to Streams 457-67

Runoff Pattern Analysis 153-43

Short Term Forecast -Day to Day 158-43, 243-52, 378-61, 380-62, 394-63, 481-68, 482-68 -Month to Month 46-38

Snowmelt Degree Days 17-34, 158-43

Soil Moisture 82-39, 152-43, 187-45, 188-45, 340-59, 395-63, 444-66, 494-69

Solar Radiation 494-69

Statistical Methods 35-57, 8Q-39, 156-43, 338-54, 479-68, 480-68, 523-70

Temperatures 494-69

Using Elevation Methods 95-40, 96-40

Using Mid-Winter Data 176-44, 193-46

Using Percentage System 10Q-40

Using Precipitation Data 46-38, 47-38, 65-39, 77-39, 84-39, 102-40, 151-43, 157-43. 192-46, 479-68

-26- WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Using Snow Surveys 64-39, 80-39, 81-39, 82-39, 84-39, 102-40, 191-46, 192-46, 457-67, 487-69

Using Spring Precipitation 487-69, 557-72 Using Wind Travel Data 385-62, 397-63, 494-69

WATER TEMPERATURE 398-63

WEATHER Control (See Weather Modification) Satellite 381-62, 406-63

WEATHER FORECASTING Long Range 266-54

WEATHER MO~IFICATION

Cloud Seeding 506-66, 561-73 Computer Use for 503-69 Controls 265-54, 412-63, 514-70

Economic Aspects 438-65, 505-69 Effectiveness 318-57, 483-68, 484-68, 486-68

Engineering 368-61, 442-65 Evaluation 247-52, 248-52, 249-52, 255-53, 267-54, 296-56, 317-57. 332-58, 441-65, 464-67, 471-67. 483-68, 484-68, 485-68, 503-69, 504-69, 556-72 Legal Aspects 412-63, 439-65

Methods of Procedures 225-50, 238-51, 239-51, 247-52, 255-53, 260-53, 452-66

Nucleation 317-57, 318-57, 368-61, 413-63

Project Skywater 464-67, 471-67. 472-67, 485-68, 568-73

Research 229-50, 230-50, 238-51, 239-51, 317-57. 319-57, 368-61, 409-63, 410-63, 411-63, 412-63, 413-63, 440-65, 442-67, 471-67. 472-67. 503-69, 545-72, 557-72, 560-72

-27- WILDERNESS AREAS 478-68, 554-72, 555-72

WIND

Data in Forecasting Streamflow 385-62, 397-63, 495-69

Direction 307-57

Movement 377-61, 385-62

Tunnel -Drift Patterns on Models 377-61 -Rain Gage Shields Experiment 220-49, 234-51

WINTER SPORTS

Area Reporting Service 60-38, 61-38, 74-39, 75-39

Classification 9f Snow Surface 57-38, 58-38, 59-38, 73-39, 75-39

Equipment 74-39

Safety 93-40, 111-40

WINTER SURVIVAL 111-40, 298-56

-28- WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY

AUTHOR INDEX -A- ALCORN, W. B. 39-37

ALFORD, DONALD F. 465-67

ALTER, J. CECIL 23-36, 102-40, 110-40

ANDERSON, HENRY W. 169-44, 304-57, 324-58, 325-58, 343-59, 354-60, 437-65

ANDERSON, JAMES A. 524-70

ARIAS, ENRIQUE S • 314-57

ARMSTRONG, RICHARD L. 568-73

ARVOLA, W. A. 394-63

ATKINSON, H. B. 114-40

ATWATER, MONTGOMERY M. 224-50, 242-52, 402-63

AYER, GORDON R. 336-59

-B-

BADGLEY, DR. FRANKLIN I. 376-64

BALDWIN, HENRY I. 58-38

BALL, HUBERT 347-60

BARNES', BERTRAM S. 157-43, 168-44, 200-48

BARNES, c. s. 230-50

BARNES, JAMES C. 498-69

BARRON, E. G. 360-61

-29- BARSCH, RAY E. 481-68, 513-70

BARTON, MANES 248-52, 257-53, 264-53, 332-58, 373-61, 479-68, 559-72

BARTOS, LOUIS R. 569-73

BAY, CLYDE E. 114-40

BEAN, PAUL L. 94-40, 140-41

BEAN, PAUL W. 109-40

BEATTIE, L. A. 352-60

BEAUMONT, ROBERT T. 248-52, 328-58, 389-62, 396-63, 431-65, 445-66

BELOTELKIN, K. T. 140-41

BENDTSEN, FREDERICK A. 109-40

BERGEN, JAMES P. 422-64

BERGGREN, W. P. 160-43

BERNARD, MERRILL 42-37, 43-38, 75-39, 91-40, 108-40, 141-41, 142-41, 15Q-43, 156-43

BERNDT, H. W. 531-71

BERTLE, FREDERICK A. 203-48, 228-50, 243-52, 429-65

BETHLAHMY, NEDAVIA 367-61

BETTER, FREDERICK 134-41

BILLONES, LOUIS 405-63

BISSELL, L. M. 275-54

BLACKWELL, S. R. 366-61

BLANCHARD, FRANCIS B. 237-51, 288-55, 310-57

-30- BOARDMAN, H. P. 4-33, 7-33, 11-33, 24-36, 37-37, 46-38, 88-40, 100-40, 130-41, 145-41, 146-42, 154-43, 159-43, 170-44, 171-44, 191-46

BONNER, J. P. 79-39

BORLAND, W. M. 359-60

BOUWER, HERMAN 547-72

BOWIE, MAJOR E. H. 6-33, 7-33

BOWLES, DUAIN 462-67

BOWLEY, CLINTON J. 498-69

BOYD, DONALD W. 364-61

BOYER, PETER B. 273-54

BRADLEY, DR. CHARLES C. 502-69

BRIGGS, PHILIP 546-72

BROWN, J. B. 162-44, 167-44

BROWN, JOHN WEBSTER 520-70

BROWN, ROBERT T. 492-68

BRUCE, J. P. 421-64

BULKLEY, ROSS V. 418-64

BURDICK, DR. RAYMOND T. 215-49

BURGY, ROBERT H. 301-57

BURNASH, J. C. 481-68, 542-71

BURNS, JOSEPH I. 321-57

BURTON, H. K, 23-36

-31- BUSH, RICHARD H. 513-70

BUTSON, KEITH D. 252-53

-c-

CALLISTER, LELAND G. 374-61

CALVIN, LYLE D. 332-58

CANFIELD, GEORGE H. 155-43

CASTLE, GLENN H. 342-59, 415-64, 432•65

.:AVADIAS, GEORGE J. 327-58

CHADWICK, DUANE G. 415-64, 500-69

CHAPMAN, E. G. 469-67

CHAPPELL, CHARLES F. 514-70

CHARD, A. E. 291-56

CHILDRETH, R. W. 173-44, 174-44, 189-45

CHRISTENSEN, E. G. 427-65

CHRISTIAN, FRANCIS G. 179-44

CHRISTNER, JERE J. 533-12

CHURCH, DR. JAMES E. 1-33, 7-33, 11-33, 15-34, 17-34, 30-36, 33-37, 53-38, 56-38, 66-39, 81-39, 85-39, 98-40, 102-40, 103-40, 109-40, 110-40, 116-40, 129-41, 136-41, 140-41, 146-42, 157-43, 159-43, 160-43, 161-43, 170-44, 190-45, 221-49 236-51, 261-53, 511-69

CHURCH, DR. PHIL E. 112-40, 136-41, 138-41

CLARK, R. H•. 474-67

CLAWSON, MARION 206-48

-32- CLAY, C. H. 418-64

CLENDENEN, FRANK B. 302-57

CLORETY, BERNARD S • 482-68

CLYDE, GEORGE D. 2-33, 4-33, 5-33, 11-33, 12-33, 28-36, 34-37, 51-38, 88-40, 97-40, 156-43, 171-44, 180~44, 237-51

CODD, ASHTON R. 66-39, 72-39, 91-40, 108-40, 174-44, 194-46, 195~46, 205-48, 276-54, 282-55, 337-59, 351-60

COLBERT, JESSE L. 281-55

COLLINS, E. H. 17-34, 101-40

COLMAN, E. A. 279-55

CONKLING, HAROLD 33-37' 129-41

CONNAUGHTON, CHARLES A. 36-37, 110-40, 165-44

COOLEY, JOHN R. 563-73

COOPER, C. F. 469-67

CORLEY, J. P. 398-63

COULSON, C. H. 523-70

COURT, ARNOLD 307-57, 323-58

COWGILL, PHILLIP S. 52-38, 89-40, 105-40, 131-41, 132-41, 133-41

COX, LLOYD M. 476-68, 540-71

CRADDOCK, GEORGE W. 274-54

CRANDALL, DAVID L. 508-69

CRIDDLE, WAYNE D. 171-44, 176-44, 193-46, 233-51

CROFT, A. R. 187-45

-33- CROOK, ARTHUR G. 570-73

CROUGH, J. CARLISLE 111-40

. CROW, LOREN W. 514-70

CULLINGS, E. C. 29-36

CUNDIFF, STUART A. 225-50

CURRY, G. E. 435-65

-D-

TIALE, ROBERT F. 306-57

DANIELS, GLENN E. 214-48

DAVIES, L. B. 453-66

DAVIS, LARRY G. 504-69

DAVIS, ROBERT T. 298-56, 351-60, 389-62, 480-68

DEAN, W. W. 278-54, 316-57

DEIBERT, GEORGE 60-38

DELK, R. 554-72

DENNIS, ARNETT s. 318-57

DEMBISKE, F. E. 320-57

DEVORE, GEORGE W. 37-37, 49-38, 88-40, 130-41

DIAMOND, MARVIN 223-50

DOTY, ROBERT D. 501-69

DOUGHTY-DAVIES, J. H. 282-55

-34- e DUCKER, H. P. 147-42

DUNCAN, D. L. 404-63

DUNCAN, WALTER W. 425-64

DUNFORD, E. G. 228-50, 243-52

DWYER, CARROLL H. 331-58

DYCK, G. E. 515-70

-E-

EAGLE, HENRY C. 83-39

EARL, KENNETH D. 275-54

EDGERTON, A. T. 460-67

EGGLESTON, KEITH 0. 500-69

EISENLOHR, WILLIAMS. 253-53

ELGES, CARL 17-34, 18-34, 26-36, 38-37, 45-38, 64-39, 71-39, 88-40, 99-40, 107-40, 130-41, 133-41, 151-43

ELLIOTT, ROBERT D. 249-52, 265-54, 317-57, 410-63, 503-69, 556-72

ELLIOTT, R. H. 117-40

ELLIS, JESSE D. 329-58, 392-62

ENGELMANN, R. J. 451-66

EWING, PAUL A. 59-38

-F-

FARNES, PHILLIP E. 351-60, 395-63, 418-64, 467-67, 510-69, 534-71

-35- FARROW, RICHARD C. 35-37, 45-38, 84-39, 88-40, 121-40, 219-49

FELGENHAUER, HAROLD 408-63

FERGUSSON, S. P. 19-34

FERTH, J. H. 346-59

FFOLLIOTT, PETER F. 495-69, 551-72

FINDLAY, BRUCE 53o-71

FISCHER, ROBERT W. 393-62

FISHER, ELMER 122-40

FISHE!R, W. H. 512-70

FITTINGER, HERMAN J. 195-46

FLETCHER, JOEL E. 444-66, 472-67

FORD, PERRY M. 210-48, 268-54

FORSLING, C. L. 6-33

FOWLER, W. B. 531-71

FRAME, S. H. 130-41, 146-42, 171-44

FREDERICKSEN, D. G; 326-58

FREEMAN, D. B. 77-39, 88-40, 121-40, 126-40

FREEMAN, TED G. 395-63, 426-64, 526-70, 570-73

FROST, WILFRED T. 171-44, 173-44, 248-52, 278-54, 371-61

FULCHER, MARTIN K. 256-53

FULLER, EDWIN S. 162-44

FULTON, F. J. 474-67

-36- -G-

GARSTKA, WALTER U. 198-47, 207-48, 217-49, 232-51, 243-52, 273-54, 353-60

GARY, HOWARD L. 458-67

GAY, ROBERT W. 240-52

GAY, LLOYD W. 382-62

GEORGE, TOMMY A. 522-70, 571-73

GERDEL, DR. ROBERT W. 167-44, 172-44, 186-45, 205-48, 222-50, 244-52,246-52, 377-61

GILES, GORDON G. 281-55

GILLETTE, HELBERT P. 124-40

GISBORNE, HARRY T. 78-39, 81-39, 110-40

GLEASON, CLARK H. 343-59

GOODELL, BERTRAM C. 135-41, 211-48, 217-49, 297-56

GOODRICH, R. D. 269-54

GOODRIDGE, R. S. 42-37, 64-39

CORNALL, J. C. 541-71

GRANT, LEWIS 0. 229-50, 368-61, 411-63, 413-63, 433-65

GRAY, CARLETON H. 463-67, 487-68, 527-70

GRAY, DON M. 515-70

GREINER, EDWARD C. 486-68

GUMBLE, E. J. 185-45

-37- -H-

HAEFFNER, ARDEN D. 529-,71

HAFTERSON, HAROLD D. 275-54

HALES, J. VERN 267-54

HALL, L. STANDISH 95-40, 130-41, 146~42, 162-44, 171-44, 179-44

HALVERSON, HOWARD G. 499-69

HAMBURG, GEORGE R. 309-57

HAMON, W. RUSSELL 476-68

HANES, FRANK 407-63

HANNAFORD, JACK F. 295-56, 323-58, 333-58, 341-59, 349-60, 417-64, 470-67, 482-68, 485-68, 513-70, 556-72, 557-72

HARDING S. T. 162-44

HARLAN, R. L. 497-69

HARRINGTON, ARTHUR W. 250-53

HAUPT, HAROLD F. 509-69

HEADLEY, F. B. 10-33

HENDERSON, THOMAS J. 260-53, 545-72

HENDRICKSON, A. H. 168-44

HENNEBERGER, J. 555-72

HERZ, FRED 12-33

HERZ, WALTER J. 12-33, 148-42

HESPELT, G. G. 352-60

-38- '- HILDEBRAND, CARVER E. 322-57 HILL, LELAND K. 562-73

HILTON, ERIC 151-43

HIMMEL, JAMES M. 209-48

HINDERLIDER, M. c. 66-39

HINSON, H. B. 183-44

HOFFER, THOMAS E. 267-54

HOLECEK, G. R. 552-72

HOOVER, MARVIN D. 355-60

HOPKINS, GEORGE F. 123-40

HOPKINS, WALTER 335-59, 345-59

HORCIZA, E. 493-68

HORN, WILLIAM L. 565-73

HORTON, J. s. 285-55

HORTON, DR. ROBERT E. 84-39, 160-43, 184-45

HOTCHKISS, WILLIAM R. . 558-72

HOUSTON, CLYDE E. 237-51

HOYT, W. G. 170-44

HUNSAKER, LEON M. 430-65

HUNTER, CLAUDE E. 37-37

HUNTER, HARRY I. 390-62, 424-64

-39- -I-

INGEBO, PAUL A. 286-55

-J- JACOBSON, G. B. 212-48

JOHNSON, LYNN F. 350-60

JOHNSON, OLIVER 299-56

JOHNSON, RAY 391-62

JOHNSON, WALTER E. 121-40

JOHNSON, WILLIAM 372-61

JOHNSTON, C. N. 168-44, 169-44

JOHNSTON, ROBERT S. 501-69

JONES, GERALD W. 514-70

JONES, JAMES E. 12-33, 13-33, 19-34, 31-36, 88-40, 130-41, 154-43

JORGENSON, DONALD J. 247-52

JUDSON, ARTHUR 423-64

-K-

KAHAN, DR. ARCHIE M. 441-65, 544-72

KEELER, CHARLES M. 449-66

KEHRLEIN, OLIVER 261-53

KEITH, H. A. 209-48

-KELLEY, L. L. 428-65

-40- KENNEDY, DAVID V. 300-57

KENNEDY, J. M. 460-67

KENNEDY, R. E. 192-46

KERR, RAYMOND E. Jr. 303-57

KITTREDGE, JOSEPH 8-33, 165-44, 216-48

KLEIN, D. A. 566-73

KLEIN, GEORGE J. 235-51, 236-51

KOELZER, VICTOR A. 232-51, 277-54

KOHLER, KARL 0. 166-44

KOHLER, MAX A. 313-57, 339-59

KRAMER, HARRY A. 254-53, 388-62, 398-63

KRICK, IRVING D. 239-51, 255-53

• KRUMMES, PETER 145 ... 51

KUEHL, DONALD W. 278-54, 396-62, 416-64

-L- LA CHAPPELLE, ED 336-58

LAHLUM, LT. COL. A. H. 245-52

LANEE, J. C. 544-72

LANG, WILLIAM A. 88-40, 130-41, 146-42, 171-44, 181-4,., 237-51, 244-52. 335-59

LANGBEIN, W. B. 188-45, 268-54

-41- LANYON, JOHN J. 362-60

LARSON, LEE W. 536-71

LEACH, T. A.. J. 365-61

LEAF, CHARLES F. 448-66, 496-6.9, 529-71

LEAVER, ROBERT 46-38.

LEE, CHARLES H. 25-36

LEMMON, DR. PAUL L. 286-55

LEUPOLD, NORBERT 122-40, 388-62

LEVIN, GERALD B. 226-50

LEWIS, GEORGE A. 12-33, 42-37, 74-39

LIGHT, PHILLIP E. 144-41

LINDGREN, R. E. 275-54, 425-64

LINSLEY, RAY K. 156-43, 158-43, 163~44, 168-44, 175-44, 179-44

LONBERGER, THOMAS E. . 443-65

LOWDERMILK, DR. C. W. 9-33

LULL, HOWARD E. 356-60

LUND, GEORGE W. 483-68

LUPTON, FRANTZ R. 226-50

LUTES, D. A. 521-70

-'-Me-

MAC CREADY, PAUL B.· JR. 319-57

-42- MAC LEAN, DUART A. 208-48 • MAC VICAR, J. D. 113-40

MCANDREW, DONALD W. 464-67, 571-73

MC CALLISTER, JOHN P. 391-62

MC DONALD, C. c. 262-53, 264-53, 271-54

MC FARLANE, W. T. 121-40

MC KAY, G. A. 366-61, 416-64, 530-71

MC LAUGHLIN, W. w. 48-38, 92-40, 155-43

MCNUTT, J. J. 39-37

MC QUEEN, ALEXANDER 6-33

-M-

MADSON, B. A. 166-44

MAGNUSON, MARVIN D. 364-61, 383-62, 399-63

MAHONEY, DAVID G. 43G-65

MALONE, GEORGE W. 4-33

MALSOR, ROY E. 468-67

MANN, A. S. 435-65

MANSFIELD, C. W. 222-50

MARR, JAMES C. 21-35, 22-36, 32-37, 33-37, 62-39, 64-39, 66-39, 67-39, 81-39, 121-40, 125-40, 130-41, 171-44, 176-44, 182-44

MARSDEN, MICHAEL A. 48G-68

MARTIN, JOHN T. 348-60

-43- MARTINELLI, M. JR. 358-60

MARWITZ, J. D. 433-65

MAXWELL, L. M. 352-60

MEADOWCROFT, N. F. 162-44. 166-44.

MEIER, MARK F. 312-57, 447-66

MERRIELL, F. C. 66-39

MERRYFIELD, FRED 122-40

MEYER, C. B. 164-44

MIDLING, GEORGE W. 128-40

MILLER, DAVID H. 383-62

MILLER, DONALD L. 391-62

MILLER, ROBERT W. 315-57, 333-58, 379-62

MILLIGAN, CLEVE H. 309-57

MITCHELL, W. BRUCE 369-61, 420-64

MOLER, MURRAY M. 511-69

MOLNAU, MYRON 533-71 •

MONDRILLO, GEORGE 294-56

MONFORE, G. E. 201-48

MONSON, 0. W. 8D-39, 81-39, 82-39, 121-40

MOONEY, MARGARET L. 483-68

MOORE, ROBERT E. 392-62

MORELAND, RONALD E. 539-71

-44- \,- MORRIS, EDWARD A. 412-63

MULVANEY, ROBERT J. 563-73

MUNSON, SPENCER M. 5-33, 11-33, 12-33

MURPHY, THOMAS D. 434-65

MURRAY, WILLIAM E. 272-54

-N-

NAKAYA, UKITIRO 87-40

NARAINE, D. 466-67

NELSON, MORLAN W. 231-51, 241-52, 264-53, 276-54, 290-56, 395-63, 477-68, 506-69

NEMANISHAN, WALTER 549-72

NEYMAN, DR. J. 247-52

NICHOLSON, ROLAND I. 401-63

NIEDERHOF, C. H. 151-43

NIKLEVA, S. N. 573-73

NORUM, D. I. 515-70

NOUJAIM, DR. A. A. 552-72

-o- OBEDKOFF, W. 516-70

OGILVIE, JAMES L. 561-73

OLSEN, HARRY 157-43, 175-44

-45- OPPENHEIMER, JACK C. 439-65

ORD, MELVIN J. 488-68

ORVILLE, CAPT. HOWARD T. 265-54, 296-56

-P-

PACKER, PAUL E. 357-60

PAGENHART, T. H. 304-57

PAGET, FRED H. 44-38, 63-39, 64-39, 68-39, 70-39, 88-40, 130-41, 146-42, 151-43, 154-43, 171-44, 174-44, 175-44, 188-45, 213-48

PARKER, GLENN L. 27-36

PARSHALL, RALPH L. 42-37, 55-38, 66-39, 85-39, 88-40, 90-40, 137-41, 212-48, 219-49

PARSONS, WALTER J. 115-40, 118-40, 162-44, 342-59

PAULSON, JOSEPH B. JR. 163-44, 214-48

PEAK, GEORGE W. 283-55, 385-62, 397-63, 494-69

PEARSON, GREGORY L. 375-61, 415-64, 559-72

PEASLEY, PHYLLIS 217-49

PECK, EUGENE L. 267-54, 271-54, 375-61, 419-64

PEDERSON, CLARENCE 128-40, 231-51, 258-53, 376-61

PENTON, V. E. 382-62

PERKINS, R. W. 451-66

PETERSON, E. N. 196-47

PETERSON, NED R. 490-68

-46- '- PHILLIPS, H. BOYD 309-57 PHILLIPS, J. E. 50-38, 64-39

PIERCE, ROBERT S. 356-60

PILLSBURY A. F. 167-44

PIPER, ARTHUR M. 196-47

PIPES, ANTHONY 525-70, 543-71

POLOS, ANTHONY 251-53, 258-53

POTTS, HARRY L. 41-37, 42-37, 177-44, 211-48

POULSON, WAYNE 68-39, 73-39

PRICE, E. B. 157-43

PRIEST, JOHN E. 382-62

-Q- QUALE, BOYD E. 267-54

QUICK, M. C. 517-70, 525-70

-R-

RAIMUNDO, A. L. 394-63

RAMSEIER, RENE O. 449-66

RAND, J. L. 388-62

RANTZ, S. E. 384-62

RAPP, DR. ROBERT L. 438-65

-47- RAUDSEPP, WALTER 289-56

RECHARD, PAUL A. 536-71, 569-73

REEDY, 0. C. 40-37, 42-37, 65-39

REID, JAMES E. 528-71

REYNOLDS, ROBIN R. 300-57

RHEA, J. OWEN 504-69

RHODES, FORREST L. 61-38, 197-47, 198-47, 218-49

RICE, R. M. 325-58

RICE, R. C. 547-72

RICHARDS, H. B. 338-59

RIESEL, HERBERT S. 430-65

RILEY, J. PAUL 50Q-69

RINKER, LYMAN E. 56-38, 86-39

RITER, J. R. 171-44, 237-51

ROBERTS, KENNETH L. 109-40, 135-41

ROCKWOOD, DAVID M. 329-58, 378-61, 414-63, 422-64, 453-66, 524-70

ROGERS, S. M. 346-59

ROMPEL, JOHN 510-69

ROWE, P. B. 169-44

RUGEN, OTTO N. 127-40

RUSSELL, S. 0. 516-70, 525-70

RYAN, JOHN T. 54-38, 70-39, 104-40, 130-41

-48- -s-

SACHS, MILTON S. 232-51, 255-53

SAGER, GEORGE V. 10-33, 14-34

SAKAMOTO, R. T. 46Q-67

SALO, JOHN V. 96-40

SAMPSON, F. 365-61

SCHAEFER, D. G. 573-73

SCHAEFER, VINCENT J. 239-51, 409-63

SCHAERER, PETER A. 359-60, 518-70

SCHAMACH, SEYMOUR 434-65

SCHERMERHORN, VAIL 378-61, 479-68

SCHLEUSENER, RICHARD A. 368-61, 413-63

SCHMIDT, R. A. 507-69

SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM J. 367-61

SCOBEY, F. c. 16-34

SEADERS, JOHN 45Q-66

SELLERS, DR. WILLIAM D. 361-60

SENSINTAFFER, R. M. 385-62

SERR, EUGENE, SR. 261-53

SHAFFER, NEIL F. 370-61

SHANNON, WILLIAM G. 427-65, 489-68, 526-70

SHEERAR, L. L. 204-48

-49- SHERMAN, LEROY K. 117-40, 168-44

SHERROD, JOHN, JR. 280-55

S !MONS , WILBUR D. . 263-53, 29Q-56, 312-57, 473-67

SHOWMAN, ARTHUR C. 139-41

SHUMWAY, CLYDE A. 52.8-71

SMITH, CHARLES PENNYPACKER 266-54

SMITH, FREEMAN M. 469-67

SMITH, JAMES L. 454-66, 499-69

SNYDER, CHARLES G. 167-44

SOKOL, R. A. 566-73

SOMERS, W. P. 269-54

SOMMERFELD, R. A. 507-69

SORENSEN, JAMES F. 505-69

SPEERS, DOUGLAS D. 548-72

SPORNS, U. 512-70

SQUIRES, DR. PATRICK 44Q-65

STACKHOUSE, J. L. 292-56, 40Q-63

STAFFORD, HARLOWE M. 3-33, 164-44, 335-59

STANFORD, LEIGH L. 13Q-41

STANLEY, J. W. 193-46

STANTON, C. R. 446-66

STEELE, ROGER L. 413-63, 452-66

-50- STEVENS, JACK C. 2G-34, 86-39, 106-40, 108-40, 119-40, 123-40, 149-43, 220-49

STEVENSON, DOUGLAS R. 537-71

STEWART, D. N. 216-49

STINSON, J. ROBERT 471-67

STOCKWELL, HOMER J. 277-54, 34G-59, 368-61, 436-65

STONE, ROBERT G. 57-38

STORR, DON 459-67

STRAUSS, FRED A. 227-50, 321-57, 564-73

STRILAEFF, P. W. 363-61

STUBBLEFIELD, GARFIELD 175-44

SUMMERSETT, JOHN 259-53

SWANSON, ROBERT H. 422-64, 475-68, 537-71

SWIFT, CHARLES III 538-71

-T-

TABLER, RONALD D. 535-71, 572-73

TALLMAN, A. V. 7-33

TARBEL, RICHARD D. 261-53, 381-62, 406-63, 491-68, 542-71

TAYLOR, EDWARD T. 403-63

TAYLOR, FRANK W. 201-48

TEMPLETON, G. W. 237-51

THEAKSTON, F. H. 466-67

-51- THOM, H. C. S. 519-70

THOMAS, C. A. 457-67

THOMAS, PH~LLIP W. 94-40

THOMPSON, c. w. 433-65

THOMS, M. E. 380-62

THORUD, DAVID B. 495-69, 551-72

TIPTON, ROYCE J. 42-37

TODD, C. J. 319-57

TROXELL, HAROLD C. 164-44, 27o-54

TUCKER, E. M. 104-40

TYLER, RICHARD G. 16-34

-u-

-v- VANCE, HOWARD M. 532-71

VAN DE ERVE, JEROME 478-68

VAN HORNE, OTTO R. 334-58

VAN ORNUM, DELBERT G. 266-54

VEATCH, F. M. 123-40, 282-55

VEIHMEYER, DR. F. J. 169-44

-52- -w-

WAHLE, ROLLA H. 153-43

WALSER, JOHN T. 410-63

WALSH, KENNETH J. 308-57

WANSLEE, JESS C. 66-39

WARBURTON, J. A. 484-68

WARD, JOHN C. 567-73

WARNER, 0. R. 455-66

WARNICK, DR. CALVIN C. 220-49, 234-51, 305-57, 352-60, 404-63

WARREN, VERNON 122-40

WASHICHEK, JACK N. 464-67

WATERHOUSE, R. D. 76-39, 93-40

WEAVER, DONALD K. 461-67

WEBB, C. E. 202-48

WEBER, FRED R. 400-63

WELLS, J. V. B. 284-55

WEST, A. J. 325-58, 344-59, 437-65

WHALEY, ROBERT L. 532-71

WILLEN, DONALD W. 454-66, 528-71

WILLIAMS, G. P. 293-56

WILLIAMS, MERLIN C. 470-67, 485-68, 560-72

WILLS, GEORGE 47-38

-53- WILM, H. G. 155-43, 165-44, 178-44, 198-47, 231-51, 241-52

WILSON, JACK ALDEN 456-66, 477-68

WILSON, MILTON T. 310-57

WILSON, WALTER T. 140-41, 142-41, 143-41, 184-45, 207-48, 218-49, 233-51, 261-53

WING, R. L. 164-44

WOLFE, C. G. 323-58, 333-58

WORK, R. A. 85-39, 103~40, 120-40, 121-40, 130-41, 155-43, 156-43, 158-43, 173-44, 174-44, 175-44, 189-45, 197-47, 213-48, 231-51, 235-51, 241-52, 248-52, 251-53, 282-55, 328-58, 362-60, 389-62, 396-63

WYCOFF, PETER 311-57

-X-

-Y-

YEVDJEVICH, VUJICA M; 387-62

YOUNG, L. G. 484-68

YOUNGQUIST, R. C. 74-39

-z- ,, ZIMMERMAN, AARON L. 287-55' 550-72

ZOl'F, DAVID 0. 442-65

-54- WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 1-33 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPIIY wsc No. 3-33

TBE BIOGRAPHY OF SNOW SURVEYING Catalogue No. PROGRESS AND CONDUCT OF CAliFORNIA COOPERATIVE SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No.

CHURCH, DR. J. E.* CRREL No. STAFFORD, BARLOWE M. * CRREL No.

Proc. WISCC 1933 Pu. 9-12 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Proc. WISSC 1933 Pgs. 14-22 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Published Univ. of Nevada, Ap;r. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 3 Tables; 1 Graph A biography of previous attempts at Snow Surveyinli; for the purpose SUBJECT INDEX of forecasting the snow-melt runoff in Europe, Eastern United States A brief history of snow surveying in California and the legisla­ SUBJECT INDEX and the Western States is related. The need for knowledge of the 1. History - tive action creating the California Cooperative Snow Survey Program yearly varying quantity of water in the snow-pack which furnishes Water Forecast­ is presented. Details of financing the initial program is discussed 1. History - varying volumes of stream flow to lakes and reservoirs for irriga- ing along with cooperation arrangements of Federal, State, private -Snow Surveys . tion and power development is paramount to semi-arid agriculture 2. Equipment, irrigation and power companies, municipal water departments are 2. Water Supply in the Western States, is presented. The staunch support of the Snow Survey discussed. Field procedures and equipment used together with Forecasting Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station in starting the initial instruction methods and procedures of stocking shelter cabins are 3. Financing phase of this work by the Meteorologic Observatory on Mt. Rose, discussed. A list of cooperators who are servicing some 134 snow -Snow Surveys Nevada at 10,800 feet elev., and including snow survey measurements survey courses is shown. of water content to correlate with streamflow and lake rise at Water Supply Forecasting procedures are described using tenta­ Tahoe is described. The rapid growth and acceptance of forecast tive normals of snow data for the percentage or index method are methods and the survey equipment developed at Mt. Rose from 1909 discussed. A tabulation of forecast accuracy is shown. Procedures AUTHOR INDEX throt•ah 1933 is described. The formation of Water Forecast Com­ AUTHOR INDEX for publication and disseminating current data are explained. A mittees in various River basins to coordinate snow survey fore­ discussion of problem areas and river basins is included. I. Stafford, H. casting and release of measurement data and advise local press I. Church, Dr. J. E. releases of forecast volumes is described.

*Hydraulic Engineer, Div. Water Resources, State of Calif. Sacramento *Meteorologist, Nevada Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPIIY WSC No. 4-33 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPIIY WSC No. 2-33 FINANCING SNOW SURVEY PROGRAMS Catalogue No. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS - PROBLEMS FOR DISCUSSION Catalogue No. BOARDMAN, DR. H. P.* CRREL No. CLYDE, GEORGE D.* CRREL No. Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 23-25 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Proc. WISCC 1933 Pga. 12-13 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. 1934 A round-table discussion relative to financing snow surveys was SUBJECT INDEX Snow survey and water supply forecasting projects in Utah with SUBJECT INDEX lead by the author who outlined the problems presenting themselves the cooperation of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station at through limited funds from the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Sta­ 1. Financing - Logan, Utah is described. The difficulties of finding reliable 1 • Snow Surveying­ tion. George D. Clyde explained similar limited funds from the Utah -Snow Surveys relations of rainfall and snow data to runoff data are discussed. organization Agricultural Experiment Station and the Parnell Fund and Agricul­ The probable use of water supply forecasts by many operating tural County Extension Service and Water Commissioners of several agencies such as: Forestry; irrigation; power generation; Irrigation Districts were being used. However limited finances navigation; and flood control are explained. The need for were hampering the expansion of the program, and other limitations refinement of field equipment and procedures to assure accurate AUTHOR INDEX were for qualified manpower. Nevada State Engineer, George W. data and consistent results presents many problema. Cooperation Malone expressed the great importance of snow survey data to between federal, state, municipal agencies and private companies I. Clyde, G. farmers on irrigation districts, and stated his difficulty in con­ AUTHOR INDEX should be encouraged and organized. vincing the State Legislators of the financial obligation of the State in this program. I. Boardman, Dr. H. The entire group commentated on the whole hearted cooperation II. Clyde, G. and support of the U. S. Forest Service, the Park Service and the III. Malone, G. U. S. Weather Bureau in furnishing data.

*Head Civil Engineering Dept., Univ. of Nevada, Reno

*Irrigation Engineer, Utah Agr. Expt. Sta. Logan, Utah WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 5-33 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 7-33

SNOW SURVEY EQUIPMENT Catalogue No . LAKE TAHOE WATER LEVELS Catalogue No .

MUNSON, SPENCER M • * CRREL No. SIP 15417 BOARDMAN, DR. H. B.* and CHURCH, DR. J. E.** CRREL No. SIPRE File S-4973 Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 27-29 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 29-32 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 1 Photograph A review of Lake Tahoe water levels from 1878 to date is presented SUBJECT INDEX The Utah. Snow Sampler, which is an adaptation of the Mt. Rose SUBJECT INDEX with text discussion towards attempting to find some cyclic effect Sampler, and its scale and accessories are described. In the new or a means of answering the question: "How often wi~l Lake Tahoe 1. Forecasting sampler the throat of the cutter has a diameter of 1.4872 inches 1. Snow Survey Scales levels fall below the outlet in the next 50 years"? The use of snow Lake levels instead of the 1. 5 inches, so that 1 inch of water is made to weigh 2. Equipment survey data and precipitation data are combined in a "Percentage 2. Snow Survey 1 oz., permitting easy conversion to inches of water when ordinary -Snow Scales System" to compute a forecasting formula. Remarkable results were --Networks coDDDercial scale readings are used and also facilitating the cali­ 3. Test comparisons achieved and forecast accuracy is indicated in the text discussion. bration of special scales. The Utah Sampler uses Al-alloy tubing In discussion by Major E. H. Bowie, the snow-water ratio of newly which is rust resistant, has an extremely smooth bore, and equals fallen snow in the Sierra is explained. Mr. A. V. Tallman dis­ AUTHOR INDEX structural steel in strength with only 1/3 of its weight. The snow cussed the effect of precipitation during the run-off season on the scale developed for the sampler is tubular and much lighter and Humboldt River as an aid to forecasting. I. Boardman, Dr. H. more compact than the Mt. Rose Scale but lacks a means for setting Dr. J. E. Church described a new Snow Survey network of courses II. Church, Dr. J. the index at zero. Scales of different capacity are required for AUTHORS INDEX and a system for the Colorado River to aid in planning the opera­ III. Tallman, A. V. snow covers of varying depths and high water content, scales of tion of Boulder Reservoir created by Hoover Dam, IV. Bowie, Major E. larger capacity being constructed with the spring under an initial I. Munson, S. M. tension. George D. Clyde described the Utah Snow Scales, Aluminum II. Clyde, G. D. tubes. The Scales, Cradle, Sampler and Cutter are pictured. *Head, Civil Engineering Dept., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada *Asst. Snow Survey Supervisor, Div. Water Resources, State of **Meteorologist, Nevada Agr. Expt. Station, Reno, Nevada California at Sacramento CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 6-33 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 8-33

COOPERATIVE (SNOW SURVEYS) Catalogue No . RELATION OF FORESTS TO SNOW Catalogue No.

BOWIE, MAJOR E. H.* CRREL No. KITTREDGE, JOSEPH* CRREL No. SIP 15418 SIPRE Files S-4973 Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 25-26 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 32-35 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934

The cooperative procedures which were carried out by the State of SUBJECT INDEX The effects of forest cover on the accumulation and melting of snow SUBJECT INDEX California, with Federal, State, City and Private agencies and com­ are discussed in relation to water conservation on the basis of sur­ panies to create the California Cooperative Snow Surveys is outlined. 1. Snow Surveys veys made in the U.S. at various periods dating back to 1911. Studies 1. Snow Cover It is stated that the U. S. Weather Bureau had been the first sug­ -Cooperative in various regions on snowfall interception by trees of varying --Distribution gested to conduct the work, but it was decided that the project was Program crown density, the reduction of wind speed and snow accumulation in --Melting more in the nature of one to be carried on by engineers; that the openings, and the reduction of solar radiation intensity and accom­ --Percolaticn Bureau felt they would be more effective as a cooperator than an panying retardation of melt are summarized, and representative data operator of such an undertaking. Mr. Alexander McQueen, Supervisor are tabulated. Snow accumulation was found greatest in small open- of the U.S.F.S. at Elko, Nevada commented on the effectiveness of ings without crown cover in forests (15 .6% more than in the open) the Snow Surveys in the Humboldt Basin, and that his Rangers were and least under a dense cover of trees (32.5% less than in the open). enthusiastic about the work. Mr. C. L. Forsling, Director of the Melting was most rapid in burned areas, and slowest under virgin Intermountain Forest & Range Exp. Station at Ogden, Utah commented AUTHOR INDEX all-age red fir stand. There was a linear decrease of melting on relative to their cooperation in the snow survey program in Utah. clear days with increased crow"ll. density, amounting to 3 in./day with Several members of the Nevada State legislature commented on the I. Bowie, Major E. no crown cover and 2 in./day under 70% crown cover. Differences in hopeful cooperation of that body towards financial help through II. Forsling, C.L. kind, size, and density of forest or other vegetation are also re­ AUTHOR INDEX State funds to the University and the Experiment Station for III. McQueen, A. flected in the accumulation and melting of snow. The optimum forest agriculture at Reno, Nevada. with respect to water conservation appears to be one which is fair­ I. Kittredge, J. ly open with interspersed glades.

*Principal Meteorologist, U.S. W.B., San Francisco, Calif. *Professor of Forestry, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 9-33 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 11-33

CONSIDERATIONS lN MEASUIIEMENT OF YIELD OF SNOW PACKS IN Catalogue No. NORMALS ON THE EASTERN SLOPE OF THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA Catalogue No. PERCOLATION WATER CRREL No. BOARDMAN, DR. H. P. CRREL No. LOWDERMILK, W. C.* Proc. WISCC 1933: Pgs. 53-60 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 35-37 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 The process of computing snow survey course normals is described SUBJECT INDEX ConclusiottS of a three year study of percolation of water through SUBJECT INDEX as a percentage of Weather Bureau records. The procesf of develop­ different soil depths towards the production of tree growth in the ing more stable normals is related to procedures of improving the 1. Snow course forests is presented. It is found that a large portion of the rain- 1. Snow cover - percentage system of forecasting water supply from snowmelt. Nor­ -normals fall is evaporated from the bare soil, while there is greater pos- Percolation mals divided into elevation zones were found to be more satis­ 2. Snowmelt sibility of increasing the deep percolation of melting snow water 2. Evaporation - factory, although some discrepancies due to soil absorption, -characteristics due to decrease evaporation and slow melting. There is greater per- Snow spring and fall precipitation together with temperature during celation of rain water when storms are frequent, say at weekly the accumulation season had to be accounted for effecting errors intervals, than large storms that cause considerable surface run- in forecasting. Pt:ofessor George D. Clyde discussed the procedures AUTHOR INDEX off. Field instrumentation: rectangular tanks with slopin~ bottoms, used in Utah, and Spencer Munson discussed the normals used in 4" to 36" deep and filled with soil so arranged so that the per- California system of forecasting. Dr. J. E. Church discussed snow­ I. Boardman, Dr. H. colated water could be measured, in conjunction with standard rain melt characteristics pointing out that maximum densities of the 11. Clyde, G. D. gages etc. Provisions were made to measure the surficial runoff snowpack occur just prior to beginning of melt at 49.4% and then III. Munson, s. M. and evaporation losses. A table of resulting data is shown. Refer- reduce to about 37% during the remainder of the melt period. IV. Church, Dr. J. ence is made to similar studies by 0. J. Aclerkas and Fuel tea Heft. AUTHOR INDEX Questions are listed relative to possible instruments for deter- mining the evaporation losses from snow surfaces. I. Lowdermilk, Dr. W.

*Senior Silviculturist, Calif. Forest Expt. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. *Head, Civil Engineering Dept., Univ. of Nevada at Reno

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 10-33 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 12-33

THE LONG-TERM TREND OF RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA RECION Catalogue No • FIELD EQUIPMENT Catalogue No.

SAGER, GEORGE V.* CRREL No. JONES, JAMES E.* et al CRREL No.

Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 39-52 Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1933 Proc. WISCC 1933: Pgs. 71-76 Reno, Nevada, June 28, 1933 Published Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 Second Session, Pub. Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 1 Table; 11 Graphs; 6 References 4 Photographs

Results of a study to ascertain if past rainfall records would in­ SUBJECT INDEX A round-table discussion is presented relative to the various SUBJECT INDEX dicate a probable trend ot: cyclic formation through a 60 year period pieces of equipment used in field snow surveying. (1897-1930) to indicate a probable termination of the long dry 1. Precipitation George A. Lewis discussed the Mt. Rose Spring Balance, pointing 1. Equipment period, towards forecasting some relief even for a few yeat:s in ad­ -analysis out the excess friction and the lack of initial tension being in­ -snow survey vance. Data from precipitation stations at different altitudes ex­ 2. Cycles sufficient for accurate results. He points out the convenience of tending ft:om the Pacific Coast across the Sierra and Nevada to Salt having the 6 ft. lengths of tubing cut into 3 ft. lengths and Lake City were analized graphically by plotting departures from another coupling added. This facilitates carrying the tubes rather their normals against years. Graphs are shown. Lake levels at Tahoe, than the 5 ft. sections used in California. The cutters would have Pyramid and Winnemucca Lakes are also shown. to have a harder temper as the ones now in use were bent too Conclusions indicate there was little hope of finding a basis for easily. AUTHOR INDEX seasonal or other long term forecasting from the data studied, in­ Spencer Munson of California discussed the cutters used by that cluding solar activity. AUTHOR INDEX state as being hard enough. Also types of winter clothing was dis­ I. Jones, J. E. In discussion Mr. F.B. Headley presented a separate graphical pro­ cussed including ski boots and equipment, and care of equipment II. Lewis, G. A. cedure for studyina in connection with streamflow probabilities for I. Sager, G. V. during the off season. III. Munson, S. M. irrigation districts in Nevada. Here the comparisons are reduced to 11. Headley, F .B. Discussion was had relative to shellac versus wax for snow tubes, IV. Clyde, G. D. zones rather than the individual stations. to keep the snow from sticking to the bare metal. George Clyde V. Herz, W. described the Utah aluminum tubes and scales. Fred and Walter Herz VI. Herz, F. discussed ski travel procedures. *Meteorologist, U .S.W.B., Reno, Nevada *Head Hydrography Dept., Dept. of Water, Los Angeles, Calif. WESTBBN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPIIY WSC No. 13-33

DISCUSSION OF FORMAL PROGRAM Catalogue No.

JONES, JAMES E.* CRREL No.

Proc. WISCC 1933 Pgs. 76-86 Reno, Nevada, June 28, 1933 Secons Session, Pub. Univ. of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1934 3 Photograpbs

Six problems dealing with streamflow forecastinll from snow surveys SUBJECT INDEX and other factors involved in producing streamflow from snowmelt, are listed and discussed: 1. Snow Survey 1) Can a series of streams be estimated according to a standard, -Problems or must each be a problem by itself? 2) Would a master station be more desirable for giving scientific data to all agencies concerned? 3) Wbst is the best method of determining the long time effects of dry year on runoff, soil capacity, etc. 4) Bas any method been devised for determinina soil capacity for use in snow survey forecasting. 5) Wbst is the effect of wind, temperature, rain, topography, porosity, and soil temperature on snowmelt runoff? 6) Bow much variation in time is permissible in consecutive years AUTHOR INDEX in making snow surveys to still get comparable results. These 6 points were supested for futuJ"e papers and discussion I. Jones, J. E. at forthcoming meetings.

*Bd. Hydrography Dept., Dept. of Water, Los.Angeles, CA WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 14-34 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 16-34

TEMPERATURE-DIVERGENCE BETWEEN VALLEYS AND MOUNTAINS Catalogue No. FLOW-CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED AND SNOW-FED STREAMS Catalogue No.

SAGER, GEORGE V. * CRREL No. TYLER, RICHARD G.* CRREL No. SIP U5203 DCL, QE500, A6, v.15 Proc. TAGU 1934 15 612-617: WISSC at Berkeley, University of Proc. TAGU 1934 15 617-623: WISSC at Berkeley, University of California,June 21, 1934 California,June 21, 1934 3 Tables; 1 Graph 2 Tables; 5 Graphs

A study is made to ascertain to what extent the temperature at SUBJECT INDEX Quantitative data of run-off for Washington streams are tabulated SUBJECT INDEX Reno, Nevada. Elev. 4521, could be taken as indicative of the de­ to determine their capacity and usefulness. The coef~cient of parture at the nearby mountain stations, thus giving a clue to 1. Snow-melt runoff variation is calculated for each stream to determine the vari­ 1. Glacier runoff the probable melting of snow in the mountains, runoff, and snow­ 2. Temperature ability or the dependability. Streams fed by glaciers and snow 2. Snowmelt runoff wastage by evaporB.tion. Mountain stations at Tahoe City -6230; factors accumulation at the higher elevations are compared with other Norden (Donner Summit) -7017; Marlette Lake -8000; all having 24 streams having the same total precipitation in the form of rain. years of records 1910-33 were used for the study. Normals were Glacier and snow-fed streams have a more uniform flow through computed and means of departures month by month were tabulated AUTHOR INDEX the year and a smaller coefficient of variation. A higher annual and graphed. A summary in the text indicates that other factors, run-off per square mile resulting from the greater precipitation difficult to measure are involved in a formula to forecast the I. Sager, G. V. at the higher elevations, excessive flood-flows arising from a AUTHOR INDEX snow-melt runoff. combination of rainfall and snow-melt, and diurnal flow varia­ tions produced by temperature fluctuations at higher elevation. I. Tyler, R. G. A discussion of the paper by F. C. Scobey is shown on page 624. II. Scobey, F. C.

*Dean, College of Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Seattle CRREL Abstract

*Meteorolo~ist, U. S. Weather Bureau, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 15-34 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 17-34

EVAPORATION AT HIGH ALTITUDES AND LATITUDES Catalogue No. RELATIONSHIP OF DEGREE-DAYS ABOVE FREEZING TO RUNOFF Catalogue No.

CIWRCH, DR. J. E.* CRREL No. COLLINS, E. H.• CRREL No. SIP U5206 DCL QE500, A6, v .15 Proc. TAGU 1934 15 326-351: WlSSC at Berkeley, University of Proc. TAGU 1934 15 624-629: WISSC at Berkeley, University of California,June 21, 1934 California,June 21, 1934 2 Location Maps; 24 Tables 1 Location Map; 3 Tables; 5 Graphs

A report of a study dealing with evaporation from snow-fields and SUBJECT INDEX Methods of predicting the water supply available at the low-water SURJECT INDEX tree accumulation beginning in 1910 on Mt. Rose, Nevada, (10,800) period in Coeur d'Alene Lake, the storage reservoir for hydro­ and in the Lake Tahoe Basin, 6225 altitude. A description of field 1. Evaporation - electric power development on the Spokane River, are assessed. Snow 1. \>later supply equipment and procedures of measurement is presented. Tabulations -snow surface surveys were unsatisfactory because of the low elevation of the Forecasting of hourly and daily data are shown in the 24 tables. Comparisons -tree accumulation drainage area, and the storage rights limiting the retaining of Degree days of data are discussed in the text, together with discussion of flood 1or.•aters. Temperature studies indicate that below freezing did troubles and solutions to improve the measurements. The author not influence runoff, but that temp. above freezing effected snow­ has included data collected while on the Hobbs Exposition to the AUTHOR INDEX melt. The relation between degree days above 320F amd runoff were Ice Cap of Greenland in 1926. Evaporation from snow surfaces computed and plotted against runoff to create a graph for predict­ were made at that time and data with discussion of resulting I. Church, Dr. J.E. ing runoff satisfactorily. By using a combination of the summation information is also included. of degree-days and a summation runoff prior to the date of pre­ AUTHOR INDEX diction better results are experienced. Table 2 shows the resulting monthly forecasts for the years 1926 I. Collins, E. H. through 1931. II. Elges, C. A discussion of the paper by Carl Elges and Dr. J. E. Church is I II. Church, Dr. J. L. presented on Pg. 629.

*Meteorologist, Nevada A~r. Expi. Sta., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, NV @ Abstract *Engineer, Hashing ton Water Power Co., Spokane, Washington CRFEL and (II /,bstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 18-34 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 20-34

IMPROVEMENTS IN FORECASTING THE FLOW OF THE HUMllOLDT RIVER, NEVADA Catalogue No . THE STEVENS ANNUAL SNOW AND RAIN RECORDER Catalogue No.

ELGES , CARL* CRREL No. STEVENS, J. C.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1934 15 630-631: WISSC at Berkeley, University of Proc. TAGU 1934 15 632-633: WISSC at Berkeley, University of California,June 21, 1934 California,June 21, 1934 1 Photograph A description of the revised system of stream-flow forecasting for SUBJECT INDEX the Humboldt River in North Central Nevada is presented. The lack of A description of a new automatic rain and snowfall record-gage is SUBJECT INDEX existing records of the streamflow and snow survey data and other 1. Water supply presented. (Shown in photograph). This instrument i'll designed to ·meteorological factors in the Humboldt Mountains has hampered accu­ forecasting record a winter season catch of precipitation and print the result­ 1 • Precipitation - rate results of forecasting. The isolation of the river basin sur­ ing amounts on a graph. The receptacle bas a capacity of 100 inches gage rounded by wide expanses of dry desert lands poses a major problem of precipitation either rain or snow. The receptacle is originally to locate correlation data with streamflow. The gageing stations charged with a calcium chloride solution to prevent freezing and an are far downstream and below many diversions for irrigation that AUTHOR INDEX oil film to prevent evaporation. The receptacle is balanced on a are also not measured. A list of six (6) recommendations for new weighing frame and the weighing beam is kept in balance by a rever­ stations to measure the several factors necessary for better fore­ I. Elges, C. sible motor that keeps the weighing 'Paul' constantly in balance. casting is included. The weights are recorded on a weight driven 'Stevens Type 30 1 water­ stage recorder. A wind motor provides current and charges batteries. AUTHOR INDEX The instrument is designed for isolated locations. The manufacturer; Leupold, Volpe! Company, Portland, Oregon. Later years Leupold - I. Stevens, J. C. Stevens Instrument Company

*Hydraulic Engineer, Leupold-Stevena Instrument Company, @ Abstract @ Abstract *Statistician, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., University of Nevada, Reno Portland, Oregon

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 19-34

IMPROVEMENTS IN SNOW-SURVEYING APPARATUS Catalogue No.

JONES, JAMES E.* CRREL No. SIP U5204 DLC, QE500, A6, v.l5 Proc. TAGU 1934 15 631-632: WISSC at Berkeley, University of California,June 21, 1934

The Utah improvements on the Mt. Rose snow sampler by using dur­ SUBJECT INDEX aluminum alloy tubing, and a cheaper cutting bit and a tubular scale are described. All improvements were made for lightness, 1. Snow sampling - cheapness and back-packing facility. The use of the lighter tubing equipment in constructing the sampler allows for a shorter tubular scale without sacrificing accuracy. Snow survey shelter cabins located strategically near the snow course is recommended for safety of the field parties. A discussion by s. P. Ferguson of Blue Hill Observatory relative to the original design of the Mt. Rose sampling equipment is in­ AUTHOR INDEX cluded and his recommendations for the new design of sampling tubes and scales now that dur-aluminum alloy tubing has become I. Jones, J. E. available in the correct sizes, and of equal strength. II. Fergusson, S .P.

*Hydraulic Engineer, City of Los Angeles, Dept. of Water & Power, CRREL Abstract Los Angeles, California WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 21-35

SNOW COVER MEASUREMJ!IITS AND IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No.

MARR, JAKES C.* CRREL No.

Proc.. National Reclamation Association, 4th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, November 15, 1935. Pgs. 54-57

Snow survey and water supply forecasting program recently SUBJECT INDEX organized under the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Bureau of Agriculture Engineers, Division of Irrigation 1. Water Supply Research, under an act of the 74th Congress effective July 1, forecasting 1935. The paper presents some of the early history of snow 2. Snow Survey surveying in the Western States under the guidance of Dr. J. E. Cooperative Church. A discussion of the various instruments for measuring Program snow and weighing the sample to obtain the inches of water in 3. Snow Survey the snowpack is presented. Also the plans for Cooperative Program Organizations with other Federal and State and private agencies involved with irrigation and the management of water flowing in streams that AUTHOR INDEX are largely fed by melting snow. I. Marr, J. c. NOTE: No other meeting was held in 1935

*U .S.D.A., Bureau Agricultural Engineers, Boise, Idaho @ Abstract •

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 22-36 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 24-36

STATUS OF COORDINATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF SNOW SURVEYING Catalogue No. THE EFFECT OF SOIL-ABSORPTION ON SNOW SURVEY FORECASTING OF STREAM- Catalogue No. FLOW MARR, JAMES C.* CREEL No. SIP U4066 CREEL No. SIP U4065 DLC, QE500, A6, Pt.II BOARDMAN, H. P.* DLC, QE500, Al Pt. II Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 530-535: WISSC at Pasadena, California, January 31, 1936 Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 534-537: WISSC at Pasadena, California, 1 Location Map January 31, 1936

The growth to international importance of snow surveying for SUBJECT INDEX Snow precipitation producing run-off on the eastefn slope of the SUBJECT INDEX streamflow forecasting resulted in some progress but lacks in Central Sierra is described. The total precipitation or absorption coordination and standardization of procedures. The Bureau of 1 • Snow Surveys losses cannot be quantitatively determined, and soil absorption 1. Soil absorption Agricultural Engineering investigated the possibility of cor­ -network losses as well as evaporation loss must be considered for large 2. Water supply relating the existing snow surveys and the need for new networks, -cooperation basins. It is believed that soil absorption and other losses are forecasting with emphasis on Calif., Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Wyoming, Colorado, constant under otherwise equal conditions and that the run-off 3. Statistical and Idaho. Experience useful for a country-wide water supply is directly proportional to the amount of winter precipitation. Analysis forecasts was gained. Equipment to be tested is described. Agree­ Snow survey and run-off of the Truckee and Tahoe basins are ment was reached on the minimum number of snow courses in each tabulated and discussed for 1921-33. The insertion of pipes in important drainage basin, surveying and sketching of snow courses. the ground, the recording of fluctuations of the ground water AUTHOR INDEX New courses were laid out in Colorado, Wyoming, and the Snake level, and intensified precipitation and temperature studies in River drainage basin, and a schedule of measurements set up. Co­ AUTHOR INDEX high altitudes are recomme~~ded. I. Boardman, H. P. operation with the Forest Service, Park Service and the Bureau of Reclamation, together with the Weather Bureau was arranged, to­ I. Marr, J. C. gether with other agencies.

*Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Nevada, Reno, CRREL Abstract *U.S.D.A., Bureau Agricultural Engineers, Boise, Idaho CREEL Abstract Nevada

\<'ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 23-36 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 25-36

PRECIPITATION-SURVEYS FOR ANTICIPATING WATER SUPPLIES Catalogue No. CALCULATION OF NORMALS FOR USE WITH SNOW SURVEY DATA Catalogue No.

BURTON, H. K.* and ALTER, J. CECIL** CREEL No. LEE, CHARLES H.* CREEL No. SIP 11035 DLC, QE500, A6 Pt. II DLC, QE500, A6 Pt. II Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 533-534: WISSC at Pasadena, California, Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 537-539: WISSC at Pasadena, California, January 31, 1936 January 31, 1936

A narrative of the meteorological and hydrological occurrences SUBJECT INDEX Two principal methods are used to forecast summer run-off from snow SUBJECT INDEX over the Wasatch Mountains, 25 miles east of Salt Lake City, Utah. survey data: the area method, which gives quantitative results Snow melt water from this area furnishes the water supply for Salt 1. Water management but requites gathering field information and is seldom practical 1. Hater supply Lake City and the surrounding irrigated agricultural areas. The bulk for use at present; and the percentage method, which expresses forecasting of the water supply occurs during a few weeks during May and June snow cover for any given time as a percent of the normal and re­ 2. Statistical and usually in the form of rushing floods. This period is also when quires stable normal values. A 25-year record is sufficient for analysis maximum storms, warm weather, and melting of the winter snowpack stable values in humid regions and a 40- to 50-year record for occurs. Ground water supply does not play an important part. For AUTHOR INDEX semi-arid and dry regions. It is now generally impractical to AUTl!OR INDEX sufficient year round supplies, reservoir storage is essential. compute snow normals for snow-cover data alone. Rain gage measurements and snow survey measurements are used to I. Burton, H. K. I. Lee, c. H. compute the probable runoff for reservoir management. No data or II. Alter, J. C. procedures are presented.

* City t.Jater Department, Salt Lake City, Utah **U. S. Weather Bures~;, Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract *Consulting Engineer, 58 Sutter St., San Francisco, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOCRAPHY WSC No. 26-36 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOCRAPHY WSC No. 28-36

LAMOILLE CREEK BASIN NORMALS: A CASE IN WHICH EXTENSION OF NORMALS Catalogue No. SOIL-ABSORPTION AND ITS EFFECT ON STREAMFLOW FORECASTS IN UTAH Catalogue No . BY COMPARISON WITH PRECIPITATION-DATA PROVED MORE VALUABLE BY Cti!PARISON WITH ANOTHER STREAM CRREL No. SIP 11036 CLYDE, GEORGE D.* CRREL No. SIP 11037 DLC, QE599, A6 Pt.II DLC , QE500, A6 Pt • II ELGES , CARL* Proc. TAGU 1936 Part'II 543-545: WISSC at Pasadena, California January 31, 1936 Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 539-542: WISSC at Pasadena, California, January 31, 1936 Basic factors affecting relationships of snow cover to runoff, SUBJECT INDEX 7 ·Tables; 1 Graph and in particular, results of quantitative measurements of the moisture absorption from the snow cover are discussed. Thl annual 1. Soil absorption An example is given of extended snow cover normals by comparison SUBJECT INDEX absorption loss is neither a constant quantity nor a percentage, 2. Soil moisture with precipitation data for a small basin in Eastern Nevada. The but a function of the permeability of and the percentage of measurement expansion was accomplished by comparing the snow cover at an eleva­ 1. Water supply moisture in, the soil at the start of the melting season, of the tion of 7400 ft on March 1 with the Nov.-Feb. precipitation. In forecasting water-holding capacity of the soil, and the melting rate of the this case the expansion from precipitation data yielded better 2. Snow survey snow cover. The percentage absorption is higher during years of results than could be expected by comparison to the stream. flow normals light snow cover. Soil-moisture determinations under the snow data of the Humboldt River. cover at the beginning of the melt period may furnish an abSorp­ AUTHOR INDEX Tabulation of data and a graph illustrate the results with AUTHOR INDEX tion correlation factor valuable for use in making streamflow detailed text analysis. forecasts. Theories advanced are illustrated by data within I. Clyde, G. D. I. Elges, c. text analysis.

*Statistician, Nev. Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *Professor, Utah Agr. Expt. Station, Logan, Utah CRREL Abstract Irrigation Specialist

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 27-36 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOCRAPHY WSC No, 29-36

EXTENSION OF NORMALS BY PRECIPITATION-DATA AND BY COMPARISON WITH catalogue No. THE ADIRONDACK SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No. ANOTHER STREAM CRREL No. COLLINGS, E. C.* CRREL No. PARKER, GLENN L.* Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 545-550: WISSC at Pasadena, California Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 542-543: WISSC at Pasadena, California, January 31, 1936 January 31, 1936 1 Graph; 1 Diagram

A narrative is presented describing possible procedures for es­ SUBJECT INDEX The topography and temperature of the 12,000 sq, mi., Adirondack SUBJECT INDEX timating the streamflow NORMALS, (Monthly, Seasonal), for gaging Region in northern New York State is described. The drainage sy­ stations with short period of record. By virtue of the great 1. Water supply stem consists of 12 streams flowing in all directions from the 1 . Sno\1 survey variation of precipitation in the high altitudes and the valley forecasting Central Highland. Systematical snow surveys were started about equipment stations and various orographic effects from basin to basin as­ 2. Normals - 1926 and are made on Feb. 1, Mar. 1, and about the third week in 2. Snow survey pect, there seems to be very little correlation in this pro­ -streamflow March of each year. Snow surveying equipment, consisting of snow procedures cedure of extending runoff nol1DB.ls. There is apparently sound tube, scale, hook, notebook, and canvas bag, is described in terms procedures to correlate stream gage stations where characteris­ of construction and usage. Snow and water depths are tabulated tics are similar. The soundest procedure is to establish pre­ AUTHOR INDEX and results plotted on a map at the conclusion of each survey. It cipitation stations and snow course surveys in the basin and is recommended that snow surveying be combined with ground water create a reliable record of streamflow and be patient. I. Parker, G. L. observations and that correlations between snow, ground water, AUTHOR INDEX and streamflow be studied. Instructions to observers on purpose, procedure, equipment, measurement and computation are presented. I. Cu1lings, E. C.

*District Engineer, U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash. @ Abstract *Engineer, Adirondack Light & Power, Watertown, New York CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFEREIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 30-36

IMPROVJ!MENTS IN SNOW SURVEY APPARATUS Catalogue No.

CHURCB, DR. J. E.* CRREL No. SIP U2830 DLC, QE500, A6 Pt • II Proc. TACQ 1936 Part II 550-557: WISSC at Pasaclena, California, January 31, 1936

A snow sampler combining the capacity and strength of the Mt. SUBJECT INDEX Rose sampler and the lightness of the Utah sampler was ordered by the U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Engineers. Dur-aluminum and 1. Snow survey steel samplers are evaluated as construction materials for -sampling tubes strength, core removal, and ease of sampling. Most of the funda­ -weighing scales mental features of the Mt. Rose sampler were adopted. Design deviationa from both sampler types are listed. The Mt. Rose spring balance is considered superior to the tubular or Utah balance. Designs of a new springless balance and a weighting staff of dar­ AUTHOR INDEX aluminum for use with the spring balance are described and shown in pictures. Tabulations of types of balance are shown. I. Church, Dr. J.E.

*Meteorologist, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta. University of Nevada, CRREL Abstract Reno, Nevada

WESTERN SNOW CONFEREIICE BILBIOGRAPBY WSC No. 31-36

QUESTIONNAIRE AND ANSWERS ON SNOW SURVEY EQUIPMENT AND METHODS Catalogue No.

JONES, JAMES E.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1936 Part II 557-562: WISSC at Pasadena, California, January 31, 1936

By virtue of the relatively new science of snow surveying and SUBJECT INDEX water supply forecasting, the Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference sent a questionnaire to some 231 offices, engineers, 1 • Snow survey and scientists involved in the study of streamflow from snow melt -questionnaire and related problems. Answers to (6) six basic questions and comments were to be included. I. Field equipment; your preference as to type, style, and material and why. 16 itema were listed. II. Snow survey courses; location, No./basin, No. points. III. Water supply forecasting; method, procedures, justify. IV. Collateral data; variables used, length records. AUTHOR INDEX V. Streamflow data; normals, extension procedure, use. VI. Cost of snow surveys; per survey, transportation, equip­ I. Jones, J. E . . ment, observers, annual budgets.

*Hydraulic Engineer, Dept. Water & Power, City of Los Angeles, @ Abstract General Chairman, Western Interstate Snow Survey Conference. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 32-37 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 34-37

THE PRESENT STATUS OF SNOW SURVEYING AND IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No. ESTABLISHING SNOW COURSES FOR REPRESENTATIVENESS, PllRMANl!NCE, AND Catalogue No. FORECASTING IN TRE WEST CONTINUITY OF RECORD CBRl!L No. CBRl!L No. SIP Ul567 MARR, JAMES C.* CUDE, GEORGE D.* DLC, QC929.S7S6 1937a

Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 603-607: WISSC at Denver, Colorado, Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 618-631: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 June 25-26, 1937 6 Tables; 10 Photos; 6 Sketches A narrative of 'The Cooperative Federal-State-Private Snow Survey SUBJECT INDEX Program' is presented. The details of organizing such a program Snow courses should be located in uniform and fairly wel1 pro­ SUBJECT INDEX throughout the eleven (11) western states was necessary, not only 1 . Snow survey tected areas such as, level open forests, parks, or closed basins from a financial standpoint as from the physical impossibility of organization above winter melting lines. The ground surface should not show 1. Snow course the small organization staff reaching the widely separated snow signs of standing water and far enough from creek or stream banks location survey courses. The centralization of data collection and publica­ that there is no chance of early flooding. Sample intervals are tion by states or river drainage areas, permitted all cooperators usually 50 to 100 feet apart. The number of samples usually 10 or and others to profit from all the data collected, and the assess­ 20 are sufficient. Better to have several courses of 10 samples ment of probable water supplies for irrigation and water manage­ at intervals of altitude than one long course in a basin. It is ment. Without the cooperation of the U. S. Forest Service, Park recommended that courses be accurately mapped, marked cleared, and Service, Power and Irrigation districts or companies; the u. s. AUTHOR INDEX described on data sheets. Snow survey record sheets should be kept Geological Survey, Weather Bureau, Bureau of Reclamation and up to date. Consistent records can be obtained more readily if Corps of Army Engineers; the snow survey program and water supply I. Marr, J. C. courses are accessible, or if suitable shelter cabins are avail­ AUTHOR INDEX forecasting would never had been possible. able. Pictures and sketch maps of courses are shown; also an assortment of data collection sheets, and marker signs for courses. I. Clyde, G. D.

*Irrigation Engineer, U.S. Bureau Agri. Engrs., Boise, Idaho @ Abstract *Irrigation Specialist, Utah Agr. Expt. Sta., Logan, Utah CBREL & @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 33-37 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 35-37

FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF SNOW SURVEY APPARATUS Catalogue No. SNOWFALL AND RUNOFF IN THE CANADIAN COLUMBIA BASIN: A STUDY TO Catalogue No. DETERMINE THE IDEAL LOCATIONS FOR SNOW SURVEY STATIONS CHURCH, DR • J • C • * and MARR, JAMES C • ** CRRl!L No. SIP U1696 CBREL No. SIP U1695 DLC, QC929.S7S6 1937a FARROW, RICHARD C.* DLC, QC929.S7S6 1937a Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 607-617: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 632-644: WISSC at Denver, Colorado 3 Tables; 2 Photos; 1 Sketch June 25-26, 1937

The general improvements sought for in snow survey apparatus are SUBJECT INDEX Snow courses, representative of runoff at Golden, Revelstoke, SUBJECT INDEX simplicity, universality and durability. The new dur-aluminum sampler Trail, Wardner, and Glade were located by statistical analysis. is subject to snow adhesion which creates difficulties in obtaining 1. Snow survey Uniformity in fresh snow density throughout the area suggested I. Snow course a full core sample. Comparative tests on steel and dur-aluminum equipment that inches of snowfall could be compared with runoff. Data on location samplers were scheduled for the winter. Some of the improvements snowfall at 5 precipitation stations in the Golden area were 2. Water supply fore- reported include the hardening of dur-aluminum surfaces of samplers, compared with runoff at Golden during 20-year period. Similar casting - removable cutters, introduction of variable lengths of sampler statistical methods were used for other stations. Seven new statistical sections. Minor corrective measures have been effected to spring courses were planned on the basis of these statistical analysis. methods balances but further improvements are indicated. An electric weigh­ New courses for the Trail and Kootenay River are planned. A ing scale for snow samplers has been designed but has not been AUTHOR INDEX location map shows the location of stations, and tables of AUTHOR INDEX tested. data and graphs illustrate the procedures. Comments on equipment, by Harold Conkling are included, calling I. Church, Dr. J. I. Farrow, R. C . attention to the spanner wrenches, and driving wrench, and threads II. Marr, J. C. of the couplings where seizure of like metals cause trouble, Ill. Conkling, H. especially soft dur-aluminum.

*Meteorologist, Nev. Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada **Irri. Engr. Bureau Agr. Engineers, Boise, Idaho Conkling; Div. Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract *Hydraulic Engr. ,Div. Water Rights, Victoria, B.C., Canada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 36-37 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 38-37

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMPLING ON SNOW COURSES Catalogue No. POSSIBLE RESEARCH PROJECTS IN SNOW SURVEYING AND STREAM FLOW Catalogue No • FORECASTING IN THE WESTERN STATES CONNAUGIITON, CHARLES A. CRREL No. SIP Ul416 CRREL No. SIP U1365 DLC, QC929.S7S6 1937a ELGES, CARL* DLC, QC929 .S7S6 1937a Proc. TAGU 1937 Part I! 644-646: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 197 3 Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 652-655: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 Statistical methods can be used to select sampling points along SUBJECT INDEX a snow course to be tested for water content. In the cases re­ Recommendations are made for the establishment of one or more SUBJECT INDEX ported it was arbitrarily decided that an error of sampling which 1. Snow survey mountain meteorological stations to study the factors idvolved was plus or minus 10 percent of the average water content for the -course analysis in the occurrence and ablation of snow and snow melt runoff, 1. Snow research course was satisfactory. Standard deviation was calculated and mainly temperatures, snow accumulation, precipitation at the program standard error was taken as a percent of the average. A formula AUTHOR INDEX source of the runoff. Evaporation as effected by chinook winds is given to estimate the adequacy of the sampling. east of the Continental Divide and the Sierra, should be in­ I. Connaughton, C.A. vestigated. Other recouanendations include snow courses of approximately 20 measurements with adequate cross courses, and improvements in forecasting, runoff, lake or reservoir AUTHOR INDEX elevations and the effects of forest fires and added pro- tection of protecting the local environment around a snow course. I. Elges, C.

*Statistician, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *U. s. Forest Expt. Sta., Ft. Collins, Colorado CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 37-37 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 39-37

ACCURACY OF INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES IN A SNOW COURSE Catalogue No • WEIGHT VERSUS MELTING METHOD FOR DETERMINING DENSITY OF SNOW Catalogue No.

HUNTER, CLAUDE E.* and DEVORE, GOERGE W.** CRREL No. SIP Ul415 McNUTT, J. J.* and ALCORN, W. B.** CRREL No. SIP UlOlO DLC, QC929.S7S6 1937a DLC, QC500.A6 v 18 Proc. TAGU 1937 Part I! 646-652: WISSC at Denver, Colorado Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 655-657: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 June 25-26, 1937 1 Table; 5 Graphs Snow density measurements were made with the weight method, using SUBJECT INDEX Variation in yearly water content of a particular sample point in SUBJECT INDEX a Mt. Rose snow sampler, and with the melting method. A comparison relation to the water content average of the snow course was obtain­ shows that density as determined by weight was higher by as much as 1. Snow density ed for each of several years. Percentages of the mean of each sample 1 . Snow survey 3 per cent than when determined by melting. The disadvantage of the -measurement for each year was then calculated. These data were tabulated and -course analysis melting method are: (1) difficulty in obtaining an accurate sample plotted under "Scale" for water content and "Percentage of Mean" for of snow at great depths; (2) loss of the snow crust from the sample the percentage of the mean water content. The graph gave the rela­ by breaking; (3) lack of air release, causing some snow of the sam­ tion of water content of each sample to the average or mean of the ple to be blown out; and (4) water wastage during melting and measur­ course for each year. When the percentage of the mean for any sample ing operations. F.aulty design of the Mt. Rose sampler is suggested was widely scattered, the sample was considered unreliable. Unre­ as a possible source of error. The redesign and manufacture of the liable areas were examined to locate the cause. It is believed that AUTHOR INDEX Standard Snow Survey Sampler cutter with an inside diameter of AUTHOR ll!Df.X more research will result in establishing courses of 10 to 15 re­ 1.4891211 from the Mt. Rose cutter of 1.5" diameter and the New liable sampling points. H. P. Boardman presents a discussion of the I. Hunter, C. E. Standard Tubular Scales that are calibrated with test weights at I. !-lcNutt, J. J. paper and proposes methods of analysis and graphs for several snow II. Devore, G. W. regular intervals would reduce the weight method of determining II. Alcorn, H. B. survey courses and detailed reasoning in the text. III. Boardman, H. P. the density of snow.

*University of Nevada, Agr. Expt. Sta. CRREL & @ Abstract **Sierra Power Company * and ** Ranger, Yosemite National Park, \-.Tyoming CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 40-37 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 42-37

APPLICATION OF SNOW SURVEY DATA BY THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Catalogue No. LUNCHEON CONFERENCE AND ROUND TABLE PRESENTATION OF EXPERIENCES Catalogue No • AND PROBLEMS IN SNOW SURVEYING REEDY, O. C.* CRREL No. SIP 01566 CRREL No. DLC, QC929 .S7S6 1937a PARSHALL, R. L.* DLC, QC929. S7S6 1937a Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 657-658: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 660-663: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 Snow survey data are used for forecasting water runoff on SUBJECT INDEX watersheds. The Bureau of Reclamation used the data from the An informal round-table discussion is presented by se"{eral authors. SUBJECT INDEX Okanogan River Basin in Washington, the Malheur in Oregon, the I. Water supply fore­ (1) Questions were asked of Mr. H. L. Potts relative to procedures Boise River Basin in Idaho, and the Jackson Lake and Snake River casting of forecasting runoff from yearly photographs of the snow cover on 1. Snow course in Wyoming to forecast the water supply at Boulder Dam, Nevada. 2. Reservoir regula­ the watershed.. (2) A movie of snow surveying in the High Sierra was -analysis tion shown and comments ted by George A. Lewis. (3) 'What are the criteria 2. Snow research for A GOOD SNOW COURSE' was discussed by 0. C. Reedy and several 3. Flood control AUTHOR INDEX other snow survey authorities. (4) Merril Bernard spoke relative to a forthcoming report 11Deficiencies in Hydrologic Research and Data". AUTHOR INDEX I. Reedy, 0. C. He stated that this report could be used for intelligent planning of research projects in the direction of positive results. (5) R. S. I. Parshall, R. L. Goodridge spoke of snow research project under way in the Ohio II. Potts, H. L. Valley in connection with flood control research. An experimental III. Lewis, G. A. watershed had been chosen and instrumented. IV. Reedy, 0. c. v. Tipton, R. J. VI Bernard, M. VII. Goodridge, R.S.

*Hydrlogic Engr., U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. CRREL Abstract *Irrigation Engineer, Bureau of Agr. Engrs. Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 41-37

SNOW SURVEYS AND RUNOFF FORECASTING FROM PHOTOGRAPHS Catalogue No.

POTIS, HARRY L.* CRREL No. SIP Ull99 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 18 Proc. TAGU 1937 Part II 658-660: WISSC at Denver, Colorado June 25-26, 1937 1 Graph; 1 Photo

A series of photographs was taken from the same point of a high SUBJECT INDEX range near Hoosier Pass, Colorado, at intervals throughout the year. The percentage of the area covered by snow in each photograph I. Photography - was calculated by superimposing a transparent template on the measurement of picture and counting the squares in which snow appeared. The total snowline runoff was calculated on Nov. 1 from the date on which each photo­ 2. Water supply graph was taken. Curves for 3 consecutive years were plotted as forecasting functions of snow cover and runoff on the same chart. Considerable variation in precipitation was obtained. It is shown that the dis­ tance between the 3 curves is approximately directly proportional to the differences in recorded precipitation. The total amount of AUTHOR INDEX water which will be available for use is determined by calculating the ratio between total runoff and total diversions at the city I. Potts, H. L. intake for an average year.

*Engineer, Denver Water Board, Denver, Colorado CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 43-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 45-38

THE EXPANDED PROGRAM OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU IN SNOW WORK Catalogue No; ESTABLISHING FIRST YEAR-NORMALS ON THE BASIS OF ACCUMULATED Catalogue No. SNOWFALL AND SOME FORECASTS FROM RUNOFF RATIOS BERNARD, MERRIL* CRREL No. SIP U5233 CRREL No. SIP U5235 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 19 FARROW, RICHARD C.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 19 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 673-685: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 7 Tables; 3 Maps; 1 Graph Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 689-694: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 6 Tables; 1 Graph Mountain snow surveys for the benefit of irrigation were suggested SUBJECT INDEX in 1909 and have been made annually since 1911 on an increasing Three snow courses (one in each area) were laid out in 1937 at SUBJECT INDEX number of watersheds. The influence of elevation on snowfall is 1. Precipitation Glacier in the Selkirks, at Field in the Rockies, and at hrnie in discussed. Precipitation stations will be equipped with storage -gage the Southern Canadian Rockies. The locations are near various pre­ l. Water supply snow gages and their present number supplemented to give a well 2. Network cipitation stations whose data can be related to runoff at higher forecasting distributed network in which elevation, aspect and individual eleva tiona. Sampling data from the 3 courses, the method used in 2, Statistical needs of the various basins will be considered. The development of obtaining a tentative first year normal, the mechanics of fore­ analysis the storage gage is presented. The advantage of the snow storage casting used, and the application of the forecast to points further gage as basin snowfall samplers are enumerated. Streamflow fore­ downstream by use of runoff ratio factors are discussed. The per­ casting from snow surveys is discussed. Recommendations are made to centage method is compared with the density method in establishing overcome the deficiencies of hydrologic research and include im­ first-year snow course normals. It is concluded that a relationship AUTHOR I!IDF.X provements of snowfall and snow depth measurements, determination of AUTHOR INDEX between snowfall data and runoff is evident and that precipitation relations between factors causing snow to melt, and evaluation of during runoff does not affect runoff. A refutation by Carl Elges I. Farrow, R. c. surface conditions controlling the losses to runoff from melting I. Bernard, M. of the density method is contained in the disucssion. (See also II. Elges, C. snow. SIP U1695 and WSC 35-37).

*Chief, River and Flood Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, CEREL Abstract *Engr., Div. Water Rights, Victoria, B. C., Canada CRREL Abstract Washington, D. c.

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 44-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 46-38

DEVELOPMENT OF SNOW SURVEYING IN CALIFORNIA Catalogue No. WINTER PRECIPITATION VERSUS SNOW SURVEY FOR FORECASTING ON SKAGIT Catalogue No. RIVER, WASHINGTON PAGET, FRED H.* CRREL No. SIP U5234 CRREL No. SIP U5236 DLC, QE500.A6 v 19 LEAVER, ROBERT* DLC, QE500 .A6 v 19 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 686-689: WISSC at Davia, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 1 Table; 1 Graph Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 695-699: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 7 Tables; 1 Graph The present water use in California for irrigation, power and SUBJECT INDEX municipal purposes depends on reliable information on the amount A discussion of a paper on the monthly flow forecast of the Skagit SUBJECT INDEX of water which will be contributed by the mountain snow pack in the 1 • Snow survey River at Diablo Dam is presented. The monthly precipitation on 1100 spring. The existing program of snow surveys was initiated in 1929. -water supply sq. mi. of drainage area and the monthly mean inflow into the reser­ 1 • Water supply The extent of the California Cooperative Snow Surveys is presented, forecasting voir over a 25 year period were compared. It is shown that 68.7 per­ forecasting with 175 active snow courses covering 24 watersheds. Forecasting is 2. Statistical cent of the rainfall enters the reservoir in an average year. Also 2. Statistical based on results of snow surveys conducted in April and assumes that analysis half of the rainfall occurs from October thru December i the runoff analysis average conditions will prevail during the following months. Fore­ is less than 18% during the same period. The difference forms a casts of April 1 are modified and corrections published on May 1 surplus to be drawn upon during the remaining 9 months. Each year when abnormal precipitation during the early runoff period occurs. the percentage of normal precipitation for Oct.-~farch is near to The 'Direct method curve' used to modify accurately the original the percentage of noT11181 inflow from April-Sept. The flow of the estimate is illustrated using the Upper San Joaquin River watershed river for each particular period can be predicted within a mean as an example. The Direct method of forecasting was made possible average of 5% from the 25 year record by summing up the maximum AUTHOR INDEX by the 10 years of existing records on snow courses and runoff, and AUTHOR INDEX and minimum figures for each month. The value derived by using the provided sufficient data to establish a relationship between snow snow survey seems questionable since the prediction of increase run­ I. Leaver, R. survey data and runoff data with some degree of accuracy,without I. Paget, F. H. off from snow-reservoir conditions is affected by temperature. Dis­ II. Boardman, H. P. becoming involved with percent of normals. cussion by H, H. Boardman.

*Hydraulic Engineer, Div. Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract *University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTI!RN SNOW COIIFEllEIICE BIBLIOGRAl'Jif wsc No. 47-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BULIOGRAPHY WSC No. 49-38

CATCB-cAJI MEAS1lREMENTS MEET POWER FORECASTING REQUIRBMENTS IN Catalogue No • VALUE OF SNOW SURVEYING IN THE TABOE-TRUCDE BASIN Catalogue No. BISBOP-HORO BASIN CRREL No, SIP U5237 DEVORE, GEORGE G.* CRREL No. WILLS, GEORGE* DLC, QE500.A6 v 19 Proc. TAGIJ 1938 Part II 705-706: WISSC at Davia, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Proc. TAGIJ 1938 Part II 703-704: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 1 Table; 1 Graph The ecOILOIIlic value of now aurvey meaeuraeata uaecl in water SUBJECT INDEX supply forecastiug ia well demonstrated in power development Snow survey measurements of 1935 are compared with actual run­ SUBJECT INDEX aloug the Truckee River, Nevada, by the Sierra Electric Pqwer Co. 1 . Snow surveys off records for the 1935-36 season for each of the 4 watersheds; Snow aurvays are made 1110nthly Jan. through May in order to -economics Bishop, Rush, Leevinin&, Mill Creeks. A sraph abowa a comparison 1. water supply monitor the progre.. of the aaow build up in the drainage basin. 2. Snow surveys of the total runoff on all the waterabeda combined with precip­ forecaatiug Power plant operatioaa are planned on thia information. The -power seneration itation measured at catch-can stations. Experience and obaerva­ 2. Forecaat in KWB reaulation of Lake Tahoe water levels within the six ft. legal ticn have proven that a fair forecast of variable water and KWB 3. Precipitation limit are also anticipated from the monthly snow aurvay data. ean be made fr0111 catch-can measurements. The Catch station eana gages Est:llllatea of power generation are made 12 months in advance and AUTHOR INDEX are about 5 ft. in depth and have a croaa section area of 1 aq. are of importance in coaputiug probable operatiug costa and foot. AIJTBOR. INDEX divideacls that will be available to atocltboldera in the company. I. Devore, G. G.

I. Willa, G,

*Chief Eugineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co. , Reno, Nevada @Abstract *Hydraulic Eugr.,Nev.-calif. Electric Corp., Riverside, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTI!RN SNOW CORFERERCE BULIOGRAl'llf WSC No • 48-38 WESTI!RN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 50-38

FROST IN THE SOIL A SUGGESTED FACTOR AFFECTING FORECASTS Catalogue No. ECONIIIIC VALUE OF SNOW SURVEYING FOR THE LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT Catalogue No.

McLAUGHLIN, W. W, * CRREL No. PHILLIPS, J, E.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGIJ 1938 Part II 704-705: WISSC at Davia, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Proe. TAGIJ 1938 Part II 706-707: WISSC at Davia, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938

The need for IIUauriug the UIOUDt of frost in the soil mantle SUBJECT INDEX The benefits derived from aaow surveys are often difficult to SUBJECT INDEX under the aaowpsck aa well ea the water content at key ststioae evaluate financially. The City of Loa Angeles, Department of Water through the river basin is brought out aa one of the many factors 1. Soil moisture and Power, abowa well planned operations by uaiug snow survey 1. Economics of in streamflow forecasting. This problem ia :lllloedistely associated 2. Soil temperature data for reaervoir regulation for municipal water supply from snow surveys with soil temperature and soil 1110ieture at several deptha below the Owens River Aqueduct; for requireaente of possible puapiug -1111nieipal watl'f the soil surface. Measurement of these factors in coDIIection with AUTHOR INDEX operatioae for supplementary water needs, also for wato:r-spreadiug supply aaow aurveyiug and forecaatiug ia beiug considered. operations to build up ground water supplies throuah irrigation I. McLaughlin, w. w. on city ownad landa leased to farmers along the upper reaches AUTROR INDEX of the Dwana River. Plana for leaae rentals and crops to be planted are baaed on knowledge gained from snow survey cia ta. I. Phillips, J. E.

*Irrigation Eugineer, Bead, Bur. Aar. Engra., Berkeley, Calif. @Abstract *Eugineer, Dept. Water & Power, Loa Angeles, Calif. @Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 51-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 53-38

COST AND BENEFITS OF SNOW SURVEYING IN UTAH Catalogue No. FORTHER OBSERVATIONS AND TESTS ON DURALUMINUM SAMPLERS Catalogue No.

CLYDE, GEORGE D.* CRREL No. CHURCH, DR. J. E.* CRREL No. SIP U5239 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 19 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 707-711: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 713-714: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938

Utah's irrigation water supply is largely dependent upon the size SUBJECT INDEX Tests of shellac-coated and uncoated duraluminum samplers under SUBJECT INDEX of the winter snow pack stored on the high mountains of the central various conditions of snow depth and density, air and snow temper­ portion of the state. The type of farm crops are ·variable in their l. Economics atures were conducted in the Reno, Nevada area. The ease of driving l. Snow samplers water requirements. With sufficient accurate foreknowledge of the -snow surveys and retrieving the sampler, of removing the core and,the conditions -tests, probable water supply, crops can be selected for economical plant- of the core were reported. It is concluded that an uncoated dur­ duraluminum vs. ing and use of water. aluminum is unsatisfactory, but with a heavy and uniform shellac steel The drought year of 1934 was probably the most serious in western coating it will drive as readily as the steel tube also having a history. Advance information of this condition was indicated by coating of shellac, results with the two tubes were equal. It is snow survey measurements. A water conservation program was im­ suggested that laboratory studies be made of the relative con- mediately organized with a crash program by Press and Radio in­ due tivity of shellac as compared with duraluminum and steel and AUTHOR INDEX formation. Strict adherence to regulations and the full coopera­ effect of heat conductivity on the adhesion of snow and ice to tion of the farmers resulted in a saving of over $5,000,000. by duraluminum and steel with and without shellac. I. Church, Dr. J. E. economical use of water. Supplementary supplies were organized from well drilling in the Bear River Basin resulting in a crop AUTHOR INDEX saving of another $3,000,000 in that area alone. Such savings warrant the cost of snow surveys for many years. I, Clyde, G. D.

*Irrigation Engr., Utah Agr. Expt. Sta., Logan, Utah @ Abstract *Meteorologist, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 52-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 54-38

IMPROVEMENT IN SKI, DURALUMINUM SAMPLER, AND WEIGHING APPARATUS Catalogue No. ATTACHHENT OF CUTTERS AND COUPLINGS; SPANNER WRENCHES Catalogue No.

COWGILL, PHILLIP S.* CRREL No. SIP U5238 RYAN, JOHN T.* CRREL No. SIP U5241 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 19 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 19 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 711-712: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan 8, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 714-717: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 1 Sketch Experiments were conducted to develop a cutter joint between dur­ SUBJECT INDEX Skis, waxed to the condition of the snow and equipped with some SUBJECT INDEX aluminum tube and steel cutter to make a replacement of the cutter form of rigid bindings, are used almost entirely by snow surveyors. possible under field conditions. A threaded bushing provides a 1 , Snow sampler Experience with the new duraluminum sampler tubes points to the l. Snow survey simple, positive, and reliable connection but usually requires -cutter joints necessity of shellacking them to prevent the snow water from ad­ -samplers a special wrench for removal. A soldered joint using aluminum -coupling joints hering to the bare metal. The tubes work well in warm weather, 2. Equipment - solder produces greater strength and can easily be replaced by -test results but on very cold days the core froze to the inside of the tube. snow survey heat application. Soldering of couplings is recommended. Two The duraluminum sampler tubes will be tried again after being models of a wrench designed to increase leverage and eliminate shellacked. Experiments to determine the effect of different the probability of the pin being forced out of the hole were temperatures and atmospheric conditions are planned. The Mount AUTHOR INDEX tested and found satisfactory. Their overall length is 8.5 in. AUTHOR INDEX Rose Type balance remains the most satisfactory where large and will not slip off the joint when in use. Information on variations in depth of snow are encountered. I. Cowgill, P. S. aluminum solder and source of supply are included. 1. Ryan, J. T.

*Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *Mechanical Engineer, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 55-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 57-38

SNOW COURSE HARKERS Catalogue No . ON THE RELATION OF WEATHER AND SNOW REPORTS TO WINTER SPORTS Catalogue No.

PARSliALL, RALPH L. * CRREL No. SIP 5240 STONE, ROBERT G.* ** CRREL No. DLC, QE500.A6 v 19 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 717-718: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 720-724: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938

Masonite strips, 2 x 6 inches in size, were tested to evaluate SUBJECT INDEX The classification of snow for winter sports have definite bearing SUBJECT It.'DEX masonite boards as snow course markers. A strip submerged in water on the type of skiing available to winter sports areas. A reporting for 30 ·days increased approximately 0.6 inches in thickness but 1 • Snow survey system is being developed with information being sent t~ metropolitan 1. Winter sports regained normal thickness upon drying. It is concluded that markers areas for release by press and radio. A nomenclature of types of -classification of masonite board painted with an enamel base and a liberal coat of snow surface; fluffy, powder, new, glazed, wet, sticky, or slushy; snow conditions linseed oil on the reverse side will provide satisfactory use hard crust or breakable crust, granular or spring conditions. These for more than 20 years exposure in the mountains where wet and types are listed on a form for sending and receiving for uniformity cold conditions exist. This material is light in weight and the AUTHOR INOEX in editing for release. Some attempts are made to standardize the printing will not be spoiled by rifle bullets as experienced terms for use in the East and New England winter sports areas. In with the metal and baked enamel signs. I. Parshall, R. L. the Alps, scientists, government, and mountain clubs have con­ sistently advocated and fostered the education of skiers and climb­ ers in the matters of rational snow-craft as a means to protection of life and enjoyment of skiing at winter sports areas. In view of AUTHOR INOEX the rapid growth of winter sports in the west it is adviseable that some standard nomenclature of terms be adopted. I. Stone, R. G.

*Blue Hill Observatory, Harvard University, Milton, Mass. @ Abstract *Irrigation Engineer, Bur. Agr. Eng., Ft. Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract **Eastern Snow Conference

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 56-38 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 58-38

THE STEVENS SEASONAL SNOW-RAIN RECORDER Catalogue No • CLASSIFICATION OF SNOW SURFACES Catalogue No .

RINKER, LYMAN E.* CRREL No. BALDWIN, HENRY I.* ** CRREL No. SIP U1453 DLC, QE500.A6 v 19 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 718-720: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 724-728: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 2 Photos; 1 Graph 1 Photo; 1 Table

The Stevens seasonal snow-rain recorder is a hermetically sealed SUBJECT INOEX A classification of snow and crust conditions containing 14 items SUBJECT INDEX instrument consisting of a gravity-beam balance, sensitive to and definitions is presented. The descriptions are based on reports 0.05 in. of precipitation and with a maximum capacity of 100 in. 1. Snow gage obtained from stations with more than 4 inches of snow. The snow 1. Winter sports of equivalent water precipitation. The recorder which requires 2. Precipitation gage depth is measured regularly at the same fixed point in a field -classification of one setting per year is described and illustrated in photographs. unaffected by drifts. Soft, dry snow include fluffy, powder, new, snow conditions Installation in a timber clearing is recommended or it may be and heavy types. used with a windshield. The recorder positioning-motor is power­ Spring snow conditions are described as granular and frozen ed by dry or storage batteries, which may be charged with a wind granular. Crust conditions are referred to as galzed, breakable, driven generator. Long-term records of cumulative precipitation wind crust, common crust and icy crust. Some observations on snow in the form of snow, rain, or sleet are obtainable. The intensity conditions reported from New England are included. A dictionary AUTHOR n:r>EX for any period is determined from the cumulative precipitation AUTHOR INOEX list of acceptable snow surface conditions are listed and definitions graph, as exhibited. are shown.. I. Baldwin, H. I. A discussion by Dr. J. E. Church questions the possible freezing I. Rinker, L. E. of storage batteries, and solutions to the cold weather problem. II. Church, Dr. J. E.

*New Hampshire Forestry and Recreation Dept. Hillsboro, CRREL Abstract *Electrical Engineer, Leupold, Volpel Insturm.ent Company, CRREL Abstract New Hampshire Portland, Oregon **Eastern Snow Conference lll!STERN ·SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 59-38 lll!STERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 61-38

SNOW COVER CONDITIONS FOR \liNTER SPORTS IN THE lll!STERN STATES Catalogue No. POSSIBILITIES OF COMMERCIALIZING AND DEVELOPING \liNTER SPORTS NEAR Catalogue No • CRYSTAL BAY, TAHOE, NEVADA ElliNG, PAUL A.* CRREL No. CRREL No. RHODES, FORREST L.* Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 728-730: \IISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 732-736: WISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938 Winter &p<;'rts snow conditions terminology has become confused by SUBJECT INDEX 24 Photos; 1 Location Map colloquialisms, terms vary with the number of reports. An attempt is made by creating a symposium, bringing together reporters and l. Winter sports A report on a reconnaissance of the possibilities of developing SDBJECT INDEX knowledgeable ski instructors and experts to set up a set of -reporting a winter sports ski area in the Sierra just west and south o! Mt. terms to be used and definitions. Such a listing is exhibited. program of snow Rose and sloping into the Lake Tahoe Basin above Crystal Bay on 1. Winter sports In the Western United States some 2,000,000 people are taking conditions the north east corner of this lake. Observations were made by two -area development advantage of the winter sports radio broadcasts and newspaper skiers who spent the better part of one winter traveling over the releases. With the cooperation of the National Parks, U. S. area, cataloguing the snow conditions, depths, temperatures, wind Forest Service, State Parks, and many other companies and private AUTHOR INDEX and possible ski trails. Summer exploration indicated that al­ ski tower operators, the reporting program to this ever-growing though the area is somewhat isolated the possibility of easy access business is progressing. I. Ewing, P. A. roads would open up the area to year round activities. The close AUTHOR INDEX proximity to Reno, Nevada; Truckee, California and the Lake Tahoe resort area would seem to make the area worth while considering. I. Rhodes, F. L.

*Soil Conservation Service, Berkeley, California @ Abstract *Civil Engineer, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract

lll!STERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 60-38

EASTERN SIERRA SNOW SPORTS Catalogue No.

DEIBERT, GEORGE* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1938 Part II 731-732: IIISSC at Davis, Calif. Jan. 8, 1938

A description of the winter sports areas along the Eastern SUBJECT INDEX slopes of the Sierra in the neighborhood of Bishop, California. Ski slopes with tows are operating at Bishop Pass, Mt. Tom, 1. Winter sports Denderberg Mt., Conway SWIIDit and at the Mammoth Lakes and -areas Pass area. Accomodations are available. New areas are being contemplated with chair lifts. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Deibert, G.

*Chamber of Commerce, Bishop, California @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 62-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No, 64-39

STATUS OF PROPOSED BULLETIN OF PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SNOW Catalogue No" IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHODS OF FORECASTING STREAMFLOW Catalogue No. SURVEYING CRREL No. ELGES, CARL* CRREL No. SIP U8272 MARR, JAMES C • * DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 62-67: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc, TAGU 1939 Part I 53-55: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 16-17, 1938 December 16-17, 1938 4 Tables; 3 Graphs

A progress report on a new Snow Survey and Water Supply Fore SUBJECT INDEX Various methods of forecasting streamflow from snow surveys are SUBJECT INDEX casting Procedure Manual, under preparation and to be published reviewed. Data for Lamoille Creek, Nevada in 1938 are us'd to com­ by the Department of Agriculture as one of their bulletins. The 1 . Snow survey pare 3 different systems of obtaining average water content of the 1. Water supply fore­ manual is described and the essential needs of water supply -procedures snow cover. Boardman's Percent Normal System, and the direct curve casting forecasts from snow surveys are enumerated. The care of snow methods of computing the average water content are illustrated. -methods sampling equipment and its use in the field are covered to­ The direct method retains all the desirable features of the per­ gether with field office procedures, improvements and mainten­ centage system yet eliminates computing normals and percentages. AUTHOR INDEX ance of snow courses. Procedures for preparing historical data Discussions are presented by Fred H. Paget, J. E. Phillips, for forecast analysis and winter travel, by skis or snowshoes, James C. Marr, and R. D. Goodridge. I. Elges, c. safeguards and suggestions as to stop-over cabins and stored II. Paget, F. H. supplies, all these items are covered and many more. Contribu­ A!JTHOR INDEX III. Phillips, J. E. tions have been included and edited from all available author­ TV. Marr, J. c. ities in snow scrveying. I. Marr, J . C . v. Goodridge, R. D.

*Irrigation Engineer, Bur. Agr. Engrs., Boise, Idaho @ Abstract *Statistician, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 63-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 65-39

CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE SNOW SURVEYS, DIRECTIONS, SUGGESTIONS, AND Catalogue No. THE USE OF PRECIPITATION GAGE MEASUREMENTS IN FORECASTING THE Catalogue No . HINTS FOR SNOW SURVEYORS INFLOW TO LAKE MEAD CRREL No. SIP U2493 CRREL No, PAGET, FRED H.* DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 REEDY, 0. C.*

Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 55-62: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Pro c. TAGU 1939 Part I 67-69: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 16-17, 1938 December 16-17, 1938

Directions for the maintenance of snow samplers and snow sampling SUBJECT INDEX With the completion of Boulder Dam and the filling of Lake Mead SUBJECT INDEX procedures as practiced in California are outlined. Methods are to maximum capacity, the problem of forecasting the inflow from described for removing dents from samplers, shellacking, keeping 1 . Snow survey the Colorado River became evident. Studies have been under way 1. Water supply fore­ threads cleared, sharpening and/or changing the cutter, and carry­ -procedures for several years gathering data and analysis work for develop­ casting ing the tubes. Precise step-by-step insturctions are given for 2. Snow samplers ing a suitable formula to meet the complex problems involved in -precipitation making and recording a sampling including sources and detection -maintenance operating this huge multi-purpose project. Precipitation gage gages of errors and after-care of samplers. It is suggested that winter networks over the main and tributary basins had been intensified, 2. Reservoir snow travel is facilitated by using adequate foot gear, recommended snow survey courses established in the high elevations, evapor­ -regulation clothing, dark glasses, and minor items for emergencies. Shelter AUTHOR INDEX ation and other pertinent meteorological data measuring stations cabins should be stocked each year before winter with an adequate been established in anticipation of the problem. Trial equations supply of food and fuel. A sample grub list is given. I. Paget, F. H. will have to be tested with actual practice to clear the dead­ AUTHOR INDEX wood and introduce new factors before a satisfactory solution is solved. I. Re-edy, 0. C.

*Hydraulic Engr., Div. Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, tT. S. Bureau Reclamation, Denver, Colo. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 66-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 68-39

NEED OF HIGHER LEVEL SNOW SURVEY COURSES IN THE COLORADO RIVER Catalogue No. IMPROVEMENT IN MOUNT ROSE SPRING BALANCE "TICKLING" CORKY SNOW Catalogue No. DRAINAGE AREA OF WESTERN COLORADO CRREL No. PAGET, FRED H.* CRREL No. SIP U1577 MERRIELL, F. C.* and RINDERLIDER, M. C.** DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 72-73: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc. TAGD 1939 Part I 69-70: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 16-17, 1938 December 17-18, 1938 The accuracy of the Mount Rose spring balance can be improved by SUBJECT INDEX Copies of correspondence received by Dr. Church are exhibited to SUBJECT INDEX providing a spring to hold the rack in close contact w~th the show further need for an intensified network of snow courses at rotating pinion controlling the indicator, and by making the rack 1. Snow survey high elevations. The need for more wide spread information on 1 • Snow survey thick and of durable metal, A small swivel connecting the top of -equipment tributary river basins is more and more evident. The main problem -networks each spring to the head frame, would facilitate making necessary 2. Snow sampling appears to be a lack of funds to finance the installations and adjustments. The snowpack of 1937-38 was typical in that accumula­ -procedures maintenance costs throughout the coming years. Correspondence AUTHOR INDEX tion began late and piled up rapidly. Metamorphism converted the indicates that work is very slowly being accomplished towards upper layers to a coarse grainy snow, but the lower layers re­ this end through the cooperation of the Weather Bureau with a I. Merriell, F. c. mained fluffy ("Corky Snow"). The condition made sampling difficult. network of storage precipitation gages in the mountainous areas II. Hinderlider, M. The problem was solved by allowing the tube to penetrate by AUTHOR INDEX of Arizona, and the Agricultural Engineers establishing a limited III. Wanslee, J. c. gravity with minimum rotation. The method was called "Tickling number of courses as finances are available through their Colorado IV. Codd, A. R. the Tube through" fluffy snow. I. Paget, F. H. and Idaho offices. v. Marr, J. c. VI. Parshall, R. L. VII. Church, Dr. J.

*Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. t Grand Junction, Colo. @ Abstract **State Engineer, State of Colorado, Denver, Colorado *Hydraulic Engineer, Div. Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 67-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 69-39

ANODYZING OR HARDENING THE SURFACE OF SNOW SAMPLERS Catalogue No. METHOD OF APPLYING BAKELITE TO SNOW SAMPLER Catalogue No.

MARR, JAMES C • * CRREL No. SIP U1572 POULSON, WAYNE* CRREL No. SIP U1571 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 Proc. TAGD 1939 Part I 71-71: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 73-74: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 17-18, 1938 December 16-17, 1938

Anodyzing duraluminum equipment hardens and smooths the surfaces, SUBJECT INDEX A bakelite, commercially known as Risch-Rasch, has been used as prevents oxidation and discoloration of hands and clothing, and a running base on skis. Risch-Rasch has proven equally effective increases the durability of the equipment. Anodyzing is recommended 1. Snow samplers in preventing clogging when used on snow samplers. The bakelite. 1. Snow sampler for snow samplers. The smoother surfaces permit the snow cores -anodyzing thinned with equal parts of acetone, can be applied by dipping -coating to slip through the tube easier, and less wear is exerted on the or spraying. Three to four applications at 12 hour intervals are -maintenance threads of the couplings. It is suggested that the cost of anodyz­ AUTHOR INDEX sufficient to last a snow sampler several years. No attempt has ing may outweigh the advantages. been made to remove the bakelite, but it is believed that the I. Marr, J. C. usual commercial solvent, Fortus might injure the duraluminum AUTHOR INDF.X sampler. This material wasttied on one sampler tube and no stick­ ing of various types of snow or clogging was noticed. I. Poulson, \o,T.

*Irrigation Engineer, Bureau Agr. Engrs., Boise, Idaho CRREL Abstract *University of Nevada Ski Team, Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 70-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 72-39

PARAFFIN VERSUS ENAMEL: OPTIMUM NUMBER OF SAMPLING POINTS: Catalogue No. SHIELDED STORAGE PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No. IMPROVEMENT OF TUBULAR BALANCE CRREL No. SIP U1578 CODD , ASHTON R. * CRREL No. SIP U1576 PAGET, FRED H.* and RYAN, JOHN T .** DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 DLC, QE500.A6 v 20 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 77-79: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 74-75: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 16-17, 1938 December 16-17, 1938 1 Photo 1 Graph Hard varnishes, such as Risch-Rasch, on the inner surfaces of dur­ SUBJECT INDEX The shielded storage precipitation gage designed by i: Cecil Alter SUBJECT INDEX aluminum. wear out unevenly and result in rough surfaces. Removal of consists of a galvanized iron framework as illustrated in the photo­ the varnish with strong caustic is inadvisable with soft duralu­ 1 • Sampler tubes graph. The shield is made of strips of galvanized sheet iron, hung 1. Precipitation gage minum; removal with alcohol or paint remover is time consuming. -coating on a !.,;" hoop 36 in. in diameter. The shield leaves are hung on the -shielded storage Tubes coated with paraffin last one season and are adequate to pre­ 2. Snow survey hoop with bent wires on each side and spaced at the top and bottom vent clogging. Spare lower joints may be carried along when heavy courses by brass chain. The gage is a standard Weather Bureau rain gage out­ service is anticipated. -location er shell 8 11 in diameter, and is held in place by a metal collar at the Devore recommends 16 sample points in snow courses. Six or seven 3. Snow scales bottom and a swivel hoop at the top for removing the gage for weigh­ sampling points in snow courses have been found adequate in the -tests ing the solution of calcium chloride and water at 33.4% by weight· Kings River watershed. Fewer samplings are desireable in order to The solution keeps the gage from freezing and evaporation is prevented preserve the tube coating and to reduce time and labor costs. by an oil film. The original charge of approximately one quart of It is recommended that the 20-ft-capacity scales of samplers be water solution is weighed for the original weight and then weighed at graduated below the 140 inch mark to 220 in. Such a.n adjustment intervals of daily, weekly, monthly or after each storm as desired. would require only the extension of graduations to the end of the Each weighing is entered and the previous weighing is subtracted to tube, and would increase the total capacity of the tube by 82 inches. AUTHOR INDEX obtain the inches of rainfall or snowfall that has occured during AUTHOR INDEX John T. Ryan exhibits a graph of data collected from a test of the the interval. At the Mountain Snow Fall Stations, 5 gages are erected Bureau Agr. Engrs. Tubular Scales No. 388 indicating excellent I. Paget, F. H. about 200 feet apart and on approximately a square with one in the I. Codd, A. R. accuracy if the scales were calibrated from 140 in. to 220 in. II. Ryan, J. T. center. *Div. Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. *U.S. Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah CRREL & @ Abstract **Mechanical Engr., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Neyada CRREL & @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 71-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 73-39

APPLYING THE CHATILLON ISO-ELASTIC SPRINGS TO THE HOUNT ROSE Catalogue No. SNOW SURFACES IN THE HIGH SIERRAS FOR SKIING PURPOSES Catalogue No. SPRING BALANCE CRREL No. SIP U1624 POULSON, WAYNE* CRREL No. SIP 8273 ELGES, CARL* DLC, QE500 .A6 v 20 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 79-83: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 75-77: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 16-17, 1938 December 16-17, 1938 2 Photos A classification of snow surfaces as affecting skiing conditions SUBJECT It.."DEX is presented. The terms are used to describe the texture in the Temperature variations affecting the elasticity, creep and hyster­ SUBJECT INDEX Sierra Nevada Mountains based upon the reaction of the skis 1. Winter sports esis of the metal of the springs and deviations from the shape in against the snow surface. Snow surfaces are classified as: -powder, -snow classifica- the stresses and transmitting machinery cause slight inaccuracies in 1 . Snow scales wet, heavy, spring, packed and pitted snow; crust-breakable, un- tion spring scales. A new spring developed by J. Chatillon and Sons, made -spring balance breakable, glazed, and wind packed slab, or erosion forms. Snow of an alloy called !so-Elastic Metal eliminated the effects of temp- 2. Snow survey conditions in the area generally on exposed slopes and slope AUTHOR INDEX erature changes in the spring. The creep at stress of 60,000 lb./in2 -equipment direction as well as elevations. The classifications are similar was reduced to less than 0.02% in deflection. The hysteresis was not to those reviewed in WSC Papers Nos. 57, 58, and 60. l. Poulson, \,1 , over 0.02-0.04% of the full load deflection. A linear relationship of spring between load and deflection was obtained by using wire coiled with the axis of the wire parallel to the axis of the helix. leo­ Elastic springs were used in a Chatillon spring scale weighing 6 lbs. 5 oz. which gave an accuracy of 99.92%. A Mount Rose type of spring balance scale weighing 2 lbs. 12 oz. was constructed using !so- AUTHOR INDEX Elastic springs. Further development of the scales is necessary to reduce it in size and weight before it can be used for snow surveys. I. Elges, C.

*Agr. Expt. Station, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *University of Nevada Ski Team, Reno, Nevada CRREL & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 74-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 76-39

SKIING IN SOIITIIEIIN CALIFORNIA: ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT Catalogue NO • SNOW ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Catalogue No.

YOUNGQUIST, R. C • * CRREL No. WATERHOUSE, R. D.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 83-84: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 93-93: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. December 16 17, 1938 December 16-17, 1938

Winter sports areas in Southern California in close proximity to SUBJECT INDEX A report of the winter sports activities carried on under the SUBJECT INDEX Los Angeles are described. The area near San Gorgonio where eleva­ supervision of the National Park Service, within the several tions of 11,000 are accessable is particularly adapted to mountain 1. Winter sports National Parks of California and Oregon. These activiti~s have 1. Winter sports ski trips with very good slopes and enchanting scenery. Types of -area development been carried on for the past five years with amazing rapidity -reporting service equipment are described and explained. Snow conditions experienced -equipment in the numbers of people taking part in skiing and ice skating. -areas in a trip through the area in the winter are described. Plans for New areas are being opened with good success for the concession­ future development of the areas and ski lifts are mentioned. aires. Snow conditions are reported by the Park Service to out­ AUTHOR INDEX Discussion by George A. Lewis relates incidents in cross country side interests. Snow removal equipment is being used to open travel on skis and recommends beeswax for dry snow and a resin wax roads that otherwise would remain snow bound until spring crowds I. Waterhouse, R.D. for wet snow. Types and make or trade name are quite a controversial AUTHOR INDEX became evident. problem and likely to be of a personal decision. However, ski climb­ ers are almost a necessity to save energy when a long up hill climb 1. Youngquist, R. C. is involved along the trail. II. Lewis, G. A.

*Engineer, USDI, Park Service, Regional Office, San Francisco, @ Abstract *Engr., Dept. of Water & Power, City of Los Angeles, Calif. @Abstract California WSC No. 77-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 75-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY Catalogue No. OU'l:LlNE OF WEATHER BUREAU NORTHEAST STATES WINTER SPORTS SERVICE Catalogue No. A LIMIT OF PRACTICABLE USEFULNESS OF SNOW SURVEYS FOR FORECASTING RUNOFF AT FT. PECK, MONTANA CRREL No. BERNARD, MERRILL* CRREL No. FREEMAN, D. B.* Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 85-92: WISSC at Los Angeles, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 99-100:WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 December 16-17, 1938 1 Location Map; 9 Tables 2 Graphs SUBJECT INDEX An outline is presented for developing a winter sports reporting SUBJECT INDEX The prediction of the Missouri River flowing into Fort Peck service by the Weather Bureau. Snow conditions ere to be gathered Reservoir presents many problems where the reservoir is 225 miles from seven districts, assembled and reported by radio, telegraph, 1. Winter sports east of the nearest snow survey course. The river traverses an I. Water supply and news papers throughout the Northeast states. Outlets will also -reporting service entirely different environment from the headwater basins. Many -forecasting unmeasured diversions are encountered as well as unmeasured be from the District Weather Bureau offices as indicated on the -snow conditions -precipitation tributary streams. Precipitation data appeared to show a better data location map. A check list reporting form is shown and a revised nomenclature relation to percent normal than the snow survey data, probably nomenclature of snow conditions with a codeing procedure for due to the remote location of the reservoir and the large area economy in telegrams and teletype messages. Samples of summary in the rain fall altitudes. In order to produce a more reliable snow sports bulletins together with weather forecasts for the AUTHOR INDEX forecast from snow surveys a longer record of data is needed and area involved are illustrated and shown. AUTHOR INDEX considerable study will be necessary. L Freeman, D. B. Discussion by several authorities of the Western states is included. I. Bernard, M.

*Engineer, Missouri River Division, Corps Army Engineers, @ Abstract kansas City, Missouri *Chief, River & Flood Div., U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 78-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 80-39

NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS catalogue No. CORRELATION OF HEADWATER STREAMS OF THE NORTH CONTINENTAL DIVIPE Catalogue No.

GIS BORNE, BARRY T • * CRREL No. MONSON, 0. W.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 101-102: l<.'ISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 102-106: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 3 Tables The values of snow surveys are shown to have a very high cor­ SUBJECT INDEX relation to runoff when used relatively close to the source. This Snow surveys as an index to volume of runoff is shown to be most SUBJECT INDEX data is most useful in predicting forest fire hazards and how 1. Forest fire reliable on high elevation watersheds where the bulk of the runoff serious the fire potential will be during the late summer and hazard comes from melting snow. A historical record of snow survey data 1. Water supply fall months. The U. S. Forest Service is deeply involved in co­ and a parallel record of runoff data are necessary with sufficient forecasting operation with other agencies in the field woTk of snow survey AUTHOR INDEX years of record to show the possible variation of the dependent -statistical measurements. The data collected is being found very useful for and independent variables, runoff and snow respectively. Statisti­ methods other purposes than forecasting the probable streamflow. I. Gisborne, H. T. cal methods are used to provide a degree of correlation by solv­ ing for the correlation coefficient (rxy) snow survey data from one or more courses as (x) and the seasonal runoff (May 1-Sept. 30) (y). Results of a study made on several basins are shown in tables. A regression equation is built of the snow courses that show the AUTHOR INDEX highest correlation coefficients with runoff and used as a fore­ casting tool, rather than a graphical solution. I. Monson, 0. W.

*Senior Silviculturist, U.S. Forest Service, Missoula, Mont. @ Abstract *Irrigation Engr., Montana Expt. Station, Bozeman, Mont. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 79-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 81-39

SMALL WATERSHEDS Catalogue No. EFFECT OF SOIL PRIMING TO SPRING RUNOFF BY FALL PRECIPITATION ON Catalogue No. THE UPPER SNAKE RIVER BONNER, J. P .* CRREL No. CRREL No. MARR, JAMES C.* Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 102--: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 106-110: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 The relation between snow survey data and runoff from small SUBJECT INDEX 4 Graphs; 3 Tables watersheds is difficult to assess especially where part of the watershed is in the rainfall altitudes. Very frequent measurements 1 • Snow melt and The effect of fall precipitation as a soil priming factor in pre­ SUBJECT INDEX of snow courses are necessary together with rain gage measurements runoff dicting irrigation water supply from April first snow survey data and other meteorological and soil moisture data is required to fill is presented. Graphical analysis are illustrated and discussed. 1. ~7ater supply in the desired information necessary when working with small water­ AUTHOR INDEX Snow survey data at nine courses, and precipitation data for April, forecasting sheds. No information is given as to the size of the so called May, and October at Moran, Wyoming are tabulated and used in the -snow data small watershed, or what altitudes are involved. I. Bonner, J. P. analysis. Forecasts are determined from the graphs illustrated. -fall precipitation Discussion by H. T. Gisborn, Lynn Crandle, 0. W. Monson and J. E. Church are included. AUTHOR TNDEX

I. Marr, J. c. II. Gisborn, H. T. III. Monson, 0. I<. IV. Church, Dr. J.

*As so. Hydrologic Engineer, SCS, Moscow, Idaho @ Abstract *Irrigation Engineer, Bureau Agr. Engrs., Bo:lse:, Idaho @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 82-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 84-39

ANALYSIS OF SNOW COVER AND RUNOFF IN UPPER SNAKE, UPPER YELLOWSTONE Catalogue No. THE INFLUENCE OF AUTUMN RAINFALL ON THE RUNOFF FROM MELTING SNOW Catalogue No. AND SWIFT CURRENT WATERSHEDS CRREL No. FARROW, R. C.* CRREL No. MONSON, 0. W.* Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 121-124: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 Ptoc. TAGU 1939 Part I llD-117: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 I Table; I Graph 4 Tables; 10 Graphs A report of a study of 'Soil Priming 1 effects on seasonal runoff as SUBJECT INDEX Snow survey water content measurements are used as a basis for SUBJECT INDEX related to the water supply forecasting on the Okanagan River, forecasting irrigation water supply, together with other factors British Columbia. A soil moisture deficiency curve is' developed from 1. Water supply fore­ closely allied with snow melt. Four factors are listed, (1) rain­ 1. Water supply fall precipitation data and runoff data over a 14 year period casting fall during the runoff period, (2) rainfall during the fall months forecasting (1923-37). Estimates from the curve are used to adjust the seasonal 2. Soil priming before snow fall, contributing to soil priming and ground water -snow surveys runoff in percent of normal flow. Statistical procedures are used. -precipitation recharge, (3) deep percolation losses, (4) evaporation and trans­ -soil moisture A table of data is exhibited and plotted graphs illustrate the -fall streamflow portation losses and sublimation of the snow pack. Measurable effects on seasonal runoff. factors are by correlation coefficient values. A regression equa­ Discussion by R. E. Horton are included. AUTHOR INDEX tion is developed and the least squares line is drawn through the plotted points on the graphs as a means of visual inspection. A AUTHOR INDEX I. Farrow, R. C. discussion of the results of the study is included in the text II. Horton, R. E. of the paper. I. Monson, 0. w.

*Chief Hydraulic Engineer, Water Rights Division, Dept. Lands, *Irrigation Engineer, Montana Agr. Expt. Sta., Bozeman, Mont. @ Abstract Victoria, British Columbia @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 83-39 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 85-39

RELATION OF FALL STREAMFLOW TO SPRING RUNOFF Catalogue No. CONSTRUCTION OF SNOW SURVEY SHELTER CABINS Catalogue No.

EAGLE, HENRY C.* CRREL No. WORK, R. A.* and PARSHALL, RALPH L. ** CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 117-121: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 125-135: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 I Table; 2 Graphs 1 Table; 4 Drawings; 10 Photos

Precipitation measurements and snow survey data together with fall SUBJECT INDEX The details of construction of a Snow Surveyors Shelter Cabin is SUBJECT INDEX runoff (mean October, as an index to soil priming and ground water presented. The need for such a structure is explained, featuring conditions) are used in water supply forecasting procedures, for the 1. Water supply fore­ safety to men from storm or bitter cold weather fatigue. A food 1. Snow survey Yellowstone River, Montana. Data exhibited in the table form the casting supply is stored in compartments to prevent freezing, sleeping bags -shelter cabins basis for a regression equation. Results of actual and forecasted 2. Fall precipitation and utensils are also available. Dimensions and roof structure are values are shown on a graph. October runoff is weighted by cut-and­ shown taking into consideration snow loads. A Santa Claus chimney try procedure, which reduces the forecast error. Winter and spring is also constructed above the house to allow for access if the cabin precipitation are also adjusted. These adjustments are shown in AUTHOR INDEX is completely buried. This does away with much shoveling of snow at tabulations and are also plotted on a histogram to show the effects the end of a hard days travel. Also a lower access is made avail­ of the adjustments. I. Eagle, H. C. able through the attic on the gable end. A log cabin is shown for AUTHOR INDEX use where no access road is available in the dry season, as well as a frame construction cabin. All miscellaneous parts are pre-cut I. Work, R. A. and marked for assembly. Cost figures for 1927-39 are included and Il. Parshall, R. L. a list of materials. Discussion by Dr. J. E. Church is included. III. Church, Dr. J.

*U. S. Bureau of Agr. Engineers, Medford, Oregon *Jr. Hydraulic Engineer, U.S.G.S., Helena, Montana @ Abstract **U. S. Bureau of Agr. Engineers, Ft. Collins, Colorado r~ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 86-39

ACCURACY OF MOUNT ROSE SPRING BALANCE Catalogue No.

STEVENS, J. C.* CRREL No. SIP U2491 DLC, QE500.A6 v 20 Proc. TAGU 1939 Part I 135-136: WISSC at Spokane, Wash. Dec. 28, 1938 1 Table; 1 Graph

A comparison was made of the relative accuracy of the Mt. Rose SUBJECT INDEX spring balance as improved by the Leupold, Vopel and Company of Portland, Oregon and the Chatillon type with !so-elastic springs. 1. Snow survey equip. The improved balance was within the limits of observational error -weighing scales of ordinary field work. It is believed that the accuracy of the simple springs can be further improved. The graduations were not AUTHOR INDEX tested for accuracy of machining. I. Stevens, J. c. II. Rinker, L. E.

*Engineer, Leupold, Vopel & Co. , Portland, Oregon CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 87-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 89-40

FORMATION OF SNOW CRYSTALS IN TRE MOUNTAINS AND IN THE LABORATORY Catalogue No. SOME HANDY KINKS FOR FIELO MEN Catalogue No. IN JAPAN CRREL No. COWGILL, PHILLIP S. * CRREL No. NAKAYA, UKITIRO* Proc. TAGU 1940 Part 1-B 108-109: WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part I-B 97-99: WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940 A Movie Sound Track Practical field experiences are related, especially for coating the SUBJECT INDEX duraluminum sampling tubes with orange shellac. Satisfactory reSults Snow flake crystallization is studied and classified with respect to SUBJECT INDEX are obtained except where the coating is chipped off due to rough 1. Snow sampler tubes the climatology of the various zones of atmosphere through which they handling in cold weather. Procedures for coating the' tubes inside and maintenance pass in reaching the earths surface. The procedures used in handling 1. Snow crystals out are explained. Improvements made on the sampling tube carrying these fragile crystals are described. Temperature, water vapor and case, to include two straps, one for each shoulder to hold the case atmospheric conditions create different crystal types. A duplication perpendicular in the center of the back, thus leaving both arms free of natures process is constructed in the laboratory in Northern Japan for poling on skis, and maintaining better balance. Rubberized gloves where natural and synthetic crystals are photographed. By a study of are found to be a great aid when handling the sampling tubes, thus snow crystals the character of the upper air can be predicted. A time AUTHOR INDEX keeping the hands dry as well as the tubes, thus preventing the tube lapse picture showing in color, the process of snow crystal formation, from becoming warm by handling with bare hands. This prevents water AUTHOR INDEX was shown in beautiful color by microphotography. I. Nakaya, U. on the tube that freezes to the tubes and causes them to stick to the snow, inside and out. A question and answer session was included. I. Cowgill, P. s.

*Physicist, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan @Abstract *Electrical Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 88-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 90-40

COMPARISON OF FORECAST AND ACTUAL RESULTS, 1939 Catalogue No. FORMS FOR RECORDING AND REPORTING MEASUREMENTS Catalogue No.

PAGET, FRED H.* CRREL No. PARSHALL, RALPH L.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1940 Part 1-B 99-108: WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part 1-B 109-119: WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940

A round table discussion of water supply forecasts made in 1939 is SUBJECT INDEX A series of 12 office forms are exhibited and explained, for keeping SUBJECT INDEX presented in 10 short papers. Forecast volumes are compared with record of all phases of snow survey information in order for easy actual streamflow figures as indicated in the several tables, for 1. Forecast accuracy reference when needed. A sample of a snow course sketch map is shown 1. Snow survey the following sections involved: together with an explanation. These sketches are made on tracing office forms Nevada - Eastern slope Sierra, H. P Boardman & George Devor material for duplication, to be included with the field equipment Central Nevada - Humboldt Basin, Carl Elges for ready reference when at the snow course. A form check list is AUTHOR INDEX California - Western slope Sierra, Fred Paget shown for making sure that the field man has all the necessary Owens River, James E. Jones equipment for traveling and measuring the snow. I. Parshall R. L. Hunington, Florence, Shaver Lake, Wm. Lang Utah - Cooperative snow surveys, George D. Clyde Colorado - East slope Cont. Divide, Ralph L. Parshall AUTHOR INDEX Colorado River - Lake Mead, D. B. Freeman Columbia River - B. c. Canada, R. C. Farrow I. Paget, F. H. Powell & Frasier Rivers, Canada, B. c., R. c. Farrow

*Hydraulic Eng., State Div. of Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstrac t *Irrigation Engineer, Bureau Agr. Engrs., Ft. Collins, Colorado @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 91-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 93-40

PROGRESS REPORT ON MOUNTAIN SNOWFALL PROGRAM OF THE WEATHER BUREAU Catalogue No. SNOW ACTIVITIES - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Catalogue No.

BERNARD, MERRILL* and CODD, ASHTON R.** CRREL NO. SIP 7648 WATERHOUSE, R. D.* CRREL No. DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part 1-B 122-131: WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part 1-B 134-136: WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940 1 Location Map; 9 Photos; 4 Graphs The intensive cooperative program in snow activities of the SUBJECT INDEX Modern stations are equipped with batteries of 3-5 shielded storage SUBJECT INDEX National Park Service in Region IV of that agency is expanding preciPitation gages. The gages, include shields and support stands, are rapidly. The several National Parks in California, O~egon and 1. Winter sports of all metal construction and may be equipped with a clock mechanism 1. Shielded storage Washington are taking an active part in the field work of the -areas reporting capable of running 30 days without attendance and furnishing a record gages West-Wide Snow Survey Program. Rangers are combining this work of precipitation, rain or snowfall. The gages are charged with a 2. Precipitation with their regular Park Patrol trips during the winter months. solution of calcium chloride with a film of oil; to prevent freezing gages Aside from personnel the Park Service is furnishing shelter or evaporation. The gage stands may be as high as 20 ft. depending on cabins and short-wave communications. With the ever increasing the probable amoullt of snow depth at the location. A statistical demands of winter sports information a program of disseminating analysis of the records of 4 7 stations over a 2 year period indicate snow conditions to newspapers and radio stations has developed that the batteries of gages may be reduced from 5 to 3 without loss AUTHOR INDEX into a complicated bit of business to the National Park Service, AUTHOR INDEX of accuracy. A classification of hydrological stations is given and requiring training of personnel in the supervision of these mountain snowfall stations are mapped. Detail construction of the I. Bernard, M. activities for safety and economic operations. I. Waterhouse, R. D. metal stands and shields are shown in a sketch. II. Codd, A. R.

*Chief, River and Flood Div. , U.S. W. B. , Washington **Hydrologic Supervisor, U.S.W.B., Salt Lake City, Utah CRREL & @Abstract *Engineer, Region IV National Park Serv. , San Francisco, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 92-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 94-40

PROBLEMS OF THE DIVISION OF IRRIGATION IN FORECASTING WATER SUPPLIES Catalogue No. A QUANTITATIVE FORECAST SYSTEM FOR POWER-AND FLOOD-WARNING IN THE Catalogue No. ANDROSCOGGIN RIVER BASIN, MAINE McLAUGHLIN, WALTER W. * CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP7670 BEAN, PAUL L.* and THOMAS, PHILLIP W.** DLC, QESOO. A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part 1-B 131-134:WISSC at Stanford, Calif. Jan. 12, 1940 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 835-855: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. The progress made by the Soil Conservation Service, Division of SUBJECT INDEX June 19-22, 1940 Irrigation in the field of snow surveys and irrigation water supply 2 Location Maps; 1 Graph forecasting since its inception of the program authorized by 1. Snow survey Congress in 1935 is reviewed. With the cooperation of Dr. J. E. history Snow survey techniques in the Androscoggin Valley are described. SUBJECT INDEX Church and Professor George D. Clyde the west-wide program in 1940 Comparison of the depth of snow curves with the water content of includes reports from 753 snow survey courses in the major river snow curves gives a specific gravity of the snow cover at any given 1. Water supply fore­ basins in the West. Although several areas are undeveloped, time date. These data are used to estimate the ability of the snow cover casts will solve the many problems encountered. The cooperation of many to absorb rain. The characteristics of the snow cover from day to 2. Flood prediction Federal, State and private agencies have made possible a rapid day as influenced by the temperature are indicated by a set of 3. Power prediction expansion. Monthly snow survey bulletins and water forecast data curves which are utilized in flood estimation. The forecasting of are being duplicated and mailed to thousands of offices from AUTHOR INDEX the 1936 flood through snow surveys is described. January to May. This information is finding it's way into the hands In duscussion, Mr. Phillip W. Thomas emphasizes the Quantitative of engineers for better irrigation practices and water storage I. McLaughlin, W. w. Forecast System as applied to the power development by the Rumpford operations. Falls Power Co., as well as flood warnings. Illustrated by a key AUTHOR l NDEX curve of elevation and precipitation data and tables of data on aspect of stations and elevation and snow survey measurements of I. Bean. P. L. water content. A location map with contours indicates the area II. Thomas, P. W. involved.

*Engineer, Union Water Power Co.~ Lewiston, Maine *Head, Div. of Irrigation, SCS, Berkeley, California @ Abstract **Engineer, Rumpford Falls Power Co .• Rumpford Falls, Maine CRREL & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 9 5-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 97-40

QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF FORECASTING RUNOFF FROM SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No. SOIL MOISTURE STUDIES AS AN AID IN FORECASTING RUNOFF FROM SNOW COVER catalogue No.

HALL, L. STANDISH* CRREL No. CLYDE, GEORGE D.* CRREL No. SIP U930 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 855-858: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part Ill-B 871-873: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 1 Graph; 4 Tables 2 Sketches

The three popular methods of forecasting streamflow by using snow SUBJECT INDEX The determination of soil moisture at the beginniag of the accumula- SUBJECT INDEX survey data are discussed and evaluated. The percentage method, the tion period and the melt period provides an index of water required area method, and the quantitative method. Although the quantitative L Water supply fore­ to prime the soil in any given year. An improved soil moisture in- 1. Soil moisture method, which is largely empirical, produces satisfactory results casting dicating device was developed at the Utah State Agricultural College, measurements for the Mokelumne River basin in California, when used for predict­ -quantitative to make these determinations quickly and accurately. The instrument -instruments ing streamflow for municipal supply for the East San Francisco Bay method is based on the principle that the capacity between 2 plates separated Municipal Water District. Area elevation data are used together with 2. Elevation methods by a porous ceramic dielectric material depends on the moisture- snow water content, precipitation data in the lower elevations. It is content of the dielectric material. Capacity measurements of a cell demonstrated that the quantitative method of forecasting runoff from which reaches moisture equilibrium with the surrounding soil are snow surveys is practical, and future studies will point the way to converted into moisture percentages of the soil. The cell can be improving the technique so that accurate results can be obt-ained AUTHOR INDEX buried under the heavy snow pack with the lead wires brought up from over a wide range of climatological conditions. Formula, tables and the cells to a terminal block in a steel pipe, above the depth of AUTHOR INDEX graphical representations are shown, as well as forecast comparisons I. Hall, L. S. the anticipated snow at the station. The soil moisture measurement with actual flow. provides an index for correcting snow cover runoff curves to com- I. Clyde, G. D. pensa te for earth mantle losses.

*Hydraulic Engineer, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, california @ Abstract *Irrigation Engr., Utah Agr. Expt. Station, Logan, Utah CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 96-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 98-40

A QUANTITATIVE FORECAST SYSTEM OF RUNOFF BASED ON SNOW SURVEYS AT Catalogue No. MAP OF WESTERN SNOW SURVEY SYSTEMS Catalogue No. THE MEAN ELEVATION OF SNOW COVER CRREL No. SIP 7671 CHURCH, DR. J. E.* CRREL No. SIP U2095 SALO, JOHN V. * DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 874-- WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part Ill-B 858-870: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 1 Location Map 3 Location Maps; 2 Tables; 6 Graphs The map shows location of 20 snow survey systems and forecast SUBJECT INDEX The mean-elevation method of making rapid calculations of potential SUBJECT INDEX quadrangles in the Western United States, and Canada, grouped water supply is described. The water content was measured by the zone in 6 snow survey systems. The main areas covered are the Sierra, 1. Snow survey method and the mean-elevation in two test areas. This zone method gave 1. Water supply fore­ Columbia, Great Basin, Colorado, Saskatchewan, and Missouri networks values 10% higher than the mean-elevation method. Graphs are developed casting systems. to show the relation between elevation and area as well as the rela­ -elevation methods AUTHOR INDEX tion of elevation and water content as measured by snow surveys. Due to the large area of the Merrimack River basin, some 3100 sq. mi., and I. Church, Dr ..1. E. the difference in climatic conditions weekly snow surveys are necessary to catalogue snow conditions that may change rapidly due to warm rains and cause floods. The snow suryey trips necessitate a 600 mile trip taking 5 days of time to complete one survey. This method of forecast­ ing makes possible; (1) the immediate calculation of potential water supply, (2) estimates of runoff in adjacent basins, (3) the use of AUTHOR INDEX component basins, (4) provides a way to follow the trend of the coming runoff. With 15 power plants along the stream, this is im­ I. Salo, J. V. portant.

*Public Service Co., Manchester, New Hampshire CRREL & @ Abstract *Meteorologist, Nevada Agr. Expt. St.1., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 99-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 101-40

PRESENT TRENDS IN IMPROVING FORECASTING IN THE HUMBOLDT BASIN, NEVADA Catalogue No. REPORT ON SNOW SURVEYS OF 1939 IN THE CHELAN BASIN Catalogue No.

ELGES, CARL CHREL No. COLLINS, E. H.* CRREL No. SIP U2094 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 874-878: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 887-892: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 2 Location Maps; 1 Table 7 Tables; 2 Graphs

A hydrologic history of the Humboldt River in Central Nevada is SUBJECT INDEX A summary of 9 winters data on depth, density and waber content SUBJECT INDEX presented. The geophysical features that cause so many discrepancies of snow at selected places in the Chelan Basin, Washington, is in the climatic changes and resulting difficulties in forecasting 1. Water supply fore­ given in the form of tables and graphs. The data are used to 1. Water supply fore­ streamflow from the area are discussed. Mention is made of the 1910 casting predict levels of Lake Chelan and stream runoff in the area. casting flood and an attempt at analysing the causes from fragmentary hear­ 2. Reservoirs say data is given. Progress is reported in establishing climatological 3. Graphical analysis stations and some 31 snow courses that will aid materially in the AUTHOR INDEX future to forecast the flow of the stream at the Paradise gaging AUTHOR INDEX station. Irrigation diversions are being measured. I. Elges, c. I. Collins, E. H.

*Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract *Asst. Engineer, Washington Power and Light, Spokane, Wash. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 100-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 102-40

A PROPOSED SNOW SURVEY SYSTEM FOR 'THE YAKIMA BASIN Catalogue No. THE MOUNTAIN SNOW SURVEY: ITS GENESIS, EXODUS, AND REVELATION Catalogue No.

BOARDMAN, H. P. * CREEL No. 11061 ALTER, J. CECIL* CRREL No. SIP U2181 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 878-887: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 892-899: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 1 Location Map; 6 Tables; 2 Graphs 6 Tables

The percentage system, normals, and precipitation versus runoff are SUBJECT INDEX The beginnings and growth of snow survey work is reviewed. A com­ SUBJECT INDEX discussed with reference to snow surveys in the Yakima River Basin, parison was made of streamflow forecasting from snow survey values Washington, The analysis considers only the period of 1908-09 - 1. Water supply fore­ and total precipitation measured over a period of 21 years in the 1. Water supply fore­ 1936-37 for 5 stations, which though covering but a small part of casting Big Cottonwood watershed, near Salt Lake City, Utah. The results casting the complete Yakima basin, are at the headwaters and give a good -percentage system indicate an average error of 18.2% using snow survey method and -precipitation indication of probabilities farther downstream. The methods of 13.7% using the total precipitation method. It is suggested that -snow surveys collecting the data are explained and the data are interpreted. stream discharge forecasting is more accurate and efficient with Data on precipitation, the relation of precipitation and runoff in precipitation measurements than snow survey data. AUTHOR INDEX percent of normal, and runoff in acre-ft., of the Yakima River at the Cle Elum gage are tabulated. April-July runoff; Dec.-March AUTHOR INDEX I. Alter, J. C. precipitation; and April-June precipitation are graphed as percent II. Church, Dr. J. E. of normal for 1908-09 and 1936-37. I. Boardman, H. P.

*Head Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *Head, U. S. Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 103-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 105-40

A PLAN FOR THE STUDY OF SNOW COHESION AND SNOW LOADS IN ESTIMATING Catalogue No. IMPROVEMENT OF SNOW SURVEY EQUIPMENT Catalogue No. THE NECESSARY STRENGTH OF ROOFS AGAINST SNOW OVERLOADING CRREL No. SIP U2180 COWGILL, PHILLIP S. * CRREL No. SIP U2096 WORK, R. A.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE600.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 904-905: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 901-902: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 2 Photos

A one-sixth scale model of a deep-snow shelter cabin was prepared SUBJECT INDEX Orange shellac is considered superior to white shellac for coating SUBJECT INDEX for snow load tests. An estimated 12.5 tons of snow was seen on an snow sampler tubes because of the ease in locating bare or chipped actual shelter cabin roof. The snow covered the cabin completely 1. Snow loads spots. Scotch drafting tape is satisfactory and inexpensive sub­ 1. Snow sampling and is not known whether the full load was borne by the roof or -on roofs stitute for adhesive tape to cover the inspection ports during the -equipment whether part of the mass was supported by cohesive action of the shellacking of the sampler. Fleece lined rubberized gloves were -maintenance lower snow strata. It was suggested that a removable roof be used AUTHOR INDEX found superior to woolen mittens in the field because of their 2. Snow safety on the scale model for accurate measuring of the load capac! ty. water proofing qualities and insulation from warm hands on the Discussion by Dr. J. E. Church has no solution to the stress I. Work, R. A. tubes. An amber plastic face mask is exhibited for protection AUTHOR INDEX problem in buried cabins under snow. II. Church, Dr. J. E. to the eyes and face. I. Cowgill, P. S.

*Head, Oregon Coop. Snow Surveys, SCS, Medford, Oregon CRREL & @ Abstract *Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 104-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 106-40

IMPROVEMENTS TO THE TUCKER MOTOR-SLED TO SURMOUNT DIFFICULTIES IN Catalogue No. TESTS OF MOUNT ROSE SNOW SCALE NO. 101 Catalogue No. TRAVERSING POWDER SNOW CRREL No. SIP U2093 STEVENS, J. C.* CRREL No. SIP U2092 RYAN, JOHN T. * DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc, TAGU 1940 Part III-B 905-911: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 902-904: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 2 Tables; 2 Graphs; 2 Photos 3 Photos Three sets of tests were made on the Mt. Rose snow scale No. 101. SUBJECT INDEX The Tucker motor-sled was demonstrated on the slopes of Mt. Rose SUBJECT INDEX An initial load of 3 lb. (47 .1) inches water was applied. The index region south of Reno. The motor-sled made 3 runs. It is driven by set to zero, and successive 1 lb. loads were added without unloading 1. Snow scales a helical thread wound on a revolving drum, and is powered by a 15 hp 1. Over snow vehicles the springs. All readings showed less than 1% error in test No. 1. -test accuracy air-cooled gasoline engine. Total weight is 500 lbs. The sled show- -Tucker snow-sled To begin test No. 2, a 2.31 lb. (36.3) in water load was added in­ 2. Snow survey ed a tendency to slip sideways on a 12% grade. The drum dug the snow itially and successive weights added. The largest error was 1.32%. -equipment away from itself when breaking through hard snow crust, or encounter- The load was removed after each scale reading in test No. 3, and the ing soft snow. The machine is light, built sturdy, has a cruising index adjusted to zero before the next load was applied. The largest speed of 5 mi/hr. and can carry 2 men up a 30-40% grade without great error was less than 1%. Loads up to 27 lbs. (400 in. water content) effort. More weight caused the motor-sled to break through the snow were applied in the 3 tests. Some evidence of fatigue was shown in crust and stall. It is questioned that improved performance in soft the high loads. Data from the 3 tests are shown in tabulations and snow could be obtained if the major portion of the weight were carried graph is plotted for visual inspection. by the out-board skis instead of on the drum. AUTHOR INDEX In discussion by the John Chat ilion & Sons Co •• of New York, three AUTHOR INDEX Discussion by E. M. Tucker indicates that the sled is being re- models of snow survey scales are pictured and a discussion in text designed and a Franklin air cooled motor of 80 hp is being installed I. Ryan, J. T. form is shown with a calibration chart. I. Stevens, J. C. at no addition in weight. II. Tucker, E. M.

*Mechanical Engineer, Univ. of_ Nevada, Reno, Nevada CRREL & @ Abstract *Consulting Engineer, Spaulding Bldg., Portland, Oregon CRREL & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 107-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 109-40

PROBLEMS OF USING CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No. SNOW SAMPLING EQUIPMENT FOR GRANULAR AND CRUSTED SNOW IN NEW ENGLAND Catalogue No.

ELGES, CARL* CRREL No. SIP U2099 BEAN, PAUL W.* and BENDTSEN, FREDERICK A.** CRREL No. SIP U2149 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 911-913: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc, TAGU 1940 Part III-B 916-920: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 1 Graph; 2 Tables A system of 50 permanent snow stations was developed in 1937 in the SUBJECT INDEX Cans of aqueous solution of CaClz of various concentrations were SUBJECT INDEX Androscoggin Valley in New Hampshire and Maine for ,measuring snow placed in a low temperature room at temperatures varying from -6° cover to predict the rate and amount of spring runoff. Three or 1 . Snow survey to a -30°F. The results confirm data in The Chemical Engineers 1. Storage precip­ four samples of snow are obtained in a snow sampler with a 3-inch -network Handbook by John H. Perry (1934). An 8-in. gage charged to pro­ itation gages inside diameter and a cutter 2.65 inches diameter. The samples are -sampling tubes tect an expected 10 inches of precipitation to -20°F will re­ 2. Calcium Chloride weighed and the water content recorded. The size and shape of the quire an initial charge of 26.9 lb. commercial CaCl2 and 35.8 lb. snow crystals are determined with a microscope. The thickness of water. The storage precipitation gage is not recommended if the AUTHOR INDEX the ice on the ground and condition of ground are recorded. The AUTHOR INDEX gage must be unattended for a month or more at below 0° temperatures. snow temperature at 10 inches depth is measured. The 50 inch snow I. Elges, C. sampler used in these tests has been found superior to the Mount I. Bean, P. W. Rose Sampler for coarse New England snow. II. Bendtsen, F. A. Discussion by Dr. J. E. Church and Kenneth L. Roberts is in­ III. Church, Dr. J. E. cluded. IV. Roberts, K. L.

*Statistician, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *and** Engineers, Union Water Power Co., Lewiston, Maine CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 108-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 110-40

CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS IN THE OPERATION OF PRECIPITATION GAGES catalogue No. RESEARCH ON SNOW BY THE FOREST SERVICE Catalogue No.

CODD, ASHTON R. * CRREL No. SIP U2097 CONNAUGHTON, CHAS • A. * CRREL No. SIP U2177 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 113-115: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 920-925: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 2 Graphs 9 References

Freezing tests indicate that CaClz solution is superior to NaCl SUBJECT INDEX The U. S. Forest Service research on snow started in 1910 as part SUBJECT INDEX solution in precipitation gages. The brine is used to melt the snow of the Wagon Wheel Gap study on the effect of forest thinning on as it falls into the gage and to prevent damage to the gage by 1. Storage precip­ streamflow. Results of experiments conducted in forest areas of 1. Snow research freezing water. A eutectic freezing point of -60°F results with a itation gages Colorado, Utah and Idaho show that forest cover retard the spring 2. Watershed mgmt. solution of about 30% CaClz by weight. A 23% NaCl solution forms -Calcium Chloride melting of snow by prolonging the runoff period up to 10 days. Cur­ salt crystals at -5°F and becomes solid at -8°F. Precipitation gages tests rent research includes the intensive study of the hydrology of 3 in which caClz is used are usually charged with a 33.4% solution major watersheds in California. It is planned to modify the forest (1 qt. of salt to 1 qt. of water and 4 oz. SAE.10) after 2.5 in. cover after completion of the study and to determine the effects of AUTHOR INDEX of precipitation has been caught, another quart of salt is added the treatment on streamflow in the Wasatch Plateau, in a portion of to strengthen the solution. The film of oil prevents evaporation the Colorado River watershed, the State of Pennsylvania, and on the I. Connaughton, C. A. and overcomes the deliquescent effect of the salt. Tests were made Smith River watershed in New Hampshire. More research is required II. Alter, J. C. of various percentages of strength solutions in a dry-ice chamber. AUTHOR INDEX to secure adequate watershed service and management. III. Church, Dr. J.E. NaCl solutions and a sample of water from the Great Salt Lake turned Discussion by J. Cecil Alter, J. E. Church and H. T. Gisborne. IV. Cis borne. H. T. solid at -8°F. However, the 33.4% solution of CaClz began to be­ I. Codd, A. R. come slushy like frazil ice at a -55°F, and remained in this semi­ II. Bernard, M. liquid solution for two hours at a -65°F. Thus assuring no damage III. Stevens, J. C. to the gages.

*U. S. Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah CRREL & @ Abstract *Rocky Mtn. Forest & Range Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 111-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 113-40

SKI ETIQUETTE AND SKI SAFETY Catalogue No. SNOW TYPES MET IN HIGHWAY SNOW REMOVAL Catalogue No.

CROUCH, J. CARLISLE* CRREL No. Mac VICAR, J. D.* CRREL No. SIP U2178 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc, TAGU 1940 Part III-B 925-928: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 932-935: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 12 Photos The rapid growth of winter sports, especially skiing within National SURJECT INDEX Parks and National Forest areas has demanded an increase of accessable Snow falling on the WEST slopes of the Cascades it\ Washington is SUBJECT INDEX roads during the winter season, are described. Due to the great number 1. Winter sports usually of the wet type with large flakes of soft texture. Snow of beginners in these sports the rules of the road are spelled out 2. Safety falling EAST of the Cascades' summit is usually dry snow of small 1. Snow removal in detail as well as the rules for skiing on the crowded slopes and flakes due to the colder temperatures. "Tapioca" snow is peculiar -highways ski tows. Largely simple ski etiquette is involved in ski safety. to the Columbia River area in Southern Washington, and consists 2. Snow classifica­ Eight items are discussed and listed. of snow globules which form a slush soon after falling. High tion 1) Use your own equipment, do not borrow on the hill. velocity north westerly winds during rain storms at temperatures 2) The fast skier has the right of way, beginners should stay on the around freezing, form an icing within a few minutes after fall­ bunny slopes. ing. A third common snow type is a dry, fine drifting powder 3) Fill in your 'Sits Marks 1 , like replacing your divots. which is hard to compact and easily shifted by changing winds. AUTHOR INDEX 4) When cross-country skiing always travel in pairs. Snow removal from highways with primitive and modern equipment 5) Avo:ld stepping on another's skis. is illustrated in photographs. I. Mac Vicar, J. D. 6) When skiing on trails stay on marked routes, no short cuts. 7) Respect the rules, regulations and property, building and AUTHOR INDEX equipment of the establishment operating the area. 8) Ski safely, ski under control, ski within your limits. I. Crouch, J. C.

*Snow Ranger, Crater Lake National Park, Crater Lake, Oregon @ Abstract *State Highway Dept., Olympia, Wash. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 112-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 114-40

ICE CRUSTS AND SNOW SETTliNG AT SNOQUALMIE PASS, SEASON OF 1939-40 Catalogue No. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING FROST PENETRATION Catalogue No.

CHURCH, DR. PHIL E.* CRREL No. SIP U2150 ATKINSON, H. B.* and BAY, CLYDE E.** CRREL No. SIP U408 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 928-932: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc, TAGU 1940 Part III-B 936-951: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 1 Graph 11 Graphs; 12 Tables; 3 References

Eight trips were made to Snoqualmie Pass, 63 miles east of Seattle, SUBJECT INDEX The measurements of frost depth were obtained by the use of a King SUBJECT INDEX between Dec. 27 and April 4, 1940. Profile cuts were made in the soil tube and hammer. After measuring snow depth the tube was driven snow, temperatures were taken at various depths, and dye solutions 1. Snow pack into the soil profile gradually. The core samples were removed and 1. Frost penetration were poured over the snow to test penneability. Snowfall was normal -analysis examined for ice crystals. The depth at which these crystals oc­ -soils during the 1939-40 winter. Two cold spells occurred and these pro­ 2. Ice crusts curred was recorded as the frost depth. Some of the factors which duced impervious crusts. No important crusts developed after have been found to affect frost penetration are snow depth, vegetal January. A graph of the various crust layers and their movement AUTHOR INDEX cover, atmospheric pressure, exposure, initial soil temperature, during the winter and melt season is shown and described in the moisture content of the soil, soil type, snow density, and organic text. I. Church, Dr. P. E. matter contained in the soil. Graphs are shown at each station and date with the depth of snow and of frost line. The type of ground AUTHOR INDEX cover and soil type are shown. The data collected is shown in tabular form. Open discussion comments are included from several I. Atkinson, H. B. engineers. II. Bay, C. E.

*Head, Dept. Oceanography, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash. CRREL & @ Abstract * & ** USDA, Soil Conservation Service, LaCrosse, Wisconsin CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 115-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 117-40

THE RELATION OF SNOW TO MAXIMUM FLOOD PEAKS Catalogue No. UNIT -- HYDROGRAPH Catalogue No.

PARSONS, WALTER J. JR.* CRREL No. SIP 7672 ELLIOTT, R. H.* and SHERMAN, LEROY K.** CRREL No. DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 951-953: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 969-970: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 6 References A method· of predicting floods originating in mountains with deep SUBJECT INDEX snow covers is described. Snow precipitation, rain, snow cover The application of the Unit-Hydrograph method of,forecasting floods SUBJECT INDEX and snow-melt data are used to develop a synthetic hydrograph for 1. Flood control from rainfall is described. The same basic principals are suggested each elevation of the snow line. The maximum flood hydrograph and -prediction for designing a procedure of forecasting floods from snow covered 1. Unit hydrograph the estimated location of the snow wedge are used for forecasting 2 • Snow melt and portions of the river basin. The Unit-Hydrograph procedure involves 2. Snow melt & run- purposes. Flood data on several California, Oregon and Washington runoff searching the several snow-melt factors, to establish the unit of off river basins are discussed. time with the unit of snow-melt resulting in a unit of nmoff 3. Flood control AUTHOR INDEX volume. These units are applied to the area of the basin involved. prediction No sample calculation is presented. L Parsons, W. J. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Elliott, R. H. II. Sherman, L. K.

*U. S. Corps Army Engineers, Bonneville, Oregon *Hydraulic Engineer, U.S. C. E., Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract **58 West Jackson Blv,. Chicago, Ill. Consulting Engineer @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 116-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 118-40

THE RELATION OF SNOW TO MAXIMUM FLOOD PEAKS: A DISCUSSION catalogue No. ICE IN THE NORTHERN STREAMS OF THE UNITED STATES Catalogue No.

CHURCH, DR. J. E.* CRREL No. SIP U931 PARSONS, WALTER J. JR.* CRREL No. SIP U2151 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 953-968: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 970-973: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 3 Graphs; 4 Photos; 7 Tables River water is cooled by the air but temperatures are kept almost SUBJECT INDEX The sources of maximum floods are placed near the snowline rather SUBJECT INDEX uniform by turbulence. Needle-like crystals of ice form on the surface than in the upper reaches of the watershed where the area is smaller, and act in one of 3 general ways. The crystals are carried below the 1. Ice - river temperature lower, and the body of snow deeper. The effects of the 1. Snow melt surface in turbulent stream as a mixture of ice crystals and water 2. Ice - frazil relative heaviness of the snow-cover on the windward and leeward -floods called Frazil ice. The ice crystals join to form floating islands of side of the mountains, the relation of temperature to snow-melt 2. Flood control ice in lese turbulent streams. These pans of ice float to shore, unite rates, the effect of rainfall on snow and snow density are factors -prediction with others to form an ice cover over the stream. A clear sheet of producing floods. An analysis of temperature, snow on the ground, ice forms from the floating ice island in quiet streams. The rate of precipitation and flood peaks was made on four floods in the Tahoe­ freezing decreases when an ice cover forms because of friction of Truckee Basin during 1907, 1928, 1937 and 1940, and in the ice surface. The ice under the surface soon melts smooth, reducing Sacramento and Humboldt Basins. Hydrographs of the various flood the friction. Pressure caused by ice expansion usually results in flows are shown, and included are the various factors involved. Snow AUTHOR INDEX buckling in weak areas but bridge piers, bulkheads, and sea-walls data at various elevations in the basins is also tabulated. can be damaged. Ice melts from the surface in spring. The melt- AUTHOR INDEX Several discussions are also included. I. Church, Dr. J. E. water seeps through cracks forming a honeycomb structure which is disrupted by the rising spring flow. I. Parsons, w. J.

*Meteorologist, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract *U. S. Corps Army Engineers, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 119-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 121-40

WINTER OVERFLOW FROM ICE GORGING ON SHALLOW STREAMS catalogue No. REFORTS OF WATER SUPPLY FORECAST ACCURACY FOR 1939 Catalogue No.

STEVENS, JACK C.* CRREL No. SIP U2197 WORK, R. A.* CRREL No. DLC, QE500.A6 v 21 Proc, TAGU 1940 Part III-B 973-978: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc, TAGU 1940 Part III-B 981-991: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 19-22, 1940 1 Location Hap; 5 Photos; 4 Graphs The accuracy of water supply forecasts is reported by the several SUBJECT INDEX Large quantities of frazil ice in shallow streams increase viscosity, SUBJECT INDEX area offices publishing forecasts during the snow ieason of 1938- decrease velocity, and increase the stage of the stream. High banks 39 for the major streams in the western states and Canada. Streams 1. Water supply accotrimodate the increased stream state by allowing the rising frazil 1. Ice - frazil are listed and values are tabulated and discussed by the several -forecast accuracy ice to form a bridge under which normal flow continues. Overflow 2. Floods - Ice authors. occurs where stream banks are too low to contain the river stage. Oregon Streams R. A. Work and J. H. Ryan Low spots are filled with ice; the banks are built up with de- Idaho Streams James C. Marr posited slush ice, and a new river is formed. The ice-gorging and Washington Streams Walter E. Johnson winter overflow of the Madison River was studied to ascertain whether Montana Streams o. w. Monson the operations of the Hebgen and Madison reservoirs were responsible Missouri (Fort Peck) D. B. Freeman AUTHOR INDEX for the overflow in the 1916-17 season. An analysis of weather con- British Columbia R. c. Farrow ditions for that period indicated that the overflow was caused by a Alberta Canada w. T. McFarlane I. Work, R. A. sustained cold spell and not by reservoir operations. Photographs AUTHOR INDEX illustrate the ice blocked Madison River, overflowing farm land. Ice forming factors are shown by graphs. I. Stevens, J • C.

*Consulting Engineer, Spaulding Bldg., Portland, Oregon CRREL Abstract *USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 120-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 122-40

STANDARDS AND TERMINOLOGY catalogue No. PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS WEST OF THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS Catalogue No.

WORK, R. A.* CRREL No. MEREYFIELO, FRED* and WARREN, VERNON** CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-B 979-981: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-C 999-1006: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 19-22, 1940 June 22, 1940 5 Tables; 3 Graphs A recommendation of a procedure for reporting FORECAST ACCURACY SUBJECT INDEX of streamflow forecasts in terms of the mean flow as measured by A report is made relative to a study to find a means of forecasting SUBJECT INDEX the U.S.G.S. Surface Water Branch. A schedule of arithmetic values 1. Water supply the probable flow of streams west of the Cascade Mountains in with corresponding word descriptions is advanced. -forecast Washington and Oregon. Precipitation data from eleven Weather Bureau 1. Hydrology Percent accuracy Word Definition -accuracy stations with complete 30-year record, 1899-1929 are used. Statis­ -basin character­ 5% Excellent tical methods are used without success to build· a satisfactory istics 5 to 10% Good formula. However, the study revealed characteristics of pre­ 2. Precipitation 10 to 20% Fair cipitation patterns for the area involved, as outlined in eleven -analysis 20 to 30% Poor (11) statements in the conclusions. More than 30% Very Poor AUTHOR INDEX Discussion is presented by Norbert Leupold, Corps Engrs., Portland AUTilOR INDEX General consensus of this schedule was discussed by members of and also by Elmer Fisher of the U. S. Weather Bureau, pointing out various agencies. I. Work, R. A. factors developed by those agencies for forecasting streamflow. I. Merryfield, F. II. Warren, v. III. Leupold, N. IV. Fisher, E.

*USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon @ Abstract * & **Oregon Agr. Expt. Station, Corvallis, Oregon @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 123-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 125-40

HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION FOR MUD MOUNTAIN RESERVOIR Catalogue No. MEASUREMENT OF FOOTHILL SPRINGS TO DETERMINE SOIL MOISTURE AND GROUND Catalogue No. WATER CONDITIONS IN THE SNAKE RIVER BASIN, IDAHO HOPKINS, GEORGE F.* CRREL No. CRREL No. MARR, JAMES C.* Proc. TAGU -1940 Part III-C 1006-1014: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 22, 1940 Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-C 1021-1027: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. 1 Location Map; 12 Graphs June 22, 1940 1 Location Map; 3 Tables; 1 Photo The various hydrological factors pertaining to the White River SUBJECT INOEX . basin, one of the coastal Streams in western Washington are ana­ The variation of the flow of shallow springs may provide an im­ SUBJECT INOEX lyzed for the purpose of planning the operation of Mud Mountain 1. Precipitation portant index to ground water conditions beneath the snow pack and Dam, a flood control project. Access to the basin is limited to network affect the amount of runoff. By adjusting the water content of the 1. Water supply fore­ one road up the main valley and over Cayuse and Chinook Passes to 2. Snow survey snow pack accordingly the forecast may be improved. A network of casting the east. Access to tributary streams is by foot and difficult -networks 20 springs along the foothills of Idaho's Snake River are being 2. Soil priming traveling. A network of meteorological stations was established. measured with the thought of developing another independent variable -shallow springs Snow survey courses were laid out to augment the data for possible AUTHOR INOEX for the forecasting formulas. Such an index could be used as a soil flash flood conditions. Data and curves are exhibited and a plan priming factor. Forecasting procedures and graphs are illustrated AUTHOR INOEX of operation discussed. I. Hopkins, G. F. and a location map of the network of springs is exhibited, to­ A formal discussion with data and alternate plans are pre­ II. Stevens, J. c. gether with data collected over 2 years, are tabulated. I. Marr, J. C. sented by J. c. Stevens and remarks by F. M. Veatch. III. Veatch, F. M.

*Hydraulic Engr., U.S.C.E., Seattle) Wash. ~ Abstract *Irrigation Engineer, SCS, Boise, Idaho @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 124-40 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 126-40

PROSPECTIVE DAY YEARS AND THEIR CAUSE Catalogue No. REVISED PROCEDURE FOR FORECASTING THE SPRING RUNOFF AHOVE FORT PECK Catalogue No.

GILLETTE, HALBERT P.* CRREL No. FREEMAN, D. B.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-C 1015-1021: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-C 1027-1033: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 22, 1940 June 22, 1940 2 Tables; 1 Graph; 2 Photos 9 Graphs

Climatic cycles are studied by investigating geological pheno­ SUBJECT INOEX The accuracy of the forecasting procedures for the Missouri River SUBJECT INDEX mena, shown by terraces around lakes and seashore, paired beds above Fort Peck Reservoir is shown to be improved by adding weight­ of rock formations and differing materials. The various geological 1. Cycles ing factors to precipitation data and from additional sophisticated 1. Water supply fore­ periods and sub-periods are divided on climatic changes. These -geologic statistical methods to test the factors for correlation coefficients casting geologic periods are studied to obtain the effects of climate. and also to make full use of the snow survey courses installed in 2. Graphical analysis The cycles are computed by geometrical progression series, the headwaters areas along the Continental Divide in 1934. Graphical assuming that the cycles are harmonic. Geologic formations are solutions show the effects of the corrective methods. AUTHOR INDEX pictured and 1 cycle graph is shown with tables of triple pro­ AUTHOR INOEX gression cycles showing length of time. These cycles extend I. Freeman, D. B. much further back in history than the tree ring cycles. I. Gillette, H. P.

*Geologist, 1125 Oak Grove Ave., San Marino, Calif. @ Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, Div. Office, U.S. Eng. , Kansas City, MO @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No, 12 7-40

THll SNOW MELT PROBLEM AS AFPECTING THE DESIGN OF FLOOD CONTROL WORKS Catalogue No.

RUGEN, OTTO N. * CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-C 1033-1046: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 22, 1940 1 Location Map; 1 Table; 7 References; 2 Graphs

Snowmelt, rainfall and meteorological conditions are studied with SUBJECT INDEX relation to abnormally high stream flows. Previous floods caused by various combinations of these factors are reviewed and references 1. Snowmelt to other studies involving snowmelt problems are quoted. The storage -runoff effect of a snowpack on rainfall in various quantities of snow, 2. Flood control rain, infiltration rates, temperatures effecting flood producing -prediction potentials are cited. The thermodynamics of snowmelt are included 3. Graphical in the development of formula and graphical solution, all shown analysis and discussed in the paper. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Rugen, 0. N.

*Assoc. Engineer, U.S. C. E. , Los Angeles, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 128-40

"DO CLIMATOLOGICAL AVERAGES SERVE ADEQUATELY AS NORMALS" Catalogue No.

PEDERSEN, CLARENCE* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1940 Part III-C 1046-1050: WISSC at Seattle, Wash. June 22, 1940 4 Tables

A discussion of the objections to the use of the ARITHMETICAL SUBJECT INDEX average or mean as a parameter to express the NORMAL climatological values; as Norms.! rainfall, Normal temperature or the Percent 1. Normals NormaL The NORMAL value should represent the most common value of -climatological a series with a probability of being equaled or exceeded approxi­ data mately 50% of the time. The infallibility of this occurance is illustrated in an array of tabulated data. It is suggested that another parameter be used to express the Normal values from a series; the median; the mode; the geometric mean; or the harmonic mean. It is further suggested that in speaking about the arithmetic AUTHOR INDEX average or mean that the term NORMAL not be used. This matter became a Resolution to the Secretary of the Section I. Pederson, C. of _Hydrology of the American Geophysical Union for a nationwide II. Midling, G. W. acceptance.

*Hydraulic Engr. U.S.C.E., Portland, Oregon @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 129-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 131-41

WHITHER SNOW SURVEYS 1 Catalogue No. CLEANING AND SHELLACKING SAMPLER TUBES BY· IMMERSION Catalogue No.

CONKLING, HAROLD* CREEL No. COWGILL, PHILLIP S. * CRREL No. SIP U1820 DLC, QE500.A6 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 135-138: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 147-148: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 January 16-18, 1941 1 Diagram A history of the Snow Survey Program in the State of California is SUBJECT INDEX presented. Details of the early cooperation with Dr. J. E. Church Shellac coating can be removed from duralum4um snow sampler SUBJECT INDEX back in 1917 and progress of this work until a final beginning of a 1. History tubes by immersing in a tank of commercial denatured alcohol. california State Cooperative Snow Survey Program in 1929, under the -snow surveys The dipping tank recommended is 4 inch in diameter and 36 inches 1. Snow samplers leadership of Barlowe M. Stafford. The establishment of snow survey long, with a flat steel plate welded at the base. A tube with 2 -maintenance courses in most of the major stream drainage basins was started and or 3 coats of shellac will be cleaned in about 20 minutes; 8 to supplemented with precipitation stations in the lower altitudes,. the 10 coats requires 45-60 minutes for thorough shellac removal. AUTHOR INDEX collection of historical records was begun and analysis work for The dipping tank can be used for shellacking snow sampler tubes forecasting fonoulas was started. Fred H. Paget was assigned to by immersing in shellac diluted 3 parts of shellac to 1 part I. Cowgill, P. s. this project in 1935. Mention is made of the West Wide Snow Survey denatured alcohol. and Water Forecast Program started by the Dept. of Agriculture in 19 35, AUTHOR INDEX Dr. J. E. Church in discussion lists the formation of Snow Survey Programs throughout the United States, chronologically beginning L Conkling, H. with Charles E. Mixer in 1900 through 1938. II. Church, Dr. J .E.

*Engineer, Div. Water Res., State of Calif., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract *Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 130-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 132-41

COMPARISON OF FORECASTS AND ACTUAL RESULTS, 1940 Catalogue No. A REVIEW OF CHATILLON AND SONS' LATEST SPRING BALANCE FOR THE MOUNT Catalogue No. ROSE SNOW SAMPLER PAGET, FRED H.* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP U1821 COWGILL, PHILLIP S. * DLC, QE500.A6 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 138-146: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 148-148: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 A round table discussion of Water Supply Forecasts made in 1940 is presented in 9 short papers. Forecast volumes are compared with A new spring balance for the Mount Rose snow sampler improved SUBJECT INDEX actual streamflow figures as indicated in the several tables, for compactness, readability, weight, and accuracy. The dial range the following sections involved: reads from 1 to 100, and the numbers and graduations are plainly 1. Snow sampler California, Central Valley Streams Fred H. Paget SUBJECT INDEX visible. Some of the changes recommended to correct defects are: -spring balance California, Owens River Basin James E. Jones lengthening of the suspension bar, expansion of the zero adjust­ California, Huntington Lake, Big Creek W. A. Lang 1. Forecast accuracy ment to a full turn, strengthening of the framework of the case, AUTHOR INDEX california, Mokelumne Basin L. Standish Hall finishing the case with a dull surfacing, and providing the Nevada, Central Sierra, East slope H. P. Boardman balance with a screw which can be turned by a knife. I. Cowgill, P. S. George Devore Leigh L. Stanford Nevada, Humboldt Basin Carl Elges Idaho, Upper Columbia, U.S.A. James c. Marr British Columbia, Kootenay, Okanagan S. H. Frame AUTHOR INDEX Oregon, Oregon Basins R. A. Work J. H. Ryan I. Paget, F. H.

*Hydraulic Engineer, Div. of Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract *Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract •

. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGIU\PHY WSC No. 133-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 135-41

A NEW DESIGN FOR A CANVAS CASE TO CARRY SNOW SURVEY TUBES AND Catalogue No. TEST OF SNOW SAMPLING TUBES OF LARGE AND SMALL DIAMETER Catalogue No. ACCESSORIES CRREL No. SIP U1831 GOODELL, BERTRAM C.* and ROBERTS, REIINETH L. ** CRREL No. SIP U1822 COWGILL, PHILLIP S, * and ELGES, CARL** DLC, QE500.A6 1941 DLC, QE500.A6 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 151-152: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 148-150: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 January 16-18, 1941 2 Tables 3 Photos A Mount Rose type sampler with a cutter of insid'l diameter 1.485 SUBJECT INDEX A carrying case to carry balance, tape, sampler tubes, cleaning SUBJECT INDEX inches was compared in field tests with a sampler tiaving a cutter hook, etc., has been designed in 2 units. The second section, can with inside diameter of 2. 787 inches. The results of 32 samples 1. Snow samplers be detached and left if exceptionally long sampler will not be 1. Snow sampler with each set gave a coefficient of variation of 7.82% for the Mt. -comparison tests needed. Wide web shoulder straps make for easy carrying and a -carrying case Rose sampler and 9, 24% for the larger sampler. Additional 15 belt holds tbe pack in position, and keeps the case from flying measurements using the gram scales gave lower values but similar AUTHOR INDEX over the head in a bad fall, a safety feature. AUTHOR INDEX variations. The Mt. Rose type of snow sampler proved more practical and as accurate as the larger sampler, under the conditions of the I. Goodell, B. C. I. Cowgill, P. S. tests. Comparative data are exhibited in tables. II. Roberts, K. L. II. Elges, C.

*Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada **Engineer, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract * and **Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., New Haven, Conn. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGIU\PHY WSC No. 134-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 136-41

AN IMPROVED ESCAPEIII!NT FOR RECORDER CLOCKS Catalogue No. THE DURALUMINUM SNOW SAMPLER UNDER STRAIN: A DISCUSSION Catalogue No.

BETTER, FREDERICK* CRREL No. CHURCH, DR. PHIL E.* and CHURCH, DR. J. E.** CRREL No. SIP U1823 DLC, QE500.A6 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 15Q-151: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 152-153: IIISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 January 16-18, 1941 1 Photo Three weaknesses were observed in a duraluminum snow sampler SUBJECT INDEX An improved escapement for recording clocks is described and SUBJECT INDEX during a field test. Teeth from the cutter bit broke when the pictured. This piece of intricate equipment is designed for field sampler met a 4 inch crust of ice down in the snowpack. The l. Snow sampler replacement by the hydrographer when visiting stream or other 1. Recorder clocks sleeves on the end of the sections of the sampler turned in -comparison tests measuring devices in remote places. The new escapement is mounted -escapements attempting to drive the sampler through the ice crust. The on a solid brass plate to insert in the standard clocks. On this spanner wrenches failed to hold when attempt was made to un­ AUTHOR INDEX plate is mounted the balance wheel with the Elinvar hair spring screw the sections after sampling. Changes in the duraluminum and its regulating lever, the double roller and shaft and escape­ snow sampler to remedy these defects are recommended. I. Church, Dr. P.E. ment shaft. The base plate is keyed into position and held in AUTHOR INDEX II. Church, Dr. J .E. place by counter sunk oil reservoirs; all built to precision of fine watch making. The unit is packaged in a small dust proof I. Better, F. case. They will run for 2 years without cleaning.

*Head, Dept. Oceanography, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. *Watchmaker, City of Los Angeles, Calif. @ Abstract **Meteorologist, Nev. Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 137-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 139-41

CORRELATION OF STREAMFLOW AND SNOW COVER IN COLORADO Catalogue No. THE USE OF SNOW SURVEY PREUICTIONS IN THE OPERATION OF COMBINED FLOOD Catalogue No. CONTROL AND CONSERVATION RESERVOIRS FOR REGULATIO.N OF SNOWMELT RUNOFF PARSBALL, RALPH L. * CRREL No. SIP Ul926 CRREL No. DLC, QE500. A6 1941 SHOWMAN, ARTHUR C. * Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 153-159: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 17Q-173: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. 4 Tables; 5 Graphs; 2 Photos January 16-18, 1941 1 Table; 3 Graphs The relation between streamflow and water content of the snowpack SUBJECT INDEX . is affected by many factors, such as topography, temperature, wind, Operation curves for Lake Tahoe (Calif.) are given and discussed. SUBJECT INDEX and soil moisture conditions at freezing. Forecasts based on snow 1. Water supply fore­ Construction of the curves is based on recorded snowmelt runoff, water content have varied as much as 24% from actual flow since casting while their use is based on snow survey predictions of runoff. The 1. Snowmelt runoff 1935. It is assumed that various responsible components can be 2 , Snow cover hypothetical operation of Lake Tahoe for flood control and conserva­ 2. Reservoir regula­ evaluated within limits and that corrections may be determined to photo analysis tion, using snowmelt runoff versus release curves, is illustrated. tion permit an accurate forecast of the seasonal (April - July or Sept.) As the season progresses and forecasts are more reliable the plan of probable water supply. The photographic method of measuring snow operation can always be changed, probably up through late April or AUTHOR INDEX (See WSC 41-37) and relating to streamflow to areas measured by a AUTHOR INDEX on the May first surveys. grid over photos has had promising results. The record is too I. Showman, A. C. limited at this time for final conclusions. I. Parshall, R. L.

*Irrigation Engineer, SCS, Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL & @ Abstract *Engineer, Corps Army Engineers, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 138-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 140-41

TYPE CURVES AND VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL SNOWPALL: STATE OF WASHINGTON Catalogue No. SOIL FREEZING AND FOREST COVER Catalogue No.

CHURCH, DR. PHIL E.* CRREL No. SIP U1928 BELOTELKIN, K. T.* CRREL No. SIP U479 DLC, QE500.A6 1941 DLC, QESOO.A6 1941 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 159-170: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 173-175: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Janu ary 16-18, 1941 January 16-18, 1941 2 Maps; 3 Tables 3 Graphs; 1 Table

Graphs of average snow depth against months, for over 100 locations SUBJECT INDEX The depth and time of soil freezing and the rapidity of thawing SUBJECT INDEX in the State of Washington were drawn from data taken over a period are related to type of forest cover, effect of snow cover, forest of 23 years. The graphs were sorted into groups according to charac- 1. Snow cover litter, natural internal soil drainage, and soil texture. (Item 1. Frost penetration teristics such as shape of curve, continuity of snow cover, maximum -distribution 1292 Bibl. prepared by Purdue Univ.) Data were collected from -forest land depths, etc. The curves fell into 7 main types, 0-, D-, P-, M-, J-, plots laid out at the Gale River Experimental Forest in northern -soils F-, S-. It was found that types were logically distributed topo- New Hampshire. Three seasons of data are available for plotting graphically. Polar Pacific air is a dominant factor on snow cover west of graphs showing the three seasons of data. No definite con­ AUTHOR INDEX of the Cascades. Altitude, position with respect to mountains, and clusions are drawn. influence of polar air masses are other factors affecting snowfall In discussion Dr. J, E. Church relates some of his observations. I. Belotelkin, K.T. and snow cover in the State. The standard deviation and the co- AUTHOR INDEX Paul L. Bean lists 7 conditions for frost in the ground and re­ II. Church, Dr. J.E. efficient of variation for 107 stations are tabulated and indicate lates data and studies carried on in New Hampshire and Maine. III. Bean, P.L. a variation with the type of curve. I. Church, Dr. P. E. Walter T. Wilson relates studies of frost penetration to freez­ IV. Wilson, W. T. ing of water pipes in Wisconsin.

*Head, Dept. Oceanography, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. CRREL Abstract *Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., New Haven, Conn. CRREL & @ Abstract •

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 141-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 143-41

PROGRESS TOWARD A RATIONAL PROGRAM OF SNOW MELT FORECASTING Ca talgoue No • AN OUTLINE OF THE THERMODYNAMICS OF SNOW MELT Catalogue No.

BERNARD, MERRILL* CRREL No. SIP U944 WILSON, WALTER T. * CRREL No. SIP U993 DLC, QE500.A6 1941 DLC, QESOO.A6 v 22 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 176-178: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 182-195: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 January 16-18, 1941 1 Diagram 4 Tables; 8 Graphs; 13 References

The problem of utilizing the natural storage of water by snow SUBJECT INDEX The heat required to raise the temperature of drY., snow is shown SUBJECT INDEX fields is compared to artificial storage by dams. The amount of to be very small compared to the heat required to convert the snow water available must be determined and the rate of release or 1. Snow melt entirely to liquid water. The various factors involved in the heat 1. Snow melt withdrawal must be evaluated. Observational facilities should -research transfer processes leading to the melting of a snow cover are ex­ -runoff be provided to determine the amount of water in the snow pack amined separately. The solar radiation absorbed may be balanced 2. Snow ablation and to study the melting processes. Heat transfer by convection by irradiation from the snow surface. Heat transfer by conduction and radiation between the snow surface and the overlying atmos- AUTHOR INDEX through the snow to the earth or to the atmosphere is negligible. phere is considered an important factor. An organization chart Heat exchange by convection and condensation exceeds heat transfer for future research studies is exhibited. I. Bernard, M. by any other means. Evaporation and warm rainwater also are con­ tributing factors. The liquid water content and the density of the snow cover, the melting of frozen ground, the areal distribution of the snow cover, and the air trajectory over the snow must be considered in evaluating the heat transfer processes or forecasting snow melt. A method of estimating the rate and progress of snow AUTHOR INDEX melt is applied to a specific example. Formula development and application are included. I. Wilson, W. T.

*Head, River & Flood Div., U.S.W.B., Washington CRREL Abstract *U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 142-41 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 144-41

A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HEAT NECESSARY TO MELT SNOW Catalogue No. ANALYSIS OF HIGH RATES OF SNOW MELTING Catalogue No.

BERNARD, MERRILL* and WILSON, WALTER T. ** CRREL No. SIP U943 LIGHT, PHILLIP* CRREL No. SIP U261 DLC, QE500.A6 v 22 DLC, QESOO.A6 v 22 Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 178-181: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 195-205: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 January 16-18, 1941 1 Chart; 2 Tables; 2 Photos 10 Graphs; 3 References

A quantitative determination of the heat of melting of snow was SUBJECT INDEX The heat exchange between warm, moist air and the underlying snow SUBJECT INDEX devised by the U. s. Weather Bureau. A snow sample is added to a surface was found to be influenced chiefly by convection and con- measured quantity of hot water of known temperature in a calori­ 1. Snow densation. These factors were expressed algebraically and cOmbined 1. Snowmelt meter. The difference between initial volumes of water indicates -quality to yield the effective snow melt. Logarithmic distributions of wind, -runoff the amount of snow in the sample. The temperature difference shows 2. Snowpack temperature, and vapor pressure were assumed in developing this 2. Snow cover the amount of heat necessary to melt the snow. A ratio of the heat -physics equation. Evaluation of constants involved in the turbulent transfer -ablation of melting, in cal/gr to the 80 cal/gr of latent heat of fusion, is of heat required instruments at two levels in field observation but designated as quality of snow. Observations indicate a wide varia­ a single level may be used in connection with the equation for snow tion in snow quality. Coarse grainy snow has a minimum quality of melt where reference levels are specified and the roughness para- 7D-80%; new snow, of fine particle size, has qualities of less than AUTHOR INDEX meter is known. The resulting equation then gives snow melt as a 50 percent. Tables include data from experiments conducted in New function of mean wind velocity, and vapor pressure. Application of York State. Photos illustrate a field sampling kit for snow quality I. Bernard, M. this formula to a drainage basin necessitates evaluation of tempera- measurements. II. Wilson, W. T. ture and vapor pressure at differenc elevations by using conventional linear lapse rates. Corrections also are given for the modifications in the air mass as it moves over a large drainage area. The actual AUTHOR INDEX basin snow melt is taken proportional to the theoretical snow melt determined by the equation. The individual constant was evaluated I. Light, P. by statistical methods. * and ** U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. CRREL Abstract *U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. c. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 145-41

FORECASTING THE DATE OF THE DECLINE OF THE CARSON RIVERS ON THE BASIS Catalogue No. OF THE SEASONAL PERCENTAGE OF THE CONTRIBUTING SNOW COVER CRREL No. SIP u1927 KRUM11ES, PETER* DLC, QE500. A6 v 22

Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 205-207: WISSC at Sacramento, Calif. January 16-18, 1941 1 Table; 1 Graph

Streamflow decline to 200 sec. ft. was predicted as an aid to SUBJECT INDEX farmers by comp'arison with records of previous years during which the April snow cover was approximately the same. The 1939 flow 1. Water supply fore­ declined to 200 sec. ft., 5 days after the forecast date. The 1940 casting streamflow was 200 sec. ft., 10 days before the forecast date, 2. Water rights probably due to abnormally high May temperatures. -forecasts for In discussion H. P. Boardman proposes a graphical solution to this problem by using the East Carson River as an example. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Krummes, P. II. Boardman, H. P.

*Alpine Land and Reservoir Co. , Gardinerville, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 146-42 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 148-42

COMPARISON OF FORECASTS AND ACTUAL RESULTS, 1941 Catalogue No. DETACHABLE LASHINGS FOR SKI SAFET'l Catalogue No.

PAGET, FRED B.* CRREL No. HERZ, WALTER J • * CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1941 Part I-B 152-161: WISSC at Pasadena, Calif. Proc. TAGU 1942 Part I-B 163-164: WISSC at Pasadena, calif. January 16-17, 1942 January 16-17, 1942

A round table discussion of water supply forecasts made in 1941 SUBJECT INDEX A description of a Safety Ski Binding is presented. It is SUBJECT INDEX is presented in 5 short papers. Forecast volumes are compared with recommended that safety bindings be used for all crots country actual streamflow. figures as indicated in the several tables, for 1. Forecast accuracy travel to prevent wrenched knee muscles and broken legs. The 1. Safety the sections of the Western States involved: name of the manufacturer is included. -ski bindings California, 26 Central Valley Streams Fred B. Paget (See also TAGU 1942 Part II pg. 417-418 for picture and California, Mokelumne River Watershed L. Standish Hall further description.) AUTHOR INDEX California, Upper San Joaquin River William A. Lang Nevada, Central Sierra, East Slope B. P. Boardman I. Herz, W. J. Nevada, Humboldt River Basin Dr. J. E. Church AUTHOR INDEX British Columbia, canada; Columbia River Kootenay River, Okanagan River s. H. Frame I. Paget, F. H

*Hydraulic Engineer, Dept. of Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract *Engineer, Sierra Pacific Power Co., Reno, Nevada @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 147-42

WINTER TRANSPORTATION IN THE HIGH SIERRAS BY "SNQ-MOTOR" Catalogue No.

DUCRER, P. B.* CRREL No. SIP U4473 DLC, QE500.A6 v 23 Proc. TAGU 1942 Part 1-B 161-163: WISSC at Pasadena, Calif. January 16-17, 1942

The description and use of the Sno-Motor, for winter transportation SUBJECT INDEX to reservoirs in the High Sierra of Calif. are presented. The Suo- Motor has one 56-inch endless-type crawler tread assembly running 1. Transportation completely around the vehicle. It operates similarly to a cater- -oversnow pillar tractor. The vehicle can negotiate a 50% slope and carry a vehicles 2. 5 ton load. The engine, transmission-and drive mechanism, fuel tank and radiator are mounted on the bottom plate of the tractor to provide a low center of gravity and excellent stability for hill- side travel. It exerts a weight of 170 lb/sq.ft. on the snow and has a speed ranging from 0.5 - 20 mph. Its 50 gallon gasoline tank provides enough fuel for 12 hours of operation. All the mechanism AUTHOR INDEX is housed within the oval shaped pontoon, operators cab is mounted over the rear. I. Ducker, P. H.

*Mechanic, Southern Calif. Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif. CRREL Abstract Wl!STEIIN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 149-43 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 151-43

HYDROLOGY'S PART IN TBE WAR EFFORT Catalogue No. IMPROVING STREAMFLOW PREDICTIONS BY THE USE OF PAST RECORDS catalogue No.

STEVENS, JACK C.* CRRRL No. NIEDERHOF, C. H. * CRRRL No.

Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 5-7: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 8-11: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 June 16, 1943 1 Table; 2 Graphs; 2 References An expose of the tremendous speed of war time construction of SUBJECT INDEX military cantonments and industrial expansion without adequate Snow survey courses and precipitation stations were. established SUBJECT INDEX hydrologic planning is aired. Large sums of money were wasted l. Hydrology in the Great Basin of western Newfoundland as early as 1928. The hunting for water supplies where none existed within reasonable -planning need for this network of hydrologic stations was to create records 1. Water supply fore­ limits. No studies were made of surface supplies oT groundwater -wartime effort to be used in forecasting the probable water supply for a hydro­ casting supplies. Many cases of poor drainage systems with no lower electt:ic power development used to operate a paper mill at Comer 2. Snow surveys ground to construct them, or the possibility of flood damage to Brook, Newfoundland. Results of the forecast scheme, from 1926 to 3. Electric power buildings or life. Other cases of industrial expansion of plants 1935 were consistently LESS than actual flows. A corrective pro­ and cities into well known flood plains along the large rivers. cedure is presented by using graphical and statistical methods to Little thought was given to previous records of flood damage or AUTHOR INDEX correct the minus errors with actual forecast volumes and thereby heights. Hydrologic planning is an essential part of all ex­ correct the errors to a more dependable figure. Data are exhibited pansion and construction. I. Stevens, J. C. in tables and the graphical solution with statistical methods are AUTHOR INDEX shown and discussed. Discussion by Fred Paget points out the need for such procedures I. Niederhof, C. H. to find the causes for consistent minus or plus forecasts being II. Paget, F. caused from some unmeasured hydrologic factors. Paget also refers III. Elges, C. to similar procedures discussed in WSC paper No. 44-30, and Elges IV. Hilton, E. WSC paper No. 64-39.

*Consulting Engineer, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract *Engineer, U.S. Forest Expt. Station, Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract

WESTEIIN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 15D-43 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 152-43

HYDROLOGY'S PART IN THE WAR EFFORT Catalogue No. SOIL MOISTURE UNDER A CONIFEROUS FOREST Catalogue No.

BERNARD, MERRILL* CRREL No. WILM, H. G.* CRRRL No.

Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 7-8: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 11-13: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 June 16, 1943 1 Table; 4 References Hydrologic planning is proven to be an indispensable part of ex­ SUBJECT INDEX panding industry atld agricultural production demands even with On the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, a detailed experiment SUBJECT INDEX drought conditions to keep pace with the World War II demands. l. Hydrology is being conducted to find out the effects of cutting mature lodge­ Flood control works are hurriedly constructed and flood warning sy­ -planning pole pine on various factors affecting water yield. Of these factors, 1. Soil moisture stems are increased with more attention given to the forecasts and -wartime effort soil moisture deficiencies are particularly graphic is showing the -forest land warnings. Ground water supplies are mapped and potential uses for relative consumption of water by uncut and cut-over stands. One water yield increased demands on municipal and agricultural demands. Hydrologists year's data have been collected on soil moisture deficiencies; al­ are consulted for air-field construction, snow removal and data though the study will require several more years for completion, necessary to support the military installations. 'The importance of the methods and results are of sufficient utility to be worth current consistent hydrologic records through war and peace is a means of AUTHOR INDEX discussion. The experimental design and sampling procedures are dis­ being able to meet the demands of hydrologists nationwide when there cussed. Analysis of the first year records are shown along with text AUTHOR INDEX is hydrologic planning to be done by the construction engineers and I. Bemard, M. discussion of results and probable refinements to be made when others. further years of records are available. I. Wilm, H. G.

*Head, River & Flood Division, U.S.W.B., Washington, D. C. @ Abstract *Silviculturist, U.S. Forest Ser. Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 153-43 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 155-43

STREAMFLOW FORECASTING BY PATTERN-BEHAVIOR Catalogue No. SOME ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SNOW SURVEYING Catalogue No.

WAHLE, ROLLA H.* CRREL No. McLAUGHLIN, W. W. * CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 13-28: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 38-43: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 June 16, 1943 10 Tables; 32 Graphs; 2 References I Table

An exhaustive study of streamflow hydrographs plotted of data SUBJECT INDEX A resume of snow survey activities in the Western tl'nited States in­ SUBJECT INDEX gathered at Cascade Locks on the Columbia River, covering the period dicating considerable progress with the cooperative phase of the pro­ 1886 through 1942. In the first phase of the work the graphs are 1. Water supply fore­ gram with Federal-State-Private agencies and companies through contri­ 1. Snow survey classified according to type, magnitude and timing of the first 6 casting butions of manpower and finances. The present network comprises 829 -cooperative months of flow of the water-year, peak flow is also tabulated, and -runoff pattern dependable snow survey courses with an average of 15 samples per program used in the ensuing forecast procedure. Tile second phase consists analysis course. There are 177 cooperators measuring all courses 3 times per of consulting the current records to fix the probable classifica­ season and some 5 times. During the 1943 season 966 individuals took tion, and characteristic of the current year. The third phase con­ part in the field work. Water supply forecasting procedures have im­ sists of a search for a similar year that closely matches the pre­ proved with more and better data and accuracy has gradually become sent year up to the time of forecasting. Several examples of the more dependable. Requests for advanced information of the probable pattern forecast are shown and discussed with forecast accuracy size of the streamflow for irrigation has been coming from financial shown. Conclusions are drawn that the procedure works well on very concerns, eastern wholesale producers, canning companies, power com­ AUTHOR INDEX large drainage basins where a great variety of weather conditions AUTHOR INDEX panies, and agricultural interests. A great deal of interest is be­ are involved. The scheme may not work as well on tributary basins ing shown in the research of the physics of snow, and finances for I. McLaughlin, W. W. with relatively small areas and also a short period of records. I. Wahle, R. H. such work is being sought. II. Canfield, G. H. Discussion by George H. Canfield and R. A. Work. III. Work, R. A.

*Engineer, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Ore. @ Abstract 1rftead, Div. of Irrigation, SCS, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 154-43 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 156-43

THE USE OF SNOW SURVEYS AS AN AID IN FLOOD CONTROL OPERATION OF Catalogue No. PRECIPITATION-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS AS A BASIS FOR WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No. RESERVOIRS FORECASTING CRREL No. SIP Ul908 CRREL No. SIP U5097 PAGET, FRED H.* DLC, QE500. A6 v 24 CLYDE, GEORGE D.* and WORK, R. A.** DLC, QE500. A6 v 24

Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 28-38: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon Proc. TAGU 1943 Part Ill 43-55: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 June 16, 1943 I Table; 10 Graphs 3 Tables; 4 Graphs; 1 Map; 3 References

Two types of floods occur on the Sierra tributaries of the San SUBJECT INDEX The early history of snow surveying is reviewed. The surface runoff SUBJECT INDEX Joaquin River: winter floods from heavy rains, and late spring from a watershed equals the total precipitation minus water losses floods from melting snow. Snow survey data ali of April 1 have pro­ 1. Water supply fore­ through evaporation, transpiration, leakage, and ground water sto­ 1. Water supply fore­ vided a reasonable accurate forecast of total April through July casting rage. Factors affecting runoff yield per precipitation unit are time casting streamflow. Snow melt floods can be predicted at least a week in 2. Reservoir opera­ of occurrence and fom of precipitation, and temperature. Runoff can -graphical pro­ advance from snow pack daily temperature data. A hypothetical tion be measured by standard methods within 5 to 10% accuracy. Precipita­ cedures operation of the proposed Pine Flat Dam is outlined on a policy tion measurement, however, is difficult and expensive. Water losses, 2. History adopted for the control of rain floods and water conservation aimed depending on many factors, cannot be quantitatively measured. The -snow surveys to have a full reservoir at the end of the snow runoff period. AUTHOR INDEX best basis yet developed for forecasting is by measuring the ac­ Tables and graphs illustrate the procedures. cumulated snow cover at representative points (always the same points) AUTHOR INDEX Discussions by James E. Jones and H. P. Boardman present agree­ I. Paget, F. H. and use these data as an index to seasonal runoff. Results can be ment in the procedures described and present other factors for II. Jones, J. E. adjusted for abnormal spring precipitation or temperatures. Procedures I. Clyde, G. D. consideration for increased accuracy in reservoir operations. III. Boardman, H. P. for these relationships are shown graphically. Examples of data are II. Work, R. A. tabulated and discussed. III. Bernard, M. Discussion by Ray K. Linsley, Merrill Bernard are included. IV. Linsley, R. K.

*Irrigation Engr., Utah State Agr. Expt. Sta., Logan, Utah *Hydraulic Engineer, Div. Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract **Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 157-43 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 159-43

FORECASTING RUNOFF FOR POWER AND IRRIGATION FROM RELATIVELY LOW-LEVEL Catalogue No. TBREE UNUSUAL RUNOFF YEARS IN TBE HUMBOLDT BASIN, NEVADA, 1940-41, catalogue No. AREAS 1941-42, AND 1942-43 CREEL No. CRREL No. SIP U1890 OLSEN, HARRY* and PRICE, E. B.** CHURCH, DR. J. E.* and BOARDMAN, H. P.** DLC, QE500. A6 v 24

Pro c. TAGU 1943 Part III 55-62: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 67-71: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 June 16, 1943 1 Map; 3 Tables 7 Tables . A forecasting procedure is developed for estimating the forth­ SUBJECT INDEX Double normal precipitation from April to June produced an excess SUBJECT INDEX coming water supply from the 2,205,000 acre Klamath River Basin in of 121,500 acre-feet above the 150,000 acre-feet forecast for the Eastern Oregon. Two thirds of this basin lays in the rainfall al­ 1. Water supply fore­ Humboldt River, Nevada during the 1941 runoff season. The forecast 1. Forecast accuracy titudes while one third lies at high elevations with snow cover dur­ casting for 1942 based solely on snow cover was for 193,200 acre-feet, ing the winter. The basin is divided into 6 smaller tributaries and -precipitation actual flow was 493,200 acre-feet an excess of 139.8% normal. The handled separately. Where areas are covered with snow this source of data excess flow in 1942 was caused by the high water table resulting AUTBOR INDEX supply is forecast with data from snow surveys while the rainfall from the heavy 1941 and early 1942 rains. Actual flow in 1943 was portions of the basins are forecast with rainfall formulas. The data 200% normal due to high moisture content of the soil. Streamflow I. Church, Dr. J.E. for these procedures are shown in computation tables, where the fac­ caused by high water table is distributed throughout the runoff II. Boardman, H. P. tors are weighted for areas and constants for either rain or snow AUTBOR INDEX season. portions. The separate forecast scheme is routed downstream build­ ing a total forecast into Klamath Lake. The weighting factors and I. Olsen, H. the procedures are explained in the test II. Price, E. B. Discussions are presented by Dr. J. E. Church, Bertram S. Barnes, III. Church, Dr. J.E. and R. A. Work. IV. Barnes, B. s.

*and**Engineers for The California Oregon Power Company, Klamath Falls, Oregon @ Abstract *and**Nevada Agricultural Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 158-43 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 160-43

A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR TBE DAY-TQ-DAY FORECASTING OF RUNOFF FROM Catalogue No. PREDICTION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN FROZEN SOILS Catalogue No. SNOW MELT CREEL No. SIP U1904 BERGGREN, W. P.* CRREL No. SIP U455 LINSLEY, RAY. K.* DLC, QE500. A6 v 24 DLC, QE500.A6 v 24 Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 71-76: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 62-67: WSC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 June 16, 1943 4 Tables; 2 Graphs; 13 References 4 Graphs; 9 References The problem of frost penetration in moist soils is idealized as a SUBJECT INDEX Daily runoff from snow melt is based on degree days over a 24/Hr. SUBJECT INDEX problem of heat conduction in a semi-infinate slab of porous material period. A degree day is one degree over 320F for 24 hours. Mean through which a liquid is unifol1Dly diffused. Solution of the heat 1. Frost penetration temperature at one station is used and curves have been drawn re­ 1. Water supply fore­ equation with selected boundary conditions suggests that the depth lating melt in inches of water to the mean temperature at different casting of the frozen layer increases with the square root of time. Formula altitudes. Another curve relates inches of melt to runoff during -short term development from laboratory data are exhibited. The difficulties in AUTBOR 1NDEX each part of the runoff season. The method is almost entirely 2. Snowmelt and attacking this problem of varying properties of soil classifications, empirical and neglects several factors. The procedure is applicable runoff and varying quantities of soil moisture and distribution are admitted I. Berggren, W. P. in regions developing semi-permanent snowpacks during the winter by the author. II. Church, Dr. J.E. and in basins where extreme elevations restrict melting at any AUTBOR INDEX Discussions are presented by Dr. J. E. Church, Dr. Robert E. III. Horton, Dr. R. E. instant to a limited portion of the snow cover. Horton. Discussion is included by R. A. Work. I. Linsley, R. K. II. Work, R. A.

*Hydrologic Engineer, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. CRREL Abstract *Univ. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. 9 Davis, Calif. CRREL Ahstract •

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 161-43

SNOW STUDY PROGRAM AT SODA SPRINGS NEAR DONNER SUMMIT OF CENTRAL Catalogue No. SIERRA NEVADA CRREL No. SIP U1899 CHURCH, DR. J. E.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 24

Proc. TAGU 1943 Part III 77-90: IISC at Corvallis, Oregon June 16, 1943 3 Tables; 1 Chart; 11 Photos; 2 Drawings

The efficiency of precipitation gages and snow surveying, the SUJ!JECT INDEX physics of snow, temperature in snow, and changes in snow texture were studied at Soda Springs, California, during 1942-43. Ten pre­ 1. Snow research cipitation gages were used in the test. It was found that unshielded 2. Snow physical gages showed considerable catch deficiency. The use of oil in the cans properties has reduced the evaporation in shielded gages almost to zero. The 3. Precipitation gages weight beam of the Stevens Type-W recording gage was sensitive enough to respond to footsteps on the platform and the opening and closing of the door. A heavier oil was used in the damping cup to correct the condition. The movement of moisture in snow was determined by using dyes, of which Fuschine had all the requirements. Calorimeteric measurements of snow were made and the results tabulated. Snow was found to crust at 35°F. The melting day lasted 6 hours in early spring at 7000 ft. altitude. Resistance thermometers were used to measure snow and soil temperatures. The layout of the experiment AUTHOR INDEX are shown in drawings and photographs, also instruments. Results of the data collected are discussed in the text. I. Church, Dr. J. E.

*Meteorologist, Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 162-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 164-44

BASIN STORAGE METHOD OF Dl!VELOPING FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS FROM Catalogue No. DIFFERENCE IN BASIN CHARACTERISTICS AS REFLECTED BY PRECIPITATION Catalogue No. PRECIPITATION RECORDS RUNOFF RELATIONS IN SAN BERNARDINO AND EASTERN SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAIN CRREL No. DRAINAGES CRREL No. PARSONS, WALTER J. * STAFFORD, HARLOWE M. * and TROXELL, HAROLD C.** Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 9-15: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 2 Tables; 3 Graphs Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 21-35: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 3 Tables; 6 Graphs A procedure is advanced for constructing a flood-hydrograph prior SUBJECT INDEX to occurrence by analysis of three specific elements or factors A procedure is presented to show the relation of precipitation to SUBJECT INDEX that produce the hydrograph. 1) The outflow from surface runoff 1. Hydrology runoff. When the relations are completed for one particular basin (snow melt, rainfall), 2) the outflow from sub-surface storage, 3) -flood hydrograph and characteristics of that basin are known, these relations cannot 1. Hydrology the outflow from ground-water storage, and the introduction of a development be used or applied to another basin. Each basin appears to be a law -basin character- factor named loss characteristics for the particular basin under unto itself, although procedures can be duplicated. The relations is tics consideration. Portions of numerous hydrographs of past records AUTHOR INDEX and characteristics are found to be significantly different. In this 2. Precipitation are used to set up the cause and effects of the subdivisions of the study five basins in the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains of -runoff hydrographs. Rainfall and snow melt enter the problem as snow I. Parsons, W. J. Southern California are analyzed. Data are shown and the various storage. Graphs are exhibited and explained in the text together II. Harding, S. T. factors are described in the text. Graphical representations are AUTHOR INDEX with the computed hydrograph and the actual hydrograph super­ III. Fuller, E. S. included to show the relationships. imposed for comparison. IV. Hall, L. S. Discussions are included by R. L. Wing and C. B. Meyer. I. Stafford, H. M. V. Brown, J. B. II. Troxell, H. C. VI. Meadowcroft, N. III. Wing, R. L. IV. Meyer, C. B.

*District Office U. S. Engineers, Sacramento, Galif. @ Abstract *and**U. S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 163-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 165-44

A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE EFFECT OF SNOW ON RUNOFF DURING Catalogue No. POST-WAR MANAGEMENT OF WESTERN FORESTED WATERSHED LANDS FOR WATER Catalogue No. RAINSTORMS YIELD CRREL No. SIP U281 CRREL No. PAULSON, JOSEPH B.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 CONNAUGHTON, C. A.* and WILM, H. G.**

Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 15-21: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 36-40: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 4 Tables; 1 Graph; 3 References The need for additional water supplies in the semi-arid western SUBJECT INDEX The detail procedure for computing the several factors involved in SUBJECT INDEX states is indicated in post war demands for expansion of industrial producing the flood hydrograph caused from rain storms and snow melt and agricultural facilities. Announcements of large sums for reclama­ 1. Watershed mgmt. discussed in WSC Paper No. 162-44 are presented. A formula for 1. Hydrology tion projects and power production together with flood control and calculating the snowmelt runoff portion of the anticipated flood -flood hydrograph navigation problems. The U. s. Forest Service controlled lands in hydrograph is presented and explained. Tables are shown to explain development the mountainous states of the West where 80% of the water supplies the procedures used for the distribution of rainfall runoff and originate must be managed through improvements of logging operations, snow melt during 6 hourly increments of the storm duration. An ex­ AUTHOR INDEX through select cutting to produce a maximum of timber products and ample of the computation table used in securing the values used in water supply with a minimum of soil erosion, silt accumulation and plotting the anticipated flood hydrograph for the storm is included. I. Paulson, J. B. also a prolonged snow melt season, to produce moderate runoff volumes. Discussion of the problem is presented by Ray K. Linsley. II. Linsley, R. K. Proper management of forest lands will increase water yield and im­ prove the forest lands for future production of forest products and AUTIIOR INDEX water supplies. In discussion Joseph Kittridge emphasizes that watershed manage­ I. Connaughton, C. A. ment is essential to the economic growth of the western states, II. Wilm, H. G. through careful conservation planning of the natural resources. III. Kittridge, J.

*District Office U. S. Engineers, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract *and**U.S. Forest Serv. Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract • •

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 166-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 168-44

LAND USE AND VEGETATIVE COVER AS FACTORS INFLUENCING RUNOFF Catalogue No. INFILTRATION AND THE PHYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE Catalogue No.

KOHLER, KARL 0. * CRREL No. SHERMAN, L. K.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 4D-45: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 Proc, TAGU 1944 Part I 57-71: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 1 Table; 7 References 6 Tables; 6 Graphs; 1 Reference • Watershed analysis is used to estimate the intensity of runoff SUBJECT INDEX An analysis of moisture in the soil and the physical explanations SUBJECT INDEX and watershed yield by considering such factors as slope, topography, of process of infiltration is presented. Examples of data are drawn sub-surface rock, soil conditions, vegetative cover and land use as 1. Watershed mgmt. from USDA Bulletin No. 729, and from well scattered sites over the I. Soil moisture physical parameters. Hydrologic factors involved are precipitation -basin analysis State of Ohio. Infiltration enters the soil directly through capillary -research intensity, and duration, temperatures, wind movements, snow accumula­ action in all directions and in some cases through gravity channels. 2. Infiltration tion. All factors are used towards determination of the most eco­ This capillary action effects the root zone of plants and is pf most capacity nomical land use and watershed yield, towards improving an under­ interest to the agronomists, while the gravity water, some of which standing of better watershed management. Large brush areas present may supply the capillary action, is of most interest to the hydrolo­ AUTHOR INDEX a potential fire hazard and if laid bare cause much soil erosion AUTHOR INDEX gist. From this source eomes the ground water supplies, and largely where the root system are exposed. Citations of classic examples of soil moisture from precipitation. Infiltration rates are dependent I. Sherman, L. K. watershed damage are included with figures to show economic losses. I. Kohler, K. 0. on both. Graphs are exhibited to show effects of capillary absorp­ II. Hendrickson, A.H. Discussion is presented by B. A. Madson, U.C. Davis, and N. F. II. Madson, B. A. tion and the rate of absorption. Computed data are shown in tables. III. Barnes, B. Meadowcroft, Federal Power Commission, San Francisco, Calif. Ill. Meadowcroft, N.F. Discussion by sever&! engineers and soil physicists are included IV. Johnston, C. N. with the references. V. Linsley, R. K.

*U.S.D.A., SCS, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract *53 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Illinois @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 16 7-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 169-44

ADDITIUNAL ARGUMI!NTS FOR MODIFICATION OF THE RATIONAL FORMULA FOR Catalogue No. SOIL MOISTURE RECORDS FROM BURNED AND UNBURNED PLOTS IN CERTAIN Catalogue No. RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS GRA2ING AREAS OF CALIFORNIA CRREL No. CRREL No. SNYDER, CHARLES G.* VEIHMEYER, F. J. * and JOHNSTON, C. N. **

Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 45-57: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 72-88: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 5 Tables; 8 Graphs; 4 References 3 Tables; 8 Photos; 8 Graphs; 18 References

The need for classification of the factors involved in the computa­ SUBJECT INDEX A detailed study is presented, relative to soil moisture occurrences SUBJECT INDEX tion of runoff from small agricultural areas by using an expanded and disappearences in the root zone of the soil mantle, representing formula, is demonstrated. Factors are, precipitation intensity, soil 1. Hydrology differing soil conditions and soil types and climate conditions. I. Soil moisture condition, vegetative cover, infiltration rate together with time of -flood hydrograph Attempts at revitalization of soil moisture for plant use are dis­ -research occurrence and duration, with area involved, all must be used to development cussed. Plant-transpiration is studied under various conditions. clarify the simple formula without relying on a heavily weighted all 2. Hydrology These experiments show that plant-transpiration is the chief means covering constant. Tables and graphical examples are used to illustrate -small watersheds by which moisture is lost from the soil, and direct evaporation is a the development of flood hydrograph reproduction. minor cause of water loss and only from the surface few inches. Ex­ The process is discussed by A. F. Pillsbury, J. B. Brown and R. W. AUTHOR INDEX perimental plots are pictured and described. Data are plotted on AUTHOR INDEX Gerdel. graphs to show trends of soil moisture. I. Snyder, C. G. Discussion by P. B. Rowe and Henry W. Anderson relative to soil I. Veihmeyer, F. J. II. Pillsbury, A. F. moisture studies performed by the U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., II. Johnston, C. N. III. Brown, J. B. Berkeley. The 18 references listed indicate that considerable re­ III. Rowe, P. B. IV. Gerdel, R. W. search work has been carried on relative to the problem of soil IV. Anderson, H. W. moisture.

*Univ. Minnesota, Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota @ Abstract *and**University of California at Davis, California @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 170-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 172-44

EFFECT OF HIGH WATER TABLE IN EXAGGERATING STREAMFLOW: 1942-44 Catalogue No. SNOW TEMPERATURE STUDIES AND APPARATUS AT THE SODA SPRINGS, Catalogue No. HUMBOLDT RIVER NEVADA CALIFORNIA, COOPERATIVE SNOW RESEARCH PROJECT CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP U966 CHURCH, J. E.* and BOARDMAN, H. P.** GERDEL, R. W. * DLC, QE500.A6 v 25

Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 96-101: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 118-122:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 3 Tables; 1 Location Map 3 Photos; 11 References

\ An analysis of the 1942-43-44 seasonal streamflow forecasts in re­ SUBJECT INDEX Errors in the application of glass stemmed mercury thermometers, SUBJECT INDEX lation to obscure factors that upset the usual forecast accuracy. electrical resistance thermometers (thermohms) thermocouples, and Considerable more streamflow occurred than forecast by about 120% 1. Forecast accuracy the Bouyoucos liquid resistance thermometers are presented. Heat 1. Snow temperature above the normal flow, when snow survey measurements indicated only absorbed and conducted to the te1II.perature element by the electrical 2. Snow cover 70 to 90% snowpack. The percentage system of forecasting appears to leads is a principal source of error, and was effectively eliminated -thermal effects have difficulty in aligning such factors as soil moisture and ap­ by fastening the temperature elements to a strand of No. 9 galvanized parently high ground-water table. Ground-water levels measured in iron wire suspended between 2 posts 8 ft. apart. Subsequently, wells did not show a large percentage above normal. The preceeding temperature measurements were made in the snow pack above the soil fall rainfall and the rainfall during the runoff season were quite AUTHOR INDEX surface and wires at 1-foot int..:rvals for 12 feet in height. Measure­ high and probably account for the high flows. ments in the first 10 inches below the snow surface were affected Discussion is presented by W. G. Hoyt who forwards some analysis I. Church, Dr. J .E. by solar radiation and fluctuation in the ambient air temperature. of the discrepancy. Reference is made to a previous analysis of the II. Boardman, H. P. The data indicated that the soil temperature and the temperature in same situation in WSC Paper No. 159-43. III. Hoyt, W. G. the snowpack remained approximately 32°F even though air temperatures AUTHOR INDEX of below zero F. were observed. Photographs of the experimental area and the wires for holding elements are shown. I. Gerdel, R. W.

*and**Nevada State Agr. Expt. Station, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract *U. S. Weather Bureau, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 171-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 173-44

COMPARISON OF FORECASTS AND ACTUAL FLOWS 1942-43 Catalogue No. A LATERAL SNOW SAMPLER Catalogue No.

PAGET, FRED* CRREL No. WORK, R. A.*, CHILDRETH, R. W.** and FROST, W. T.*** CRREL No. SIP U971 DLC, QE500. A6 v 25 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 101-ll8: WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 122-123:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 1 Drawing; 2 Photographs Seasonal streamflow forecasts are compared with actual streamflow SUBJECT INDEX measurements for the years of 1942 and 1943 are presented in 9 short Two sections of duraluminum snow sampler tubing were screwed to­ SUBJECT INDEX papers for various areas or states as listed and authors reporting. 1. Forecast accuracy gether. A strip of cold-rolled steel 1/16 x 1/2 inch moved freely Text, discussion, and tables showing the comparisons are included. through guides supported on the inside of the tubing. The slide bar J. Snow sampler Nevada, Central Sierra East slope H. P. Boardman was permanently bent at the cutter end so that it would lay flat -lateral sampler Oregon State Streams Wilfred T. Frost against the tubing when driving but would curve inward when pushed British Columbia, Columbia, Kootenay, towards the cutter end. The tube was then rotated one turn to cut Okanagan & Coastal Streams S. H. Frame the core free from the vertical face of the hole face. The tube and Columbia River, United States J. C. Marr core withdrawn and weighted to obtain the snow water equivalent of AUTHOR INDEX Wayne Criddle the drive and by noting the length of drive it was possible to com­ Utah State Streams George D. Clyde pute the density of the snow in the horizontal section. The sampler I. Work, R. A. California, San Joaquin & Tributaries W. A. Lang with this modification cut the retained core within 95% of the II. Childreth, R. ~~. California, Mokelumne River L. Standish Hall AUTHOR INDEX sampler drive. III. Frost, W. T. California State Streams Fred Paget Colorado River into Lake Mead J. R. Riter I. Paget, F.

*and**U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon *Hydraulic Engr., Dept. Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract ***U. S. Park Service, Crater Lake, Oregon CRREL & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 174-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 176-44

A STEEL PIPE CLIMBER Catalogue No. MIDWINTER FORECASTING OF THE SNOW WATER RUNOFF ON YEARS OF EXTREMELY Catalogue No. LIGHT OR HEAVY FEBRUARY 1, MOUNTAIN SNOW COVER WORR, R. A.* and CHILDRETH, R. W.** CRREL No. SIP U1981 CRREL No. DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 CRIDDLE, WAYNE D.* and MARR, JAMES E.** Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 124-126:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 17-18, 1944 1 Drawing; 3 Photos Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 141-148:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19, 1944 7 Tables; 5 Graphs The painting of steel pipe. snow survey course marker posts presents SUBJECT INDEX a problem when the pipes are set in concrete and 20 feet tall. An A need is shown to develop a forecasting procedure of seasonal SUBJECT INDEX ingenious device is described and shown in detail drawing and photo­ 1. Snow survey course runoff as early as February lat. A scheme is developel! from snow graph. The climber is used by slipping the feet into stirrups, grasp­ -maintenance survey data and streamflow for the Snake River and tributaries and 1. Water supply fore­ ing the pipe above the head, pull both feet up. When down pressure is 2. Equipment also for stations along the Columbia River below the Canadian border. casting exerted in the stirrups, lugs are pressed against the pipe and -snow survey Records from 39 snow survey courses were analyzed in relation to 2. Midwinter data another step up can be made. Climb to the top of the pipe, replace streamflow records over a series of years where parallel records the sign marker and start painting down. AUTHOR INDEX are available. Although the scheme is feasible, the variability of Discussion by Fred Paget recommends a light weight extension the occurrence of storms was too uncertain to place much reliability AUTHOR INDEX ladder for this purpose. Photographs of this procedure are pictured. I. Work, R. A. in the procedU're. The need for longer periods of records is much Ashton Codd suggests to forget the stripes, and use a brush attached II. Childreth, R. w. in demand for such forecasts. A month to month or day to day pro­ I. Criddle, W. D. to a long extension aluminum rod, and paint the pipe one solid III. Paget, F. H. cedure could be more efficient. II. Marr, J. C. color: like danger orange. IV. Codd, A. R.

*and**U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon @ Abstract *and**U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service, Boise, Idaho @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 175-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 177-44

ADJUSTING FORECAST CURVES FOR ABNORMAL SPRING AND SUMMER TEMPERATURES Catalogue No. A PHOTOGRAPHIC SNOW SURVEY METHOD OF FORECASTING RUNOFF Catalogue No.

WORK, R. A.* CRREL No. SIP 9443 POTTS, HARRY L. * CRREL No. SIP U1976 DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 127-140:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 149-153:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19, 1944 10 Tables; 9 Graphs; 12 References ' 2 Graphs; 3 Photos

Factors affecting the snow and runoff relationship are listed, SUBJECT INDEX Photographs were taken of the snow cover on a section of the SUBJECT INDEX and a method presented for adjusting snow survey results of April Continental Divide near Hoosier Pass at the headwaters of the in constructing the forecast curve so as to compensate for tempera­ 1. Water supply fore­ Middle Fork of the Platte River, beginning in the spring of 1934. 1. Water supply fore­ ture deviation from normal during the runoff season. The method is casting The same section of each photograph was covered with a transparent casting based on results of studies on two small drainage basins in Oregon. 2. Spring temperature template of cross section paper to calculate the percent of the area 2. Photography The selection of 2-month period of temperature departures as well as modification covered with snow. The data of a 10-year period indicate that pre­ -snowcover area the correction coefficient to be applied are selected on the basis dictions of total streamflow can be made from a photograph taken on of the amount of water stored in the snow on April 1 as measured by AUTHOR INDEX May 1. AUTHOR INDEX snow survey. Results of the corrections as applied to both basins are tabulated and graphed for several years. I. Work, R. A. I. Potts, H. L. Discussions are presented by Fred H. Paget, Harry Olsen, Ray K. II. Paget, F. H. Linsley, and Garfield Stubblefield. III. Plsen, H. IV. Linsley, R. K. V. Stubblefield, G.

*U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon CRREL Abstract *Board of Water Commissioners, Denver, Colorado CRREL Abstract \/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 178-44 \/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No • 180-44

THE EFFECT OF TIMBER CUTTING IN A LODGEPOLE PINE FOREST ON TBE Catalogue No. TBE UTAH SNOW-MOBILE Catalogue No. STORAGE AND MELTING OF SNOW CRREL No. SIP U1995 CLYDE, GEORGE D.* CEREL No. SIP U1975 WILM, H. G.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 Proc.TAGU 1944 Part I 166-176:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19, 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 153-155:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19, 1944 2 Graphs; 13 Photos 1 Table; 3 References The two basic principles making the Utah snow-mobile successful SUBJECT INDEX Experiments conducted in mature forest of lodgepole pine at Rocky SUBJECT INDEX for transportation over deep snowpack are the split track and the Mt. Forest & Range Experiment Station in Colorado, show that planned guide runner. The excessive weight of an ordinary tractor was over- 1. Over snow vehicle cutting will increase the snow cover during the accumulation period. 1. Research come in the Utah Snow-mobile by mounting wide, light metal tracks Utah snow-mobile A total of 17.5 inches of water passed through the forest canopy -snow melt on the rubber tires of an ordinary automobile. The tracks were wide on heavily cut-over plots, as compared with 13.33 inches in the un­ 2. Forest management to reduce the unit load on the snow surface. Snow packing between the cut forest. The accelerated melting rates of the cut-over plots were -optimum water tracks and the wheels was overcome by designing a split track with compensated by the excess snow stored initially. All experimental yield the wheels operating between the two segments of the track. This plots became bare at approximately the same time. Cutting is not 3. Forest management arrangement provided a self-cleaning device, preventing accumulation advised in areas where floods and erosion are problems. (See also -timber cutting of snow between the tracks. Conventional steering tends to overturn SIP U1839) the vehicle when one track was stopped. A movable runner, projected AUTBOR INDEX in front of the vehicle, operated on fixed swivel at the end of a frame which was rigidly fastened to the chassis. This runner was I. Wilm, H. G. operated through a cable-chain mechanism fastened to the steering column of the vehicle. Photographs show the mechanical design and AUTHOR INDEX features of construction, also transportation over highways. Specifications and performance records are listed. I. Clyde, G. D.

*U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract *Utah Agr. Expt. Station, Logan, Utah CRREL Abstract

\/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 179-44 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 181-44

TBE USE OF SNOW SURVEYS AS AN AID IN FLOOD CONTBOL OPERATION OF Catalogue No. WINTER TRANSPORTATION ON TBE HIGH SIERRA BY SNO-MOTOR Catalogue No. RESERVOIRS CRREL No. SIP 9448 LANG, WILLIAM A. ·CRREL No. SIP U1979 CHRISTIAN, FRANCIS G. DLC, QE500.A6 v 25 DLC, QE500. A6 v 25 Proc.TAGU 1944 Part I 176-181:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19, 1944 Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 155-156:WSC at Berkeley, Calif. Feb. 19, 1944 7 Photographs 11 Graphs; 6 References The "Snow-Motor" owned by the Southern California Edison Company SUBJECT INDEX The hypothetical operation of the proposed Pine Flat Dam on the SUBJECT INDEX has been driven 956 miles during 245 hours running time. The cost of Kings River, California as outlined by Paget is discussed. Several operation includes gasoline, oil, and repairs, amounts to $1. 26 per 1. Over snow vehicles improvements in the technique of recognizing the start of the de­ 1. Reservoir operation mile during two years time. The "Snow-Motor" was used to transport -Snow-Motor cline of runoff are suggested. Some of the methods permit recogni­ 2. Snow melt runoff 35,000 lbs of 12 gage steel sheets 48" x 96 11 in size over deep snow tion of the start of the decline within 5 days after the peak flow 3. Snow melt 31 miles from Big Creek to Florence Lake Dam over a 9300 ft. eleva- has occurred. (See also SIP 1908 - WSC 154-43) -hydrograph tion summit between April 30 and May 13. A lighter and smaller Snow- Discussion by L. Standish Hall presents a similar problem on the Motor has been developed. Its outstanding advantage is that the Mokelumne River in operating the Salt Springs and Pardee Dams. AUTBOR INDEX machine can be operated without a sled when necessary. Photographs Operational graphs are presented and discussed. Further discussion show the machine in operation with the heavy load pulled on a AUTHOR INDEX is presented by R. K. Linsley, suggesting further methods of de­ I. Christian, F. G. trailer sled. Specifications and performance records are included fining the snow melt hydrograph. II. Hall, L. S. in the text. I. Lang, W. A. III. Linsley, R. K.

*U, S. Engineers Office, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL & @ Abs t rae t *Hydraulic Engr., So. Calif. Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTEIIB SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 182-44

NOTES ON TBl! OPEIIATION OF POWER DRIVEN CONVEYANCE FOR SNOW: MOTOR catalogue No. TOBOGGAN CREEL No. SIP U1977 MAIIII, JAMES C.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 25

Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 181-181:WSC at Berkeley, calif. Feb. 19, 1944

A ''Motor-Toboggan" purchased by the Division of Irrigation, Soil SUBJECT INDEX Conservation Service, and the Boise River Board of Control in 1942 has been used for snow surveys during 3 winters. The toboggan operat­ 1. OVer snow vehicle ed satisfactorily on reasonable firm cold snow with side grades not -Motor Toboggan exceeding 15%. Tbe engine heated excessively in low gear on sticky and on over-ripe snow. The upkeep has been high. The runners were replaced 3 times in 250 miles of travel. Many repairs and adjust­ AUTHOR INDEX ments were necessary. The motor-toboggan is not recommended for use in snow surveying. I. Marr, J. c.

*U.S . D. A. , Soil Conservation Service, Boise, ~daho CREEL Abstract

WESTEIIB SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 183-44

TBl! IMPORTANCE OF IWNOFF FORECASTING TO THE OPERATION OF TBl! PACIFIC Catalogue No. S01l'l'IIWEST POWER INTERCHANGE COMMITTEE CREEL No. HINSON, H. B.*

Proc. TAGU 1944 Part I 93-94:WSC at Berkeley, calif. Feb. 19, 1944

The importance of accurate water supply forecasts for use by the SUBJECT INDEX Power Interchange Committee towards the production of power on the Pacific Coast is presented. The coordination efforts of the 1. Snow survey Committee to conserve fuel oil and gas reserves for steam genera­ -economics tion in relation to hydro power is one of the aspects of 'War Time 1 2. Power economics. The snow hydrologists preparing streamflow forecasts -electric power are providing an active service to the wartime economy through power development for industrial use and planning for the routing AUTHOR INDEX of power to areas where shortage of power occurs at peak demand periods. I. Hinson, H. B.

*Chm., Southwest Power Interchange Comm., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 184-45 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 186-45

INFILTRATION AND EUNOFF DURING THE SNOW MELTING SEASON, WITH FOREST Catalogue No. THE DYNAMICS OF LIQUID WATER IN DEEP SNOWPACKS Catalogue No. COVER CRREL No. GERDEL, DR. R. W.* CRREL No. HORTON, ROBERT E. * Proc. TAGU 1945 Part I 83-90: at Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 26-28, 1945 Proc. TAGU 1945 Part I 59-68: at Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 26, 1945 3 Tables; 2 Graphs; 5 References 5 Tables; 4 Graphs; 7 References Any solution of the snow melt problem which will improve the fore­ SUBJECT INDEX This paper presents a new method of analysis of rainfall and runoff SUBJECT INDEX casting of floods as well as forecasting of agricultuyl and industri­ data which peimits surface runoff and ground water flow to be segregat­ al water supplies is dependent upon a knowledge of the hydromechanics 1. Snow quality ed and infiltration capacity determined during stream rise. The method 1. Infiltration and the dynamic potentials which influence the retention and dis­ 2. Snow melt is equally applicable to areas with and without snowcover. The deter- -snow melt charge of water by the snowmantle. As a result of studies made of -runoff mination of infiltration capacity during the snow melt period is, how- 2. Snow melt the dynamics of free water in the snowpack at the Central Sierra ever, the most difficult problem and the method is here applied to -research Snow Laboratory, conclusions are drawn of the melting process of this case, using data for areas in the Allegheny Experimental Forest, 3. Infiltration the snowpack. Thermodynamic phenomena associated with the melting with varying degrees of forest cover density. For these areas the rate capacity or metamorphysis of the snowpack are also discussed, together with of snow melt per degree-day of temperature excess above 32°F decreased techniques of measuring the factors associated with these phenomena. AUTHOR INDEX as the cover density increased. During snow melt infiltration took Data are tabulated and graphical representat!on show relations of place at rates governed by the rate of supply of rain and melt water, factors involved. I. Gerdel, Dr. R. w. averaging for the entire snow melting period one-third to one-quarter AUTHOR INDEX of the infiltration capacity of the soil. The infiltration capacity under snow cover with unfrozen soils was found to be about 0.05 in. I. Horton, R. E. per hour or 1.20 in. per day. II. Wilson, w. T.

*Horton Hydrologic Laboratory, Voorheesville, New York Author Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 185-45 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 187-45

SIMPLIFIED PLOTTING OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS Catalogue No. SOME FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ACCURACY OF WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No. IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN REGION GUMBEL, E. L. * CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 9 366 CROFT, A. R.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 27 Proc. TAGU 1945 Part I 69-82: at Sacramento, C&lif. Feb. 26, 1945 3 Tables; 7 Graphs; 11 References Proc. TAGU 1945 Part III 375-388: at Portland, Ore. Apr. 19, 1945 4 Tables; 2 Photos; 5 Graphs; 17 References A procedure is presented to show that the MEAN number depends, in SUBJECT INDEX general, upon the nature of the variate. In order to analyze this Data on precipitation, accumulation and ablation of snow and year SUBJECT INDEX postulate consideration was given to the largest observation in a 1. Statistical long soil moisture records are presented in relation with streamflow sample of size and ask: What is the mean number of observations such analysis from north and south slopes of small drainage basins in the Wasatch 1. Snow melt that this value or larger one, happens once again? This question is -sample size Mts. of Utah. The following reasons suggest that the water content -runoff important for statistical variates as earthquake magnitudes, precip­ of the snow on April 1 may not be a reliable index of water yield in 2. Soil moisture itation, floods, temperatures, and pressures, where the largest this area; the water content of the soil mantle, which must be raised -research value involves specific dangers. Similar problems arise in quality to field moisture capacity, before water is available for streamflow, control and in gunnery. However, for a wide class of statistical varies on April 1 from year to year. The moisture deficit in the distributions, it converges toward the sample size. The general mantle may be partly overcome by rainfall before snow begins to solution given in the first section will be applied, in the second accumulate, thus making more of the snowpack water available for stream- section, to some interesting distributions, in the last section AUTHOR INDEX flow, especially from the South slopes. Spring rainfall (inch for it will by used to simplify the plotting procedure advocated in inch) is more effective in generating streamflow than equal amounts a previous article. (See No. 6 of references) I. Gumble, E. J. of fall storms. Rapid melting of the snow results in greater water AUTHOR INDEX yield than slow melting. The data suggests that further study is de- sired for the location of snow courses. I. Croft, A. R.

*New School for Social Research, New York, New York Author Abstract *U.S.F.S., Intermountain Expt. Sta., Ogden, Utah Author Abstract e·

WESTERN SNOW COIIFERI!IICE BIBLIOGIIAPHY WSC No. 188-45 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 19Q-45

A NEW FORECASTING CURVE FOR TRE KAWEAH RIVER Ill CALIFORNIA Catalogue No. RESEARCH COMMITTEE 011 SNOW, WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE 1945 Catalogue No.

PAGET, FRED H.* CRREL llo. CHURCH, DR. J. E.* CRREL llo.

Proc. TAGO 1945 Part III 389-395: at Portlaod, Ore. Apr. 19, 1945 Proc. TAGU 1945 Part III 412-440: at Portland, Ore. Apr. 19, 1945 4 Tables; 4 Graphs; 8 References 2 Graphs; 18 Tables; 1 Photo; 9 References

The April through July runoff volume of the Kaweah River at Three SUBJECT INDEX Reports of several member authors are presented. The teeth on snow SUBJECT INDEX Rivers as a function of water equivalent of snow on the ground sampler cutters have been reduced in number and lengthened to avoid April 1, spring precipitation, and soil moisture deficiency in the 1. Water supply fore­ packing and freeziag of ice in the cutter. Sampler tubes, particular­ 1. Snow research fall is presented. The imperical relation obtained from 15 years casting ly those of aluminum tend to stick in frozen snow. This difficulty 2. Snow surveying of record has a 1118Jtimum. error of less than ten percent. The novel -soil moisture has been largely overcome by shellacking, swabbing with kerosene, -equipment feature of the soil moisture deficiency factor is that it is deter­ factor and the application of ski wax. Iron pipes of 3 in. diameter set in 3. Water supply fore­ mined by fall precipitation prior to the accumulation of continuous concrete are excellent snow course markers. Storage gages and casting snow cover at a particular station. recording gages with CaC12 and protected with wind shields and a -procedures Diacussion by W. B. Langbein indicates that the application of film of light oil, have been satisfactory during the 1944 - 1945 4. Water supply fore­ statistical methods produces a procedure of measuring the effect AUTHOR INDEX snow season. Snow melt day lasts only 6 to 8 hours during April casting of the independent variables and permits a more efficient choice and May at Donner Summit, Calif. Examples of snow surveys, stream­ -accuracy and use of the most effective values. Methods are illustrated and I. Paget, F. H. flow forecasts and actual runoff are given as a check on forecast discussed. II. Langbein, w. B. accuracy. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Church, Dr. J. E.

*Hydraulic Engr., State Dept. of Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. Author Abstract *Nevada State Agr. Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW COIIFEREIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 189-45

MECHANIZED TRANSPORTATION FOR SIIOW SURVEYING Catalogue No.

WORK, R. A.* CRREL No. SIP U3078 DLC, QE500.A6 v 27 Proc. TAGU 1945 Part III 396-399: at Portland, Ore. Apr. 19, 1945 2 Photographs

A series of field tests of a 4-passenger snow vehicle are described. SUBJECT INDEX The machine is supported in the rear by 2 pontoons equipped with end­ less open-link tracks. Support in front is provided by 2 connected 1. Over-snow vehicles hickory skis. Small pneumatic tires lift the skis from bare ground -Tucker SnoCat when required. The front skis are attached to a steering yoke that 2. Over-snow vehicles will rotate over about 30° from the horizontal so that the skis -Iron Fireman maintain a flat position on the snow. The skis have a 1" keel down the center to prevent side slip and aid in steering. A 6-cylinder automobile engine with transmission operates the vehicle at up to top speed of 2-miles per hour. Twelve characteristics to be noted in the performance of over-snow vehicles are listed. This vehicle mentioned met the requirements for performance. (Tucker SnoCat) In discussion R. W. Childreth describes a trial run of an over­ AUTHOR INDEX snow vehicle developed by the Iron Fireman Manufacturing Company of Portland, Oregon. The trials were made on Mt. Hood, in snow con­ I. Work, R. A. dition·s difficult for ski traveL Operation details are given. II. Childreth, R. W.

*USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon CRREL & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 191-46 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 193-46

SNOW SURVEY VERSUS WINTER PRECIPITATION FOR FORECASTING RUNOFF OF TBl! Catalogue No. VALUE OF MIDWINTER SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No. TUOLUMNE RIVER, CALIFORNIA CRREL No. SIP 9468 CRIDDLE, WAYNE D. * CRREL No. SIP 10959 BOARDMAN, H. P.* DLC, QE500.A6 v 28 DWB 551.06 A512t ,v28 Proc. TAGU 1946 Part VI 888-898:at Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 26-28, 1946 Proc. TAGU 1947 Part V 752-765: at Sacramento, calif. Feb. 26-28, 1946 7 Tables; 4 Charts; 1 Reference 10 Tables; 8 Graphs The forecasting of the seasonal volume of runoff by means of snow SUBJECT INDEX The relative accuracy of snow survey and winter precipitation SUBJECT INDEX survey data made early in the year, before Apri.\, 1, is discussed. data as applied to forecasting the spring and sUDDDer runoff of a The use of midwinter snow surveys is exemplified from records of a 1. Water supply fore­ typical Sierra Nevada western-slope river was investigated. Fifteen 1. Water supply fore­ few western streams, and the results are compared with forecasts casting years of snow survey data were available, and the same period of casting based on April 1 snow surveys. The results indicate that a forecast -using midwinter precipitation records were used in the comparison. It was obvious -snow surveys based on the maximum value of the snowpack, whenever it occurs, data on examination of the graphs that several years (4 in the case of may be superior to a forecast based on the value observed on the snow survey and 3 in the case of precipitatiQn) were much out of same time each year. Reference is made to WSC Paper No. 176-44. AUTHOR INDEX harmony with all other years. Justification for these discrepancies was found; they were usually caused by abnormal fall or spring pre­ I. Criddle, W. D. cipitation. These years with abnormal precipitation were omitted in determining the position of the line on the graph showing the re­ AUTHOR INDEX lationship of winter precipitation or the water equivalent of snow to stream flow. The conclusion is in favor of snow survey data. I. Boardman, H. P.

*Nevada Cooperative Snow Surveys, Reno, Nevada Author Abstract *USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Boise, Idaho CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 192-46 WESTERN SNOW CONFERRNCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 194-46

FORECASTING COLORADO RIVER FLOW Catalogue No. SEASONAL STORAGE PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No.

STANLEY, J. W. * and KENNEDY, R. E.** CRREL No. CODD, ASHTON R. CRREL No. SIP 10960 DWB 551.06 A512t v28 Proc. TAGU 1947 Part V 766-779: at Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 26-28, 1946 Proc. TAGU 1946 Part VI 899-900:at Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 26-28, 1946 2 Location Maps; 6 Tables; 6 Graphs A non-recording winter storage precipitation gage used success­ SUBJECT INDEX Water supply forecasting procedures used by the U. S. Bureau of SURJECT INDEX fully in a region of heavy snowfall is described. The gage is coni­ Reclamation office at Boulder City, Nevada, for estimating the in­ cal in shape with a standard 8-inch diameter orofice and is charged 1. Precipitation gages flow to Lake Mead are outlined. Some of the results and examples of 1. Water supply fore­ with a CaC1 2 solution of 34% by weight, and covered with a film of -shielded storage multiple correlation of runoff from the Upper Colorado with snow casting light oiL The gage is mounted in a steel tower constructed of 5 ft. surveys and precipitation data are presented. There is discussion -using snow survey sections to exceed the deepest snow depth by at least 5 feet. The of forecasts to be made on various dates for various periods of the data gage has a capacity of 300 inches of precipitation. The bottom 100 mass curve adjustments of precipitation records, of the optimum -using precipita­ inches is taken up with the CaCl2 antifreeze solution leaving 200 number of stations for multiple correlation, of methods for esti­ tion inches for snowfall and rainfall in the fom of added water. The mating missing records, and of other factors influencing the pre­ gages are calibrated for stick measurement and also fitted with the cipitation runoff relationship. One of the conclusions of the study AUTHOR INDEX necessary valves and safety plugs for draining the solution for is the need for a long period of record in estimating a reliable weighing at the end of the precipitation season. The antifreeze system for forecasting. I. Stanley, J. W. solution is weighed into the gage and measured by stick depth and II. Kennedy, R. E. then the diluted solution is stick measured and weighed out of the AUTHOR INDEX gage. The difference in total weights is compared with the differ­ ence of stick measurements by calibration. I. Codd, A. R.

*and**U.S.B.R., Boulder City, Nevada Author Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 195-46

LOW-COST STORAGE-TYPE PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No.

FITTINGER, HERMAN J. * CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1946 Part VI 901-902:at Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 26-28, 1946 1 Drawing; 1 Photograph

A d~fferent design of a storage precipitation gage is described SUBJECT INDEX and pictured. The gage is designed primarily for low altitude where freezing is not a problem. However, an initial charge of 1. Precipitation gage antifreeze solution could be used during winter months to insure -shielded storage against freezing and loss of the catch. Where rain gages cannot be attended in isolated locations this design appears to be AUTHOR INDEX adequate. Discussion of the gage design is presented by Ashton R. Codd. I. Fittinger, H. J. II. Codd, A. R.

*U.S.F.S., Oak Grove Station, Pasadena, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 196-47 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 198-47

RUNOFF FBOM RAIN AND SNOW Catalogue No. THE INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON SNOW MELT Catalogue No.

PIPER, ARTHUR M. * CRREL No. WILM, H. G.* CRREL No. SIP 9521 DWB 551.06 A512t v29 Proc. TAGU 1947 Part IV 511-524: at Portland, Ore. April 22, 1947 Proc. TAGU 1947 Part IV 547-557: at Portland, Ore. April 22, 1947 I Diagram; I Graph 1 Chart; 3 Graphs; 2 Tables; 16 References

Tbe basic principles of the idealized hydrologic cycle are review­ SUBJECT INDEX There is presented a survey of important literature on the SUBJECT INDEX ed with emphasis on storage and movement of water in the soiL A effect of forest cover on snow-melt, with recent Jesults of distinction is made between ground water runoff and overland runoff !. Hydrology investigations in the Fraser Experimental Forest near Fraser, !. Snowmelt in terms of storage and lag, expressed as accumulated deviations -groundwater Colorado. It is shown that forest management, by selective -research from uniform flow over a period of several years. These functions 2. Power cutting., influences greatly the accumulation and retention of 2. Watershed mgmt. are presented for the period 1920 through 1945 for three rivers in -electric snow on the ground. The evidence supports Dr. J. E. Church's central Oregon: John Day, Deschutes and Metolius, which exemplify Fir forest, possessing a maximum number of glades, as the most m.fnim.um, moderate, and maximum effects of storage lag. The Metolius desirable type of snow conservation. River is shown to have extremely small fluctuations in discharge Discussion by Walter U. Garstka points out the fact that forest from year to year, ascribed to a great portion of its flow being management and watershed management must walk hand-in-hand to AUTHOR INDEX derived from ground water runoff; and its response to fluctuations secure the optimum of water supplies, timing of runoff and timber in annual precipitation lags behind that of the John Day River by products supplies, wood, lumber, paper, livestock grazing, power, I. Wil.m, H. G. about five years. Specific techniques and measures for improving flood cvntrol and irrigation. II. Garstka, W. U. seasonal water supply forecasts are suggested. AUTHOR INDEX In discussion Mr. E. N. Peterson emphasizes the importance of more accurate and dependable water supply forecasting to the power I. Piper, A. M. development agencies and companies in the future. II. Peterson, E. N.

*U.S.F.S. Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Author Abstract *U.S. Geological Survey. Portland, Oregon Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 197-47

SNOW LAYER DENSITY CHANGES Catalogue No.

WORK, R. A.* CRREL No.

Proc. TAGU 1947 Part IV 525-545: at Portland, Ore. April 22, 1947 1 Location Map; 10 Tables; 8 Graphs; 9 Photographs; 9 References

A 25-ft. square area of snowpack near Crater Lake, Oregon was SUBJECT INDEX studied systematically during the 194D-41 season. By successive excavation and refilling of portions of the study site, and by 1. Snow research means of identifying ribbons, the metamorphosis of each layer of 2. Snowpack density the snowpack was observed at regular intervals during the accumula­ tion and melting season. Observations and conclusions are given re­ garding changes in density, mass or water equivalent, water storage, water transmission characteristics, and melting rates of the snow. Many results confirm existing knowledge and belief of a quantitative basis, others add to or modify well established opinions. An example is the lack of relationship between the density of snow layers and AUTHOR INDEX the weight of the overlying snow. Discussion is presented by Forest L. Rhodes of the Corps of Army I. Work, R. A. Engineers, San Francisco, California. II. Rhodes, F. L.

*U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon Author Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 199-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 201-48

THE COOPERATIVE SNOW ENVESTIGATION PROGRAM - ITS OBJECTIVES AND Catalogue No. THE PROBLEM OF AN EXPANDING ICE SHEET Catalogue No, OPERATIONS CRREL No. SIP Ul812 MONFORE, G. E.* and TAYLOR, FRANK W.** CRREL No. SIP Ul802 RHODES , FOREST L. * Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 30-45 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 7-23 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 7 Graphs; 5 Photographs; 8 Equations; 8 References 4 Maps; 13 Photographs The coefficient of expansion of ice is about 30 x 10-6 per F0 , or SUBJECT INDEX The Cooperative Snow Investigation Program was initiated in 1945 SUBJECT INDEX nearly 5 times that of steel. The Bureau of Recl~tion made a study by the Weather Bureau and the Civil Works Division of the Corps of of the pressure exerted by an ice sheet during a rise in tempera­ 1 . Ice pressure Engineers. The main objectives include the determination of methods 1. Hydrology ture. Two types of pressure gages were developed. The indentor gage measurement of evaluating maximum streamflow resulting from precipitation, and -research programs consists of 2 circular sheets of steel held 0.625 in. apart by a methods of forecasting seasonal and short-term streamflow, includ­ 2. Meteorology steel ring. A hardened steel ball attached to the inside of one ing floods. The expansion of basic knowledge of the hydrodynamic and -research programs plate presses against a polished steel target on the other. Maximum thermodynamic properties of snow, and of meteorological, climatologi­ 3. Cooperative snow pressure is measured by the amount of indentation. The resistance cal, and hydrological phenomena is an essential element of the pro­ investigations gage of similar shape can measure continuous pressure by change of gram. The organization includes the program director, the processing resistance of a constantan wire on which a stretching force is ap­ and analysis unit, the Upper Columbia Snow Laboratory, the Central plied during pressure. Laboratory experiments have yielded graphs Sierra Snow Laboratory, the Willamette Basin Snow Laboratory, and for pressure exerted at various rates of increasing temperature. Two the technical director. The program is outlined in 5 major sections: differential equations describing the thermal behavior of ice sheets seasonal totals of elements, time distribution of processes, areal AUTHOR INDEX were solved and the results plotted in a series of curves. Rate of AUTHOR INDEX distribution of precipitation, generalization and transfer of con­ change by mean temperature of an ice sheet can be obtained by TTtulti­ clusions and methods. I. Rhodes, F. L. plication of values read from these graphs. Field measurements have I. Monfore, G. E. been started but definite results have not yet been reported. II. Taylor, F. W.

*Program Director, Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, Calif. CRREL Abstract *and**Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 200-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 202-48

THE PROBLEM OF SNOW IN DETERMINING THE SPILLWAY DESIGN FLOOD Catalogue No. INVESTIGATION OF GLACIERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Catalogue No.

BARNES, BERTRAM S. * CRREL No. SIP Ul813 WEBB, C. E. CRREL No. SlP Ul832 Ul777 Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 23-29 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 46-54 Reno, Nevada April 15-17 2 Graphs 1 Map; 5 Tables; Article Canadian Alpine J. 1!:207-217 6/48

Hydrographs from rain and from snow are combined to produce the SUBJECT INDEX Glacial surveys were made to determine the rate of recession or SUBJECT INDEX design-flood hydrograph which is essential in determining the re­ advance of the glaciers for streamflow investigations. Methods quired capacity of the spillway of a dam. The rain flood is derived 1. Snow melt and consist of setting up fixed reference marks near the toe of a 1. Glaciers from a hypothetical storm in the basin. The snow hydro graph was de­ runoff glacial tongue. Annual measurements of the distance from the nearest -ablation rived by plotting the cumulative values of degree-days against cfs 2. Statistical point of the forefoot to a reference point, taking annual photo- days in the form of a double mass curve. A lag of 3 days between analysis graphs, and trigonometric measurements of markers set out on the temperature and runoff produced the smoothest curve. Runoff periods 3. Floods ice. Survey results are indicated for glaciers of Garibaldi Park, beginning and ending with the same temperature were selected, and -spillway design Franklin Glacier and glaciers of the Selkirk Mountain Range. It is the average slope of the mass curve for each period was determined. concluded that the rate of recession is not governed entirely by A degree-day factor was computed from the slopes. The degree-day AUTHOR INDEX weather. Valley conditions and the steepness of the slope have a AUTHOR INDEX factor was applied to a sequence of assumed temperatures to calcu­ marked effect. The glaciers were in a stable condition until 1890, late the design snow-flood. The procedure is considered preliminary. I. Barnes, B. s. when a general recession began. I. Webb, C. E.

*Dist. Chief Engineer, Dominion Water and Power Bureau, Dept. nf *Engineer, Hydrology Div., U.S.B.R., Denver, Colorado CRREL Abstract Mines and Resources, Vancouver, B. C. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 203-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 205-48

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL LOG OF THE UPPER COLUMBIA SNOW LABORATORY, Catalogue No. THE STORAGE AND TRANSMISSION OF LIQUID WATER IN THE SNOWPACK AS Catalogue No. FOR 1945-46 INDICATED BY DYES CRREL No. SIP U1863 CRREL No. SIP U1923 BERTLE, FREDERICK A.* GERDEL, R. W.

Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 55-76 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 81-89 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 2 Maps; 9 Graphs; 3 Tables; 5 Photographs 3 Photographs; 5 References

A summary of the hydrometeorological data gathered at the Upper SUBJECT INDEX Fuchsine dye of the Fine-Y crystal type was applied to the surface SUBJECT INDEX Columbia Snow Laboratory during 1945-46 is presented. The Labora­ of a shaded, spring snowpack at 0930 Hrs. on May 15,"' 1947, near tory. is located in the Rocky Mountains at Marias Pass, Montana, west 1. Snow melt Donner SUDDD.it, Calif. The dye salt was uniformly applied to a 6x10 1. Snow cover of the Continental Divide. The field installations include 6 snow -runoff in. surface of a 30 inch pack. The free water content before the -permeability courses, 5 meteorological stations, 11 precipitation stations, and 2. Statistical application of the dye was 1.5 and 2.6%. A pit was dug at 1200 Hrs. 2. Coopera-tive snow a streamflow measurement station. The tables, maps, and graphs pre­ analysis to expose the vertical surface of the snowpack. In· 2 Hrs. 45 min., investigations sent the data on radiation and reflection, temperature, degree-hours, 3. Cooperative snow meltwater moved through the pack, 3 ft. horizontally and 2 ft. wind, precipitation, snow depth and water equivalent, areal distribu­ investigations vertically. The horizontal movemelt was mainly along one major tion of snow cover, streamflow, hydrological balance and various plane, and to a lesser extent along 8 definable planes. Movement diurnal fluctuations. It was estimated that 19.7 in. of 38.5 in. of uas more unifottn through coarse-crystal strata. Impounded water precipitation ran off in the streams. The remaining in. of precip­ above semi-permeable crusts was found to be temporary. Indications itation are ascribed to loss by evaporation, ground water storage, AUTHOR INDEX are that liquid water will drain from the snowpack of 20 to 40% undergroWld seepage, and sampling error. Reflection of albedo density and 4 to 6 ft. depth within 2 to 6 hrs. after melting AUTHOR INDEX amounted to 34% of the radiation received. I. Bertie, F. A. ceases. Discussion by Ashton R. Codd with references and quotations I. Gerdel, R. W. from Dr. J. E. Church. II. Codd, A. R.

*Hydrologic Engineer, U.S.B.R., Oakland, Calif. CRREL Abstract *Physicist, U.S.W.B., Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 204-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 206-48 A PROGRESS REPORT ON HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH IN THE WISCONSIN RIVER VALLEY Catalogue No. SEQUENCE IN VARIATION OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN THE WESTERN UNITED Catalogue No. SHEERAR, L. L. CRREL No. S-476c STATES CRREL No. SIP Ul855 Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 77-81 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 CLAWSON, MARION* 6 Graphs Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 92-96 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 A brief history of a privately owned company developing a storage SUBJECT INDEX 1 Map and river regulation system is presented. Reservoir storage was in­ creased from 98,000 AF to 390,000 AF in 30 years time. A network of 1. Water supply fore­ Precipitation data from 211 weather stations in 17 western states SUBJECT INDEX precipitation gages, snow survey courses, ground water observation casting from 1900-1939 were collected. Annual and cumulative deviations wells, soil temperature, soil moisture and river gaging stations 2. Reservoir regula­ from long term averages were calculated. The sum of the cumulative 1. Precipitation was established. Hourly, daily and semi-daily data are collected. tion deviations was divided by the sum of the annual deviations to obtain -statistical River flow forecast procedures are in use for regulation of 21 a coefficient which is a measure of the tendency for wet and dry analysis reservoirs supplying water to paper mills, utilities along the years to occur in sequence. A coefficient equal to one fourth the Wisconsin River. The complexities of frozen ground, and variations AUTHOR INDEX number of years denotes a regular symmetrical cycle. The results in precipitation pattern are problems to be solved. A relationship show a tendency toward cycles of dry and wet years in the northern AUTHOR INDEX between ground water levels and natural streamflow is being develop­ I. Sheerar, L. L. one-third of the western states. The results are suggestive rather ed. than conclusive. I. Clawson, M.

*Asst. Mgr., Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co., Wausau, Wis. @ Abstract *Director, Bureau of Land Management, Dept. of Interior CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 207-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 209-48

EMPIRICAL METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SNOW MELT RATES Catalogue No. VARIATION IN DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION AND IN WATER EQUIVALENT OF SNOW Catalogue No. ON THE GROUND WILSON, WALTER T, * CRREL No. SIP U1864 CRREL No. SIP U1856 HIMMEL, JAMES M. * Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 97-104 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 3 Graphs; Equations Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 117-131 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 2 Maps; 9 Tables; 2 Graphs A simple formula for predicting daily runoff from snow has been SUBJECT INDEX developed. The basis of the formula is that streamflow from melt­ Tables and scatter diagrams are presented which iJ_lustrate SUBJECT INDEX ing snow is largely a function of antecedent streamflow, heat 1. Snowmelt & rune£ f variations in precipitation and snow measurements and derived supply, and time of year. These factors are obtained statistically 2. Statistical relationships. The computed statistics give measures of these 1. Precipitation from meteorological data. The formula gave results accurate with­ analysis variations. A comparison of daily accumulations of precipitation analysis in 9% when used in predicting daily flow from snow at the Central 3. Water supply fore­ and snow water equivalent values are discussed and illustrated. 2. Statistical Sierra Snow Laboratory for the Castle Creek drainage basin during casting A comparison of accumulations of precipitation values from two analysis April and May, 1945. The time of year factor was omitted in this separated gages and snow survey water equivalent increments 3. Snow Welter calculation. AUTHOR INDEX for identical periods are also discussed and illustrated. equivalent Discussion by Walter U. Garstka. Discussion by Harold A. Keith. I. Wilson, W. T. AUTHOR INDEX II. Garstka, W. U. I. Himmel, J. M. II. Keith, H. A.

*Hydrologist, USWB, Chief, Processing & Analysis Unit, San Francisco, California CRREL Abstract *Hydraulic Engr., Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 210-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 208-48 FORECAST FLOOD--SEASONAL RUNOFF Catalogue No. ADJUSTING SNOW RUNOFF CORRELATION CURVES BY USE OF AUTUMN Catalogue No. PRECIPITATION FORD, PERRY M. * CRREL No. SIP U1887 CRREL No. SIP U1910 MacLEAN, DUART A.* Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 133-151 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 1 Map; 9 Graphs; 2 Tables; 3 References Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 105-116 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 1 Map; 6 Tables; 2 Graphs; 6 References A chart for forecasting the April-June discharge of the Swan SUBJECT INDEX River of the Flathead River Basin in Montana was prepared after Stream runoff from snow is affected by the moisture content of SUBJECT INDEX statistical treatment of variables. The principal variables 1. Snowmelt & runoff the soil beneath the snow cover. Soil moisture condition is largely used were seasonal distribution of precipitation during the 2. Statistical determined by precipitation during the autumn months before the 1. Snowmelt & runoff accumulation period and mean temperatures during Dec. and March. analysis snowpack accumulates. Records of precipitation for August, Sept., 2. Statistical The chart involves precipitation weighted as to time of fall and and October for 7 years at the Birchbank area of the Columbia River analysis the mean temperatures of Dec. and March. The chart is designed to AUTHOR INDEX Basin were averaged and the departure from average was obtained for 3. Water supply fore- forecast only the total April-June discharge of the Swan River. each year. Departure from average was multiplied by 1.5 and these casting Discussion by Joseph Kittredge. I. Ford, P. M. corrections were added to or subtracted from the snow water content II. Kittredge, J. of the basin on each April 1. A graph of corrected snow water con­ tent against total streamflow showed closer correlation than when using uncorrected water content. Similar corrections for stream­ AUTHOR INDEX flow in other areas using factors of 0.5 and 3.0 show similar im­ provements in correlation. I. MacLean, D. A.

*Asst. Hydraulic Engr. , Water Rights Branch, Dept. of Lands and *Engr., Hydrology Division U.S.B.R., Denver, Colo. CRREL Abstract Forests, Victoria, B. C. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 211-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 213-48

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON FALL SOIL MOISTURE DEFICITS UNDER FOREST COVER Catalogue No. MECHANIZED SNOW SURVEYS IN MONTANA Catalogue No. AND TliEIR RELATION TO TilE WINTER SNOWFACK CRREL No. SIP U1929 WORK, R. A.* CRREL No. SIP Ul886 GOODELL, B. C.* Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 165-167 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 Proc. _WSC 1948: Pgs. 152-156 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 1 Photo

Extensive measurements of fall deficits in soil moisture were SUBJECT INDEX A Tucker Sno-Cat, a power-driven over-snow vehicle, and a two man SUBJECT INDEX conducted in the Fraser Experimental Forest. Soil samples were crew of trained snow surveyors were used to measure 24 snow courses taken in an area of virgin lodgepole pine in late September, and L Soils extending a distance of 300 miles. The 1948 modele Sno-Cat, 4-door 1. OVersnow vehicles again in the spring to determine the field-capacity of the soil. moisture sedan, was powered by a 95 H.P. Plymouth engine, and had a 3 speed -tests The difference between the average field-moisture capacity and the -measurement transmission. The unit was equipped with sleeping bags, tent, stove, average fall-moisture content was the soil-moisture deficit. Soil 2. Snowmelt & runoff and emergency supplies for 2 men. A Dodge Power Wagon with a special moisture deficit averaged about 16% to 25% of the snow cover over bed on the chassis was used to transport the Sno-Cat in the valleys a four year period. Variations in deficits from year to year amount­ AUTHOR INDEX below the snow line. The Sno-Cat traveled 331 miles between Feb. 12 ed to 16% of the gross snow cover. Studies in Spruce and Fir forest and Feb. 29, 1948 over light sandy snow up to elevations of 9000 ft. cover showed about 14% deficits. Studies in a young lodgepole I. Goodell, B. C. The Sno-Cat averaged 5.1 Mi/gal. gasoline and the repeir costs were stand showed a deficit of 75% over a 2 year period. II. Potts, H. L. $10.70. The Dodge Power Wagon averaged 8 Mi/gaL gasoline over roads Discussion by H. L. Potts. considerably snow-blocked. Snow-Catting was difficult where snow AUTHOR INDEX lacked cohesion. Wider and longer front skis are recommended to increase the bearing surface. I. Work, R. A. Discussion by Fred Paget. II. Paget, F.

*Rocky Mtn. Forest & Range Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract *Sr. Irrigation Engineer, SCS, Medford, Oregon CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 212-48 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 214-48

FORECAST OF RUNOFF BASED ON TilE WATER CONTENT OF THE WATERSHED SNOW Catalogue No. AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW COVER IN RELATION TO WEATHER AND TERRAIN Catalogue No. COVER CORRECTED BY A FACTOR INVOLVING FALL FLOW OF THE STREAM AT UPPER COLUMBIA SNOW LABORATORY CRREL No. SIP Ul909 CRREL No. SIP U1857 PARSHALL, R. L. * DANIELS, GLENN E. *

Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 157-161 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1948: Pgs. 170-187 Reno, Nevada, April 15-17 4 Tables; 3 Graphs 1 Table; 1 Map; 3 Photos; 27 Graphs

The fall flow of a stream is an indication of the soil moisture SUBJECT INDEX A preliminary examination of the topographical features, vegeta­ SUBJECT INDEX content over the entire watershed. A correction based on October, tion cover, and snow cover of the Skyland Creek basin of the Upper November and December flow in acre feet has been applied to the 1. Snowmelt & runoff Columbia Snow Laboratory was made by the use of vertical aerial 1. Snow cover April 1 water content of the snow. This procedure is applied to 2. Statistical photographs which were sampled by a series of points. These points -photo analysis many streams in Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico to improve the analysis were defined by a rectangular grid of 420 intersections within the 2. Statistical accuracy of runoff forecasts. A graph is used to illustrate that basin. From the data thus obtained a statistical study of the ef­ analysis the introduction of the fall-flow factor tends to produce a smooth­ AUTHOR INDEX fects of topography and vegetation on the snow cover and snow er curve than with snow survey data only plotted against runoff. melting has been made. AUTHOR INDEX Discussion by G. B. Jacobson. I. Parshall, R. L. Discussion by Joseph B. Paulson. II. Jacobson, G. B. I. Daniels, G. E. II. Paulson, J. B.

*Meteorologist, Coop. Snow Investigations, Corps of Engineers, *Engr., Soil Conservation Service, Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract San Francisco, Calif. Author Abstract 'WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 215-49 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 217-49

THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SNOW Catalogue No. PROGRESS IN SNOWMELT INVESTIGATIONS AT THE FRASER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST Catalogue No.

BURDICK, RAYMOND T. * CRREL No. SIP U1809 PEASLEY, PHYLLIS*; GARS TEA, WALTER U ·** and GOODELL, BERT C.***

Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. 5-13 Denver, Colorado, April 26 Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. 23-28 Denver, Colorado, April 26 1 Table; 4 Graphs; 1 Reference Irrigation in many areas depends largely on water stored in the SUBJECT INDEX form of snow. The average precipitation during May to August at The measurement of factors involved in the process of snow melt SUBJECT INDEX Montrose, Colorado is 37% during which period the flow in the 1. Snow -economics as affecting quantity of runoff derived from melt over periods of GunD.ison River is 67.4%. The delay of nearly 33% of the streamflow 2. Snowmelt & runoff daily, monthly, and seasonally are described. Five factors were 1. Snowmelt & runoff is attributed to snow accumulation. The result of experimental selected for investigation. 2. Precipitation gage timber cutting at the Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiement (1) The performance of shielded precipitation storage gages. -shielded Station at Fort Collins indicate that moisture stored can be increas- (2) Methods of interpreting the commonly available daily max. 3. Snow evaporation ed approximately 25% by planned cutting on dense, high altitude and min. temperatures in terms of degree-days. forest lands. The Forest Service anticipates that timber cutting ex- (3) Analysis of rates of snowmelt. AUTHOR INDEX periments may change the early snow melt and increase the streamflow AUTHOR INDEX (4) Calculation of evaporation losses from snow. through fall. Snow is an important economic consideration in the (5) Synthesis of rate of runoff from snowmelt hydrographs. I. Peasley, P. generation of power by streams. I. Burdick, R. T. Detailed data collected are shown on histographs and computations II. Garstka, W. U. of snowmelt are illustrated in tabular form. III. Goodell, B. c.

*and** Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado *Professor of Economics, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract ***U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 216-49 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 218-49

SNOW PROBLEME ON COLORADO HIGHWAYS Catalogue No. TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN THE COOPERATIVE SNOW INVESTIGATIONS Catalogue No.

STEWART, D. N.* CRREL No. SIP U1800 RHODES, FOREST L.* and WILSON, WALTER T.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. 14-22 Denver, Colorado, April 26 Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. N/A Denver, Colorado, April 26

The Colorado State Highway Department maintains 4000 miles of SUBJECT INDEX The report of Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Wilson was a general discussion SUBJECT INDEX roads. The altitudes of these roads vary from 3400 to 11,992 feet. of this work of the Cooperative Snow Investigation Program being Yearly snowfall averages range from 15.4 in. to 389.4 inches. The 1 . Snow removal conducted by the Corps of Army Engineers and the U. S. Weather !. Snow hydrology basic snow removal equipment consists of 217 heavy 4-wheel drive equipment Bureau. 2. Cooperative snow trucks equipped with reversible blade plows, 19 light trucks for 2. Snow removal roads A summary report of the Snow Investigations was prepared by the investigations light snowfalls, 18 heavy tractors to open high drifts, 16 rotary North Pacific Division of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army~ plows, and 19 rotary wideners for widening snow paths and removing Portland, Oregon, dated 30 June 1956. Titled Snow Hydrology. AUTHOR INDEX packed snow from road edges. Light trucks are used for spreading abrasives on slippery roads. The cost of snow removal in 1947 was AUTHOR INDEX I. Rhodes, F. L. $426,000. Details are described of assignment of men and equipment II. Wilson, w. T. and rotations of long hours. I. Stewart, D. N.

*Civil Engineer, Corps of Engineers, Oakland, Calif. *Chief Maintenance Engr., Colo. Highway Dept,, Denver, Colo. CRREL Abstract **Hydrologist, U.S. Weather Bureau, Oakland, Calif. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 219-49 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 221-49

FRAZIL AND ANCHOR ICE Catalogue No. SCIENCE AND ADVENTURE Catalogue No.

FARROW, R. C.* CRREL No. SIP U1808 CHURCH, DR. JAMES E.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. 31-36 Denver, Colorado, April 26 Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. Appendix i-xiii: Denver, Colo. April 26 2 References An autobiography relating to Dr. J. E. Church's scientific and SUBJECT INDEX Prazil ice is formed in turbulent streams when temperatures are SUBJECT INDEX humanitarian accomplishments in the field of ice and snow from 1895 below freezing. Needles of ice form on the surface and are submerged through 1949. His foundation of the Mt. Rose Observatory in 1906 1. Autobiography by the turbulent water forming a turbid mass of ice and water. Slush 1. Frazil ice and early concepts of a relation to conservation of snowmelt and Dr. J. E. Church ice is caused by heavy snowfall on open water that is near or below 2. Anchor ice runoff to forest type and methods of timber cutting. The first freezing point. Slush ice chokes intakes, penstocks and turbines, authentic water supply forecasts of the rise in Lake Tahoe in 1910- necessitating the closing of power facilities to clear the pipes. 1911, and listing of six elementary steps as an outline for fore­ Experiments with steam to combat ice at intakes have proven expensive casting procedures. Glacier ice melt does not add materially to the and inefficient. Compressed air forced through the water at the in­ annual streamflow, only the snow melt on top of the glacier. Snow takes has been effective. Anchor ice forms most rapidly on dark fall, ice and temperature measurements on the Greenland ice cap; colored· streambeds of turbulent streams on cold clear nights. Anchor snow survey conferences in Russia; snow surveys in India •s Himalaya ice never forms under the cover of sheet ice. Anchor ice will thaw AUTHOR INDEX Mountains; snow surveys and water forecasting in the Andes of loose and float away during days of bright sunshine and form again Argentian and Chile are discussed. International friendship in on very cold clear nights. I. Farrow, R. c. science overpowers political intrigue. Snow surveys and water AUTHOR INDEX Discussion by Rslph L. Parshall. II. Parshall, R. L. supply forecast schemes for the Rhine and Rhone rivers with head­ waters in Switzerland are of interest to Holland. I. Church, Dr. J. E.

*Comptroller of Water Rights, Department of Lands and Forests, Victoria, British Columbia CRREL Abstract *Emeritus Meteorologist, Nevada Expt. Sta., Reno, Nevada @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 22Q-49

STUDIES ON SHIELDED SNOW GAGES Catalogue No.

WARNICK, DR. C. C.* CRREL No. SIP Ul807

Proc. WSC 1949: Pgs. 37-44 Denver, Colorado, April 26 4 Photos; 1 Plate

Cooperative research was conducted by the Univ. of Idaho, the SUBJECT INDEX Bureau of Reclamation, and other agencies to improve high altitude precipitation gages and their windshields. A smokewind tunnel was 1. Snow gages built at the Univ. of Idaho to study the action of wind around gages. -research A ventilating fan produced wind velocities of 20 Mi/hr. and smoke 2. Snow storm was generated by forcing dry air through a bottle of T1Cl4 and com­ -simulation bining the vapor with moist air. One-quarter scale models of Sacramento-type and Standpipe-type gages with and without shields were placed before the approach section to study the path of the air­ stream. Field studies were started Sept. 1948 near Mullen Pass on the Idaho-Montana border. Two standpipe gages, two Sacramento storage gages and one Stevens-type Q12 recording winter-precipitation gage, AUTHOR INDEX equipped with various shields are being used. Results are as yet inconclusive. I. Warnich, Dr. C.C. Disc~ssion by J. C. Stevens. II. Stevens, J. C.

*Asst. Professor, Civil Eng. Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 222-50 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 224-50

THE USE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN RESEARCB ON SNOW AND RUNOFF Catalogue No. SNOII SAFETY Catalogue No.

GERDEL, DR. R. II.* and MANSFIELD, C. II.** CRREL No. SIP -Ul771 ATIIATER, MONTGOMERY M. * CRREL No. SIP U1770

Proc. IISC 1950: Pgs. 5-17 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 Proc. IISC 1950: Pgs. 25-28 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 2 Tables; 6 Graphs; 1 Plate; 4 Photos; 3 References 8 References

Three radioactive snow gages were installed in the experimental SUBJECT INDEX A system of avalanche hazard forecasting was established in 1938 SUBJECT INDEX area at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, during December 1949. at Alta, Utah by the U. S. Forest Service, based on the snow research A geiger tube was held by a 2G-ft. truss arm attached to a 50-ft. 1. Snow gages of the service. The objective was to provide snow rangers with a 1. Avalanche pole. A lead shielded collimater imbedded in concrete beneath the -radioactive simple and logical method of forecasting critical avalanche hazard -counter measures truss arm held 2 units of radioactive Cobalt 60. Impulses of the conditions and to develop protective measures. Hazard forecasting 2. Avalanche geiger tube were amplified and transmitted over a 150-ft. cable to is a continous process of observation of 10 avalanche factors, old -forecasting the recorder in the main laboratory. Largest sources of error was snow depth and surface, new snow depth, type and density, rate of in variation of background impulses caused by cosmic rays. Four of AUTHOR INDEX snowfall, wind force an~ direction, temperature developments and 7 -- 5 min. counting periods each day gave accuracy within 2 to 5%. snow settlement. These factors are variables which operate singly Water films of less than 0. 01 in. to 55 in. can be measured by means I. Gerdel, Dr. R. 11. and in combination, and may even have a simultaneous plus and minus AUTHOR INDEX of beta emissions from Strontium 90, and gamma rays from Cobalt 60. U. Mansfield, c. 11. effect. It is possible that some of the Alta techniques can be used by Snow Surveyors. I. Atwater, M. M.

*Physicist, Coop. Snow Surveys, USWB, Sacramento, Calif. **Engineer, Corps Amy Engineers, San Francisco, Calif. CRREL Abstract *Snow Ranger, U.S. Forest Service, Alta, Utah CRREL Abstract

IIESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 223-50 WESTERN SNOII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 225-50

THE USE OF DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS IN TESTING THE CONSISTENCY OF Catalogue No. AN INDUSTRIAL OPERATION TO PRODUCE PRECIPITATION Catalogue No. CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS CRREL No. SIP Ul773 CUNDIFF, STUART A.* CRREL No. SIP Yl772 DIAMOND, MARVIN* Proc. IISC 1950: Pgs. 29-34 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 Proc. IISC 1950: Pgs. 18-25 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 2 Tables; 2 Graphs; 1 Map; 2 References Cloud seeding (weather modification) experiments were carried out SUBJECT INDEX at Bishop Creek, California, during the winters of 1947-49. It was Double mass analysis was used to investigate the consistency of SUBJECT INDEX observed that clouds forming over the watershed were blown east and 1. Weather modifica­ precipitation records in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Residual dispersed without precipitating. These clouds are usually deficient tion mass curves, represented as the accumulated excess or deficiency of 1. Precipitation in nuclei and had temperatures between -10° and -39oc. Dry ice, -procedure rainfall in relation to time, are plotted for each precipitation analysis distributed by airplane at the rate of 4 to 5 pounds, per mile, was station's record. A horizontal curve indicates no major change in 2. Statistical found to be superior to silver iodide. Precipitation occurred from the average precipitation. Stations with nearly horizontal residual analysis 5 to 15 minutes after seeding. Over-seeding caused the dispersal mass curves are used in preparing a precipitatiun base pattern. The of clouds. It was estimated that seeding operations increased the precipitation record of a single station is plotted accumulatively water yield by 14% in 1947-48 and 12% in 1948-49. The cost was against the accumulated precipitation base pattern. A straight approximately $200 per hour of seeding flight time, with flights AUTHOR INDEX double mass curve indicates a consistent precipitation record. A ranging from 45 minutes to 1. 5 hours. Approximately 50 flights were bend in the curve indicates that the records have been affected by made in 1948-49. I. Cundiff, S. A. artificial changes in exposure or observer. The results of the AUTHOR INDEX study indicate that double mass technique is reliable when there is a high correlation between factors being compared. I. Diamond, M.

*Engineer, California Electric Power Co., Bishop, Calif. CRREL Abstract *Office of River Control, U.S.S.R., Boulder City, Nevada CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 226-50 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 228-50

USE OF INFLOW FORECASTS IN OPERATION OF HOOVER DAM AND LAKE MEAD FOR Catalogue No. A DAY'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPH Catalogue No. FLOOD CONTROL CRREL No. BERTLE, F. A.* and DUNFORD, E. G.** CRREL No. SIP U5161 LUPTON, FRANTZ R. * Proc. WSC 1950: Pgs. 60-64 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 Proc. WSC 1950: Pgs. 35-48 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 1 Table; 5 Graphs; 1 Reference 8 Tables; 5 Graphs; 1 Reference Recent work performed on the analysis of 1 day's contribution to SUBJECT INDEX A review of regulations for operating Hoover Dam to meet legal SUBJECT INDEX the snowmelt hydrograph is summarized. The data are part of the Co­ requirements is presented. Economical operation of the dam in con­ operative Snow Investigation of the USBR-USFS at Frasier Exp. Forest, 1. Snowmelt & runoff junction with power and irrigation requirements and maintaining 1. Reservoir and cover separately the St. Louis Creek and the Fool Creek drainage 2. Statistical discharge releases to inhibit flooding below the dam are described. -regulations basins. The total runoff from each day's melt is defined and all analysis Maximum flow downstream from the dam is limited to 40,000 cfs which 2. Water supply fore­ measurements are correlated to the total volume of runoff from the adds another restriction in releasing large volumes of flood con­ casts one day's melt using the combined data from 1948 and 1949. The re­ trol water. Storage space above the dam also has its control height lationship of the first day's volume to the total volume is plotted. to guard against use of spillways, thus a loss of power. Inflow A definite break is apparent with the double mass curve of accumu­ volumes to the reservoir are forecast for each month January lated first day volumes vs. accumulated total daily runoff at the AUTHOR INDEX through July. The forecast scheme is designed for temperature and point representing the maximum runoff for the year. It is suggested evaporation factors. Various mOnths use different weighting of that the 2 parts of the melt season, before and after the peak, be I. Bertle, F. A. factors to meet the conditions. Accuracy is high in the first few AUTHOR INDEX considered separately in establishing correlations. II. Dunford, E. G. months but improves considerably in the later months. Tables and graphs illustrate the procedure explained in the text. I. Lupton, F. R. Discussion by Gerald B. Levin. II. Levin, G. B.

*River Control Office, U.S.B.R., Boulder City, Nevada @ Abstract '~~~and**Engineers, U.S.B.R., Denver, Colorado CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 229-50 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 227-50 METEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEEDING CLOUDS FOR Catalogue No. A REVISION OF FORECASTING METHODS AS PRACTICED BY THE CALIFORNIA Catalogue No. INCREASING PRECIPITATION COOPERATIVE SNOW SURVEYS CRREL No. SIP U1768 CRREL No. SIP U1769 GRANT, LEWIS 0. * STRAUSS, FRED A.* Proc. WSC 1950: Pgs. 65-70 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 Proc. WSC 1950: Pgs. 49-59 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 1 Table; 2 Graphs; 1 Map 5 Tables; 10 Graphs; References Techniques for segregating the effects on precipitation of cloud SUBJECT INDEX A revised procedure for forecasting runoff, basically a modifica­ SUBJECT INDEX seeding with dry ice and silver iodide are investigated. Weather tion of the direct method of the California Cooperative Snow Surveys, records of Phoenix, Arizona for 1937-1947 were studied with respect 1. Weather modifies- is presented. The snow-water content, as measured by snow survey 1. Water supply fore­ to temperatures at different levels, stability of the atmosphere, tion procedures, of the basin, adjusted to April 1 conditions is calcu­ casting winds, pressures at different levels, tropapause heights, and sur­ -research lated as a percent of normal cover on that date. Corrections in this face dewpoints. The weather records were compared with the results index figure are made for precipitation during the runoff period, of seeding clouds during July 1948. Rain was observed after several AUTHOR INDEX for basin streamflow, for April temperatures at different snow AUTHOR INDEX of the seeding operations. Ground generators of silver iodide have courses and for soil priming. Streamflow forecasts, accurate within given more consistent positive results than seeding by aeroplane. I. Grant, L. o. 10%, can be made from the corrected snowpack index. I. Strauss, F. A.

*American Institute of Aerological Research, Pasadena, Calif. CRREL Abstract '~~~Assoc. Hydraulic Engr., Div. Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERll SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 230-50

PRECIPITATION CONTROL Catalogue No.

BARNES, C. S.* CRREL No. SIP Ul766

Proc. WSC 1950: Pgs. 7D-73 Boulder City, Nevada, April 17-18 1 Photograph

The Precipitation Control Company of Phoenix, Arizona was formed SUBJECT INDEX to develop and perfect the mechanics and techniques of increasing precipitation. Silver iodide from airplane generators is used to 1. Weather modifica- seed super-cooled clouds. Calcium chloride is used to cause clouds tion to thicken and precipitate in non-super-cooled clouds. Ground gen- -research erators have nat proved successful. A technique called "Advanced Air Mass Seeding" is used on days which appear to be favorable for cloud fonDation. Small clouds are seeded early in the day, preparing them for precipitation as soon as the clouds cool to the critical temperature. Two or 3 times as much rain is produced due to genera- tion caused by reiluted heat< fi:OIIl the ground and rising air cur- rents. Over-seeding in cloud structures is often brought about by smokes and vapors with subsequent loss of normal precipitation. The installation of precipitating and cleaning equipment in smoke stacks AUTHOR INDEX is recODmended to increase the efficiency of seeding by silver iodide. I. Bames, C. S.

*President, Precip. Control Co., Phoenix, Arizona CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 231-51 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 233-51

USE OF SNOW SURVEYS IN PLANNING REGULATION OF COLUMBIA RIVER FLOODS Catalogue No. SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS AND INVESTIGATIONAL TECHNIQUES IN SNOWMELT Catalogue No. FORECASTING WORK, R. A.*, WILM, B. G.** and NELSON, MORLAN W.*** CRREL No. SIP Ul793 CRREL No. SIP Ul795 WILSON, WALTER T. * Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 1-29 Victoria, B. c., April 19-20 8 Tables; 4 Graphs; 7 References Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 47-56 Victoria, B. c., April 19-20

A practical method for making predictions of volumetric yield and SUBJECT INDEX An attempt is made to show how a program of investigations of SUBJECT INDEX flood discharges from snow is presented. Available data on the water snowmelt forecasting must be considered in the light of its economic stored in snow in the spring and during subsequent precipitation are 1. Water supply fore­ and administrative involvement. The factors affecting snowmelt are 1. Snowmelt & runoff obtained from 43 selected snow courses. The predictions are accompa­ casting discussed and procedures are suggested to be followed in developing 2. Water supply fore­ nied by estimates of error and probable limits within which the real 2. Statistical forecast methods. It is emphasized that each drainage basin must be casting yield or flood discharge is likely to fall, by statistical means. analysis considered according to the physical conditions found on the drain­ Two-thirds of the total error in predicting peak discharges is in age, even though considerable similarity between adjacent drainages the error associated with the relation of flood volume to snow water. might exist. It is pointed out that in addition to the very real Later season forecasts become progressively more precise. The effects problems of sampling variance and observational deficiencies, the AUTHOR INDEX of early season temperatures on peak discharge were indirectly evalu­ AUTHOR INDEX theoretical elements that lend themselves to a rational solution ated by subtracting April volume from the estimated April-June volume, are seldom observed in isolated fashion. I. Wilson, W. T. and relating flood discharges only to the remaining amount expected I. Work, R. A. Discussion by Wayne D. Criddle. II. Criddle, W. D. to flow during the last part of the 3-month period. II. Wilm, H. G. Discussion by .Clarence Pederson. III. Nelson, M. W. IV. Pederson, C.

*Supervisor of Snow Surveys, SCS, Medford, Oregon **U.S .. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon ***Soil Conservation Service, Boise, Idaho CRREL Abstract *Physicist, U.S. Weather Bureau, San Francisco, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 232-51 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 234-51

CUMULATIVE SNOWMELT RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION GRAPHS AND THEIR USE IN Catalogue No. LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH SNOW GAGES IN IDAHO Catalogue No. RUNOFP FORECASTING CRREL No. SIP Ul794 WARNICK, CALVIN C.* CRREL No. SIP U1796 KOELZER, VICTOR A.* Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 57-68 Victoria, B. c., April 19-20 Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 30-46 Victoria, B. C. , April 19-20 5 Tables; 8 Photos; 1 Plate 2 Tables; 10 Graphs; Map; 3 References A large slow-speed wind tunnel was constructed to study air move­ SUBJECT INDEX Procedures for refining total seasonal runoff forecasts as the SUBJECT INDEX ment around precipitation gages. The tunnel is made of plywood in snowmelt season progresses are presented on the basis of tempera­ sections which can be dismantled. Sawdust was used to illustrate 1. Snow gage ture and runoff data. Methods described were developed for opera­ 1. Water supply fore­ air patterns and make quantitative evaluations of the catching -test results tion in the Seminoe Reservoir in the North Platte River Basin, Wyo. casting characteristics of the gage. A Speed Graphic camera is mounted 25 in. 2. Wind tunnel The principle of snowmelt runoff variations with changes in tempera­ 2. Snowmelt & runoff above the floor of the tunnel in a small darkroom. The laboratory 3. Snow storm ture is used to develop mass curves of accumulated values of day­ 3. Reservoir regula­ tests are centered around air flow phenomena near half-scale models -simulation degrees of melting temperatures against accumulated daily inflow to tion of the gages and the catching characteristics of various gages the reservoir. The mass curves have a striking similarity in shape. equipped with different shields. Field studies, in progress for 3 The possibility of comparing accumulated runoff expressed in percent winters, are in a plot containing 7 gages. Gage measurements are of total seasonal runoff with accumulative day-degrees of melting taken at weekly intervals by stick measurements. The tests in the temperature are investigated. Cumulative snowmelt runoff distribu­ AUTHOR INDEX tunnel indicate that the Alter Shield has the optimum basic shape. tion graphs are developed. A definite relationship is found to exist Field studies show a fault in the standpipe gages. The stored pre­ AUTIIOR lNDEX between the percent of seasonal snow melt and cumulative tempera­ I. Koelzer, v. A. cipitation in the standpipe gage freezes and makes records question­ tures. II. Garstka, W. U. able. (See also WSC 220-49: SIP U1807) I. Warnick, C. c. Dis.cussion by Walter U. Garstka and Milton S. Sachs. III. Sachs, M. S.

*U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado CRREL Abstract *Engr., Expt. Sta. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE B IBLlOGRAPHY WSC No. 235-51 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 237-51

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SATISFACTORY OVER-SNOW MACBINE Catalogue No. BENEFITS OF SNOW SURVEYING Catalogue No.

WORK, R. A.* CLYDE, GEORGE D.* and HOUSTON, CLYDE E.** CRREL No. SIP U1799

Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 69-74 Victoria, B. C., April 19-20 Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 84-107 Victoria, B. C., April 19-20 2 Tables; 4 Photos 7 Graphs

A discussion of 13 basic characteristics, necessary for a univer­ SUBJECT INDEX Several examples are used to show the benefits derived from the SUBJECT INDEX sal proposed mechanized over-snow vehicle for use in snow surveys, work being conducted by the Soil Conservation Service in the is presented. A suggested relative numerical rating for each charac­ 1. OVersnow vehicles Federal-State-Private Cooperative snow surveys and irrigation water 1. Snow survey teristic is included. These characteristics, in the order of import­ -development forecasting. Nearly 200 different organizations participate in the -economics ance, are: (1) mechanical dependability, (2) ability to travel on program through the contributed funds, labor or data. The method 2. Snow survey soft or sticky snow, (3) ability to traverse steep side slopes, (4) used by the Soil Conservation Service to measure the water in the -benefits ability to operate on ground bare of snow, (5) ability to ascend snow storage reservoir for establishing a relation between snow steep grades, (6) maneuverability, (7) ability to quickly surmount cover and runoff is explained. Typical benefits derived from the use AUTHOR INDEX obstacles such as fallen trees, (8) economy of operation, (9) speed, AUTBOR .INDEX of snow surveys and streamflow forecasts are cited, such as reser­ (10) ability to ford open flowing streams, (11) safety, (12) porta­ voirs operated for irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, I. Clyde, G. D. bility, and (13) comfort for 2 men. I. Work, R. A. recreation and other beneficial conservation uses are shown. II. Houston, c. E. Discussion by George J. Klein. II. Klein, G. J. Discussion by W. A. Lang, J. R. Riter, F. B. Blanchard and III. Lang, w. A. G. W. Templeton. IV. Riter, J. R. v. Blanchard, F. B. VI. Templeton, G. w.

*Sr. Engineer, Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon CRREL Abstract *and**Soil Conservation Service, Logan, Utah CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 236-51 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 238-51

TBE CANADIAN SNOW-COVER SURVEY Catalogue No. SNOWPACK INCREASE IN TBE COLORADO ROCKIES BY ARTIFICIAL NUCLEATION Catalogue No.

KLEIN, GEORGE J. * CRREL No. SIP U1798 KRICK, IRVING P. * CRREL No. SIP U1818

Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 75-83 Victoria, B. C., April 19-20 Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs. 108-110 Victoria, B. c., April 19-20 1 Map; 1 Photo Table

The objective of the Canadian Snow Cover Survey was to obtain SUBJECT INDEX Cloud seeding experiments to increase the snowpack were started SUBJECT INDEX data on the physical features of the snow cover at a number of ob­ in the upper watershed of the Arkansas River. Silver iodide gener­ servation stations, and to provide a basis for future studies of 1. Snow cover ators located at ground level were used. Winter precipitation 1. Weather modifica the fundamental properties of snow. The method followed at each -hardness amounts of 10 western slope stations were correlated with upper tion procedures station consisted of digging a test pit in the snow cover once each 2. Snow crystals Arkansas Basin snowpack values. Results indicate that high precip­ 2. Water supply fore­ week and measuring temperature, specific gravity, free-water content, 3. Snow gages itation and above normal snowpack years are usually associated with casting hardness and average size and shape of snow grains. Air temperature, 4. Snow classifica- high ration values of Aspen precipitation to Arkansas water content. snow cover depth and the location of the snow layers were also deter­ tion The water supply forecast based on snow survey data exceeds the AUTBOR INDEX mined. Standard snow classifications were used. Some of the results forcast based on precipitation reports from valley stations. obtained show that air temperature and wind had a decided influence l. Krick, I. P. on the condition of the snow cover, while the effects of sunshine were small. The specific gravity of settled snow was usually between AUTBOR INDEX . 25 to . 35 and for wet settled snow the specific gravity rose as high as . 65, at temperatures below freezing. I. Klein, G. J. DiscuE!sion by Dr. J. E. Church, Jr. II. Church, Dr. J. E.

*Canadian Research Council, Ottawa, Canada CRREL Abstract *American Institute of Aerologica1 Research, Pasadena, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTEIIII SNOW CONFI!RI!NCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 239-51

LOCALIZED EFFECTS INDUCED BY SEEDING SUPERCOOLED CLOUDS WITB DRY ICE Catalogue No. AND SILVER IODIDE CRREL No. SIP U1817 SCHAEFER, VINCENT J. *

Proc. WSC 1951: Pgs.Appendixi-XI: Victoria, B. C, April 19-20 20 References

Condensation nuclei as condensation centers for the formation of SUBJECT INDEX cloud droplets. An automatic recording, condensation nuclei is used to detect· the extreme variability in concentration of such nuclei. L Weather modifica­ The seeding of clear air, supersaturated with respect to ice, with tion procedures suitable nuclei causes the formation of ice crystals large enough 2. Ice crystals to have a falling velocity within less than 1 min. after seeding. -fomation Various teclmiques of seeding stratus or cumulus clouds, using dry ice or silver iodide are described. Accounts of actual aerological AUTBOR INDEX seeding experiments made, and results obtained are indicated. I. Schaefer, V. J.

*General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, New York CRREL Abstract ·WESTERN SNOW CO!il'l!RENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 240-52 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 242-52

FORECASTED TEMPERATUlii!S AND SNOW MELT FLOODS Catalogue No. THE RELATIONSHIP OF PRECIPITATION INTENSITY TO AVALANCHE OCCURRENCE Catalogue No.

GAY, ROBERT W. * CRREL No. SIP U4772 ATWATER, MONTGOMERY M. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 1-9 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 11-19 Sacramento, Calif. April 21-22 1 Map; 2 Tables; 4 Graphs 2 Tables; 7 Graphs

Correlations of temperatures with snow-melt runoff from a water­ SUBJECT INDEX Avalanche hazard is always a result of a combination of factors SUBJECT INDEX shed during the spring floods are presented. The establishment of that must be analyzed simultaneously. These factors are reviewed correlations are discussed by which temperatures for April, May, 1. Snowmelt & runoff with emphasis placed on precipitation intensity (the number of 1. Avalanche June, might be forecast from data available on April 1, with suf­ 2. Temperature inches of water content deposited per hour), and snow fall intensity -research ficient accuracy to estimate the form and sequence of snow-melt -factor (the number of inches of fresh snow deposited per hour). Other runoff. The methods forming the basis for such forecasting are pre­ 3. Snowmelt factors involved are old snow depth and surface condition, total sented. A forecast for the flow of the Boise River in the spring of -flood snow depth, type of snow, density of snow, amount of settlement, 1951 from 28-year temperature data of Idaho City is made using temperature, wind direction, wind velocity and hours of duration, average 5-day values of daily maximum temperatures. A satisfactory AUTHOR INDEX the amount of sluffing (small slides from the upper portion of the correspondence between the forecasted and the actual hydrograph is avalanche area). Instrumentation for continuous measurement of these evident. I. Gay, R. W. factors is discussed. Several storms which caused avalanches of AUTHOR INDEX varying size are analyzed by text and shown graphically. A tabula­ tion of recorded data is displayed. I. Atwater, M. M.

*Hydrologist, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Boise, Idaho CRREL Abstract *Avalanche Forecaster, U.S. Forest Service, Alta, Utah @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 241-52 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 243-52

SOIL PRIMING IN RELATION TO SNOW SURVEYS & FLOOD REGULATION Catalogue No. SHORT TERM FORECASTING OF SNOWMELT RUNOFF Catalogue No.

NELSON, M. W.*; WILM, H. G.** and WORK, R. A.*** CRREL No. SIP 10268 GARSTKA, WALTER U.*; BERTLE, F. A.** and DUNFORD, E. G.*** CRREL No. DLC, QE500. A6 v 34 Proc. WSC 1952: (Abstract Only) Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 20-28 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 Complete paper see TAGU 34: 24Q-248 1 Map; 1 Table; 12 Graphs; 5 References

Earlier analyses of techniques for water forecasting in the SUBJECT INDEX A day-to-day streamflow forecasting procedure is illustrated SUBJECT INDEX Columbia River Basin found both water yields and flood discharges by using snowmelt factors and computing the next day's runoff, thus to be highly correlated with the water content of snow as determined I. Water supply fore­ segregating from the hydrograph the contribution of one day's snow­ 1. Water supply fore­ by snow surveys, and with spring precipitation. The present study casting melt. The heat sources for melting snow are largely solar radiation, casting demonstrates that the addition of preceeding fall precipitation ex­ 2. Soil priming reflected solar radiation, heat from warm air masses and latent -short term presses the degree of soil priming and the extent to which autumn fall precipitation heat of evaporation from condensation of water vapor. The snowmelt 2. Heat exchange affect in soil moisture are replenished by precipitation before formula developed by Phillip Light is used to correlate the weather the snowpack accumulates each winter. The inclusion of the soil­ AUTHOR INDEX elements to snowmelt and streamflow. Daily flows are solved con­ AUTHOR INDEX priming variable, as compared to previous analyses, made a 40% currently to synthesize the seasonal runoff hydrograph. Graphs improvement in the standard error of the forecast made on April 1 I. Nelson, M. w. illustrate the procedure. I. Garstka, W. U. of each year. Similar improvements in precision were observed for II. Wilm, H. G. II. Bertle, F. A. later forecasts made on May 1 and May 15. III. Work, R. A. III. Dunford, E. G.

*Soil Conservation Service, Boise, Idaho **U. S. Forest Service~ Washington, D. C. ***Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon Author Abstract *•**and***U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 244-52 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 246-52

THE USE OF SOOT FOR SNOW REMOVAL PURPOSES Catalogue No. SOME RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN SNOW MECHANICS ANU THERMODYNAMICS Catalogue No.

LANG, WILLIAM A.* CRREL No. SIP U4 774 GERDEL, DR. R. W. * CRREL No. SIP U4776

Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 29-37 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 41-44 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 6 Photographs; 5 Tables; Graph; 5 References 14 References

Eight test plots, lOxlO ft., covered with 10 in. of snow, were SUBJECT INDEX The causes for discrepancies in the presently reported values for SUBJECT INDEX evenly spread with soot varying from G-10 lb. per plot. Snow depth physical constants of snow are discussed. Snow strength is influenc­ and water content were measured with a sampler at the center of each 1. Snow cover ed by present and past temperatures and the frequency of temperature 1. Snow research plot before applying the soot and again 4 hrs. later. The tempera­ -radiation cycles. Some problems in snow mechanics are analogous to those in -mechanical ture ranged from 22° to 47°F during the experimental period. The 2. Solar radiation soils, but snow, particularly near the freezing point, may react properties greatest decrease in snow depth occurred in the plot covered with 1 3. Snow removal oppositely for a given force. Releasing pressure on a soil increases lb. of soot. The rate of decrease in snow was almost twice as great -roads its plasticity; releasing pressure on snow, near the ice point re­ on the sooted spots than on clear plots. No significant difference duces plasticity by causing free water between the grains to freeze. in the decrease of water content was found. Lampblack was applied The derivation of a traction index from the mechanical properties experimentally on the Kaiser Pass road on March 30, 1951, at the of snow or the forecastable degree of metamorphism is complicated rate of 10 lbs. per 100 sq. ft. as a method of snow clearance in by the inconsistency of the frictional resistance of the snow sur­ spring. The danger of spreading the soot too thickly and preventing face. Theories based on the narrow temperature range which separates AUTHOR INDEX melting is pointed out in the discussion. AUTHOR INDEX the liquid, vapor, and solid phases of snow to account for the low In discussion Dr. Robert W. Gerdel points out some interesting but variable coefficient of friction for snow are discussed. I. Gerdel, Dr. R. W. references on the subject of uunconventional Methods of Snow I. Lang, W. A. 11 Removal • II. Gerdel, Dr. R. W.

*Hydrographer, Southern Calif. Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif. CRREL Abstract *SIPRE, Willmette, Illinois CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 245-52 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 247-52

THE MISSION OF THE SNOW, ICE & PERMAFROST RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT Catalogue No. ESTIMATING PRECIPITATION AT SAN FRANCISCO FROM CONCURRENT Catalogue No. METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES LAMLUM, LT. COL. A. H.* CRREL No. SIP U4775 CRREL No. JORGENSEN, DONALD L. * Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 38-40 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 45-55 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 SIPRE conducts basic and applied research on the properties of SUBJECT INDEX 7 Graphs; 3 Tables; 1 Reference snow, ice and seasonally or permanently frozen ground; studies the relations of snow, ice and permafrost to the environment; collects 1. Snow A study of meteorological factors responsible for producing rain­ SUBJECT INDEX and disseminates information on snow, ice and permafrost to all -research fall is presented, and especially designed to develop a procedure elements of the Department of Defense; coordinates research under­ for evaluating weather modification by the use of silver iodide I. Weather modifica- taken by the Armed Forces, and others in the fields of snow, ice AUTHOR INDEX generators. The main objective being to determine if rainfall would tion and permafrost to eliminate duplication. have occurred from a given set of atmospherical conditions without -evaluation I. Lahlum, Lt. CoL A. cloud seeding and if so, how much more was due to the artificial 2. Weather modifica- triggering. Upper-air masses at 400 and 700 mb. with open and closed tion low storm centers are plotted on scatter diagrams. Results are com­ -methods puted by probability theories and amounts of rainfall are shown. These data are compared to 12 and 24 hr. amounts and monthly totals were computed by observed data. AUTHOR INDEX In discussion Dr. J. Neyman confines his remarks to the statistical probabilities and the procedures used in the paper I. Jorgensen, D. L. and states that advance work will be forthcoming. 11. Neyman, Dr. J.

*Snow, Ice & Permafrost Research Establishment, Willmette, Ill. CRREL Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, San Bruno, Calif. @ Abstract WESTEBN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 248-52

l.JSE OF SNOW SURVEYS IN EVALUATING CLOUD-SEEDING OPERATIONS Catalogue No.

BEAUMONT, R. T.*; WORK, R. A.**; FROST, W. T.***; BARTON, M.**** CRREL No. SIP U4778

Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 56-72 Sacramento, Calif. April 21-22 7 Maps; 3 Tables; 22 References

Methods using data from mountain snow survey courses to study the SUBJECT INDEX results of cloud seeding are presented. Cloud seeding, to increase the snowpack and produce more water for irrigation on watersheds of 1. Weather modifica­ the Rogue River Valley, Oregon, occurred from Nov. 1949 thru March tion 1950, and from Nov. 1950 tbru March 1951. The target area and the -evaluation techniques used in cloud seeding are described. Snow course records maintained 9-19 years in the target area and in upwind surrounding areas were analyzed. Correlation coefficients were established and used to determine if the target area received proportionately more or less water equivalent as snow than the surrounding areas. Analy­ AUTBOR INDEX sis shows that less water was stored in the snow on the target area during the 2-yr. period of cloud seeding than expected under I. Beaumont, R. T. natural conditions. Further studies are required to determine II. Work, R. A. whether the relationships between snow courses and streamflow were III. Frost, W. T. modified by seedi~g. IV. Barton, M.

*and****Oregon State Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon **and***Soil Conservation Service, Medford, Oregon CRREL Abstract

WESTEBN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 249-52

METBODS OF EVALUATION IN CLOUD SEEDING Catalogue No.

ELLIOTT, ROBERT D. * CRREL No. SIP U4779

Proc. WSC 1952: Pgs. 73-79 Sacramento, Calif., April 21-22 2 Maps; 14 Graphs; 4 References

Cloud-seeding experiments are hard to evaluate because of dif­ SUBJECT INDEX ficulty in segregating artificially created effects of seeding from natural processes. Control areas in the immediate vicinity which, 1. Weather modifica- from previously established records, are not liable to produce tion abnormal precipitation, should be chosen. It becomes increasingly -evaluation difficult to find a control area which is not influenced by another cloud-seeding operation conducted nearby. AUTBOR INDEX

I. Elliott, R. D.

*North American Weather Consultants, Pasadena, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 250-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 252-53

SNOW SURVEYS IN THE NORTHEAST AND USES OF DATA Catalogue No. U. S. WEATHER BUREAU SNOW COVER OBSERVATION PROGRAM Catalogue No.

HARRINGTON, ARTHUR W. * CRREL No. BUTSON, KEITH D. • CRREL No. SIP 010196

Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 1-3 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 5-6 Boise, Idaho April 20-22 2 References 4 References

A historical and progress report on snow survey activities in the SUBJECT INDEX Photographic observational techniques for snow surveying the SUBJECT INDEX Northeastern States is presented. The measurement of snow and snow­ Columbia Basin under study by the Weather Bureau are described water equivalent was done in upper New York State as early as 1834 1. History briefly. Twelve stations for obtaining photographs by cooperative 1. Snow cover by John B. Jervis, for the purpose of estimating possible water -snow surveys observers were in operation in 1952 and 1953. No conclusive results -distribution supplies for reservoirs that regulated water for the Chenango Barge are given, but comparison of photographs obtained in 1952 with the -photographic CanaL He also established the first two streamgaging stations in daily streamflow suggest favorable results. analysis the United States in 1835 on Eaton Brook and Madison Brook, bow­ ever records are not continuous. Charles A. Mixer made some snow­ AUTHOR INDEX water equivalent measurements in 1900, but were not continued. Con­ tinuous records were started in 1926 following the procedures out­ I. Butson, K. D. lined by Dr. J. E. Church, Jr. The growth of snow surveys in the Northeast States has been consistent over the passing years and the application of the data has increased steadily, similar to those in the Western S:tates. No irrigation uses are reported, however, fore­ AUTHOR INDEX casting from snow Surveys is common for power production, flood control and reservoir regulation. I. Harrington, A. W.

*Dist. Engineer, u.s. Geological Survey, Albany, New York @ Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, Portland, Oregon CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 251-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 253-53

A NEW PROGRAM OF COORDINATED FEDERAL-STATE WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS Catalogue No. SNOW SURVEY DATA IN THE WATER RESOURCES REVIEW Catalogue No.

WORK, R. A.* and POLOS, ANTBONY J .•• CRREL No. EISENLOHR, WILLIAM S. • CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 4-5 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 7-8 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22

An attempt is made to coordinate the water supply forecasts of SUBJECT INDEX A plan is presented by the U. S. Geological Survey office at SUBJECT INDEX the Soil Conservation Service, the U. S. Weather Bureau, and the Washington D. c. to expand the distribution of the Water Supply British Columbia Dept. Lands and Forest, Div. of Water Resources, 1. Water supply fore- Forecast volumes by publishing them in the April 1 issue of their 1. Water supply fore­ and the California Department of Water Resources. The plan being cast nationally circulated WATER RESOURCES REVIEW. This publication casting to compare forecasts of all agencies, before issuance, where data -coordination and distribution would greatly enhance the reader volume of this -data publication is prepared for the same gageing station and runoff period. The co­ information to a diversified number of readers. ordinated forecasts would then be released to operating and regulat­ AUTHOR INDEX ing and water users in generaL Thus eliminating confusing state­ ments and varying figures. Plans are also made for mutual coopera­ AUTBOR INDEX I. Eisenlohr, W. S. tion on research to produce better and more reliable forecasts through joint membership of the Water Forecast Committees for the I. Work, R. A. major river basins in the Western United States. II. Po los, A. J.

*Head, Water Supply Forecast Unit, SCS, Portland, Oregon **Head, River Forecast Center, USWB, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract *Hydraulic Engr., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington D. C. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 254-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 256-53

A HISTORICAL RECOBD OF THE USE OF SNOW COVER FORECASTS IN THE Catalogue No. AN APPROACH TO STREAMFLOW FORECASTING Catalogue No. MID-COLUMBIA AREA CRREL No. FULC!lER, MARTIN K. * CRREL No. KRAMER, HARRY A. * Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 18-23 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 Proc. wsc 1953: Pgs. 8-11 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 4 Tables; 1 Graph; 2 References

A report is presented showing the usefulness of snow survey SUBJECT INDEX A water supply forecast scheme is presented for the Colorado SUBJECT INDEX forecasts in pre-planning or industrial operations in the mid­ River above Grand Canyon. A statistical study of 9 tributary reaches of the Columbia River. Mention is made of the dangers 1. Snow survey streams resulted in a decision to treat each tributary by itself 1. Water supply fore­ of population crowding into the seldom used flood plain of the -economics and then route them by correlation procedures for a collective cast large rivers and the difficulties of saving life and property 2. Flood warning forecast at Grand Canyon. The Green River above Linwood is used 2. Statistical when occupants cannot see the potential dangers. Conditions as the pilot study. Data from 10 precipitation stations were analysis existing before and after the 1948 flood are depicted. Examples AUTHOR INDEX weighed by the Thiessen method. These data were used as soil of flood warnings are shown in the text and documented for date priming factor from the preceeding fall months. Snow survey data and time. I. Kramer, H. A. from 9 courses was used for April 1 forecasts. Fall and winter temperatures through March were used as a temperature factor. Mul­ AUTHOR INDEX tiple regression formula are solved with the 4 variables, resulting in a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.918. I. Fulcher, M. K.

*General Electric Corp., Richland, Washington @ Abstract *U.S.B.R., Office River Control, Boulder City, Nevada

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 255-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 257-53

EVIDENCE OF MAN-MADE CLIMATIC CHANGE Catalogue No. A SYSTEMATIZED REGRESSION FORECASTING METHOD Catalogue No.

KRICK, DR. IRVING P. * CRREL No. BARTON, MANES* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 11-18 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 24-29 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 5 Charts; 1 Reference 9 Tables; 1 Graph; Formula Development; 2 References

Cloud seeding to produce additional snow water content in the SUBJECT INDEX A statistical method is presented for developing an up-to-date SUBJECT INDEX snowpack of the Upper South Platte and Arkansas River Basins in streamflow forecasting formula. The primary purpose being to assist Colorado is explained. Detailed meteorological and physics of cloud 1. Weather modifies- the streamflow forecasters to prepare their data in a logical pro­ I. Water supply fore- characteristics for cloud seeding are described. Evaluation is based tion cedure with close checks as the complicated process of multiple casting on statistical methods, using a 10 year period of snow survey water -evaluation regression development proceeds. Such a procedure enables the 2. Statistical content data prior to seeding and comparing the 3 years of seeding -methods operator to detect any shift in the relationships and make cor­ analysis data of snow surveys conducted during this period. Claims are made rections. A series of 9 tables illustrate the procedure. that seeding increased the snowpack by 200% over the basic 10 AUTHOR INDEX years, while other basins to the south along the Rocky Mountains did not show this increase during the seeded last 3 years. Charts I. Barton, M. illustrate the 3 years of seeding operations and location of river basin target areas. In discussion Milton S. Sachs points out that good results are AUTHOR INDEX shown in increasing the snowpack by cloud seeding in the Northwest along the Cascades and Rockies. He states that large scale I. Krick, Dr. I. P. opei.-ations are more effective and not so difficult to evaluate. II. Sachs, M. S.

*Water Resources Development Corp., Denver, Colorado @ Abstract *Asst. Water Forecaster, Oregon State Agr. Exp. Sta. ,Corvallis, Ore. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 258-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 260-53

THE USE OF PRECIPITATION AND SNOW SURVEY DATA IN WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No. THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF SNOW DEPTB MARKERS IN WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No. FORECASTING FORECASTING CRREL No. SIP 10197 CRREL No. POLOS , ANTHONY J • * HENDERSON, TBOMAS J. *

Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 30-35 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 44-46 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 2 Tables; 3 Graphs; 1 Reference 2 Photographs; 2 Graphs

The use of precipitation measurements and snow survey data singly SUBJECT INDEX Snow depth markers are placed at inaccessible locations to obtain SUBJECT INDEX and combinations for forecasting is discussed and applied to the snow depth by aerial photographs and visual observations. This data North Fork Clearwater River in Idaho. An average error of B. 7% was 1. Water supply fore­ is related information from an accessible snow course, at similar 1. Aerial markers obtained using precipitation data along, and 4. 6% when combined casting elevation, where depth, water content and density are available. 2. Water supply fore­ with snow survey data. Forecasts issued by the Weather Bureau in The density is then used to obtain the water content at the MARKER casting January, February and March will use only precipitation data but station. Many marker stations can be read in a single flight and in 3. Weather modifies- April and May forecasts will also utilize snow survey data where a few hours. A minimum of cost and time is expended to obtain much tion applicable. more data. This information is used in water supply forecasting and -methods In discussion Mr. Clarence Pederson indicates his approval of the in weather modification evaluation. Photographs depict the style combination of variables in the formUla. However, he warns against of the markers and locations being used. Graphs indicate the com­ AUTBOR INDEX using a precipitation period that extends beyond the date of the parison of both types of data from the same location. forecast. Using estimated or average figures invariably leads to I. Henderson, T. J. trouble. Also reliable accuracy checks cannot be made by inserting AUTHOR INDEX the values of the variables used in developing the formula. If every 3rd or 5th data is omitted, and then a reliability check is made I. Polos, A. J. using these omitted, the check will be much more significant. II. Pederson, c.

*U.S. Weather Bureau, River Forecast Center, Portland, Ore. CRREL Abstract *Chief Hydrographer, Calif. Electric Power Co. , Bishop, Calif.

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 259-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 261-53

REPRODUCTION OF SNOWMELT FLOODS IN TBE BOISE RIVER Catalogue No. HIGH SIERRA SNOW ABLATION OBSERVATIONS Catalogue No.

SUMMERSETT, JOHN* CRREL No. SIP 10198 KEHRLEIN, OLIVER*; SERR, EUGENE**; TARBLE, RICHARD D.*** and WILSON, WALTER T. **** Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 36-43 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 14 Graphs Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 47-52 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 1 Table; 1 Drawing; 1 Reference A largely empirical method for rapidly reproducing floods is SUBJECT INDEX described. The basic factors considered are: areal extent and Q~alitative observations made during July 1951 from elevations SUBJECT INDEX depth of snow cover, maximum daily air temperature, precipitation, 1. Floods of 9000 - 14,000 ft. as well as instrumental measurements made on losses and the unit hydrograph. A natural and a computed hydro­ -snowmelt the crest of Mt. Whitney are discussed. Snow in an air-exposed pan 1. Snow graph are compared with good agreement. melted about 1. 7 in. in a 24 hr. period and in situ about 1.0 in. -ablation AUTHOR INDEX per day, and never exceed 10% of the total ablation. Results of observations indicate that considerable water evaporates from melt­ AUTHOR INDEX I. Summersett, J. ing snow, but that the vapor loss is predominantly from moist soil and water surfaces, rather than from the snow surface. I. Kehrlein, 0. In discussion Dr. J. E. Church submits a series of letters II. Serr, E. from qualified specialists on the subject of ABLATION of Snow III. Tarble, R. D. at high altitudes. IV. Wilson, W. T. V. Church, Dr. J. E.

*and**, Sierra Club *U.S.C.E., District Office, Walla Walla, Washington CRREL Abstract ***and****U. S. Weather Bureau CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 262-53 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 264-53

USE OF BASE FLOW IN FORECASTING RUNOFF DURING THE NON-FLOOD SEASON Catalogue No. BASE FLOW AS A PARAMETER IN FORECASTING APRIL-JUNE RUNOFF Catalogue No.

McDONALD, C. C. CREEL No. NELSON, M. W.*; McDONALD, C. C.** and BARTON, MANES*** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 53-56 Bcise, Idaho, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 61-69 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 1 Table; 4 Graphs 9 Tables

A study is presented of streamflow for the period July through SUBJECT INDEX A preliminary analysis using base flow of the preceeding fall as SUBJECT INDEX September for the Salmon River at Whitebird, Idaho as related to a parameter in forecasting snowmelt runoff during April - June 'Base Flow' on July first. 'Base Flow' is considered to be the flow 1. Base flow period for major tributaries to the Columbia River is presented. 1. Water supply fore­ of a river after the snowmelt flood has drained from the soil and 2. Water supply fore­ Three separate forecasting formulas were developed for each stream; cast ground water aquifirs and the recession graph has started to flat­ casting first, using water content with April-June flow; second, using 2. Base flow ten off. Base flow on July 1 and precipitation during the period April 1 water content and Nov. 1 base flow with April-June flow; account for 97% of the variance in runoff. It is possible to fore­ and third, adding April precipitation. Statistical parameters for cast the total rtmoff from July through September within limits of the 12 equations are tabulated and discussed. Base flow was found error normally acceptable in water supply forecasting by means of to be highly significant. April precipitation is not significant base flow alone. The approach to each river would, of course, be especially when it must be estimated for the Apri 1 first forecast. AUTHOR INDEX different, but the theory holds. Relationships are shown graphically In basins of low elevation headwater precipitation carried more with probability and frequency curves being exhibited together AUTHOR INDEX weight. Base flow proved to be an integrating factor of difficult I. Nelson, M. W. with tabulated data and fonnula development. to measure variables, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and ground­ II. McDonald, C. C. I. McDonald, C. C • water storage. III. Barton, M.

*Soil Conservation Service, Boise, Idaho **U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Washington *Staff Engineer, U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Washington @ Abstract ***Oregon State Agr. Expt. Station, Corvallis, Oregon

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 263-53

CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BASE FLOW IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN Catalogue No.

SIMONS, WILBUR D.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1953: Pgs. 57-61 Boise, Idaho, April 20-22 5 Graphs

Potentialities of using the base flow depletion curves as a para­ SUBJECT INDEX meter in streamflow forecasting are presented, especially for pre­ dicting fall and winter flows. Five factors are listed that are 1. Base flow related to fluctuations in streamflow. Procedures for separating 2. Water supply fore- the hydrograph into its component parts are shown, particularly casting the recession limb. Procedures for constructing the base flow depletion curve are illustrated. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Sitnons, W. D.

*Hydraulic Engr. , U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Washington @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 265-54 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 267-54

AIMS AND ACTIVITIES OF TEE U. S. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON WEATHER CONTROL Catalogue No. EVALUATION OF RAIN MAKING EXPERIMENTS IN UTAH Catalogue No.

ORVILLE; CAPT. HOWARD T • * CRREL No. HALES, J. VERN*; HOFFER, THOMAS E.** and PECK, EUGENE L.*** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. !-4 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 1D-18 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 1 Graph; 4 Maps; 9 References The duties and aims of the newly appointed advisory committee on SUBJECT INDEX Weather Control are explained in some detail. Reference is made to After three years of operation a weather modification project is SUBJECT INDEX PROJECT CIRRUS, dealing with weather modification and the present 1. Weather modifies- studied and an evaluation is made over an area covering 200 square state laws regulating weather modification in 7 western states and tion miles in Southern Utah. Use is made of an Electronic Data Processing I. Weather modifies- New York State. Reports of the committee will be unbiased and built -controls equipment to evaluate precipitation da'ta from 120,000 Weather BureaU tion on true facts of gathering and research project findings. In dis­ observations of daily rainfall amounts from the state. The process -evaluation cussion Mr. Robert D. Elliott points out occurrences of possible AUTHOR INDEX involved a statistical comparison of data from within and without the bias in weather modification reports and expresses willingness to target area, also the inter-relationship between stations. Many pro- furnish information from western operators. I. . Orville, Capt. H. blems complicate the study: the changing of location of silver io- II. Elliott, R. D. dide generators, the addition of more generators, the silver iodide drifting out of the target area and affecting station records in remote areas. It became difficult to establish a constant set of guidelines for evaluation. The studies are continuing for reporting, provided funds are available. AUTHOR INDEX In discussion Mr. Boyd E. Quate pointed out the difficulties of evaluating cloud-seeding operations by virtue of so many projects I. Hales, J. V. in operation over the arid states that the long distance effect of II. Hoffer, T. E. silver iodide particles may affect precipitation on an inter-state III. Peck, E. L. basis. IV. Quate, B. E. *and**University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah *Friez Instrument Div., Bendix Aviation Cor.p., Baltimore, Md. ***U.S. Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 266-54 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 268-54

LONG RANGE WEATHER FORECASTING Catalogue No. HOW LONG SHOULD GAGING STATIONS BE OPERATED? Catalogue NO.

VAN ORNUM, DELBERT G.* CRREL No. LANGBEIN, W. B.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 4-7 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 19-26 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 2 Graphs; 1 Chart; References 1 Map; 6 Graphs

Upper air current circulation at the 700 m. b. surface are studied SUBJECT INDEX During the past 50 or 60 years, the U. S. Geological Survey, SUBJECT INDEX on a hemispheric basis between the 35° and 65° north latitude paral­ Surface Water Branch, has operated 12500 stream gaging stations, lels toward a solution of high and low pressure cells occuring over 1. Weather forecast­ about half of these are active today. Those discontinued were 1. Hydrology land surfaces, Effects of mountain ranges and desert temperatures ing found to be either excess or correlations with other stations could -stream measure- to upper air current ridges and troughs are explored. Use is made -long range supplement the data without serious damage to the records. Considera­ ment of Polar Weather Charts of the Northern Hemisphere for plotting tion is being given towards this procedure at many stations. The weather data from world round stations received from many countries. benefit-cost ratios are being studied, where the operation and main­ Results of the study are shown on graphs and is discussed in the tenance costs have gone up. The cost-benefit ratio is an important text. factor in how long a station should be operated. Primary stations In discussion, Mr. Charles Pennypacker Smith points out the value on main rivers will, of course, be maintained. Examples of statisti­ of Mr. Ornum' s conception of considering the upper air currents AUTHOR INDEX cal methods employed are described and illustrated graphically. AUTHOR INDEX as similar to moving water in a river, and confined between banks, Optimum benefits occur in the first 6 years with maximum benefits is most worthwhile and is a step forward in understanding the move­ I. Van Ornum, D. G. occurring in about 15 years. I. Langbein, W. B. ments of storm cells II. Smith, C. P. The paper is discussed by Mr. Perry M. Ford. II. Ford, P. M.

*North American Weather Consultants, Altadena, Calif. *U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 0/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 269-54 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 271-54

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STREAMFLOW RELATIONSHIPS Catalogue No. LOW WINTER STREAMFLOW AS AN INDEX TO SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM Catalogue No. CARRY-OVER EFFECTS IN WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING SOMERS, W. P.* CRREL No. CRREL No. PECK, EUGENE L. * Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 26-32 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 3 Tables; 1 Plate; 3 Graphs Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 41-48 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 2 Tables; 3 Graphs; 12 References A description and illustration of correlation techniques is pre­ SUBJECT INDEX sented, that the U. S. Geological Survey is using in making studies A study is presented of minor indices effecting annual streamflow SUBJECT INDEX of streamflow relationships. The procedures are illustrated by a l. Hydrology volume forecasting in the Intermountain West. Time trend of precipita­ study of two basins about 68 miles apart, but both having similar -stream measure- tion measurements with streamflow also time trends becoming evident l. Water supply fore- hydrologic characteristics, and located in northeastern Utah. Data ment by gradual increases of water-use and evaporation losses. The carry­ casting is tabulated and analyzed on a monthly basis by statistical methods 2. Statistical over effect of groundwater storage was found to be related to size 2. Time trend using the usual parameters as a means of comparison. analysis of figures representing the low-flow period or winter stream flow, 3. Base flow In discussion Mr. R. D. Goodrich presents a solution of stream­ i.e., February. This low-flow value is shown to be an integrator of flow correlation from a different section of the country, but ob­ AUTHOR INDEX minor indices, expressing ground water and soil moisture conditions. tained comparable results. Mr. C. C. McDonald in discussion intimates that the date of base I. Somers, W. P. flow must be selected so that the actual measured flow data is AUTHOR INDEX II. Goodrich, R. D. available to the forecaster when needed, and that an estimated value plus or minus average will greatly effect the degree of cor­ I. Peck, E. L. relation, also that the trend of streamflow is related to base flow. II. McDonald, C. c.

*U.S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 270-54 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 272-54

THE INFLUENCE OF GROUND WATER STORAGE ON THE RUNOFF IN SOUTHERN Catalogue No. SOME UPSTREAM ASPECTS OF THE 1952 SPRING FLOOD IN UTAB Catalogue No. CALIFORNIA CRREL No. MURRAY, WILLIAM E.* CRREL No. TROXELL, HAROLD C. * Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 48-54 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 33-40 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 4 Tables 12 Graphs; 1 Table; 5 References A report is presented dealing with a snowmelt flood that occurred SUBJECT INDEX Ground water seepage from underground water aquifers into streams SUBJECT INDEX through Northern and Central Utah during the spring of 1952. A team has been the principal agricultural supply for many years in south­ of U. S. Forest Service personnel made a detailed field inspection 1. Snowmelt ern California coastal plain areas. Physiographic and climatological l. Hydrology of the river basins affected and pooled the data to show the causes. -flood damage features of this important section of California are described. Run­ -groundwater 1) Above average snowpack extending from the high elevations down off distribution of streams is depicted graphically. Ground water through the intermediate areas and well into the large low eleva­ seepage is separated from the hydrograph of flash storms from rain­ tions of the basins. 2) A sudden rise in temperature on the first fall. These methods are substantiated by experimental work done in of April, from freezing to 80°F and warm nights for two weeks the San Gabriel Mountains by the U. S. Forest Service at the San period. 3) Fall rains had brought the soil moisture to above field Dimas Experimental Forest. The subsurface water storage is estimat­ AUTHOR INDEX capacity. Precise timing of these snowmelt factors removed the low ed to produce 80 to 90 percent of the annual flow in many of the and intermediate snow in a few days causing high peak flows. The high elevation snow being well consolidated did not appear in the streams. I. Troxell, H. c. streams until late in the season causing only minor and extended AUTHOR INDEX peaks. Tabulated data exhibited confirms snowpack extent and the timing of meteorological factors. I. Murray, W. E.

*U.S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Calif. @ Abstract *U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 273-54 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 275-54

HEAT EXCHANGE AND MELT OF LATE SEASON SNOW PATCHES IN HEAVY FOREST Catalogue No. VOLUME INFLOW FORECASTING PROCEDURES, HUNGRY HORSE RESERVOIR, MONTANA Catalogue No.

BOYER, PETER B.* CRREL No. BISSELL, L. M.* and EARL, K. D.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 54-70 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 74-82 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 2 Tables; 4 Photos; 6 Graphs; Formula development; 12 References 6 Tables; 1 Map; 2 Graphs; Formula Development

An analysis is presented of observations in mid-July over a con­ SUBJECT INDEX Several streamflow forecasting formulas are developed using com­ SUBJECT INDEX tinuously melting snow patch in a dense forest during five days of binations of several possible variables. (1) Precipitation only, clear, calm weather. Each heat component is evaluated from measure­ 1. Snowmelt (2) snow courses and precipitation, (3) snow courses, precipitation 1. Streamflow fore­ ments (and supplementary estimates), of long-wave and short-wave -research and base flow. A statistical comparison with the usual parameters casting radiation, of free air temperature and humidity at a meteorological is presented to show the weight carried by each independent variable. station, and on rather crude measurement of condensation and of air Multiple correlation coefficients of 0. 95 are indicated. temperature gradients close to the snow. The snowmelt equivalent In discussion Mr. Harold Hafterson and Mr. R. E. Lindgren indi­ of heat supply is compared with measured ablation. Approximately cate several improvements in using short term records. The April­ 50% of melt at the snow surface was due to long-wave radiation, 20% Sept. precipitation as an independent variable is difficult to AUTHOR INDEX to convective heat, 15% to latent heat of condensation and 15% to evaluate when the forecast is made on April first, where the fore­ short-wave. Thus, 85% of the melt was accounted for by air tempera­ caster must use a normal or average figure, or attempt to estimate I. Bissell, L. M. ture and humidity, ordinarily available at a meteorological station, a plus or minus normal figure. This variable alone carries a large II. Earl, K. D. and 15% by short-wave radiation which can be estimated from records weighting factor and a misestimate could spell disaster in fore­ III. Hafterson, H. D. of insolation elsewhere. The results of the study are formulated AUTHOR INDEX casting the inflow to Hungry Horse Reservoir. IV. Lindgren, R. E. in a melt equation involving only linear functions of air tempera­ ture, humidity and short-wave radiation. I. Boyer, P. B. Discussion by Walter U. Garstka. II. Garstka, W. U.

*U.S. Corps of Engineers, Port land, Oregon Author Abstract *and**Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 274-54 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 276-54.

WATER YIELD FROM SNOW AS AFFECTED BY CONSUMPTIVE WATER LOSSES Catalogue No. USE OF AIRCRAFT IN SNOW SURVEYING Catalogue No.

CRADDOCK, GEORGE W. * CRREL No. CODD, ASHTON R. * and NELSON, MORLAN W. ** CRREL No. SIP 11349

Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 70-73 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 83-85 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 1 Table; 7 References 2 Tables

Watershed management procedures are shown to be effective in con- SUBJECT INDEX The advantages and disadvantages of using airplanes in snow sur­ SUBJECT INDEX serving snowmelt water, producing forage crops, reducing sediment veying are described and comparative cost data for overland sur­ in streams, and controlling herbaceous plants on high watersheds of 1. Watershed mgmt. veying are tabulated. Airplanes are successfully employed on sever­ 1. Snow survey the inter-mountain western region. Deforestation was found to pro- al snow courses at the present time. The chief obstacle to their use transportation duce only temporary relief to gain a greater snowpack that produced is possible adverse weather conditions at the time the survey is -airplane more water with greater transpiration and increased the silting of cheduled, and the possibility of taking off from a dry airport and streams, especially during heavy summer rain storms. A grass mixture landing on a snow covered pasture near the snow course. Comparison of smooth brome, timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, dandelion and sweet- indicates that the cost of measuring courses by air are more con­ AUTHOR INDEX sage proved the most effective soil cover and forage producing AUTHOR INDEX sistent, but other aspects of cost are difficult to compare. A few vegetation. Advantages are cited on range land in the intermount- general specifications for snow landings at elevations from 5000- I. Codd, A. R. ain watershed studies. I. Craddock, G. W. 10,000 ft. are given. 11. Nelson, M. W.

*Hydraulic Engineer, SCS, Bozeman, Montana *U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah @ Abstract **Soil Scientist, SCS, Boise, Idaho CRREL Abstract 1/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 277-54

USE OF MELT-SEASON SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No.

KOELZER, VICTOR A.* CRREL No. SIP 11350

Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 86-89 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 1 Graph; 2 Tables; 2 References

A method of interpreting results of snow surveys after the start SUBJECT INDEX of snow melt is given, and use of the procedure is illustrated for a section of the North Platte River basin. This involves relating 1. Snowmelt & runoff the amount of snowmelt to the amount of snow measured at given dates 2. Statistical after the melting season commences. Regular melt season surveys are analysis recommended .for areas with present and planned substantial control structures. In discussion Mr. Homer J. Stockwell points out the need for snow su=vey data during the melt season. He also points out the possi­ AUTHOR INDEX bility of including soil moisture data during the late season fore­ casts, particularly on streams where substantial control structures I. Koelzer, V. A. are planned. II. Stockwell, H. J.

*Hydrologist, U.S.B.R., Washington, D. C. CRREL Abstract

1/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 278-54

EFFECT UPON SEASONAL RUNOFF FORECASTS OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS IN BASIC Catalogue No. DATA CRREL No. DEAN, W. W.*; FROST, W. T.** and KUEHL, D. W.***

Proc. WSC 1954: Pgs. 90-94 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 19-21 2 Tables; 4 References

A study was made of random sampling errors inherent to hydrologic SUBJECT INDEX data used for statistical development of multiple-linear regression formula to forecast the probable season water supply. Random errors 1. Water supply fore­ were induced into basic data of both the dependent and independent casting variables and multiple linear equations were developed. The usual 2. Statistical statistical parameters of correlation coefficient and standard analysis error were compared with those formula developed where the obvious random errors were NOT induced. These tests indicated that the AUTHOR INDEX introduction of errors in the magnitude chosen did not cause any large effects in the regression equation. It is suggested that I. Dean, W. W. every effort be made to gather and use data without errors in II. Frost, W. T. measurement and keep hydrologic data up to standard. III. Kuehl, D. W.

*Hydraulic Engineer, SCS, Portland, Oregon **Snow Survey Leader, SCS, Portland, Oregon ***Meteorologist, U.S. W. B., Portland, Oregon @ Abstract _, - '\

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 279-55 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 281-55

ABSTRACT: "WATERSHED MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE WEST" Catalogue No. OBSERVATIONS ON THE NISQUALLY GLACIER, WASHINGTON AND GRINNELL, Catalogue No. JACKSON AND SPERRY GLACIER, MONTANA COLMAN, E. A.* CRREL No. CRREL No. 14459 GILES, GORDON C.* and COLBERT, JESSE L.** Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 1-2 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 Illustration used in talk not available in paper printed. Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 3-6 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15

A discussion is presented relative to the conservation of water SUBJECT INDEX Data collected during various periods back to 1857 on the terminal SUBJECT INDEX producing areas of the State of California, to meet the anticipated recession, changes in surface elevation, and surface movement of needs of expanding population, agriculture and industrial develop­ 1. Watershed mgmt. these glaciers are discussed. Nisqually Glacier receded about 4900 1. Glacier ment. The water producing areas of the state are divided into 4 feet since 1857 at an average rate of 50 feet per year. The surface -research studies zones: ( 1) the brush land belt occupying 17.5% of the state's area elevation has risen 83 feet between 1945-51. Other detailed data is and producing 12.0% of the water supply, (2) the timber belt below included since more interest has been shown in glacier activity. AUTHOR INDEX the snow line 3,500 to 5,000 ft. elevation comprising 12.5% of the Little change has been observed in Sperry and Grinnell although state area and supplying 33% of the state' a water supply, (3) the Grinnell has retreated 30 to 40 feet per year since 1949. Sperry is I. Giles, G. c. timber belt zone in the snowpack area with 9. 0% of the state's area considerable less active. II. Colbert, J. L. and produces 38.0% of the water supply, (4) the alpine zone cover­ ing 3.0% of the state's area produces 14% of the water supply. Con­ servation practices are outlined for water and snowpack management AUTHOR INDEX in these zoned areas for planning more economical use of the pro­ ducts of water supply. I. Colman, E. A.

*Div. Watershed Mgmt. Research, U.S.F.S., Berkeley, Calif. *and**Hydraulic Engrs., U.S.G.S., Tacoma, Wash.

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 280-55 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 282-55

A REVIEW OF THE FIRST 10,000 ABSTRACTS PREPARED BY THE SIPRE Catalogue No. ESTABLISHING SNOW SURVEY NETWORKS AND SNOW COURSES FOR WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No. BIBLIOGRAPHY PROJECT FORECASTING CRREL No. CRREL No. 14556 SHERROD, JOHN JR. * CODD, ASHTON R. * and WORK, R. A.**

Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 2-3 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 6-13 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 1 Graph; 3 Photographs The Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE), Corps SUBJECT INDEX of Engineers, u. S. Army, through its support of the SIPRE Bibliogra- The purpose of snow surveys and the planning of survey networks SUBJECT INDEX phy project at the Library of Congress, is preparing and publishing 1. Bibliography are discussed. Factors determining the type of snow course net­ abstracts of all technical literature on snow, ice and frozen abstracts work, the number of snow courses, and measurement schedules are " 1. Snow survey ground. The details of this extensive project is explained, as well outlined. Criteria for the selection of the snow course location -networks as the type of material abstracted and catalogued for reference. are examined, including; elevation, water production of the area, ~ Translations of papers published in foreign languages are also in- relation to other snow courses, accessibility, and the physical cluded in the project. A table of time and language distribution characteristics of the site. Conditions influencing the accuracy of AUTHOR INDEX of papers is shown. The abstracts and reference material is publish­ runoff forecasts, such as the variability of water equivalent of ed in book form, 8x1~ paper cover and staple bound, with 1,000 to snow, the number of snow samples taken, the relation between the I. Codd, A. R. 1,500 abstracts per volume. , snow course and its environment, and the marking of sampling II. Work, R. A. Bibliographer's Note: These abstracts are also duplicated on 3x5 points are considered. III. Doughty-Davies,J. library reference cards. The above volumes are released in January Discussion by J. H. Doughty-Davies and F. M. Veatch. IV. Veatch, F. M. and July of each year and as of 1965 there are 25 volumes. An ac­ cumulative index CRREL report No. 12 was released in June of 1964, however,· each volume has its own index. At this time there are AUTHOR INDEX approximately 40,000 abstracts prepared and published on a variety of more than 4000 subjects. I. Sherrod, J. Jr. *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Montana *Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. **Head, Water Supply Forecast Section, SCS, Portland, Oregon CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 283-55 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 285-55

FORECASTING NATURAL RUNOFF IN RELATION TO PUMPING FOR IRRIGATION Catalogue No. USE OF ELECTRICAL SOIL-MOISTURE UNITS IN MOUNTAIN SOILS Catalogue No.

PEAK, GEORGE W. * CRREL No. HORTON, J. S.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 14-16 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 20-26 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 1 Table; 3 Graphs; 23 References An illustration is cited of the economic value of snow survey SUBJECT INDEX water supply forecasting, for an irrigation project dependent upon A procedure for measuring soil moisture at several depths in a SUBJECT INDEX reservoir storage from snow melt or pumping from the Flathead River 1. Snow survey mountain soil mantle using fiberglass, monel metal units (Colman with a fixed maximum load rate. The lower the maximum load, the economics Units) is presented. These units have a thermister (temperature 1. Soil moisture lower the yearly power rate. Water supply forecasting is accomplish­ 2. Water supply fore­ element) encased in the monel metal case. Three wire leads are -measurement ed using snow survey courses in the Mission Range in western Montana, casting brought to the surface through a pipe to prevent rodent damage. The and other hydrologic variables, temperature and fall precipitation. meter is an alternating current design circuit to measure impedence A series of multiple regression formulas were developed for forecasts in mili-amps, thus averting a direct resistance reading that would to be made on March, April, May, and June. In the spring of 1950 be contaminated by soil salts or acids. The mili-amps readings are cold weather delayed the runoff well beyond the usual May and June converted to Ohms by a calibration chart furnished with each meter. dates. Low snow had disappeared into the soil and the prospects for The process of calibrating the units to soil moisture by field and AUTHOR INDEX sufficient snow water looked bad, even in the face of snow survey laboratory procedures is discussed. Calibration curves ere exhibited. data for April showing an above normal water content. Starting the A discussion of results is included in the text of the paper. I. Horton, J. S. pumps would throw the power rate for the year into the highest bracket. Faith in the forecasts prevailed, and on July 2 warm tem­ peratures arrived, canals and reservoirs were full and all reser­ AUTHOR INDEX voirs were filled in one week. Actual money savings of $35,000 in power billa was made. I. Peak, G. W.

*Snow Survey Leader, SCS, Casper, Wyoming *Forester, U.S. Forest Service, Vicksburg, Miss.

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 284-55 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 286-55

THE PROGRAM OF SURFACE WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE WEST Catalogue No. AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE DENSITY OF PLANT COVER OVER SNOW Catalogue No. COURSE POINTS WELLS, J. V. B.* CRREL No. CRREL No. INGEBO, PAUL A.* Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 16-19 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 26-29 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 A discussion was presented of the detailed procedures used_ by SUBJECT INDE~ 1 Photograph; 1 Graph; References u. S. Geological Survey to produce their Water Supply Papers. Present methods are described and mention is made of a project to 1. Hydrology An instrument and method of measuring the percent of vegetative SUBJECT INDEX bring early published data up to present day standards, and re- -stream measure- cover, (forest canopy cover, overstore cover) are described and published. Mention is made of the Current Records Centers and their ment illustrated. The instrument consists of an inverted aluminum frustum 1. Canopy cover procedures to furnish daily, monthly streamflow data to operating of a cone with diameters of 12 and 6 inches. A silver ball is center- -measurement agencies and companies. Attempts are being made to speed up the ed near the bottom and an eye piece is mounted on one side to ob- issuance of data by using electronic integrators and data processing AUTHOR INDEX serve the reflection of the hemisphere on the silver ball. A dot- equipment as a means of increasing accuracy and meet the demands of grid is mounted on the top 12" diameter, the grid is quartered and data users. I. Wells, J. V. B. circles at 15°, 30°, and 45° from the vertical are drawn on the grid. By looking through the eye piece the dots that are covered by trees or leaves or needles are counted by quadrants and segments and tabulated. The instrument is leveled and oriented (N). A graph illustrates the percent canopy cover to percent of snow accumula- tion in the open and under the trees of differing percent cover as AUTHOR INDEX a result of some 750 observations. In discussion Dr. Paul E. Lemmon describes a similar hand held I. Ingebo, P. A. instrument. II. Lemmon, Dr. P. E.

*Chief, Surface Water Branch, U.S.G.S., Washington, D. C. *U.S. Forest Service, Missoula, Mont. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 287-55

RECONSTRUCTION OF T8E SNOW-MELT HYDROGRAPH IN THE PAYETTE RIVER BASIN Catalogue No.

ZIMMERMAN, AARON L.* CRREL No. 14557

Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 29-34 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 1 Plate; 8 Graphs

A recently developed method of forecasting runoff of streams where SUBJECT INDEX snowmelt is the predominant factor in the flood hydrograph is de­ scribed. This procedure was developed on the basis of data for the 1. Water supply fore­ years 1943-45 and 1950-52, which included both large and small casting seasonal volumes and high and low peak flows. Raidosonde tempera­ 2. Hydrology tures provided the basis for most of the temperature parameter, and -flood hydrograph daily incremt:nts of total computed runoff from snowmelt and rain developrnent were divided into 2 components: surface runoff and ground water run­ off. The method permits computation of an entire seasonal hydrograph without reference to the observed hydrograph, once the snowmelt season has begun. Other day-to-day factors are involved. The pro­ AUTHOR INDEX cedure was tested on the Payette River, Idaho with satisfacto!'y results. I. Zimmerman, A. L.

*Hydrologist, U.S.W.B., Portland, Oregon

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 288-55

OPERATIONAL ECONOMY THROUGH APPLIED HYDROLOGY Catalogue No.

BLANCHARD, FRANCIS B.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1955: Pgs. 35-48 Portland, Oregon, April 13-15 7 Tables; 4 Graphs; 1 Reference

A water supply forecasting scheme to define and illustrate the SUBJECT INDEX general principles governing the economics of operation for hydro­ power plants, reservoirs, and certain other water works are shown. l. Hydrology The many alternate selections of operating schedules are explained 2. Economics and shown by examples of actual data. Water supply forecasts are an important factor in these estimates to produce the maximum of re­ turns to the operators. Antecedent precipitation and precipitation frequency charts are illustrated together with percentile positions to enter a nomogram to arrive at the moneys to be anticipated from an assumed schedule of operation. Several trial runs must be made and judged by the results as to which schedule is the most feasible AUTHOR INDEX to follow. A general outline for the procedure is shown in a list of 8 steps to be followed. I. Blanchard, F. B.

*Manager, Water Resources and Planning Division, East Bay Municipal Utility Dist., Oakland, Calif. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 289-56 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 291-56

RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COLUMBIA AND KOOTENAY RIVERS IN Catalogue No. FORECASTING POWELL LARE RUNOFF Catalogue No. BRITISH COLUMBIA CRREL No. CHARD, A. E.* CRREL No. 16431 RAUDSEPP, WALTER* Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 11-12 Penticton, B. C., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 1-7 Penticton, B. C., April 17-19 2 Tables 1 Location Map; 4 Tables; 4 Graphs The method for forecasting runoff in this British Columbia water­ SUBJECT INDEX A detailed description of hydrologic data and basin features of SUBJECT INDEX shed (580 sq. mi.; to 7000 ft. elevation) is described. The source the subject rivers above Birchbank, Canada is presented. Tables of data forecasting were snow surveys, precipitation records at the 1. Water supply fore­ are included to show the relative areas of the tributary basins 1. Hydrology townsite of Powell River, and long-range weather forecasts. An casting above the principle gauging stations, together with the average -basin character­ empirical runoff formula was developed from snow survey-precipita­ annual runoff from these areas. Data and size of peak to average istics tion data and curves were constructed showing the net runoff to be annual flow are shown graphically. expected from the snow water content at the snow courses. The con­ AUTHOR INDEX I. Raudsepp, W. tribution of snowmelt was found to be 1/3 of the total runoff. A sample calculation of expected runoff for 1956 is presented. I. Chard, A. E.

*Senior Hydraulic Engineer, Water Rights Branch, Dept. of Lands and Forests, Victoria, British Columbia *Development Engr., Powell River Co. Ltd., Powell River, B. C. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 290-56 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 292-56

A MODERN FORECAST FOR COLUMBIA RIVER AT BIRCHBANK, B. C. Catalogue No. PROBLEMS OF SNOW REMOVAL IN MOUNTAIN PASSES FOR 1955-1956 Catalogue No.

NELSON, MORLAN W.* and SIMONS, WILBUR D.** CRREL No. STACKHOUSE, J. L. * CRREL No. 16432

Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 8-10 Penticton, B. C., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 13-15 Penticton, B.. C., April 17-19 2 Tables; 3 Formulas; References The causes for difficulties in Washington and countermeasures are SUBJECT INDEX A highly refined and straight forward procedure is described for SUBJECT INDEX described. The 3 major factors causing problems are snow slides and developing seasonal (April-Sept.) water supply forecasting formulas avalanches, people, and the breakdown of equipment. In the winter of 1. Snow removal for the Columbia River at Birchbank, B. C. The formulas are checked 1. Water supply fore­ 1955-56 maximum snow depths were recorded as follows; 18 ft. on Mt. -highways by 3 years of data NOT included in the data used to develop the casting Baker, 18 ft 8 in. on Snoqualmie Pass and 14 ft. 10 in. on White equation. 2. Base flow Pass. Fairly good results were obtained by triggering avalanches For the April first forecast a formula was developed using 7 snow with explosives. The snow equipment used on all passes consisted of survey courses and base flow of the river as of November 1. Current push and V-type plows, blade plows with serrated bits, rotary plows, values for these variables are available to the forecaster on April mechanical sanding equipment and mobile truck power shovels for re­ first. moving deep snow slides. Equipment failures are frequent due to For the May first forecast a third variable was added, the pre­ rough usage, especially with Snogo units, because of the delicate cipitation data of April, the average of 7 stations was computed. mechanism of their blower fans. Cost of snow removal are quoted as: On June first a 4th variable was added, the May precipitation from Washington Statewide figure, $246 per mile for 1954-55, Stevens AUTHOR INDEX the same 7 stations was averaged. For the three comparative years Pass, $4,984 per mile, Snoqualmie Pass, $8,246 per mile and White the average error for the April forecast 5.5%; May forecast 3.9%; AUTHOR INDEX Pass, $2,588 per mile. I. Stackhouse, J. L. June 3. 3%. Table shows the array of data used in the fonnula development I. Nelson, M. W. and accuracy comparisons are shown. II. Simons, W. D.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Boise, Idaho **Staff Engineer, USGS, Tacoma, Wash. *Chief Maintenance Engr., Dept. of Highways, Olympia, Wash. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 293-56 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 295-56

A FIELD DETERMINATION OF FREE WATER CONTENT IN WET SNOW Catalogue No. MULTIPLE-GRAPHICAL CORRELATION FOR WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No.

WILLIAMS, G. P.* CRREL No. 16433 HANNAFORD, JACK F.* CRREL No. 16435

Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 16-20 Penticton, B. c., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 26-32 Penticton, B. c., April 17-19 4 Graphs; 10 References 2 Location Maps; 2 Tables; 2 Graphs

The results of investigations and tests of a method for deter­ SUBJECT INDEX The method described and a sample forecast for the Feather River, SUBJECT INDEX mining the free water content of snow by measuring compacted den­ California is presented. The forecast formula or graphs are based sity are reported. Best results were obtained by inserting snow 1. Snow on data for the April-July spring runoff period, during which the 1. Water supply fore­ loosely in one inch layers in a 250 cc. container and tamping each -free water content majority of snowmelt runoff occurs. The general parameters used casting layer 4 times by dropping a 1 kg. weight 10 em. A good relation was 2. Snow - research include: the measured water content of the snowpack at high eleva­ found between free water content and compacted density, especially 3. Snow - quality tions, the carryover from previous years in the form of ground · for settled and coarse spring snow as well as water content above water, and late season precipitation. A 11 percentage of normal" in­ 5%; below 5% there was more variation in the relationship. The rate dex (the normal based on a 50-yr. period) is used to convert raw at which compacted density increases with water content above 5% data into a form readily adaptable for use in the multiple graph­ was compared for different types of snow. Fine-grained snow tended ical relationship, permitting rapid calculation for an approximate to compress to a higher density than coarser snow. The advantage AUTHOR INDEX forecast. Data on the normal precipitation and snowpack expectancy AUTHOR INDEX of the method is that it gives infonnation on the physical structure are graphed, and a forecast diagram and forecast computation form of wet snow during the tests. I. Williams, G. P. for the Feather River are included. I. Hannaford, J. F.

*Div. Bldg. Research, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario CRREL Abstract *Asst. Hydraulic Engr., Div. of Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 294-56 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 296-56

THERMODYNAMICS OF TEANSPIRATION IN HEAVY FOREST DURING ACTIVE SNOWMELT Catalogue No. WORK ACCOMPLISHED TO DATE BY THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON WEATHER CONTROL Catalogue No.

MONDRILLO, GEORGE* CRREL No. ORVILLE, CAPT. HOWARD T. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 20-25 Penticton, B. c., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 33-34 Penticton, B. C., April 17-19 5 Tables; 6 References This second report by the Advisory Coomdttee on Weather Control, SUBJECT INDEX The thermodynamic relationships involved in forest transpiration SUBJECT INDEX (first report see WSC No. 266-54), points out two striking incidences in snow covered areas during non-advective weather are analyzed in weather modification: ( 1) snow-pack increase by seeding operations 1. Weather modifica- using data from the 1949 melt season (May 9-13) in the Willamette 1. Snow - research in mountainous areas of the West during favorable weather conditions, tion Basin Snow Laboratory and assuming that net advection, net basin 2. Snow and increases in precipitation of 9% to 17%. (2) Suppression of -evaluation energy change, and net moisture content change of the air and soil -thermodynamics lightning and forest fires and also hail storms by the use of cloud are nil. The energy used for transpiration is computed as the dif- seeding operations covering seven Western states. Such success is ference between the net all-wave energy change with space and the shown to be of economic benefit to hydro power development, agri- energy required for melting snow. The transpiration loss is found culture and other multiple water use projects. to consume about SO% of the net input energy to the basin, amount- A long time evaluation program has been set in motion by enlist­ ing to an average of 0.14 in. /day (about 10% of melt) for the period ing the assistance of commercial cloud seeding operators. Committee- investigated. Condensation water undergoes a repeated cycle of men are making on the spot evaluation by contacting farmers, ranch- AUTHOR INDEX evaporation and condensation, aiding the transpiration process by ers, fruit growers, and municipal water officials to gather evidence supplying water to vegetation and aiding melt by returning some of for or against cloud seeding. I. Orville, Capt. H. the total transpiration energy to the snow. Data on the magnitude AUTIIOR INDEX of the processes involved in the transpiration loss, including melt component·s are tabulated. I. Mondril1o, G.

*Hydraulic Engineer, Corps of Engineers, Portland, Ore. CRREL Abstract *Chm., Advisory Comm. on Weather Control, Frieze Instrument Div., Bendix Aviation Corp., Baltimore, Md. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 297-56 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 299-56

THE SNOW RESEARCH PROGRAM AT THE FRASER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, COLORADO Catalogue No. SNOW HYDROLOGY SUMMARY REPORT Catalogue No.

GOODELL, B. c.• CRREL No. 16436 JOHNSON, OLIVER* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 35-38 Penticton, B. C., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 42-43 Penticton, B. C., April 17-19 1 Table; Formula Development; 7 References The Corps of Army Engineers, North Pacific Division, at Portland, SUBJECT INDEX The results of past studies on the relation between snow and SUBJECT INDEX Oregon, in cooperation with the U. S. Weather Bureau have produced forests are reviewed and tabulated, and problems of future research a report of field studies completed by the Cooperative Snow Investi­ 1. Snow hydrology are discussed. The forest is located about 6000 ft. elevation and 1. Snow gation program. These studies were conducted by the two agencies 2. Snow research has an average annual precipitation of 30-40 inches, 60-80%of which -research programs at three snow laboratories in differing climatic conditions in the programs is in the form of snow (which accounts for SG-90% of the annual 2. Snow cover Sierra Nevada, Cascade and Rocky ~ountain areas. This report deals streamflow). The first studies conducted were concerned with the -distribution with the many problems involved in snow hydrology. The summary re­ relation between snow accumulation and the size of openings in vari­ port consists of 12 chapters. Detailed text of the report includes ous types of forests, and the effects of deforestration with snow tabulated data collected, graphs and formula development for solv­ evaporation; the question whether evaporation from intercepted snow ing complicated theories. An outline of the 12 chapters is included. AUTHOR INDEX is actually sufficiently faster than from the pack surface to ac­ Copies of this report are available from the Division Engineer, count for the apparent gain in snow when trees are cut; the blowing Corps of Army Engineers, Portland, Oregon. I. Johnson, 0. of snow from tree crowns, and its possible sublimation during tran­ sit. Other projects will include: convection and condensation dur­ ing snowmelt, the effects of tree trunks and small trees on snowmelt, AUTHOR INDEX the hydrologic effect of any forest managem~nt practice, and the water yield from alpine snowfields. I. Goodell, B. c.

*Forester, U.S.F.S., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL Abstract *Hydraulic Engr. , Corps of Army Engineers, Portland, Oregon

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 298-56

REPORT ON SNOW SURVEYORS TRAINING CONFERENCE AT ALTA, UTAH Catalogue No.

DAVIS, ROBERT T. • CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1956: Pgs. 39-42 Penticton, B. c., April 17-19 2 Photographs

Snow Surveyor Training Conferences are sponsored by the Soil SUBJECT INDEX Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture every two years in mid-January. The conferences are held at some ski lodge or winter 1. Snow survey recreation center where actual snow survey techniques and winter -training survival can be taught to men who are going to do this specialized 2. Snow survey work in remote locations of the mountains of the Western United -safety States, Australia, Pakistan, India, and South American countries. 3. Winter survival The 85 to 120 men are divided into groups and specialists in the 4. Avalanche rescue various techniques of snow surveying teach their speciality. Cross­ country skiing and snowshoeing, winter survival, winter first aid, and rescue operations. Considerable time is spent on the techniques of snow sampling to obtain accurate results, and a comprehensible set of field notes on snow conditions. Evening classes include lectures on the use of snow survey data and visual aids of avalanche detection and rescue operations. Men are required to spend one AUTHOR INDEX night in 11 bivouac" to learn how to sleep in the snow, to allay fears of outdoor living. I. Davis, R. T.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Spokane, Washington ~WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 300-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 302-57

WATER SUPPLY PLANNING FOR MULTI-PURPOSE RESERVOIR OPERATION Catalogue No. MAXIMIZING RIVER BASIN BENEFITS BY CONJUNCTIVE OPERATIONS OF SURFACE Catalogue No. AND GROUND-WATER RESERVOIRS REYNOLDS, ROBIN R.* and KENNEDY, DAVID V.** CRREL No. CRREL No. CLENDENEN, FRANK B.* Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 1-4 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 9-15 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 A discussion of problems involved in operating the facilities of SUBJECT INDEX 1 Drawing the California State Water Plan is presented. Reservoir storages are operated to obtain the maximum flood protection as the prime I. Reservoir The use of underground storage of water as an integral part of SUBJECT INDEX function together with meeting the other demands of the multiple -regulations the California State Water Plan is discussed in conjunction with use project of controlling streamflow for navigation, irrigation, 2. Multipurpose surface reservoir storage. Reference is made to reports by the 1. Water plan hydroelectric power production, salinity control, municipal water reservoirs State Department of Water Resources and the State Water Resources -operations supplies, fisheries management and recreation needs. In California -planning Board. The benefits of potential storage for sub-surface water as 2. Hydrology most of the water in the many streams has been allocated by water related to power development, fisheries and agriculture are brought -groundwater rights. Strict economy of water use must be exercised and further AUTHOR INDEX out. A plan for conjunctive operational program using both types of planning must be continued towards equal opportunity for unpolluted storage is proposed with economic and conservation of water playing AUTHOR INDEX water to meet the increasing needs and demands of an expanding 1. Reynolds, R. R. an important part in the over-all plan of operation. Graphs illus­ population and industrial growth. II. Kennedy, D. V. trate the advantage of conjunctive planning. I. Clendenen, F. B.

*Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., University of *and**Hydraulic Engrs., Calif. Dept. Water Resources, Sacramento,Ca. @ Abstract California, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 301-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 303-57

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND WATER YIELD Catalogue No. RESERVOIR EVAPORATION CONTROL Catalogue No.

BURGY, ROBERT H.* CRREL No. KERR, RAYMOND E. JR.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 4-9 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 15-18 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 1 Table; 5 Graphs 14 References

Water conservation practices are described that produce more and SUBJECT INDEX The general background and review of the science dealing with SUBJECT INDEX better quality and quantity of water from rainfall and snowmelt. evaporation control is presented, with the hope that effective Studies that result in greater contribution of water from an area 1. Watershed mgmt. application to large reservoirs will be successful. Experimental 1. Evaporation for a given set of soil conditions, geologic conditions, vegetative research projects are reviewed, dating back to 1925 where using pro­ research characteristics and climate. Vegetation densities are studied for ducts of alcohol derivatives would form a monomolecular film over 2. Evaporation control balancing water yield from medium altitude zones of brush land where the surface of the water to control evaporation. Considerable work 3. Reservoir 25 years of records are available. Plot studies proved inadequate published on such methods are cited as well as experimental pro­ -evaporation and as a result pairs of small watersheds were substituted that jects underway in the United States, England and Australia. Lab­ proved to produce more responsive data. A tabulation is included AUTHOR INDEX oratory experiments indicate a 99.99% reduction in evaporation but AUTHOR INDEX showing values and types of vegetative cover, soils and treatment field work will probably show a reduction of 30 to 45%. A list of applied. Data are also shown in graphical diagrams. I. Burgy, R. H. 14 references accompany the paper. I. Kerr, R. E. Jr.

*Asst. Prof. Irrigation, University of California at Davis @ Abstract *North American Weather Consultants, Santa Barbara, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 304-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 306-57

SNOW ON FOREST SLOPES Catalogue No. MECHANIZATION OF THE PROCESSING OF CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA Catalogue No. 551.579.2:634 ANDERSON, H. W.* and PAGENHART, T. H.** DALE, ROBERT F.* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 23149 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 19-23 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 35-38 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 2 Tables; 2 Graphs; 3 References 5 References

An analysis of snow cover distribution, depth and water content, SUBJECT INDEX Electronic computer for Automatic Data Processing (ADP) of clima- SUBJECT INDEX listed according to storms or dates, terrain characteristics and tological data as applied to Weather Bureau records and other appli- forest types and percent cover is presented. Data collected by the 1. Snow cover cations are discussed in length and detail. The card punching pro- 1. Automatic data Cooperative Snow Investigations (see WSC Paper No. 199-48). The distribution grams of the Weather Bureau in cooperation with National Defense processing data collected from 32 snow survey courses was catalogued into 2. Snowmelt & runoff agencies is described together with the gigantic project of assembl- -Weather Bureau categories as listed. Statistical methods were applied and the ing such data at the New Orleans unit. After World War II three records values of various statistical parameters are tabulated and shown AUTHOR INDEX programs were continued. These are listed below. on graphs to express the results of the analysis. (WRPC) Weather Records Processing Centers - Regional offices. I. Anderson, H. W. (NWRC) National Weather Record Center at Ashville, N. C. where II. Pagenhart, T. H. over 300 million cards are on file. (Land Grant College and University) weather record processing programs in cooperation with the Weather Bureau. The need and demands for card deck copying and distribution is growing by leaps and bounds by requests from many private com- panies, agencies and private operators. Such demands have neces- AUTHOR INDEX sitated the transfer of much of the data to TAPE operated machines for greater speed of computation. I. Dale, R. F.

*and**U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract *State Climatologist, U.S.W.B., San Francisco, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 307-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 305-57 WIND DIRECTION DURING SNOWFALL AT CENTRAL SIERRA SNOW LABORATORY Catalogue No. RIME ICE AND SNOW CAPPING ON HIGB ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No. 551.805.77:624.143 COURT, ARNOLD* CRREL No • WARNICK, DR. C. C.* CRREL No. SIP 23150 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs: 39-43 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 24-34 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 5 Tables; 3 Diagrams; References 4 Tables; 7 Photos; 4 Graphs; 3 Drawings; 18 References How the wind blows during periods of snowfall is important in Shielded storage precipitation gages are shown difficult to SUBJECT INDEX SUBJECT INDEX understanding the manner in which snow accumulates among trees and operate efficiently in areas where snow storms occur at moderate in open areas, and on slopes of varying inclination and orientation. temperatures (about 35 to 25°F) with little or no wind. Such con­ 1. Precipitation gage 1. Wind Winds are predominantly southwesterly when snow falls at the Central ditions cause the snow to cling to metal and cap the gage orifice, -heated orifice -direction Sierra Snow Laboratory near Donner Pass. The valley of Castle cr. no matter how large or small; also efficient operation is hampered 2. Rime ice in which the laboratory is situated has a typical mountain-valley by formation of rime ice on metal when exposed in a windy location wind regime, northwest down the valley in night and morning and at critical temperatures, especially in cloud covered areas. southwest up the valley during afternoon and evening. Data for wind A heating element in the orifice of the gage to overcome these travel and direction were analyzed during the period of 1947-48 conditions is described and delineated in drawings. Experimental and winter of 1957 finding a marked similarity of wind direction data with this heated orifice gage is exhibited covering a period AUTHOR INDEX and precipitation values. Greater portions of precipitation fell 1951 through 1957. A discussion of experimental data is included during the southwest wind directions by two thirds greater. Less with recoJIDllendations and cost data of gage and pertinent equipment. I. Warnick, Dr. C. C. AUTHOR INDEX than 2% of precipitation fell during calm periods. Data are tabu­ lated and graphed on wind rose diagrams. I. Court, A.

*Meteorologist, U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. *Professor of Civil Engr., Univ. of Idaho. Moscow, Idaho @ Abstract 1a ,\bs l ract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 308-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 310-57

NEW METEOROLOGICAL AND SNOW STUDIES IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA Catalogue No. VARIATIONS IN STREAMFLOW FROM DIFFERENT HYDROLOGIC ZONES Catalogue No.

WALSH, KENNETH J. * CRREL No. WILSON, MILTON T. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 43-45 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 53-57 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 1 Reference 2 Graphs

A description of the re-activation of the Central Sierra Snow SUBJECT INDEX Streamflow of rivers or the flow of different reaches of the same SUBJECT INDEX Research Laboratory in 1956 by the U. S. Forest Service, California stream are discussed. Streamflow is a residue, it is the remainder Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California, in co­ 1. Snow research of the precipitation after natural losses and normal use of the 1. Hydrology operation with the State Department of Water Resources at Sacramento, program original quantity have been subtracted. The principal factors affect­ -flow analysis California is announced. Details of project plan and selection of ing the residue (streamflow) are transpiration, evaporation, deep data to be collected and areas of activity for investigation are percolation, soil moisture, and interception. The "same hydrologic described. Basic meteorological elements as measured by the Corps AUTHOR INDEX zones" is used to express sameness in precipitation, altitude, geo­ of Engineers and Weather Bureau Cooperative Snow Investigations will logy, and vegetative cover and other major factors that control the be continued and plans to expand activities are discussed. I. Walsh, K. J. runoff characteristics. The "double mass diagram" is employed to show the variation of streamflow derived from various zones, in­ fluenced by a change in factors describing the zones, Results of AUTHOR INDEX this procedure are used to fill missing streamflow data for second­ ary gaging stations, from data measured at a primary station. I. Wilson, M. T. Discuss ion by F. B. Blanchard. II. Blanchard, F. B.

*Meteorologist, USFS Expt. Sta. Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract *District Engineer, U.S.G.S., Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 309-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 3ll-57

THE USE OF FOURIER SERIES IN STREAMFLOW FORECASTING Catalogue No. SNOW SURVEYS PROM THE SNOW SURVEYORS' SIDE Catalogue No.

MILLIGAN, CLEVE H.* CRREL No. WYCOFF, PETE* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 45-53 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 57-59 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 8 Tables; Formula Development; 1 Reference An article describing the feelings of the snow surveyor, the per­ SUBJECT INDEX A new approach to streamflow forecasting is described clearly SUBJECT INDEX son who travels miles on skis or snow shoes and measures the snow­ but briefly in using the Fourier Series as a forecasting tooL A pack at snow survey courses to obtain snow water content and snow 1. Snow survey complete array of data is tabulated for the Logan River near Logan, 1. Water supply fore­ depth. The frustrations and delights of this work are enumerated. -procedures Utah, using four (4) independent variables: cast A plea is made for more detailed planning towards better overnight (1) Daily and average monthly temperatures at valley stations -procedure cabin facilities and foods. Details of desired improvements in (2) Daily and monthly precipitation at valley stations 2. Fourier Series snow surveyor training, communications, sampling equipment, and AUTHOR INDEX (3) Daily and monthly streamflow general respect for the field mans attitude towards the work and (4) April 1 snow survey data at 7 mountain stations in the Logan general procedures are discussed. I. Wycoff, P. River drainage. Fourier Series coefficients are developed for these variables and applied to the 1956 field data. The resulting forecast for that AUTHOR INDEX year was only in error by 9% of the observed runoff. In discussion Mr. George R. Hamburg and Mr. H. Boyd Phillips I. Milligsn, C. H. pointed out the advantage of this seldom used forecast procedure II. Hamburg, G. R. for working with inflow to reservoirs. Ill. Phillips, H. B.

*Head Civil Eng. & Irrigation Dept, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah @ Abstract *Research Forester, Central Sierra Snow Lab., Soda Springs, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 312-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 314-57

AN APPLICATION OF SNOW SURVEY DATA TO GLACIER RESEARCH Catalogue No. RUNOFF FORECASTING AND SNOW SURVEYING IN CHILE Catalogue No.

MEIER, M. F.* and SIMONS, W. D.** CRREL No. ARIAS, ENRIQUE S. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 59-62 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 68-68 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 2 Graphs A description and report of hydrographic conditions in Chile, SUBJECT INDEX Snow surveys of a more complex procedure than usual are used in SUBJECT INDEX South America, where snow survey course networks are being extended conducting research on glaciers to determine; (1) an understanding to meet the increasing demands for forecasting streamflow and for !. Snow surveys of the hydrology of glacier covered regions and (2), the use of !. Glaciers reservoir regulation for hydro-electric power operations and future -networks glaciers as a quantative indicator of climate. Research project -research developments, with multipurpose projects involving flood control, 2. Water supply fore- information gathered by the Geological Survey indicate the possi­ 2. Snow cover on irrigation and municipal water supplies. casting bility of a backward look at climatic factors of past years. Data glaciers Snow survey procedures and water forecasting methods have been trends shown graphically for snow accumulation or ablation of the studied in the Western United States to take advantage of the AUTHOR INDEX glaciers. Snow surveys on the glaciers at times use standard tubes AUTHOR INDEX highly developed programs in operation. but more often dig pits into the snow covering the glacier to ice, I. Arias, E. s. then use machine core drills for deep examination of the strata of I. Meier, M. F. the glacial ice. II. Simons, W. D.

*and**U.S.G.S., Tacoma, Washington @ Abstract *Chief Hydrologic Div., Empresa Nacinal De Electricidad, Santiago, @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 313-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 315-57

WATER SUPPLY FORECAST DEVELOPMENTS, 1951-1956 Catalogue No. CEILINGS UNLIMITED Catalogue No.

KOHLER, MAX A.* CRREL No. MILLER, ROBERT W. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 62-68 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 69-71 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 1 Table; 23 References A report of the advantages of helicopter travel as a means of SUBJECT INDEX A review of mathematical procedures used developing forecasting SUBJECT INDEX reaching remote snow courses by snow surveyors of the Dept. of formulas and procedures from 1951 through 1956, is presented. Pro­ Water Resources, California is presented. With the advancement of 1. Snow surveys cedures are shown to follow an approach to solve the "water budget" 1. Water supply fore­ helicopter design and contruction this mode of over-snow vehicle is -economics equation of stream outflow from a river basin is equal to the in­ casting being used extensively and sufficient data has been accumulated to 2. Transportation flow minus the changes in storage. This general formula is expand­ attack the problem from an economic standpoint, as. compared to foot -helicopter use ed to include 12 of the variables listed for a water year forecast travel and over-snow surface vehicles. The savings of time such as and 13 of the variables listed for an April-September runoff period measuring 10 snow survey courses in one day as compared with 10 forecast. The snowpack data is added. A discussion of the factors back breaking days by foot travel. Of course advantage must be taken is indicated in the text. AUTHOR INDEX of weather for flying. There seems to be no way to evaluate safety An annotated bibliography is included of 23 technical papers as both means of travel have their own safety hazards, and manpow­ dealing with water supply forecasting. I. Kohler, M. A. er fatigue falls into this same category. Large savings are made in eliminating overnight cabins, construction and maintenance. The AUTHOR INDEX speed with which data can be transmitted to the forecasting office has some consideration. I. Miller, R. W.

*Chief Research Hydrologist, U.S.W.B., Washington, D. C. @ Abstract *Hydraulic Engr.~ Calif. Dept. Water Res., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 316-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 318-57

HELICOPTERS - FROM THE FIELDMAN' S VIEW Catalogue No. SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SEEDING CONVECTIVE CLOUDS Catalogue No. 551.509.67 DEAN, WILLARD W.* CRREL No. DENNIS, ARNETT S. * CRREL No. SIP 23153 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 71-72 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 77-78 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19

The U. S. Geological Survey presents an economic study of using SUBJECT INDEX In order to determine possible effects of cloud seeding, the life SUBJECT INDEX helicopters for over-snow transportation into remote locations of history of a typical shower must be considered. This paper discusses streamgaging stations and snow survey courses. Data is presented 1. Transportation the formation of convective clouds and the formation of solid and 1. Weather modifies- on helicopter use, contracts with operators and details of the -over snow liquid precipitation within them. It is pointed out that if the tion working plans for the seasons snow survey and stream gaging -helicopters cloud forms are seeded with silver iodide, the precipitation pro- -effectiveness schedules. A tabulation of operation statistics is shown. cess starts earlier, and that the seeding of convective clouds with 2. Clouds AUTHOR INDEX silver iodide reduces the intensity of hail storms and can often -icing properties eliminate hail entirely. It is still uncertain whether or not con- I. Dean, W. W. tinuous seeding by ground generators can increase the rainfall at the ground. Selective cloud seeding requires high flying aircraft and a high degree of skill in judging the condition in the cumulus AUTHOR INDEX clouds. However, there is some evidence that seeding convective storms reduces their electrical activity. I. Dennis, A. S.

*Hydraulic Engr., U.S.G.S., Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract *Weather Modification Company, San Jose, Calif. CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 317-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 319-57

THE SANTA BARBARA RANDOMIZED CLOUD SEEDING PROGRAM Catalogue No. RESEARCH REQUIRED TO MAKE CLOUD SEEDING A QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE Catalogue No. 551.509.67 551.509.67 ELLIOTT, ROBERT D.* TODD, C. J.* and MacCREADY, PAUL B. JR.** CRREL No. SIP 23152 CRREL No. SIP 23154 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 73-76 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 79-83 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 1 Location Map; 1 Photo; Table; 1 Reference 3 Graphs; 1 Reference

The seeding program began in January 1957 and is scheduled to SUBJECT INDEX An approach to putting practical cloud seeding on a valid engi- SUBJECT INDEX continue for 3 years. The organization, history, operations thus neering basis is described. The main problem is the development of far conducted, and the manner in which the seeding is carried out 1. Weather modifies- precipitation graphs from which it is possible to (1) compare the 1. Weather modifica- under the randomizing plan are discussed. No complete statistical tion difference in rainfall resulting from differing concentrations of tion analysis of results can be accomplished prior to completion of the -research program freezing nuclei, (2) determine the optimum seeding concentration -research project. However, thus far (Jan. 10 - Apr. 12, 1957), 4 storms 2. Silver iodide for the class of cloud in question, and (3) determine the cloud 2. Clouds have occurred yielding over an inch of precipitation in the -nucleation seeding potentialities of a given watershed from previously ob- -icing properties mountains. Of these, two were seeded completely and one partially. tained data, by observational and computational procedures. Planning The ground based silver iodide smoke generator layout and the AUTHOR INDEX procedures and theorums are described. Examples of graphs are ex- AUTHOR INDEX recording rain gage network are shown on the location map. hibited showing the theoretical time of precipitation initiation I. Elliott, R. D. when the initiation is by the warm cloud condensation coalescence I. Todd, C. J. process or the ice crystal process. II, MacCready, p. B.

*President, North American Weather Consultants, Santa Barbara, Ca. CRREL Abstract *and**Meteorology Research Inc. , Pasadena, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 320-57 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 322-57

SNOW REMOVAL PROBLEMS IN THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Catalogue No. LYSIMETER STUDIES OF SNOWMELT Catalogue No.

624.144 0 5 (*429) DEMBISKE, F. E.* HILDEBRAND, CARVER E.* CRKEL No. CRKEL No. SIP 23155 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 83-86 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 94-105 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 2 Location Maps; 7 Tables; 13 Graphs; 2 Photos The problems of removing snow from roads and highways in British SUBJECT INDEX Paper originally presented 23rd Annual Meeting, Portland, Columbia are outlined and the organization and equipment of the snow Oregon, April 13-15, 1955. Not published in 1955 Proceedings removal prOgram are discussed. The most notable of the problems are 1. Snow removal due to the different types of snow that fall during a winter, an -highways An outline that sunnnarizes the observations of the snowmelt SUBJECT INDEX insufficient supply of skilled laborers, protecting the public on 2. Snow removal quantities and meteorological parameters by which the several pro­ the roads during the winter, snow slides, winter communications and -equipment cesses of heat transfer were evaluated, are presented. The results 1. Snowmelt research service between the districts and the snow removal headquarters, to of the study are expressed in the form of melt coefficients which 2. Lysimeter studies say nothing of pressure groups. A discussion is presented on the were verified by a comparison of actual snowmelt with that computed planning of snow removal operations, organization of field crews in by these coefficients. Independent statistical analysis were also July together w:f.th budget data and clearances through the Provincial made. The data tabulations list the snowmelt and heat transfer Departments. The most success is gained from well trained operators AUTHOR INDEX parameters for each day of the period study. The snowmelt quantities and selection of congenial personnel on crews together with a large were measured by a lysimeter shown in two photos. Construction AUTHOR INDEX portion of 1 Spirit de corps 1 • I. Dembiske, F. E. drawings are shown and tabulation of data collected are also in­ cluded. I. Hildebrand, C. E.

*Senior Maintenance Engr., Dept. of Highways, Victoria, B. C. CRREL Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, U.S.C.E., Portland, Oregon

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 321-57

GRAPHICAL FORECAST ERRORS Catalogue No.

BURNS, JOSEPH I.* and STRAUSS, FRED A.** CRKEL No.

Proc. WSC 1957: Pgs. 86-93 Santa Barbara, Calif., April 17-19 3 Tables; 4 Graphs

A graphical forecasting procedure is described in which 9 depend­ SUBJECT INDEX ent variables are used, through a series of graphs designed into a nomograph pattern. A discussion of the several variables and refer­ 1. Water supply fore­ ences to statistical methods and parameters is set forth. Levels casting of accuracy and probable levels of accuracy are solved graphically. 2. Graphical An actual forecast is presented to illustrate the scheme is shown analysis with forecast tabulation tables to determine the weighted factors for entering the various steps in the graphs. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Burns, J. I. II. Strauss, F. A.

*and**Sr. Hydraulic Engrs., Calif. Dept. Water Res., Sacramento, Ca @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 323-58 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 325-58

SELECTION OF "BEST" SNOW COURSE POINTS Catalogue No. FOREST SHADE RELATED TO SNOW ACCUMULATION Catalogue No. 551.578. 42:551.579 551.579. 2:634 COURT, ARNOLD* ANDERSON, HENRY W.* ; RICE, R. M.** and WEST, A. J.*** CRREL No. SIP 23156 CRREL No. SIP 23157 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 1-12 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 21-31 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 2 Graphs; 16 References 1 Location Map; 2 Tables; 2 Photos; 2 Plates; 11 References

The hypotheses that 5 measurements should be enough to character­ SUBJECT INDEX Exploratory studies have been made in order to develop a system SUBJECT INDEX ize the water content of the snow course and that the MEDIAN of 5 of physical measurements of forests that will more adequately index measurements should provide almost as good an index to the snow­ 1. Snow course the various effects that forests have on snow accumulation. Various 1. Snow research water equivalent as would their mean. Tests were made and verified -analysis measurements of the forest were tested against the snow accumulation -forest cover by analysis in detail the individual measurements on a typical 19- and melt at individual points within snow courses. The measurements 2. Snow point Sierra Nevada snow course for the last 15 years of record. tested from a single valued index of forest cover to a 7-variable -distribution The history and reliability of such snow course measurements are expression of the same forest cover. The three parts of the study 3. Watershed mgmt. discussed. concern (I) the effects on snow of conventional forest variables of In discussion Mr. c. G. Wolfe and Mr. J. F. Hannaford defend the hemispherical cover and cover density, (2) the effects on snow of views of the field man's point of view that snow survey courses of forest variables when the hemispherical cover was differentiated fewer point samples would prove more economical and would provide AUTHOR INDEX into shade cast by the trees to the south and shielding of radiation safety point of view. produced by the trees to the north, and (3) the effects of snow of AUTHOR INDEX Also the office forecaster would much rather have 5 samples I. Court, A. several physical indexes of the forest. The measurement methods are taken at 500 or IOOO feet intervals up a basin, rather than I5 or II. Wolfe, C. G. described, the variables and their definitions are listed. An I. Anderson, H. W. 20 taken at one altitude. III. Hannaford, J. F. "ideal forest" managed for water production is postulated from the II. Rice, R. M. results. III. West, A. J.

*Meteorologist, U.S. F. S. , Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract *,**and*** U.S.F.S., Berkeley, California CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 324-58 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 326-58

PROGRESS IN SNOW MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN CALIFORNIA Catalogue No. USE OF SNOW SURVEY DATA BY SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS Catalogue No.

ANDERSON, HENRY W. * CRREL No. FREDERICKSEN, DON G.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 12-21 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 32-35 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 I Location Map; 2 Tables; I Photo; I2 References 2 Tables

A detailed outline of a snow research project underway in SUBJECT INDEX The farmer water-users are taking an active part in the Soil SUBJECT INDEX California towards furnishing information for watershed studies to Conservation Service Districts in the Western States. A large num­ improve snowmelt timing, equalize streamflow, reduce erosion and I. Snow - research ber depend on snowmelt water for irrigation, reservoir storage 1 and 1. Water mgmt. improve water quality through sedimentation controls. Several pro­ 2. Watershed mgmt. water management. They are taking a keen interest in water supply 2. Economics jects are described and available data are exhibited together with forecast committee meetings and forecast bulletins issued primarily -farm irrigation outlining the areas under study. Instrumentation of study areas are AUTHOR INDEX for localized use. These local bulletins and committee meetings pictured and described. show a marked economic impact on the farm crop planning, particular­ I. Anderson, H. W. ly when there is a short supply of water. Savings in farm operation can amount to as much as $378,850 in one year in one Conservation District by, (1) saving on land preparation, (2) selection of crops that use small amounts of water, and (3) good water management. Although this case may be an ideal situation, other Districts can AUTHOR INDEX show a great savings by proper farm management and water conscrv:l­ tion through the use of the localized forecast bulletin data. I. Fredcrick::~cn, D. C.

*Vice-President, Area VII 1 National Assoc. Soi 1 Cunsc rv.1 t i.liD *Snow Research Leader, U.S. F .S., Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract Districts, Gooding, Idaho WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 327-58 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 329-58

AN APPROACH TO FORECASTING THE SPRING RUNOFF IN QUEBEC Catalogue No. THE OPTIMUM USE OF WATER FOR POWER CALCULATED BY DATATRON ELECTRONIC Catalogue No. 551.579. 2(*41) COMPUTER CAVADIAS, GEORGE S.* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 23158 ELLIS, J. D.* Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 35-45 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 2 Tables; 7 Graphs; 4 References Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 53-58 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 1 Table; Sketches; 4 Graphs An approach to the problem of forecasting spring runoff is SUBJECT INDEX described with particular reference to the conditions in the Gouin A description of the use of electronic computer for routing pro­ SUBJECT INDEX Reservoir in Quebec which has a capacity of 6. 5 million acre-feet 1. Water supply fore­ cedures of water supply of the Lewis River in southwest Washington and regulates the flow for the 7 hydro-electric plants on the St. casting for hydro-power development along a series of 7 plants, is present­ 1. Electronic com­ Maurice River with a total installation exceeding 2.0 million H.P. -procedures ed. The computer complex is described and read-out sheets are puters The preliminary work that led to the selection of the variables is shown to present the data available to the operator of reservoirs 2. Water mgmt. described, the individual variables are examined, and the frequency and to meet the power demands. -hydro power functions are discussed. The main advantages of the described method In discussion Mr. David Rockwood describes electronic computer are that ( 1) the assumption regarding the total length of the flood procedures carried on by the Corps of Army Engineers in the North AUTHOR INDEX period becomes unnecessary, and (2) a better understanding of the AUTHOR INDEX Pacific Division Office at Portland, Oregon. He mentions the many nature of the variables that influence the volume of the spring advantages of Automatic Data Processing machines where large I. Ellis, J. D. runoff is achieved. I. Cavadias, G. S. amounts of the data must be handled in a short time. II. Rockwood, D.

*Dept. Northern Affairs, Water Res. Branch, Montreal, Quebec CRREL Abstract *Hydraulic Engr., Pacific Power & Light Co., Portland, Ore. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 328-58 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 330-58

BASIC DATA CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO RUNOFF FORECAST ACCURACY Catalogue No. WINTER SNOW OBSERVATIONS ON MT. OLYMPUS Catalogue No. 55!.579.2 WORK, R. A.* and BEAUMONT, R. T.** LaCHAPELLE, E.* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 23159 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 45-53 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 59-63 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 6 Tables; 1 Graph; 8 References 2 Tables; 2 Photographs

An analysis is presented of runoff forecast methods and their SUBJECT INDEX A report of glaciological studies of the Blue Glacier on Mt. SUBJECT INDEX accuracy, and the distribution of errors by algebraic sign. The re­ Olympus in north west Washington on the Olympic Peninsula is sults stress the importance of basing river flow forecasts on data !. Water supply fore- presented, in connection with the Geophysical Year Program 1957-58. 1. Glaciers obtained as close to the water source as possible. Data of the most casting Historical and geographical history and a description of the glacier -research studies simple and direct character are more efficient. The basic data, as -accuracy are given. Seismic and boreholes data indicate the depth of 900 ft. gathered by snow surveys from the heart of the water producing for the glacier. Other detail information is given. A year round areas generally result in the most accurate forecasts because it is study was conducted of meteorological conditions, wind, temperature, a more precise method of sampling the greatest factor in stream­ humidity, rainfall, snowfall, ablation and spatial and temporal AUTHOR INDEX flow production in mountainous western areas. variations in snow albedo were recorded. Data are discussed in the NOTE: A table showing the discrepancies between two basic AUTHOR INDEX text and tabulations are included. I. LaChapelle, E. principals of water supply forecasting was misplaced at the time of printing, but is shown in the 1959 Proceedings of the Western I. Work, R. A. Snow Conference on page 34. II. Beaumont, R. T.

*and**Water Supply Forecast Section, SCS, Portland, Ore. Author Abstract *Dept. Meteorology & Climatology, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA @ Abstract wESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBUOGRAPHY WSC No. 331-58 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 333-58

THE ECONOIIICS OF WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No. GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR DETERIIINATION OF AREA- ELEVATION WEIGHTING OF Catalogue No. SNOW COURSE DATA 551.578.42:551.579.2 DWYER, CARROLL H.* CRREL No. HANNAFORD, J. F.*; WOLFE, C. G.** and MILLER, R. W.*** CRREL No. SIP 23161 · Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 63-66 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 73-82 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 A discussion of the economic value of water supply forecasting is SUBJECT INDEX 1 Location Map; 8 Graphs presented dealing with monetary values. It is pointed out that if "Economics is the science concerning the production, management, 1. Economics The paper discusses the forecast schemes used by the California SUBJECT INDEX and distribution of wealth", then truly water to the farmer, in ir­ 2. Water supply fore­ Cooperative Snow Survey to forecast runoff during the April-July rigated areas, is true wealth. This depending entirely on the pos­ casting snow melt season, the problems encountered in the use of such 1. Water supply fore­ sibility of furnishing reliable information as to data relating to; schemes, and the basic considerations in the evaluation of a snow­ casting too much water or too little, together· with time of delivery. It is pack. The basin selected for study (Yuba Basin) and the methods of 2. Graphical analysis pointed out that floods can be a _liability without the foreknowledge evaluating the snowpack are described, snow survey data from the of occurance, and a credit if proper facilities are available for basin are compared graphically, and a revised forecast scheme is water management and planning through accurate information. An actual presented. The results indicate that the evaluation of the snowpack shortage season is described on one irrigation district where a on the basis of only a few selected courses may lead to unrealistic savings of $378,850 was saved by adhering to the water supply fore­ AUTHOR INDEX results. Graphs and explanations are shown to adjust the original casts and applying good water management to produce good crops de­ forecast to include 5 independent variables. ( 1) Snowpack index ad­ AUTHOR INDEX spite the water shortage and the season was not a total loss. I. Dwyer, C. H. justed for area-elevation, (2) varying precipitation and soil prim­ ing factor, (3) runoff occurring prior date of forecast, (4) ante­ I. Hannaford~ J. F. cedent conditions, (5) forecast period precipitation estimate. II. Wolfe, C. G. III. Miller, R. W.

*Economist, SCS, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract *, **and***Calif. Dept. Water Resourc~s, Snow Surveys, Sacramento, CA CRREL Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 332-58 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 334-58

EVALUATION OF CLOUD SEEDING EFFORTS IN THE SOUTHERN OREGON CASCADES, Catalogue No. EVOLUTION IN DERIVATION OF SEASONAL STREAMFLOW FORECAST PROCEDURES Catalogue No. 1952 - 1957 551.509.551.579.2 (79) VAN HORN, OTTO B.* CRREL No. BARTON, MANES* and CALVIN, LYLE D.** CRREL No. SIP 23160 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 82-90 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1958: Pgs. 66-73 Bozeman, Montana, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 6 Graphs; 2 References 1 Location Map; 6 Tables; 3 Graphs; 7 References A streamflow forecast procedure for the Missouri River Basin, to SUBJECT INDEX Cloud seeding operations for The California Oregon Power Co. have SUBJECT INDEX meet the needs of the Corps of Army Engineers Division office at been conducted by North American Weather Consultants for the past 7 Omaha, Nebraska is described in detail. Snow survey and precipita­ 1. Water supply fore­ years in the Southern Oregon Cascades. The purpose was to increase 1. Weather modifica­ tion data were analyzed by automatic data processing system (ADPS). casting the mountain snowfall and consequently, the summer streamflow for tion Problems encountered during the electronic computer developing the 2. Electronic computer the production of hydroelectric power. The seeding methods and the 2. Water supply fore­ multiple regression equations are discussed, primarily the codeing climate of the area are discussed. Based on regression and isoper­ casting and decodeing and negative values of multiple correlation coef­ centile analyses of the data for the first 6 years of seeding, the ficients. Tests were made for minimizing the effect of 11 Local following conclusions were reached. (1) the average April 1 snow Anamoly" and negative values are described. A system of dividing water content for 1952-1957 showed a 3% increase over the expected the Missouri Basin into snowmelt basins from predominently rainfall AUTHOR INDEX amount. (2) The average Nov.-March precipitation for the 6 seeding basins proved satisfactory values for coefficients. The resulting years showed a 2% increase over the expected amount, a nonsignifi­ schetne provided results well within the 20% limits. I. Van Horn, 0. R. cant increase. (3) The average April-July streamflow for 1952-57 was 4% higher than expected, a nonsignificant increase. (4) For 4 of the. 6 seeded years, the highest percent of normal precipitation AUTHOR INDEX in the State has occurred in the Fremont-Paisley area, lending strong support to the thesis that a downwind effect exists beyond I. Barton, M. the target area. II. Calvin, L. D. *Assistant Water Forecaster, Agricultural Exp. Sta. ,Corvallis, Ore. **Statistician, Agricultural Expt. Sta., Corvallis ,Ore. Author Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, Corps Engineers, Omaha, Nebr. @ Abstract wESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 335-59 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 337-59

HISTORY OF SNOW SURVEYING IN THE WEST Catalogue No. THE PHOTOCANOPYOMETER Catalogue No. 551.578.42 (73-15) STAFFORD, HARLOWE M. * CODD, ASHTON R. * CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 18529 ·Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 1-12 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 17-21 Reno, Nevada, April 21-13 2 Plates 4 Photos; 2 Tables; 9 References

A chronological history of snow surveying as originated by Dr. SUBJECT INDEX A photo process of measuring the density of the forest canopy SUBJECT INDEX James E. Church Jr. at the Univ. of Nevada is outlined. This work cover over a fixed point in the forest is described. A pin-hole began in 1906 with the measurement of high mountain temperatures 1. History camera with film transport was constructed. The pin-hole was used 1. Forest canopy and other climatological factors on Mt. Rose, Nevada, with the -snow survey to eliminate spherical distortion of the "Fish-eye11 lens ground for cover Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station cooperation. The development 90° wide angle photography. The 90° field of view was used to comply -measurement of new instruments for measuring the snow water equivalent (water with Weather Bureau standards for precipitation gages, where it is -photography content) of the snowpack in 1909 is described. A description of the required that the gage must be in the clear at 45° in all directions application of snow water content to water supply forecasting is of obstructions. The camera is leveled and oriented N & S, pointed presented. A resume of the importance of water supply forecasting to up and a time exposure of approximately 2 seconds is made over each irrigation in the West and hydroelectric power development, reser­ snow sampling point on a snow survey course. A dot planimeter grid voir regulation, flood control and water management is presented. AUTHOR INDEX was developed for sandwiching with the negatives from the pin-hole A discussion by William A. Lang points out interesting historical camera shots. Dots covered by forest canopy are counted and pro­ details of organization and instrument development. Additional I. Stafford, B. M. portioned to uncovered dots to obtain the percent forest canopy historical notations are mentioned by Walter Hopkins. II. Lang, W. A. cover over each sampling point. Photographs of the camera, negative, AUTHOR INDEX III. Hopkins, W. grid and conversion tables are shown along with an illustration of the tabulation forms for data. I. Codd, A. R.

*Supervising Hydraulic Engr. Calif. Dept. Water Res., Sacramento, CA @ Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Mont. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 336-59 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 338-59

HISTORY OF SNOW SURVEYING IN THE EAST Catalogue No. SNOW MELT CURVES Catalogue No. 551.5 78. 42( 73-11) 551.509.5:551.579.2 AYER, GORDON R. * RICHARDS, H. B.* CRREL No. SIP 18530 CRREL No. SIP 18531 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 12-16 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 21-26 Reno, Nevada, April 21-13 3 References 2 Graphs

A historical resume of snow surveying starting in 1914 in the SUBJECT INDEX A snow melt water forecast procedure is developed using tempera­ SUBJECT INDEX Eastern States of the United States is presented, with references ture, ground water, wind movement, precipitation and snow water to snow observations recorded as early as 1899. A description of 1. His~ory content combined to plot against runoff. This graph is called a 1. Water supply fore­ instrument development, tools and field procedures is presented. -snow survey snow melt scatter diagram or snow melt curve when plotted on log­ Casting Water supply forecasting from snow survey measurements is described arithmic paper. Statistical methods are used to compute correlation -graphical solution as handled in the early days of the science. Procedures are pre­ coefficients, standard deviation and probable error of the factors -statistical sented for distributing the data on a cooperative basis by several involved with runoff data for the snow melt season. These computa­ agencies and companies using the water supply forecasts. Although tions aid materially in selecting the snow survey courses best AUTHOR INDEX the data is not as widespread in the East, it is equally as im­ AUTHOR INDEX suited for the particular stream under consideration, as well as portant to the municipal water supply agencies and for use in sup­ other variables showing high coefficient of correlation. I. Richards, H. B. plying water to canals in the East. I. Ayer, G. R.

*Hydraulic Engineer, USGS, Albany, New York @ Abstract *Watermaster, Truckee-Carson Irrigation Diet., Reno, Nevada @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 339-59 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 341-59

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON EVALUATING THE UTILITY OF WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No ECONOMICS OF EARLY SEASON SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No. FORECASTING 551.578.42:551.578.2 CRREL No. HANNAFORD, JACK F. KOHLER, MAX A.* CRREL No. 18532 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 39-49 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 26-33 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 4 Graphs 4 Graphs; 1 Table; 6 References Snow surveys made prior to the optimum date of April first are SUBJECT INDEX A discussion and comparison of two basic theories of water supply SUBJECT INDEX shown to be economical in value to water users, depending upon forecasting, one based primarily on rainfall measurements and the the use made of the early season forecast. Although snow surveys !. Water supply fore- other based primarily on snow survey water content measurements. 1. Water supply fore­ are expensive to make in some cases, the accuracy of the forecasts casting The 1947-57 period of years is used for comparison. A close similar­ casting prepared from these data as compared to alternative forecasts 2. Snow survey ity of forecast accuracy of both methods is illustrated by graphs. 2. Forecast accuracy based on other data is outstanding and well worth the expenditure. -normals The conclusion states that a combination of the two independent Purely graphical methods are used and illustrated by using the variables would produce a more accurate forecast. Reference is made AUTHOR INDEX flows of the Kings River inflow to Pine Flat Reservoir, Calif. AUTHOR INDEX to a similar paper presented in the 1958 snow conference, WSC Paper No. 328-58. I. Kohler, M. A. I. Hannaford, J. F.

*Chief Research Hydrologist, USWB, Washington, D. C. @ Abstract *Assoc. Hydraulic Engr., Galif. Dept. Water Res., Sacramento, CA @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 340-59 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 342-59

USE OF SOIL MOISTURE RESISTANCE ONITS IN WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No. AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE OF MOUNTAIN SNOW FIELDS FOR MAINTAINING Catalogue No. UP-TQ-DATE FORECASTS OF SNOW MELT RUNOFF DURING THE MELT PERIOD 778.35 :55!. 578.42 STOCKWELL, HOMER J. * CRREL No. PARSONS, WALTER J.* and CASTLE, GLENN H.** CRREL No. 18533 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 35-39 Reno, Nevada, April 21-13 DLC ,QC929. S7W4 1 Plate; 1 Graph; 7 References Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 49-56 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 7 Graphs; 1 Table Soil moisture measuring units are used to sample the soil moisture SUBJECT INDEX condition under the snowpack. The data derived is used as a correct­ A simple graphical method of determining the runoff volume to be SUBJECT INDEX ion factor in preparing water supply forecasts when using water 1. Soil moisture expected after any date in the melt season by means of aerial sur­ content snow survey data. Field installation procedures are discussed 2. Water supply fore­ veys of the snow line is described and evaluated on the basis of a 1. Snowmelt & runoff as to location of measurement site and placement of units at regular casting 6-year study of the Kings and Kern River basins in California. Snow­ 2. Snow cover intervals in the soil as a stack of units. A conversion chart of line areas are sketched while in flight by using a transparent over­ -distribution ohms resistance to percent soil moisture in the several horizons lay on an aeronautical chart, Registration marks are placed on the 3. Photography of soil are illustrated. The existing network of soil moisture AUTHOR INDEX overlay for use with subsequent flights. The areas are measured and -snow line stations in Colorado and New Mexico river basins are mentioned in the volumes computed. Water content of snow surveys are used to com­ connection with their use in water supply forecasting. I. Stockwell, H. J. pute the volume of water remaining in the snowpack. This data is applied graphically to charts to determine the volume of water to be expected during the ensuing months of the runoff period. The AUTHOR INDEX resultant current forecasts had average errors of less than 10 per­ cent during the critical period from 75-30 days before the end of I. Parsons, W. J. the melt season. II. Castle, G. H.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract *and**U.S. Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 343-59 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 345-59

LOGGING EFFECTS ON SNOW, SOIL MOISTURE, AND WATER LOSSES Catalogue No. SNOW MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE SIERRA NEVADA, A REVIEW AND A LOOK Catalogue No. 551.579.2 AHEAD ANDERSON, HENRY W. * and GLEASON, CLARK H.** CRREL No. CRREL No. 18534 HOPKINS, WALTER* P):oc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 57-65 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 DLC,QC929.S7W4 2 Haps; 2 Graphs; 1 Plate; 3 Tables; 6 References Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 75-78 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 19 References The results of studies in Calif. on the effects of various types SUBJECT INDEX of logging on the water yield from snow are reported. The studies A resume of snow research by Dr. J. E. Church Jr. is presented SUBJECT INDEX were made on an 18. 7 acre strip cutting 300 ft. wide and 2500 ft. 1. Snowmelt & runoff 1n a philosophical trend. Early concepts of Dr. Church relative to long, on a 17.1 acre block cutting 800ft. wide and 1800 ft. long, 2. Snowmelt the conservation of snow for water supply as well as the conserva­ 1. Snow - hydrology and on a commercial diameter limit cutting. The controls were natu­ -logging effects tion of forest products through better forest management, are dis­ 2. Forest management ral openings and forest stands. All three methods of logging in­ cussed as related to a more stable water runoff period. The early creased maximum snow accumulation and decreased annual water losses. concepts and needs of better water supply forecasting from snow At maximum depth the strip cutting showed 10 inches more water than surveys are forceably brought to mind. This paper is a great AUTHOR INDEX the un-cut forest, block cutting and the commercial cutting showed tribute to Dr. Church, a humanitarian, a self-made scientist of 5 and 7 inches more. The rate of snow melting was greater in the snow water conservation .. I. Hopkins, W. commercial cutting area than in the un-cut forest. Small amounts AUTHOR INDEX of snow remained longer in the un-cut forest. Summer soil moisture losses in soils 48 in. deep, were decreased by logging while the I. Anderson, H. w. annual water yield from precipitation was increased. II. Gleason, c. H.

*and**U.S.F.S. Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif. CRREL Abstract *Chief, Snow Research, USFS, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 344-59 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 346-59

SNOW EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION Catalogue No. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN SNOW FROM SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA TO Catalogue No. 551.578.46:551.573 WASATCH MOUNTAINS, UTAH 551.326.7:54 WEST, ALLAN J • * CRREL No. 18535 ROGERS, S.M.* and FETH, J. H.** CRREL No. 18536 Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 66-74 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 DLC,QC929. S7W4 DLC,QC929.S7W4 7 Tables; 5 Graphs; 1 Photo; 5 References Proc. WSC 1959: Pgs. 78-87 Reno, Nevada, April 21-23 4 Graphs; 1 Table; 4 References Observations of evaporation from the snow surface and condensa­ SUBJECT INDEX tion on the snowpack were made during stonn free periods over a two A report is presented on the results of chemical analysis com­ SUBJECT INDEX year season, 1958 and 1959. White polyethylene vessels were used. 1. Evaporation pleted on 98 samples of snow taken from the Sierra of California The bottoms of the vessels were perforated and a false bottom was -from snow and Nevada, and also of snow from the west face of the Wasatch 1. Snow attached. The entire vessels with snow were weighed to determine 2. Condensation Mountains in Utah, as well as some samples taken from the snowpack -chemical analysis the loss or gain (evaporation or condensation). Temperature, humid­ on the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Chlorine content analysis was ity, and wind movement data were collected simultaneously. Observa­ made on all 98 samples. Complete chemical analysis was made on 60 AUTHOR INDEX tion sites were chosen in forest openings of about one-half tree of the samples representing all areas. The data are tabulated and height across. Forest canopy cover was measured at 70%. The result­ AUTHOR INDEX shown, also graphical representations are included showing the I. Rogers, S. M. ing data comparisons are shown by tabulations, graphs, and text relations of altitude and location. II. Feth, J. H. analysis. I. West, A. J.

*U.S.F.S. Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract •Chemist and **Geologist, U.S.G.S., Menlo Park, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 347-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 349-60

USE OF SNOW SURVEY REPORTS IN PREDICTING SNOW RUNOFF Catalogue No. A PROPOSAL FOR INCORPORATING AERIAL SNOW-DEPTH MARKERS INTO WATER Catalogue No. SUPPLY FORECASTS 551.578.46:778.35 BALL, HUBERT* CRREL No. HANNAFORD, JACK F.* CRREL No. 20392 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 1-4 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 DWB,M(06)W527 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 9-14 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 A discussion of meteorological occurrences of flood and drought SUBJECT INDEX 2 Graphs over the Rio Grande River basin is presented. It is pointed out that for the lack of sufficient data to prove any long time or even 1. Water supply fore- The advantages and disadvantages of using aerial observed snow SUBJECT INDEX short cyclic occurrences of weather pattern, the prediction lacks casting depth markers as compared to ground snow survey data in water sup­ a solid mathematical basis. Historical data from archaeologic find­ 2. Reservoir ply forecasting computations are described. The relative costs are 1. Aerial snow marker ings are quoted. The beneficial use of short term (15 year) aver­ regulation discussed. A ten year study of forecasting the runoff of the Kings 2. Water supply fore­ ages of snow survey, temperature, wind movement, and soil moisture River by both methods is presented for comparison. Conclusions in­ casting data produce a good forecast of streamflow during the melt season. dicate that aerial observations 'are sufficiently accurate for early The economical value of advance information for regulating irriga­ AUTHOR INDEX forecasts of January through March, while the ground snow surveys tion reservoirs is pointed out as a distinct value to both power with actual water content measurements are far more accurate and AUTHOR INDEX and irrigation interests. I. Ball, H. necessary for a dependable April first forecast of the water supply expected from snow melt. I. Hannaford, J. F.

*Chief Engineer, Middle Rio Grande Conservancy, Albuquerque, N.. M. @ Abstract *Associate Hydraulic Engr., Calif. Snow Surveys, Sacramento, CA @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 348-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 350-60

USE OF SNOW-MELT FORECASTING BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS FOR FLOOD Catalogue No. USE OF THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER FOR STREAMFLOW ANALYSIS Catalogue NO. CONTROL OPERATIONS OF THE RIO GRANDE RIVER CRREL No. JOHNSON, LYNN F.* CRREL No. MARTIN, JOHN T.* Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 15-20 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 5-8 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 5 Tables 1 Location Map A description of the processes used on the electronic computer SUBJECT INDEX The Federal law under which the U. S. Corps of Army Engineers is SUBJECT INDEX for deriving multiple regression formulas using the many independ­ authorized to enter into the construction, operation and regulation ent variables required in snow water supply forecasting is present­ 1. Water supply fore­ of flood control sturctures such as dams, levees, and river chan­ 1. Flood control ed. The advantage of obtaining statistical relations between as many cas.ting nel improvements of future streamflow management, is outlined. The -prediction as 33 variables and streamflow figures within 15 minutes is shown. 2. Electronic computer three operational divisions of the Rio Grande River above El Paso, 2. Water supply fore- The detail results and procedures for developing a multiple re­ 3. Statistics Texas are delineated on a map and the plan of regulation is describ­ casting gression formula for the Madison River at West Yellowstone, Mont. -snow cover ed. The absolute need for accurate water supply forecasts from snow with explanation of results, are given. Reasons for the 4 different survey data, precipitation and soil moisture data is shown. Case forecast periods, together with peak flow and number of days to ex­ AUTHOR INDEX histories and operational techniques are described showing further AUTHOR INDEX ceed critical flows are described. Four tables are included to show need for reliable forecasts and the close cooperation of all the results of the statistical criteria and formulas used. I. Johnson, L. F. agencies involved. I. Martin, J. T.

*U.S. Corps of Army Engineers, Albuquerque, New Mexico @ Abstract *Asst. in Agr. Eng., Montana State Exp. Sta., Bozeman, Mont. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 351-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 353-60

APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER TO SEASONAL STREAMFLOW Catalogue No. RESERVOIR EVAPORATION AND ITS REDUCTION Catalogue No. FORECASTING CRREL No. GARSTKA, WALTER U. * CEREL No. CODD, ASHTON R.* and FARNES, PHILLIP E.** Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 39-43 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 21-23 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 20 References

A discussion pertaining to the use of electronic computer for SUBJECT INDEX A detailed technical discussion of reservoir evaporation is pre­ SUBJECT INDEX developing multiple regression formula to be used in water supply sented with several criteria for reducing evaporation. A descrip­ forecasting for the rivers of Montana. The economics of using the 1. Electronic tion of how monomolecular layers of several different materials L Reservoir electronic computers, to save manhours, increase accuracy and have computer reduce evaporation is presented, including the action of cetyl al­ evaporation available a better selection of independent variables for use in 2. Water supply fore­ cohol or hexadecanol. A description of the experimental work in this 2. Evaporation the formula is brought out. Cost figures of manually operated cal­ casting field is also presented, including the details experiment, and safe­ -reduction culators and the electronic computer handling the same problem, 3. Statistics guards set up by the steering committee, that included, State and are shown. -snow cover Federal Health Departments, Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclama­ Discussion by Robert T. Davis indicates a confirmation of the tion representatives. Work on other reservoirs was also indicated economic value of using electronic computers for developing fore­ AUTHOR INDEX where the toxic effect of the monomolecular layer material might casting formula. A step-by-step program for the computer is de­ affect fish, water fowl, or other plant or animal life. The dur­ scribed and its benefits shown. I. Codd, A. R. ability of the layer on reservoirs was studied. A substantial list AUTHOR INDEX II. Farnes, P. E. of references of reports and other experimental programs is includ­ III. Davis, R. T. ed with the paper. I. Garstka, W. U.

*and**Hydraulic Engineers, SCS, Bozeman, Mont. @ Abstract *U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 352-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 354-60

AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS AT REMOTE LOCATIONS Catalogue No. PROSPECTS FOR AFFECTING THE QUANTITY AND TIMING OF WATER YIELD Catalogue No. 551.579.2 THROUGH SNOWPACK MANAGEMENT IN CALIFORNIA 551.579.2 MAXWELL, L.M.*; WARNICK, C.C.**; BEATTIE, L.A.***; HESPELT, G.G.**** CEREL No. 20393 ANDERSON, HENRY W. * CRREL No. 20394 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 25-31 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 DWB,M(06)W527 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 44-50 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 The purpose of a hydrologic telemetering system is to provide SUBJECT INDEX 6 Tables; 23 References data on snow melt runoff parameters from remote mountain locations at frequent intervals and at sites where such information is per­ 1. Telemetering One of four papers dealing with snow hydrology of water yield SUBJECT INDEX tinent to operating reservoirs for flood control, irrigation, and system from forested areas in different sections of the United States and power releases. The system is devised by the Engineering Experiment different climatic and vegetative types. 1. Snowpack Station, University of Idaho at Moscow. The parameters selected for A reswne of past studies performed in the several California -water yield measurement are; total accumulation of precipitation, soil moisture, AUTHOR INDEX forests is presented. The effects of logging operations and the 2. Forest management air temperature, snow quality (wetness), snow water equivalent, and various type of timber cutting patterns, strip, block, clear, and the snow depth. A description and photos of the several procedures I. Maxwell, L. M. selective cutting practices are studied to determine the water for measuring these parameters are shown, also schematic diagrams II. Warnick, c. c. yield from each area so affected. Logging slash disposal methods of the electronic telemetering systems at the sending and receiving III. Beattie, L. A. are also studied with their effects upon water yield and also re­ AUTHOR INDEX end of the system. IV. Hespelt, G. G. forestration and the effects on soil moisture. Various aspects and slopes of forested areas were considered. I. Anderson, H. W.

*,**,***,****Engineering Exp. Sta., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Id. CRREL Abstract *U.S.F.S. Exp. Sta., Snow Research, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 355-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 35 7-60

PROSPECTS FOR AFFECTING THE QUANTITY AND TIMING OF WATER YIELD catalogue No. SOME TEREAIN AND FOREST EFFECTS ON MAXIMUM SNOW ACCUMULATION IN A catalogue No. THROUGH SNOWPACK MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN AREA 551.579.2 WESTERN WHITE PINE FOREST 551.579.2

HOOVER, MARVIN D.* CRREL No. 20395 PACKER, PAUL E.* CREEL No. SIP 20397 DWB,M(06) W527 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 51-53 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 63-66 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 1 Table One of four papers dealing with snow hydrology of water yield SUBJECT INDEX from forested areas of different climatic areas in the United One of four papers dealing with snow hydrology of water yield SUBJECT INDEX States. 1. Snowpack from forested areas of different climatic areas in the United A discussion of water yield problems from the Rocky Mountain -water yield States. 1. Snowpack areas of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico is presented in rela­ 2. Forestry mgmt. An analysis of a four year study of the effects pertaining to -water yield tion to the Alpine Zone and Sub-Alpine Zone. These zones are de­ snow accumulation. Size of year (above or below average), eleva­ 2. Forestry mgmt. scribed and their definite effect on water yield. Various methods tion aspect and percent canopy cover, all are shown to have a mark­ of timber cutting effects are discussed. Wind movement of snow are AUTHOR INDEX ed effect on the water yield from areas in the Northern Rocky mentioned as a serious problem. Studies in the White Mountains of Mountain forest covered watersheds in the Priest River Experimental Arizona are included in the discussion. I. Hoover, M. D. Forest, northwest of Spokane, Washington. A curvilinear multiple AUTHOR INDEX regression formula was used to evaluate the individual effects of the several independent variables on snow water accumulation. I. Packer, P. E.

*U.S.F.S. Exp. Sta., Div. Watershed Mgm.t., Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract *Research Forester, Div. Watershed Mgmt. Research, Ogden, Utah @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 356-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 358-60

PROSPECTS IN THE NORTHEAST FOR APFECTING THE QUANTITY AND TIMING Catalogue No. A LOOK AT AVALANCHE CONTROL STRUCTURES IN EUROPE Catalogue No. OF WATER YIELD THROUGH SNOWPACK MANAGEMENT 551.579.2 624.182.3 MARTINELLI, M., JR.* LULL, HOWARD E.* and PIERCE, ROBERT S.** CRREL No. 20396 CRREL No. SIP 20398 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 67-70 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 54-62 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 4 Plates 6 Plates; 4 Tables; 8 References A discussion of four types of avalanche control structures ob­ SUBJECT INDEX One of four papers dealing with snow hydrology of water yield SUBJECT INDEX served in Switzerland, Austria and France. The first type of from forested areas of different climatic areas in the United structure is built in the avalanche path to hold the snow in place. 1. Avalanche control States. 1. Snowpack The second type is a set of baffles to deposit blowing snow and Water yield from snowpack zone for the States of New York, -water yield secure it in place. The third type is a retaining structure in the Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine are discussed with relation to 2. Forestry mgmt. lower portion of the slide path to act as a buffer to retain the forest type (hardwood or conifer). A map, graphs, and tables il­ slide. The fourth type of structure is a deflecting type to turn AUTHOR INDEX lustrate the wide scope of data analyzed. Flood protection through AUTHOR INDEX the slide away from the ordinary path of the slide. The several snowpack management is shown to be the primary problem in the North­ structures are sketched and described on plates. I. Martinelli, M. ,Jr. east States. I. Lull, H. E. II. Pierce, R. S.

*and**U.S.F.S. Exp. Sta., Upper Darby, Penn. @ Abstract *Research Forester, Rocky Mtn. Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 359-60 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 361-60

111E AVALANCHE DEFENCE ON 111E TRANS-CANADA HIGHWAY AT ROGERS PASS Catalogue No. PRECIPITATION TRENDS IN ARIZONA AND WESTERN NEW MEXICO Catalogue No. 624.182.3 SCHAERER, PETER* SELLERS, DR. WILLIAM D.* CRREL No. CRREL No, SIP 20399 . Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 71-80 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 81-94 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 4 Photographs; 2 Plates 8 Graphs; 1 Plate; 3 Tables; 12 References

A detailed description of plans for highway maintainance through SUBJECT INDEX A statistical study of precipitation data covering a 40-year SUBJECT INDEX avalanche areas across Rodgers Pass, British Columbia. Approximate­ period (1917-1957). Data from 18 selected stations representing ly 120 avalanche paths in 24 miles of highway are claasified into 1. Avalanche control the arid west of New Mexico and Arizona. The several graphs are I. Precipitation four categories according to frequency of avalanche occurence. A used to show the combined results of statistical parameters to -analysis description of preventive or control measures for each category show precipitation trends throughout the period studied. A compari­ 2. Statistical are suggested. Avalanche forecasting and warning procedures are ex­ son of annual summer and winter periods are made to further the analysis plained together with plans for artificial release of small slides trend study. to prevent a disasterous avalanche. Maps and photographs depict AUTHOR INDEX the scope of the project. A formal discussion of the paper is presented by W. M. Borland, I. Sellers, Dr. W. D. who cites technical problems of avalanche control on highways lead­ AUTHOR INDEX ing over the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Avalanche control by artificial release are discussed. Comparisons of Colorado condi­ I. Schaerer, P. tions are made with those conditions found on Rogers Pass. II. Borland, W. M.

*National Research Council, Div. Bldg. Research, Ottawa, Canada @ Abstract *Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 360-6tl WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 362-60

NEW .INSTRUMENTS OF 111E SURFACE WATER BRANCH, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL Catalogue No. TRAPFICABILITY TESTS OF OVER-SNOW VEHICLES Catalogue No. SURVEY 629.113:551.578.46 CRREL No. LANYON, JOHN J. * BARRON, E. G.* CRREL No: SIP 20400 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 95-104 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 Proc. WSC 1960: Pgs. 32-38 Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 12-14 5 Photographs, 7 Graphs; Tables 12 Photographs; 3 Plates A report of extensive tests is presented dealing with drawbar SUBJECT INDEX A detailed description of recently developed hydrographic equip­ SUBJECT INDEX pull; power efficiency; type of trackage; type of and number of ment for measuring streamflow, is presented. Each of the following grousers; type and spacing of bogie wheels. Highly efficient elec­ 1. Over-snow vehicle pieces of equipment are described and how the equipment is used to 1. Hydrology - stream tronic sensing devices and recorders were used to collect the values tests aid accuracy and economics of water measuring procedure. The measurement of the various parameters above. A comparison of numerous factors 2. Transportation electromagnetic velocity meter; the acoustical velosity meter; the 2. Water measurement involved are shown in graphs and tables with photographs of ma­ bubble stream gage; the stream surface follower and recorder. The chines and various parts tested. Duplicate tests were performed sonic flood measuring assembly and the digital recorder are depict­ on several makes, models, and sizes of vehicles. AU11!0R INDEX ed in photographs and diagrams. The theory of operation and per­ AU1110R INDEX A discussion is presented by Mr. R. A. Work, who also presented formance of recorders are discussed. Plans are made for field test­ results of field tests made by snow surveyors of the Soil I. Lanyon, J. J. ing these pieces of equipment and to re-design present concepts. I. Barron, E. G. Conservation Service who use a variety of machines. II. Work, R. A.

*Hydraulic Engineer, U.S.G.S., Columbus, Ohio @ Abstract *U.S. Army Snow Ice & Permafrost Research, Houghton, Mich. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 363-61 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 365-61

GLACIER SURVEYS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Catalogue No. PEACE RIVER PROJECT WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO RESERVOIR FILLING Catalogue No. 551.324.2(*429) AND RUNOFF FORECASTS STRILAEFF, P. W. * CRREL No. CRREL No. 20401 SAMPSON, F. * Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 1-5 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 DWB ,M(06) W527 2 .Tables Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 20-24 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 2 Maps The Water Resources Branch, Canada Dept. of Northern Affairs and SUBJECT INDEX Natural Resources has made surveys of selected galciers since 1945 A description of the Peace River power development project is SUBJECT INDEX to determine the effect of glacier variation on runoff. The glaciers 1. Glacier research presented with emphasis placed on the importance of economical selected for study were the Helm, Sentinel, and Sphinx, all of which reservoir operation, It is stated that presently developed water 1. Water supply fore­ are in Garibaldi Park, and the Kokanee and Illecillewaet glaciers supply forecast schemes have an accuracy of 15 percent and that casting in the Selkirk Mts. These glaciers were surveyed annually through this accuracy will show an economical saving of a million dollars 2. Reservoir 1950 and have been surveyed biennially since that time. In each worth of power a year. Volumes of river flow up to 22 million regulation case, reference points have been established and distances of the acre feet are involved. 3. Power development glacier forefoot from these points have been measured, or the fore- A discussion by Mr. T. A. J. Leach points out the establishment foot has been mapped in relation to the markers. Camera stations of five new snow survey courses within the Peace River catchment have also been established. Since 1947, surface velocities have area to supplement the four existing courses now operating in the AUTHOR INDEX been measured by means of markers set in the ice. Changes of thick- adjacent Fraser River Basin which have sufficient length of record ness have been measured by cross sections. Data on frontal varia- AUTHOR INDEX to be used in forecasting. Other climatological factors will also I. Sampson, F. tiona for the period 1945-58 are tabulated, a summary of early ob- be measured and reported. II. Leach, T.A.J. servations is included. I. Strilaeff, P. W.

*Geologist, Dept. Northern Affairs, Ottawa, Canada CRREL Abstract *Civil Engr., International Power & Eng. Consultants,Ottawa,Canada @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 364-61 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No, 366-61

MAXIMUM SNOW DEPTHS AND SNOW LOADS ON ROOFS IN CANADA Catalogue No. PLAINS SNOWPACK WATER EQUIVALENT FROM CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS Catalogue No. 551.578.42 (*41) 551.579.2 BOYD, DONALD W. * McKAY, G. A.* and BLACKWELL, S. R.** CRREL No • 20402 CRREL No. SIP 20403 Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 7-16 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 DWB ,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 27-43 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 7 Tables; 5 Plates; 8 References 2 Maps; 10 Graphs; 2 Plates; 2 Photos; 13 References

Tabulations were made of annual maximum depths of snow on the SUBJECT INDEX Climatological measurements of daily snow on the ground and pre­ SUBJECT INDEX ground at 200 stations in Canada for the period 1941-59. An extreme cipitation gage values for a long period of record from the plains value distribution was fitted to the observed maximum and then 1. Snow loads area of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, Canada were converted 1. Snow sampler tube used to obtain the maximum snow depth for the 30 year period. These 2. Snow cover into usable data of snowmelt water yield. The lack of sufficiently -comparisons data were plotted and zones created to show maximum snow depths. -accumulation long records of plains snow survey data necessitated the develop­ 2. Snow sampler tube Snow loading for buildings were computed for the zones including ment of an energy budget conversion fomula to make climatological -Prairie sampler data from precipitation data on top of snow. The maximum snow load records collected in the past usable for modern analysis work. on roofs has been established tentatively as 80% of the maximum Graphs, illustrations, and tables show the relationship of the AUTHOR INDEX snow load on the ground. parameters studied. A comparison of the Mount Rose snow sampling A formal discussion is presented by Marvin D. Magnuson, who AUTHOR INDEX tube and the Prairie snow sampling tube are shown. I. McKay, G. A. exhibits mathematical and graphical procedures for solving extreme II. Blackwell, S. R. probability of meteorological factors to assist in extending values I. Boyd, D. W. such as snow load data. Three references are listed. II. Magnuson, M. D.

*Hydrometeorologist, Hydrology Division, P .F .R.A., Regina, Sask. .,ational Research Council, Div. Bldg. Research, Ottawa, Canada CRREL Abstract **Reservoir Planning Engr., South Sask. River Development Comm. ,Regina @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 367-61 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 369-61

CHANGES IN SNOWMELT RUNOFF CAUSED BY REFORESTRATION Catalogue No. A METHOD OF FORECASTING STREAM RUNOFF FOR SNARE RIVER AT BROWNLEE Catalogue No. 551.579. 2.551. 578.46 SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM J. * MITCHELL, W. B.* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 20204 Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 44-52 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 DWB,M(06)' W527 Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 66-70 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 1 Map; 4 Graphs 4 Tables

·A study of runoff from reforested drainage area in upper New York SUBJECT INDEX A solution to relatively accurate forecasting of the April-June SUBJECT INDEX State where rehabilitated land was replanted to five species of runoff period on the Snake River at downstream points below twenty conifers during a period of 25 years. A net decrease in total run­ 1. Snowmelt & runoff reservoirs and twenty-five major irrigation diversions is presented. I. Water supply fore­ off is shown as well as a decrease in the size of the peak flow for 2. Forest management The calculated natural flow is first derived by correcting the ob­ casting most of the years of study. The reduction of peak discharges is served flow for all reservoir storage and major irrigation diver­ 2. Reservoir operation attributed largely to the delayed melting of that portion of the sions by using a multiple regression formula containing snow survey snowpack which is not protected by forest cover, where 58% of the data and the previous years precipitation for August-October. A watershed had not been replanted. relation was developed between the observed flow and the calculated Mr. Nedavia Bethlahmy presents a complete discussion of the natural flow. The average error for this relation is close to 7.0% paper, and indicates that the runoff pattern of the test basin had AUTHOR INDEX and the average error in attempting to estimate the reservoir AUTHOR INDEX changed with time as compared to the control basin, also that the operations is close to 16%. The array of data and results of fore­ magnitude of peak flow had changed as much as 41 percent on the I. Schneider, W. J. cast accuracy are shown in the four tables. I. Mitchell, w. B. average. II. Bethlahmy, N.

*USGS & New York State Conservation Dept., Albany, New York CRREL & @ Abstract *Engineer, Idaho Power Co. , Boise, Idaho @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 368-61 WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 370-61

SNOWFALL AND SNOWFALL ACCUMULATION NEAR CLIMAX, COLORADO Catalogue No. EFFECT UPON IRRIGATION OF CRITICAL LOW-FLOW OF THE ROGUE RIVER Catalogue No. 551.578.46(788) GRANT, LEWIS 0. * and SCHLEUSENER, RICHARD A.** SHAFFER, NEIL F.* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 20405 Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 53-65 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 Proc. WSC 1961: Pgs. 71 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 1 Map; 4 Graphs; 6 Photographs; 4 References Problems presented to an irrigation district manager when a SUBJECT INDEX An investigation of snowfall over the higher elevations of the SUBJECT INDEX critically low flow of water is forecast for the stream from which Rocky Mountains, in Colorado is being carried on by Colorado State his district's supply is derived are discussed in detail. Economi­ 1. Water supply fore­ University. This investigation iS described and preliminary find­ L Snow hydrology cal problems arise either to obtain additional supplies from pump­ casting ings are discussed. The current field program includes daily snow -research ing or conserving the existing supply by rotation of demands and 2. Water rights observations of new snow at 65 sites spaced at about one mile in­ 2. Weather modifica­ sometimes a loss of certain crops. The necessity of obtaining an -critical flows tervals over Fremont, Hoosier and Vail Passes. In addition, certain tion accurate forecast of flows to the district supply point prior to atmospheric observations are being made, with seeding operations occurence so that plans can be made in advance is brought out in AUTHOR INDEX using Silver Iodide generators from upwind sites operating on ran­ the discussion. domly selected days. Specific observations are made relative to: I. Shaffer, N. F. efficiency of snowfall observing devices; characteristics of snow­ fall observation sites; snowfall variations with elevation, expos­ ure; concentration of ice nuclei and their relation to snowfall. AUTHOR INDEX This study is continuing with emphasis on atmospheric observations and seeding. I. Grant, L. 0. In discussion Homer Stockwell points out some factors to be II. Schleusener, R.A. considered in the operation of the study and the analysis of data. III. Stockwell, H.

*and**Civil Eng. Dept., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. CRREL & @ Abstract *Mgr., Grants Pass Irrigation Dist., Grants Pass, Ore. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONP'ERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 371-61 WESTERN SNOII CONP'ERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 373-61

LOW-FLOW FORECASTS ON TRE ROGUE RIVER Catalogue No. FORECASTING TRE DATE OF LOll FLOII (2000 cfs.) ON TRE EAST CARSON catalogue No. RIVER, NEVADA FROST, WILFRED T. * CRREL No. CRREL No. BARTON, MANES* Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 72-81 Spokane, llash:l.ngton, Apr:l.l 11-13 6 Tables; 3 Graphs Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 83-88 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 1 Map; 3 Tables A critical low-flow forecast of the Rogue River is developed to SUBJECT INDEX meet demands of irrigation district management for information as A forecast procedure of critical low flow using two parts is pre­ SUBJECT INDEX to ·dates they could expect the river flow to drop below 900 cfs., 1. !later supply fore­ sented. The first part for early season forecasting (March 1, April when pumping operations must commence to satisfy water user de­ casting 1, and May 1) uses snow survey data only. The second phase utilizes 1. !later supply fore­ mands. By using the date and he:l.ght of peak flow the falling 11mb 2. !later rights the peak flow height and date of occurrence as coded days after casting of the hydro graph is easily constructed to the 2000 cfs. , and the -critical flows April first. This information is reported to users as a weekly span 2. !later rights coded number of days to reach 900 cfs. , after March 20. Three of time of possible date of shut-off for secondary water rights, -crit:l.cal flows graphs are exhibited to show the relation between variables used AUTHOR INDEX such as "the last week of July" or 11 the second week of August". and the array of data is shown in tables with statistical para­ A location map is exhibited and an array of data is shown in tables AUTHOR INDEX meters. I. Frost, W. T. with statistical parameters. I. Barton, M.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Portland, Ore. @ Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract

IIESTERN SNOII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 372-61 WESTERN SNOII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 374-61

BENEFITS OF FORECASTING DATE OF LOll SNOII TO !lATER USERS OF THE Catalogue No. NEEDS FOR SPECIAL !lATER SUPPLY FORECASTS TO MEET UNUSUAL !lATER RIGHTS Catalogue No. CARSON RIVER AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEVIER RIVER BASIN IN UTAH CRREL No. CRREL No. JOHNSON, WILLIAM* CALLISTER, LELAND C.*

Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 82 Spokane, llashi.ngton, Apr:l.l 11-13 Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 89-91 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 6 Graphs Problems of the cattle rancher using water for irrigation from SUBJECT INDEX un-regulated streams where water rights regulations necessitate the A description of the Sevier River system with reservoirs and SUBJECT INDEX shutting off of the use when critical flows are reached. These 1. Water supply fore­ locations of gaging stations is presented. A resume of water shut-off dates are critical to crop development and harvest, and casting rights by Court Decree is included with details of a division into 1. Water supply fore­ play an important part in the economy of the operations. Also the 2. !later rights primary and secondary categories of rights with the water volumes casting date of probable shut-off of primary and secondary water rights can -critical flows proportioned by percentages. Winter storage as well as spring sto­ 2. Water rights be forecast within reasonable degree of accuracy is a step towards rage is appQrtioned by water rights. Return flow plays an important -critical flows great economy in faTming the semi-arid west areas. AUTHOR INDEX part in the operation of this desert river basin. Accurate volume flow forecasts are made from snow survey and precipitation gage L Johnson, W. measurements. Low-flow forecasts are very important in water ap­ AUTHOR INDEX portionment. I. Callister, L. C.

*Pres. ,carson Valley Soil Conservation Dist., Minden, Nev. @ Abstract *Pres. Seiver River Water Assoc., Delta, Utah @ Abstract WBSTI!RII SNOW COilFERl!IICI! BIBLIOGBAPIIY IISC No. 375-61 WESTERN SHOll CONFERENCE BIBLIOGBAPIIY IISC No. 377-61

CRITICAL FLCN FORECASTING FOR IRRIGATION REQUII!I!MEIITS IN TRE SEVIER Catalogue No. TBE SIMULATION OF A BLOIIING SNOW ENVIRONIII!NT IN A IIIND TUNIII!L catalogue No. RIVER BASIN, UTAH 551.578.466:551.321.82 CRREL No. GERDEL, DR. ROBERT II.* PEARSON, GRIGORY L.* and PECJ:, EUGENE L.** CRREL No. SIP 20407 Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 106-115 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 DIIB,M(06) 11527 Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 92-100 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 9 PhotogTapha; 2 Plates; 4 References 1 Map; 6 Graphs A res.- of research studies dealing with drifting snow is pre­ SUBJECT INDEX A forecaating scheme is developed to satisfy the water rights SUBJECT INDEX sented with emphasis on the techniques of IIM>del design with materi­ problSt of the Sevier River, it bas been possible to develop these forecasts within reasonable accuracy. In some cases, better AUTHOR INDEX diversion recorda and more streamflow recorda would have been help­ ful. I. Pearson, G. L. II. Peck, B. L.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Salt Lake City, Utah **Hydrologist, U.S.II.B., Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract *Chief, Environmental Research, CRREL, Hanover, N. H. @ Abstract

WBSTI!RII SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGBAPIIY IISC No. 376-61 WESTERN SNOW COIIRIII!NCE BIBLIOGBAPIIY IISC No. 378-61

BEAT BALANCI! AT TRE SURFACE OF TRE ARTIC OCI!AN catalogue No. SHORT RANGE SNOIIMELT FORECASTS Catalogue No. 551.326. 7(*3) BADGLEY, DR. FRANKLIN I.* SCBI!RMI!IlllORN, VAIL P. * CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 20406 Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 101-106 Spokane, llashingtin, April 11-13 DIIB,M(06) 11527 Proc. IISC 1961: Pgs. 116-128 Spokane, Washington, April 11-13 2 Tables 1 Map; 9 Graphs; 2 Tables; 2 References

A resume of available data on the components of the heat budget SUBJECT INDEX A procedure is described for preparing successive daily forecasts SUBJECT INDEX of the Arctic Ocean surface shows that radiative interchange with of streamflow from snow melt over the West Kootenay River Basin in environment is the dominant factor. The presence or absence of an 1. Beat balance British Columbia. The system is baaed on temperature index which 1. Water supply fore­ ice cover influences the nature of this interchange and also the -Artie Ocean varies proportionally with streamflow. An adjacent small basin is casting relative importance of evaporation to the budget. On the basis of 2. Ice - ocean Artie used as a contributing index area. A aeries of graphs are included -day-to-day pro­ these figures a conjecture is made as to the cause of events in the to illustrate the procedure. cedure artificial removal of the ice cover. It is shown that the ice would A discussion by Mr. David M. Rockwood suggests that the inclu­ 2. Sn0WIIe1t & runoff re-establish itself under presently existing conditions. sion of a percentage index of the area covered by snow from aerial In discussion Mr. Clarence Pederson points out the advantages of AUTHOR INDEX observations would add materially towards increasing the accuracy AUTHOR INDEX aoeasuring the heat balance in the Artie Ocean, and mentions pos­ of forecasts along with the falling limb of the hydrograph. Two sibilities of using the theory ancl instrumentation for snow 111elt I. Badgley, Dr. F.I. graphs are included for developing this factor. I. Schermerhorn, V.P. pToblems in reaervoiT contTol of downatreUI water temperatures. II. Pederson, C. II. Rockwood, D. M.

*Assoc. Professor, Dept. Meteorology, Univ. of Wash. ,Seattle, Wash. Author Abstract *Hydrologist, River Forecast Section, USIIB, Portland, Ore. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 379-62 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 381-62 ' AERIAL SNOW DEPTH IIARKERS CONFIGURATION AND INSTALLATION Catalogue No. TIROS IV WEATHER SATELLITE Catalogue No. 551.321.7:528.015 MILLER, ROBERT W. * TARBLE, RICHARD D.* CEREL No. CRREL No. SIP 24713 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 1-5 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 13 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 5 Photographs; 5 Plates Series of 14 Photographs

A detailed description of aerial snow depth marker poles with SUBJECT INDEX Pictures taken by weather satellite are exhibited to show the SUBJECT INDEX cross-bars at 2 ft., intervals is shown in construction drawings extent of snow cover over the western mountains on April 11, 1962. and pictures. Site selection specifications are included in the I. Equipment The possibility of using satellite pictures for measuring the area 1. Snow cover text. -snow survey of snow cover in river basins during the melt period is intimated. -aerial mapping 2. Aerial markers 2. Weather satellite

AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

I. Miller, R. W. I. Tarble, R. D.

*Chief, Snow Surveys, Calif. Dept. Water Resources, Sacramento, CA @ Abstract *Hydrologic Services Div., USWB, Washington, D. c. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 380-62 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 382-62

APPLICATION OF AERIAL SNOW COVER OBSERVATIONS TO FORECASTING Catalogue No. MEASURING SNOWPACK PROFILES WITH RADIOACTIVE SOURCES Catalogue No. FLATHEAD LAKE INFI.aiS 551.578.461:528.715 551.508.77:621.039.8 GAY, LLOYD W.* THOMS, M. E.* CRREL No. SIP 24714 CRREL No. SIP 24517 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 14-20 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 6-12 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 5 Graphs; 2 Tables; 8 References 2 Tables; 4 Photographs; Map; 3 References Use of both gamma and neutron probes in appraising density of the SUBJECT INDEX A procedure is developed to forecast the potential inflow to SUBJECT INDEX snowpack is described, including some interesting effects in ice Flathead Lake, on the Columbia River system in Montana by using layers on density measurements. Data from the Mt. Rose snow sampl­ 1. Snow densities the area covered by snow obtained by aerial flight and mapping I. Water supply fore- ing tube showed a smaller density than the readings made with the 2. Radioactive probe during flight over the basin. The procedure is primarily for short casting P-20 Gamma Probe. Data was also compared with readings made with a term forecasting after May first. This information is used in -short term Nuclear-Chicago Model P-19 subsurface soil moisture probe and the reservoir regulation and management. The snow cover data is used 2. Snow cover SIPRE 500 cc. density sampling tube. All probe measurements were in connection with temperature and current precipitation values. -distribution made from within an 1~" aluminum tube. Reconstituted hydrographs are shown in comparison with observed In discussion Mr. V. E. Penton mentions the importance of more hydrographs. AUTHOR INDEX development work of the gamma and neutron probes for scientific research in snow density studies. He also points out that trouble AUTHOR INDEX I. Thoms, M. E. can occur in using a metal casing for the probes, such as the con­ densation of excess moisture on the inner surface of the metal I. Gay, L. W. tubing. II. Penton, V. E.

*Hydraulic Engr., USCE, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract *Research Forester, USFS, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract .WESTEBII SNOW COIIFEliEIIJCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 383-62 WESTEBII SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 385-62

SIIJOW IN TilE TREES - liiiERE DOES IT G07 Catalogue No. SNOWFACE EVAPORATION Catalogue No. 551.578.4:333.7 551.578.462:551.578 MILLER, DAVID H.* PEAK, GEORGE W. * CRRI!L No. SIP 24716 CRRI!L No. SIP 24717 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 21-29 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB, (06) E527 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 32-36 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB,M(06) W527 23 References 5 Tables; 16 Graphs; 4 References

A neglected aspect of hydrology is the snow caught in the forest SUBJECT INDEX Varying winter wind velocities provide an evaporation index of SUBJECT INDEX canopy. Meteorological conditions existing during and after a snow Wyoming's wind-swept mountain snowpack. Wind movement at the 700 storm are not conducive to evaporation. Visual observations and 1. Snow evaporation millibar level was obtained from up-wind Weather Bureau stations 1. Water supply fore­ interpretations are available but few instrumental measurements snd is used as an added independent variable together with April casting have been made. Mechanical action is short-lived and effectiveness snow survey data, soil moisture and June precipitation, to develop 2. Wind movement of snowfall has been studied. a streamflow forecasting procedure. A series of 16 graphs illustrate 3. Snow evaporation In discussion Mr. M. D. Magnuson indicates that the shape of the AUTHOR INDEX the procedure. type of snowflake could very well effect the clogging procedure of In discussion Mr. R. M. Sensintaffar points out the successful snow in the forest trees and that evaporation factors are at a low I. Miller, D. H. use of this wind evaporation index in forecasting the inflow to AUTHOR INDEX value after a snow storm.. II. Magnuson, M. D. Pathfinder Reservoir on the North Platte River, Wyoming. Five tables show the array of data and also evaporation data for the reservoir I. Peak, G. W. surface. II. Sensintaffar, R.M.

*Meteorologist, U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., Berkeley, CA @ Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Casper, Wyo. @ Abstract

WESTI!RII SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 384-62 WESTEBII SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 386-62

DIURNAL FLUCTUATION OF FREE-WATER CONTENT IN A MELTING SNOWFACE catalogue No. SNOW SURVEYS IN WEST PAKISTAN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Catalogue No.

RANTZ, S. E.* CRRI!L No. PRIEST, JOHN E.* CRRI!L No.

Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 30-31 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 40 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 161-8 1 Graph An illustrated discussion of a newly established network of snow SUBJECT INDEX Diurnal fluctuation of free-water and density occurs during the SUBJECT INDEX survey courses to be used in forecasting streamflow of the Kunhar day melting period when the rate of snow melt is high and exceeds River. The gigantic Indus Basin Settlement Project is designed to 1. Snow survey course the capillary capacity of the snowpack. At night when the rate of 1. Snow densities create a system of reservoirs to impound over SO million acre feet -network melting becomes insignificant, the excess free-water drains from 2. Snow research of water for power development and irrigation of some 25 million the pack. Snow samples were taken horizontally at one foot inter­ acres of land in West Pakistan. A system of water transportation AUTHOR INDEX vals of depth and at four hour intervals from the face of a pit dug between the Jhelum, Chenab, Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Indus and Kunhar 65 inches to soil surface. Samples were weighed for water equiva­ Rivers is planned through a complex of canals. I. Priest, J. E. lent and calorimeter procedures were used to determine free-water AUTHOR INDEX content. Vertical samples were also taken to determine the average density and water content of the pack for comparison. I. Rantz, S. E.

*Hydrologic Engineer, U.S.G.S., Menlo Park, CA @ Abstract *Hydraulic Engr., Harza Eng. Co. Int., Lahore, West Pakistan @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 387-62 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No • 389-62

FLUCTUATIONS OF EFFECTIVE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION Catalogue No. SNOWPACK RATIOS IN RUNOFF FORECASTING Catalogue No. 551.579.2:551.509.3/54 YEVDJEVICH, VUJICA M* CREEL No. WORK, R. A.*; BEAUMONT, R. T.** and DAVIS, R. T.*** CREEL No. SIP 24718 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 41-49 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 60-69 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB,M(06) W527 1 Map; 5 Graphs; 4 References 7 Tables; 1 Map; 2 Graphs; 3 References

A mathematical study is presented involving the fluctuation in SUBJECT INDEX A new approach to streamflow forecasting is presented by taking SUBJECT INDEX effective precipitation and resulting effects on streamflow for the into consideration the differences in character of the winter's water year. Effective precipitation is defined as the total precip­ 1. Precipitation snowpack in the particular basin. Instead of using one formula for 1. Water supply fore­ itation minus evapotranspiration for the water year. This investi­ -analysis all years, the new scheme takes into consideration the relation of casting gation is made by random time series as a yardstick to the effective the high elevation snow in respect to the low elevation snow water precipitation and streamflow. The statistical technique is exclusive­ content on a ratio basis. A formula based on average or best fit ly the series correlation process, through the analysis of range and AUTHOR INDEX conditions may not be best for a particular year. The procedure AUTHOR INDEX runs. The results of the study indicate a possibility of predicting differentiates on an objective criteria so as to use a formula future long-range water yields from the time series computations. I. Yevdjevich, V. M. developed from years to fit the specific characteristics of the I. Work, R. A. winter at hand. Several formulas may be needed to meet the condi­ II. Beaumont, R. T. tions of a single basin. III. Davis, R. T.

*and**Water Supply Forecast Section, SCS, Portland, Oregon *Professor in Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ. ,Ft. Collins, CO @ Abstract ***Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Spokane, Wash. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPJIY wsc No. 388-62 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 390-62

A TELEMETERING INSTALLATION TO REPORT COLUMBIA RIVER DATA BY RADIO Catalogue No. IMPROVING WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS BY LIMITING TECHNIQUES Catalogue No .. 551.46.551.579.2 KRAMER, HARRY A.* and RAND, J. L.** CRREL No. KUEHL, DONALD W. * CREEL No. SIP 24719 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 50-59 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 7Q-77 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB,M(06) W527 5 Photographs; 5 Plates; 3 Graphs 7 Graphs; 1 Table

An elaborate telemetering system for transmitting hydrographic SUBJECT INDEX Water supply forecasts computed by objective procedures can be im­ SUBJECT INDEX data along the Columbia River is described. The need of accurate proved by modification prior to release by using methods based on up-to-the-minute streamgage data and water temperatures are explain­ 1. Telem.etering several relationships. These techniques identify the forecasts 1. Water supply fore­ ed. Sophisticated electronic equipment is pictured and schematic -hydrologic data which have a great probability of large errors and provide a basis casting ·diagrams are displayed. for subjective quantitative adjustment. The relations are (1) ad­ A discussion by Mr. Norbert Leupold presents further refinements AUTHOR INDEX jacent basin plots, (2) carryover plots, (3) comparisons with aux­ in telemetering devices, showing automation of river flow control iliary procedures of basically different derivations. The value of equalizers through the use of electronic computer is depicted and I. Kramer, H. A. the method suggested increases in the unusual or abnormal year and illustrated. II. Rand, J. L. tends to eliminate the possibility or reduce the magnitude of the III. Leupold, N. "big bust". In discussion Mr. Harry I. Hunter cautions against using only AUTHOR INDEX procedure or independent variable for developing a water supply forecasting formula, and states that a combination of variables may I. Kuehl, D. W. produce a more accurate and a better balanced forecast. II. Hunter, H. I.

*and•*Hanford Atomic Products, G. E. Company, Richland, Wash. @ Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, River Forecast Section, Portland, Ore. @ Abstract IIESTERII SNOW CONFElll!NCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 391-62 WESTERN SNOW CONFEREIICB BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 393-62

AN OBJEC:riVE FORECAST OF TRE SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPB. catalogue No. USE OF SNOW SURVEYS BY DENVER WATER BOARD Catalogue No. 551.579.2:551.509.03 lleCALLISTER, JOHN P. * and JOHNSON, RAY** FISCHER, ROBERT W. * CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 24 720 .Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 78-85 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 92-96 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 2 Tables; 12 Graphs; 1 Reference 1 Map

An outline of a simple objective method, applicable in the Great SUBJECT INDEX A historical review of the Denver city water system from the SUBJECT INDEX Plains area, is presented for forecasting streamflow from both beginning in 1872 with steady growth and transcontinental diver­ snowmelt and precipitation, Current temperature, precipitation and 1. Water supply fore­ sions from west to east through the Moffit Tunnel in 1936. The need 1. Municipal water snow depth data are used 1n the forecast procedure which is fashion­ casts for additional reservoir storage has become evident. In order to supply ed after the Unit Rydrograpb procedure. The basin or area runoff 2. Unit hydrograph better manage the storage problem and diversions, an addition is 2. Snow survey course is then computed from appropriate rainfall-runoff relationships. being made to the present snow survey course network to meet the -network In discussion Donald L. Miller points out some differences in AUTHOR INDEX demands for more accurate streamflow forecasting. Proposed loca­ opinion as to the degree-day interpretations to temperature values tions of courses are shown on the accompanying map of the project. AUTHOR INDEX for snowmelt coaputations for the Great Plains area. I. Mc:Csllister, J.P. II. Johnson, R.. I. Fischer, R. W. III. Miller, D. L.

*and**U.S. Weather Bureau, Kansas City, MO @ Abstract *Board of Water Commissioners, Denver, Colo. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFElll!NCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 392-62

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER YIELD FORECASTING FOR THE SALT RIVER Catalogue No. VALLEY, ARIZONA CRREL No. MOORE, ROBERT E.*

Proc. WSC 1962: Pgs. 86-91 Cheyenne, Wyoming, April 16-18 2 Maps; 1 Plate; 8 References

Snowmelt water provides the major portion of the annual runoff SUBJECT INDEX to the Salt River Project System. The worth of this runoff, equated to the basic snow survey data and resulting water yield forecast, 1. Snow survey is discussed in terms of some economic considerations. These con­ -economics siderations are emphasized from the standpoint of the application 2. Water supply fore- by a water user of such forecast information. casting In discussion Mr. Jesse D. Ellis describes his application of Mr. Moore's economic theories to the savings possible in power AUTHOR INDEX development by having advance knowledge of a possible 10 percent plus or minus average potential runoff into reservoirs by fore­ I. Moore, R. E. casting. II. Ellis, J. D.

*Assistant Engr. Salt River Project, Phoenix, AZ @ Abstract -WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 394-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 396-63

OPERATIONAL FORECASTING OF THE DAY-TQ-DAY RUNOFF IN THE FEATHER Catalogue No. 551.579 SNOW SAMPLING RESULTS WITH DIFFERING SNOW SAMPLERS Catalogue No. RIVER BASIN 2:551.509.3:551.524 BEAUMONT, R. T.* and WORK, R. A.** CRREL No. ARVOLA, W. A.* and RAIMUNDO, A. L.** CRKEL No. SIP 24743 DWB,M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 15-19 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 1-5 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 6 Tables; 5 References ~ Location Map; 4 Graphs; 2 References A report of field tests of snow sampling is presented, using same SUBJECT INDEX A runoff forecasting procedure has been developed utilizing know­ SUBJECT INDEX and different cutt.ers, and three different types of tubes. The Feder­ ledge acquired in snow research in the past 10 years. A weakness of al Standard duraluminum tubes; the Bowman Plastic tubes and the 1. Snow sampling the method is that temperature forecast can not yet be made for 1. Water supply fore­ Rosen thick wall aluminum tubes with smooth couplings. Data from -accuracy tests periods of 5 to 30 days in advance. For several snowmelt seasons, casting 150 paired samples is analyzed in the test. Comparisons of water 2. Equipment testing the snowmelt was detemined from actual temperature data using a day-to-day content data taken with the three different tubes varied in some 3. Plastic snow tubes simple temperature versus melt relationship. Temperature was deter­ respect, however in most cases the Federal sampler showed a greater mined by averaging data for seven index stations ranging in eleva­ amount, especially in snow of 70 to 80 inches deep and 40 percent tion from 2710 to 5850 ft. Reconstitution of the snowmelt hydro­ density, where the tubes had to be rotated to cut the packed snow graph for the Feather River at Oroville was made for the snowmelt and ice. The inspection ports of the Federal tubes were found to be season of 1952 and 1958. Aerial reconnaissance of the basin period­ AUTHOR INDEX sufficiently large to scoop in sufficient snow to make the differ­ ically during the snowmelt season will provide useful data on the ence, while the 5/16 holes in the Bowman and Rosen did not seem to retreat of the snow-line during the melt season. Maps and charts I. Arvola, W. A. collect snow. The inside diameter of all cutters was checked and AUTHOR INDEX illustrate the procedure. II. Raimundo, A. L. found to be very close to the standard 1.485". The Rosen sampler was heavy and awkward. The Bowman sampler was difficult to drive I. Beaumont, R. T. in deep, dense snow due to the large couplings. II. Work, R. A.

*and**Calif. Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. CRREL Abstract *and**SCS, Water Supply Forecast Unit, Portland, Ore. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 395-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 397-63

SOIL MOISTURE IN FORECASTING Catalogue No. 551.579 SNOWPACK EVAPORATION FACTORS Catalogue No. 2:551.509.3:551.579.3 551.578.462:551.573 FARNES, PHILLIP E.*; NELSON, M. W.**; FREEMAN, T. G.*** PEAK, GEORGE W. * CRREL No. SIP 24722 CRREL No. SIP 24745 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 6-14 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 DWB, M(06) W527 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 20-27 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 4 Tables; 1 Map; 5 Graphs; 3 References 1 Map; 11 Graphs; 3 References

A practical and economical measurement of soil moisture and SUBJECT INDEX A technical discussion of a water supply forecasting procedure SUBJECT INDEX temperature of soil has been developed utilizing electrical capaci­ utilizing snow water equivalent, soil moisture and spring precip­ tance between monel metal and fiberglass cloth and a dielectric 1. Soil moisture itation to obtain the first estimate of volume runoff. A process of 1. Water supply fore­ solution for changes in temperature, for the units planted at var­ measurement 'Successive Approximations 1 is employed to use the effect of total casting ious depths in the soil. Considerable effort has been directed to­ 2. Water supply fore­ wind movement at 750 millibar level, winter temperature, radiation, 2. Snow evaporation wards establishing a network of soil moisture stations throughout casting and hours of sunshine. A series of graphs are included to illus­ the motmtainous areas of the Western U. s. Using calibration curves, trate the procedure. Some interesting tests are cited relative to AUTHOR INDEX meter readings are converted to soil temperature and soil moisture. AUTHOR INDEX winter evaporation of ice and snow. Soil moisture and temperature data are used as an index to grass I. Peak, G. W. forage on the cattle ranges and timber management, for potential I. Farnes, P. E. drought or flood conditions. Graphs and tables illustrate the II. Nelson, M. W. procedure. III. Freeman, T. G.

*Acting Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Mont. **Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Boise, Idaho ***Staff Assistant, SCS, Portland, Oreg. CRREL & @ Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Casper, Wyo. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 398-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 400-63

USE OF LAKE ROOSEVELT STORAGE TO LOWER RIVER TEMPERATURES Catalogue No. SNOW PROBLEMS ON MOUNTAIN HIGHWAYS IN WASHINGTON STATE Catalogue No. 625.812 624/144/4/5. (79) KRAMER, HARRY A.* and CORLEY, J. P. ** CRREL No. STACI

*Maintenance Engineer, Washington Highway Dept. *and**Hanford Atomic Products Operation, G. E. Co., Richland, Wash. @ Abstract **Idaho Highway Dept. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 399-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 401-63

SNOWFALL EXTREMES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Catalogue No. DESIGN, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF A TRANS-SIERRA HIGHWAY, Catalogue No. 625.7 CALIFORNIA 624.144.4/.5 (79) MAGNUSON, MARVIN D.* CRREL No. NICHOLSON, ROLAND I.* CRREL No. SIP 24747 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 38-50 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 16 Tables; 2 Graphs; References Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 55-58 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19

A summary and meteorological discussion of snowfall records SUBJECT INDEX A discussion is presented of the various highway design problems SUBJECT INDEX covering the eleven western States, as extracted from U. S. Weather that aid for economical maintenance of snow removal, avalanche Bureau records. Tabulations of data show greatest fall in 24 hours. 1. Snowfall control on interstate highway through the mountains. Grade sepa­ !. Snow removal Maximum monthly totals and probability of occurence of dates, and -probabilities ration and route selection is stressed for avalanche control with -highways amounts. First fall and last fall with amounts and probability of traffic on both sides of canyons. occurrence. AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

I. Magnuson, M. D. I. Nicholson, R. I.

*Area Climatologist, USWB, Seattle, Wash. @ Abstract *District Maintenance Engineer, Calif. Dept. of Highways @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CDIIFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 402-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 404-63

AVALANCHE CONTROL ON BIGIIWAYS Catalogue No. INSTRUMENTATION FOR HYDROLOGIC MEASUREMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Catalogue No. 551.46: 624.182.3:625.7 551.579.2:621.398 AlWATER, MONTE M.* DUNCAN, D. L.* and WARNICK, C. C.** CRREL No. SIP 24748 CRREL No. SIP 24750 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 59-61 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 67-73 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 5 Plates A SUIIIIII8rization of avalanche control needs and procedures for SUBJECT INDEX structures, winter sports areas and trans-mountain highways is A progress report on electronic telemetering of hydrologic para­ SUBJECT INDEX presented. A description of a high altitude mining company avalanche 1. Avalanche meters is presented. Telemetering, circuitry are exhibited in control program is included. Comparisons of protection procedures -research diagrams and detailed explanations are given in the text. A radio­ 1. Telemetering are made and the economics of costs versus benefits derived are isotope snowgage, storage precipitation gage transducer, and a -hydrologic data analyzed. Five elements of avalanche control are outlined and ap- AUTBOR INDEX temperature transducer have been successfully operated for several plied to practical problems. years. AUTBOR INDEX I. Atwater, M. M. I. Duncan, D. L. II. Warnick, C. C.

*Avalanche Control Specialist, USFS, Squaw Valley, Calif. @ Abstract *and**Eng. Expt. Sta., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFEXENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 403-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 405-63

HIGHSPEED SNOW REMOVAL PROCEDURES Catalogue No. OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS OF STORAGE PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No. 624 .144 .553/. 55 TAYLOR, EDWAl!D T. * BILLONES, LOUIS* CRREL No. CRREL No. SIP 24749 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 62-66 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 74-76 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 2 Tables 1 Table

Problems presented by the growing need for quicker removal of SUBJECT INDEX A description of up-to-date operations of storage precipitation SUBJECT INDEX snow from airport runways and highways are presented. Long jet gages. The type and size of gage receptacle are mentioned, also runways and increased air traffic have complicated snow removal 1. Snow removal the non-corrosive coatings to withstand saline solutions. Up-to­ 1. Precipitation gages programs as has 4 lane divided highways. The technical aspect of -airport date anti-freeze solutions are suggested. Items to be included in snow removal is illustrated in tables and are analyzed in the text. -highway station description are tabulated. A discussion of the type of AUTHOR INDEX shields and construction and alignment are expressed. AUTHOR INDEX I. Billones, L.

I. Taylor, E. T.

*Vice-President, American Snowblast Corp. , Denver, Colo. @ Abstract *U.S. Weather Bureau, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 406-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 408-63

SNOW SURVEYS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES WITB THE AID OF SATELLITE Catalogue No. SNOW LINE MAPPING FROM HIGH ALTITUDE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Catalogue No. PICTURES 551.578.42:629.136.2 551.578.42:528.715 FELGENHAUER, HAROLD* TARBLE, RICHABD D.* CRREL No. SIP 24751 CRREL No. SIP 24752 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 87-93 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 77-80 Yosemite National Park, APril 17-19 3 Photographs; 1 Plate 13 Photographs Ultra modern aerial photography producing pictures of extremely SUBJECT INDEX A description and illustration of pictures taken from TIROS IV SUBJECT INDEX high resolution is described in detail. Remarkably fine detail is Weather Satellite are exhibited and details explained in the text. achieved with specially designed cameras and extremely sharp, high lo Snow line A possibility of delineating the area of snow cover in particular 1. Snow cover areas resolution lenses to cover a broad area are used. Highly controlled -measurement river basins is explained. Repeat pictures could be made available -mapping by satel­ photo processing, exceptional high grade negatives are used to pro­ 2. Aerial photography to compute rates of snowmelt. lite photographs duce reversed negatives for enlarging on rear view projectors for visual interpretation. The paper print method is seldom used be­ AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX cause of loss of resolution and sharpness.

I o Felgenhauer, H. I. Tarble, Ro D.

*U.S. Weather Bureau, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract *Itek Corporation, Palo Alto, Calif o @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 407-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 409-63

HYDROLOGIC DATA TELEMETRY IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS Catalogue No. AFTER SIXTEEN YEARS Catalogue No. 551.509 67:551.322:548.51 HANES , FRANK.* CRREL No. SCHAEFER, VINCENT J. * CRREL No. SIP 24753 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 81-86 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 94-97 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 4 Photographs; 2 Plates 17 References

A description of operational telemetering equipment used in SUBJECT INDEX A resume of weather modification research from the beginning in AUTHOR INDEX eastern and mid-west areas for reservoir control operations and 1949 through the rush of cloud seeders and State and Congressional for streamgaging stations. Highly sophisticated electronic circuits 1 o Telemetering debates with pro and con claims of weather consultants with statist!- 1. Weather modifica- and computers are used. Although costly to install, great savings -hydraulic data cal proofs of more or less precipitation to the continuing fact that tion - research are shown from data collected with remarkable accuracy and speed. powdered dry ice and silver iodide crystals form a nuclei about Circuitry diagrams and pictures of some of the component parts are AUTBOR INDEX which a raindrop can form provided there is moisture in the air or included to illustrate the procedures. cloud, and can trigger precipitation. Case histories of interesting AUTHOR INDEX I. Hanes, F. experiments and effects of triggering precipitation are cited. An imposing list of references are included. I. Schaefer, V. J.

*U.S. Amy Engineers, Waterways Expt. Sta., Vicksburg, Miss. @ Abstract *Research Consultant, ASRC @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 410-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 412-63

ABRUPT SHIFTS IN SEASONAL RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS AS BELATED TO CLOUD Catalogue No a THE PUBLIC AND WEATHER MODIFICATION Catalogue No. SEEDING ACTIVITIES 551.509.67:551.579.2 MORRIS, EDWARD A.* CRREL No. ELLIOTT, R. D.* and WALSER, J. T.** CRREL No. 24754 Pro c. WSC 1963: Pgs. 116-121 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 99-108 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 5 Tables; 3 Plates; 5 Graphs An urgent plea for education and public understanding of the SUBJECT INDEX possible benefits to be derived from weather modification research The double-mass curve procedure is applied to streamflow records SUBJECT INDEX and practical application of results by the public as well as a 1. Weather modifica­ for areas subjected to cloud seeding for as many as 10 years to show means of national security. 'lb.e need is shown for uniform and un­ tion - research a positive increase in run-off during those years of artificial 1. Weather modifies- complicated regulations governing weather modification practices 2. Weather modifica­ cloud seeding. Areas were tested in Utah, California and Oregon, tion - research and operations for private companies and State or Federal agencies. tion - legal all with positive shifts of the double-mass curve. A request is made for positive action before it is too late to act. aspects AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX I. Elliott, R. D. II. Walser, J. T. I. Morris, E. A.

*and**North American Weather Consultants, Santa Barbara, Calif. @ Abstract *Bronson, Bronson & McKinnon, San Francisco, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 411-63 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 413-63

INDICATIONS OF RESIDUAL EFFECTS FROM SILVER IODIDE RELEASED INTO THE Catalogue No. PRELIMINARY TESTS ON A NON-COMBUSTION TYPE OF SILVER IODIDE GENERATOR Catalogue No. 551.509 ATMOSPHERE 551. 509. 6 7 : 661. 85 7 • 35 67:661.857.35:621.51 SCHLEUSENER, RICHARD A.*; GRANT, LEWIS 0.**; STEELE, ROGER*** GRANT, LEWIS 0. * CRREL No. 24755 CRREL No. 24756 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 122-131 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 109-115 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19 2 Tables; 1 Photo; 1 Plate; 4 Graphs; 9 References 5 Tables; 2 Graphs; 6 References Silver iodide ice nuclei for cloud seeding are released by a SUBJECT INDEX A study of the movement of silver iodide particles after release SUBJECT INDEX newly designed anhydrous ammonia, silver iodide generator. No heat­ from generators is presented, together with analysis of residual ing the chemical powder or liquid by flame is required. A descrip­ 1. Weather modifica­ nucleating effect associated with cloud seeding over the Continental 1. Weather modifies- tion of the theory involved and workings of the generator is given. tion - research Divide in Colorado. Ice nuclei concentrations were measured with a tion - research A description of actual applications together with data on number 2. Weather modifica­ diffusion type cold chamber from 1954 to March 1960, then with a of nuclei generated per gram of silver iodide is included together tion -.nucleation expansion type chamber from 1959 to date. Measurements were schedul- with economics of operation. ed at non-seeding intervals; non-seeding days after and during seed- AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX ing periods and non-seeding intervals of six months. Data and graphs illustrate the analysis of information gathered. I. Grant, L. 0. I. Schleusener, R.A. II. Grant, L. 0. III. Steele, R.

*Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract *,**,***Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract . WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 414-63

1IUMAN ATTITUDES IN SNOW SCIENCE Catalogue No.

ROCKWOOD, DAVID M. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1963: Pgs. 132-135 Yosemite National Park, April 17-19

A talk dealing with the philosophy and reasoning applied to SUBJECT INDEX physical occurrences represented by mathematical relationships. The snow scientist is urged to consider his responsibilities as a pro­ 1. Snow - humanities fessional engineer serving others in this type of artistry through crt'ative thinking and maintaining a humble attitude with respect AUTHOR INDEX to our basic scientific knowledge. I. Rockwood, D. M.

*Hydraulic Engineer, USCE, North Pacific Div., Portland, Ore. @ Abstract WI!STERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 415-64 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 417-64

AN ECONOMICAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION TJ!LEMI!TERING SYSTEM Catalogue No. 551.508 DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RIVER BASIN MODEL Catalogue No. 77:528.47:621.398 551.579.2:528.47 CBADWICK, DUANE G.* and PEARSON, GREGORY L.** HANNAFORD, JACK F. * CRREL No. SIP 24269 CRREL No. SIP 24271 Proc.· WSC 1964: Pgs. 1-8 Nelson, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 2D-26 Nelson, B. c., April 21-13 1 Table; 1 Photograph; 3 Plates; 3 Graphs; 1 Reference 3 Graphs; Formula Development; 5 References

A progress report is presented dealing with a telemetering system SUBJECT INDEX A new approach to developing a water supply forecasting procedure SUBJECT INDEX for collecting precipitation data from remotely located shielded is presented. Use is made of an electronic computer programing for storage precipitation gages in Utah. The system consists of a large 1. Telemetering 20 years of records and including at least 9 variables consisting 1. Water supply fore­ capacity rain gage, charged with anti-freeze solution and mounted -precipitation data of streamflow by months, precipitation by months and antecedent casting on a tower with shield. The gage is supported on a central spring streamflow at six gaging stations. TWo river basins were selected 2. Electric computer support with potentiometer attached for varying the frequency of a to try the system, one of low elevation headwaters where rainfall battery operated transistor radio transmitting system. The radio is the predominent source of supply, and a second with high eleva­ is read by over-flight airplane 5000 to 7000 feet above the instru­ tion where the source of supply is largely from melting snowpack. ments. The present system is in continuous operation; however an These basins were to represent the digital model. The general equa­ AUTHOR INDEX 'On Call' system is being developed and would be triggered by opera­ AUTHOR INDEX tion: Inflow minus outflow equals change in storage, was expanded tion from the airplane. Successful operation data are exhibited in and used as a basis for computation of factors for the model basin. I. Hannaford, J. F. three graphs. Cost estimates are included with pictures and sche­ I. Chadwick, D. G. matic diagrams of the system are shown. II. Pearson, G. L. Discussion by Glenn H. Castle. III. Castle, G. H;

*Utah State University, Logan, Utah **Soil Conservation Service, Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract *USWB, River Forecast Center, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 416-64 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 418-64

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SNOW SURVEY AND CLIMATOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS Catalogue No. FISHERIES MANAGI!MENT OF YELLOWSTONE LAKE, WYOMING AS RELATED TO Catalogue No. 551.579 551.578.42:551.506 WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING 2:528.47:639.2 (78) McKAY, G. A. CRREL No. SIP 24270 FARNES, PHILLIP E.* and BULKLEY, ROSS V. ** CRREL No. SIP 24272 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 9-19 Nelson, B. C., April 21-23 2 Tables; 1 Map; 8 Graphs; 10 References Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 27-32 Nelson, B. C., April 21-23 1 Map; 3 Graphs; 8 References Snow survey data on the canadian Great Plains are compared with SUBJECT INDEX snow precipitation measurements made at meteorological stations in A unique application of water supply forecasting is developed for SUBJECT INDEX the same area. The data are found to vary with the exposure of the 1. Snow surveys predicting the rise of Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National rain gage location and or exposure of the snow course location. Net Plains area Park, as effecting the growth or decline in the production of cut­ 1. Water supply fore­ evaporation of the shallow snowpack is explored. Degree-day snow­ 2. Meteorology throat trout. The need for such foreknowledge is shown in a dis­ casting melt relationships are based on maximum daily air temperature. -temperature cussion of fisheries management procedures. The forecasting pro­ 2. Fisheries mgmt. Seasonal variability controlled by 'Threshold Temperatures' (that cedure was first derived graphically and later refined by electronic temperature above which melting tends to occur and below which AUTHOR INDEX computer, multiple correlation procedures to use 4 independent vari­ AUTHOR INDEX melting is not likely to occur). These computations gave good re­ ables, height and date of peak rise in the lake are forecast accu­ sults in relation to the snowpack budget. I. McKay, G. A. rately. I. Farnes, P. E. Discussion by Donald W. Kuehl. II. Kuehl, D. w. In discussion Mr. c. H. Clay covers other factors effecting fish­ II. Bulkley, R. V. eries .management and stream control. III. Clay, C. H.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Mont. **Bureau of Sports Fisheries & Wildlife, Yanktown, S. D. @ Abstract *Meteorological Branch, Canada Dept. of Transport @ Abstract WESTI!RN SNOW CONFI!RENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 419-64 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 421-64

THE LITTLE USED THIRD DIMENSION catalogue No. LARGE SCALE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AFFECTING FLOODS ON THE FRASER catalogue No. 551.579 551.579.2:528.47 RIVER 2.4:551.509. 3(*41) PECK, EUGENE L. * CRREL No. SIP 24273 BRUCE, J. P.* CRREL No. SIP 24275 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 33-40 Nelson, B. c., April 21-13 1 Table; 3 Graphs; 26 References Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 44-51 Nelson, B. C., April 21-23 2 Tables; 7 Maps; 4 Graphs; 3 References A brief review of papers presented at the Western Snow Conference SUBJECT INDEX over the past 10 years on statistical approaches for solving pro­ A discussion of meteorological conditions existing in the upper SUBJECT INDEX blems in snow hydrology. Seasonal and long-term variations in high 1. Water supply fore­ air masses prior to and duTing flood periods of the FTaser River in elevation - low elevation ratios or winter precipitation amounts casting British Columbia, along with ground observations is presented. Pro­ 1 • Meteorological for selected stations in the western states are analyzed. The pos­ longed periods of below freezing tem.peratuTes dragging into late -research program sible effects of such fluctuations on the indices commonly used in AUTHOR INDEX spring and then sudden rises in temperature are the main causes of 2. Flood snow hydrology studies are discussed. flooding on the Fraser River. Conclusions are drawn to show the -snowmelt I. Peck, E. L. need for more detailed research into long term (30 to 90) day weather foTecasting especially temperature changes for predicting AUTHOR INDEX . flood stages downstream. Maps, weather charts and tables illustrate the meteorological conditions pertaining to flood periods. I. Bruce, J. P.

*Hydrologist in charge, Water Supply Forecast Unit, USWB, Salt Lake City, Utah Author Abstract *Meteorological Branch, Dept. of TTansport, Toronto, Canada @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 420-64 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 422-64

A SEARCH FOR THE LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR OF RUNOFF FORECASTING catalogue No. EVAFORATION FROM A WINTER SNOW COVER IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST Catalogue No. 551.578 551.579.2:528.47 ZONE 462 :536.422(78) MITCHELL, W. BRUCE* CRREL No. SIP 24274 BERGEN, JAMES D.* and SWANSON, ROBERT B.** CRREL No. SIP 24276 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 41-43 Nelson, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 52-58 Nelson, B. c., April 21-23 A discussion of the various factors involved in water supply SUBJECT INDEX 3 Tables; Formula Development; 7 References forecasting is presented with emphasis placed on present day con­ cepts of possible ways to improve basic data collection methods. 1. Water supply fore­ Evaporation from a snowpack during winter temperatures is measured SUBJECT INDEX An appeal is made for expansion of networks of all types of factor casting in an attempt to satisfy a theoretical energy balance formula of measuring stations, towards an ultimate aim of obtaining accurate factors involved. Field laboratory equipment is used to test the 1. Snow - evaporation data of all factors from water producing weather, consumptive uses AUTHOR INDEX theoretical computations. Formula derivation and data from field 2. Snow - research and return flows for further use. tests are shown. Explanations of the methods and procedures are I. Mitchell, w. B. discussed together with an analysis of the problems. AUTHOR INDEX A discussion by Mr. David M. Rockwood substantiates the theory involved and suggestions are offered. I. Bergen, J. D. II. Swanson, R. H. Ill. Rockwood, D. M.

*and**Rocky Mtn. Forest & Range Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract *Studies Engineer, Idaho Power Co., Boise, Idaho @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 423-64 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 425-64

RBLATIVE IMPORTANCE OF liEATIIER FACTORS CREATING SLAB AVALANCHES catalogue No. 551.578 SPILLWAY DESIGN FOR THE PROPOSED RAMPART CANYON DAM Catalogue No. IN COLORADO 481.482:551.583. (78) 626.8 :479.2(78) DUNCAN, WALTER W.* JUDSON, ARTHUR* CRREL No. SIP 24277 CRREL No. SIP 24279 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 84-92 Nelson, B. C., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 6Q-67 Nelson, B. c., April 21-23 6 Tables; 1 Map; 7 Graphs; 7 References 5 Tables; 2 Plates; 9 References Hydrologic data pertaining to the 200,000 square mile Yukon SUBJECT INDEX Slab avalanches experienced at Berthoud Pass, Colorado are de­ SUBJECT INDEX River basin above the proposed Rampart Canyon Dam in Alaska are scribed and classified into categories. Weather factors involved analyzed for maximum possible flood to be used in spillway design. 1. Snowmelt - research in the formation of slab avalanches are delineated. Avalanche in­ 1 • Avalanche Short periods of records from a minimum number of stream gaging 2. Spillway design formation and causal factors are listed in tables together with -research stations and climatological stations are utilized. Snowmelt equa­ text narration. Wind velocity and persistence during and after tions developed by the Cooperative Snow Investigations program of snowfall is shown to be the moat important factor involved. AUTHOR INDEX the Army and Weather Bureau are applied. Probable maximum precip­ itation theories developed by the hydrometeorological section USWB I. Judson, A. are used on the 21 principal tributaries, to determine the possible maximum flood. All data was processed by electronic digital com­ AUTHOR INDEX puter to develop the storage and flood routing equations. Tables and graphs illustrate the reconstructed hydrographs. I. Duncan, W. W. Discussion by R. E. Lindgren. II. Lindgren, R. E.

*Rocky Mtn. Forest & Range Espt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract *Hydrologist, Alaska District, USCE, Anchorage, Alaska @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 424-64 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 426-64

A PROPOSED SNOW COURSE AND METEOROLOGICAL NETWORK FOR THE COLUMBIA catalogue No. 551.579 A SNOW COURSE NETWORK FOR ALASKA AND THE RAMP ART PROJECT catalogue No. BASIN IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 528.47(*41) 551.578.42:528 .42(49) FREEMAN, T. G.* BDNTER, BARRY I • * CRREL No. SIP 24278 CRREL No. SIP 24280 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 93-98 Nelson, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1964: Pgs. 68-83 Nelson, B. c., April 21-23 1 Table; 1 Map 4 Tables; 3 Graphs; 7 Maps; 3 References Snow survey courses and snow depth markers network are reported SUBJECT INDEX An evaluation of the existing network of hydrologic data collect­ SUBJECT INDEX to be in use at some 49 locations throughout various river basins ing stations in the Columbia Basin is made. In view of recent in­ in Alaska. The data are to be used primarily for flood control pro­ 1. Snow survey crease needs for forecasting water supply voltDDes to be regulated 1. Snow survey jects anticipated by the Corps of Engineers and power development course network behind large dams and great reservoirs requires more detailed data. -course network by the Bureau of Reclamation. The State Dept. of Fish and Game and Recommendations are made for expanding the existing network. the Forest Service are cooperating in the establishment and main­ AUTHOR INDEX tenance of the courses and other hydrological data measuring sta­ tions. New problems in snow surveying are presented in the wide I. Hunter, H. I. expanse of Alaskan wilderness, extreme cold, bad weather and poor visibility during the winter and spring months. The actual snow measurement of low density snow on frozen ground presents a problem of redesign of sampling equipment. A gradual expansion of the net­ AUTHOR iNDEX work is planned for the Rampart Dam project in cooperation with the Canadian Government. I. Freeman, T. G.

*Chief, Hydrology Div. B. c. Water Resources, Victoria, B. C. @ Abstract *Staff Engineer, SCS, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 42 7-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 429-65

SNOWPACK, PRECIPITATION AND WATER SUPPLY FORECAST OUTLOOK FOR Catalogue No. SNOW COMPACTION METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM RAIN OR SNOW Catalogue No. WESTERN UNITED STATES 1964-65 SEASON CRREL No. BERTLE, FREDERICK A.* CRREL No. SHANNON, WILLIAM G. * and CHRISTENSEN, EDDIE G.** Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 11-18 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 1-7 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 20-22 3 Tables; 1 Photo; 3 Plates; 2 Graphs 1 Plate; 4 Maps A description of a water budget method used in inflow design flood SUBJECT INDEX Shannon: The exceptionally heavy snowpack of the 1964-65 season SUBJECT INDEX studies to account for the effect of a fresh snowpack on the runoff is described with data in the text, accompanied by a series of 24 from rain and snowmelt in the mountainous areas of the Western U. S. 1. Snowpack color slides of snow conditions at snow survey courses (not dupli­ 1. Snowpack and is presented. The parameters used in the method were derived from -analysis cated in the paper). Reservoir storage as of April first in the precipitation a laboratory experiment and were checked by analysis of a large flood 2. Snowmelt & runoff Western United States is shown graphically and in tabulation for -analysis in california. The unique feature of the method is the evaluation 3. Snowmelt & floods large reservoirs. Prospective streamflow for the April-Sept. runoff 2. Water supply fore- of the amount of compaction (or shrinkage) in a fresh snowpack that period is depicted on a composite map of the Westetrn States. casts results from the metamorphosis of the snow crystals when water is Christensen: A description of weather conditions and precipita­ 3. Flood damage report added. The snow crystals in a fresh snowpack undergo changes, as tion patterns for the 1964-65 season is presented in the form of free water is added, that results in a shrinkage (or compaction) of isohyetal maps of the Western States, covering 3 separate periods; the snowpack. Free water is retained in the snowpack until the October-January; Feb.-March; and Oct.-March. A fourth map shows AUTHOR INDEX threshold density is attained. Subsequent melting releases this the percent of average forecast of streamflow for the water year. free water. The procedure described, which uses a water budget based Some facts relative to the Christmas flood 1964 of Northern Calif­ l. Shannon, W. G. on the concept of snow compaction and a threshold density, has been AUTHOR INDEX ornia and Western Oregon are presented. 11. Christensen, E. G. a valuable aid in our design flood studies to estimate runoff from a design condition of wam rain on a relatively fresh snowpack. I. Bertle, F. A.

*SCS, Engineering Dept., Washington, D. C. **USWB, River Center, Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, USBR, Denver, Colorado Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 428-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 430-65

RESEARCH ON SNOW HYDROLOGY catalogue No. ROLE OF SNOWMELT AND SNOWPACK STORAGE IN PRODUCTION OF RUNOFF ON Catalogue No. FEATHER RIVER BASIN DURING DECEMBER 1955 FLOOD KELLEY, L. L.* CRREL No. CRREL.No. RIESEL, H. S.*; HUNSAKER, L. M.**; MAHONEY, D. G.*** Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 8-10 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 20-22 2 References Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 19-28 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 1 Table; 1 Map; 8 Graphs; 5 References A discussion of hydrologic factors involved in producing snowmelt SUBJECT INDEX runoff towards water supply or flood development is presented. Fore­ An evaluation of snowpack and snowmelt factors effecting flood SUBJECT INDEX casting methods and forecast accuracy are questioned with a plea 1. Snow hydrology producing runoff volumes on the Feather River, California during for additional research into the possibility of measuring all fac­ -research December 1955. Basic data include a description of weather occur­ 1. Snoemelt analysis tors involved more accurately. The lack of public knowledge as to 2. Economics rences, snowpack, and watershed conditions together with potential 2 . Snowmelt f load the cost of water supply and the need for more understanding should snowmelt on snowpack compaction densities. Seven potential factors be overcome. More basic data can be collected from isolated loca­ are listed for snowmelt equation, to obtain daily volumes of runoff tions by instruments coupled to modern telemetering equipment. in inches per day. The basin is divided into 100 foot elevation Money for such an elaborate network of stations could be obtained zones to assess the basin constants according to forest cover, also AUTHOR INDEX by sufficient publicity and a better understanding of the needs and AUTHOR INDEX to form a basis for computation of the main snowpack area when the cost of fresh water throughout the nation. More accurate forecasts threshold density of 45% is reached and the lip-drainage at the I. Riesel, H. S. could be assured by the inclusion of accurate and more basic data. l. Kelley, L. L. edge of the pack is in progress. Resulting computations are shown II. Hunsaker, L. M. in tables and graphs together with conclusions. III. Mahoney • D. G.

*Chief Hydrologist, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland @ Abstract *Chief Hydrologist, Bechtel Corporation **and***Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 431-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 433-65

MT. ROOD PRESSURE PILLOW SNOW GAGE Catalogue No. APPLICATION OF RADAR TO SNOW SURVEYING catalogue No.

BEAlJMONT, ROBERl' T. * CRREL No. GRANT, LEWIS, 0. *; MARWITZ, J. D.**; THOMPSON, C. W. *** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 29-35 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 42-48 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 20-22 2 Tables; 1 Photo; 3 Graphs; 2 Plates; 2 References 1 Table; Formula development; 3 References

At Mt. Hood, Oregon the Soil Conservation Service has developed SUBJECT INDEX Many problems exist in the use of radar for snow surveying and SUBJECT INDEX and conducted evaluation tests of the pressure pillow approach to considerable research is being carried on in several countries. measuring the water content of the snowpack. The evaluation has 1. Instrumentation However at the present time many valuable factors can be measured 1. Radar indicated this method to be a practical and accurate method of -snow pressure and are described: onset time; duration; intensity with time; -snowpack measure­ measuring the equivalent water content of the snow~ Installation pillow direction of movement; rate of movement variation with the snow area; ment procedures are described and shown. Comparisons between snow water 2. Telemetering total snowfall and probably some information on size and shape of equivalent by pressure pillow data and snow sampling are tabulated. 3. Avalanche control particles. With most equipment currently available, the maximum A schematic diagram is shown of the recording and telemetering 4. Pressure pillow usable range for most snowfalls of the type experienced in the Rockies devices by which a continuous record is made of the snowpack accumu­ is in range of 5 to 10 miles. Scope integration techniques are avail­ lation and ablation; thus providing accurate data for streamflow able to integrate accumulations over moderate sized watersheds. Radar forecasting and snowmelt computations. When installed above ava­ AUTHOR INDEX can be particularly valuable in detemining the representativeness AUTHOR INDEX lanche terl'ain such data would be valuable for avalanche prediction of spot snow tube or pillow observations. Radar can also provide a and safety controL I. Beaumont, R. T. unique tool for summarizing the rate of accumulation at all stages I. Grant, L. 0. of snowpack developments. Formula development and data are shown in II. Marwitz, J. D. the text. III. Thompson, c. W.

*and**Colorado State Univ., Port Collins, Colo. *Staff Specialist, Snow Surveys, SCS, Portland, Ore. Author Abstract ***Colorado Public Schools, Port Collins, Colo. Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 432-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 434-65

TELEMETERING PRECIPITATION GAGES FOR REMOTE AREAS Catalogue No. MOUNTAIN VERSUS SEA LEVEL RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS DURING STORMS AT Catalogue No. JUNEAU, ALASKA CASTLE, GLENN H.* CRREL No. CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 36-41 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 MURPHY, THOMAS D.* and SCIIAMACR, SEYMOUR** 2 Tables; 2 Graphs; 11 Construction drawings Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 49-57 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 The precipitation gage described is designed especially for use Str.BJECT INDEX 4 Tables; 2 Photos; 1 Plate; 1 Graph in remote areas where precipitation occurs as rain, snow, or a com­ bination of both, and where accumulation may be 100 inches or more 1. Instrumentation Rainfall intensity measurements are made at 3400 feet above sea SUBJECT INDEX between visits, which may be made only once or twice a year. Design -precipitation level on Mt. Juneau and at sea level at Juneau, Alaska. Three and emphasis has been on simplicity and reliability in order to provide gage six hourly amounts are compared and shown in tabulations. A descrip­ 1. Instrumentation a system which can be maintained with a minimum use of highly skilled 2. Telemetering tion of meteorological and topographic elements in the area is pre­ -precipitation personneL A gas bubble system is provided to assist in mixing the sented. Recording gages designed for the work are described, also gages precipitation with an initial charge of ethelene glycol to inhibit operation and installation. Conclusions indicate that the normal freezing and help melt incoming snow. Towers are designed for max­ annual precipitation at the 3400 foot elevation site is about 3.27 AUTHOR INDEX imum strength combined with lightweight and easy installation. The times that at sea level and probably about 285 inches. radio communication system which provides on-call operation and AUTHOR INDEX I. Murphy, T. D. uses solar cells to trickle charge the battery power supply is II. Schamach, S. described. Operating problems and site selection are discussed. I. Castle, G. H.

*Supervisory Hydraulic Engineer, USCE, Sacramento, Calif. Author Abstract *Hydraulic Engr. ,**Meteorologist, USBR, Denver, Colorado @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 435-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 437-65

ESTIMATING PRECIPITATION ON A REMOTE HEADWATER AREA OF WEATERN ALASKA Catalogue No. SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT IN RELATION TO TERRAIN IN WET AND DRY YEARS Catalogue No.

CURRY, G. E.* and MANN, A. S.** CRREL No. ANDERSON, HENRY W. * and WEST, ALLAN J. ** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 58-66 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 73-82 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 20-22 1 Table; 3 Maps; 4 Graphs; 2 References 5 Tables; 2 Drawings; Graphs; 18 References

An extensive network of storage precipitation gages covering the SUBJECT INDEX A report of an analysis of snow survey data from 163 snow courses SUBJECT INDEX upper reaches of the Saskatchewan River system is described in in the Central Sierra Nevada in California is presented. The analysis detail. Recent developments have increased the network to include 1. Precipitation gage uses factor analysis and principal component regression analysis 1. Snow survey snow survey courses in the higher elevations. Analysis of existing network and includes recommendations for the location of snow survey courses courses records has made possible the adjustment of data for under-catch 2. Precipitation data that will better fit the terrain and produce better analysis of run­ -research at the storage gages, due to wind effects. Normal isohyetal maps analysis off. Definitions of 37 variables considered in the analysis are tab­ -location covering the area have been constructed. Double mass diagrams and ulated with symbols, means and standard deviations. Snow water statistical methods were employed for this adjustment of data. AUTHOR INDEX equivalent for March 1, April 1, and May 1, for the years of 1958, Precipitation elevation relationships were also taken into account. 1959, and 1960 were used as dependent variables. The principal com­ I. Curry, G. E. ponents of analysis were made to answer two questions, (1) what is II. Mann, A. S. the relation of snow to simple terrain variables, with respect to different years; (2) what factors contribute most towards explain­ ing differences in snow between snow courses. The text describes AUTHOR INDEX electronic computer readout tables and graphical representation of data relationship, also factors related to the best probable loca­ I. Anderson, H. W. tion of snow survey courses. II. West, A. J.

*Forester, Eastern Rockies Conservation Board **Meteorological Officer, Meteorological Branch, Dept. of Transport @ Abstract *and**U.S. Forest Service Expt. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 436~65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 438-65

SOIL MOISTURE DATA AS A FORECASTING VARIABLE Catalogue No. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION Catalogue No.

STOCKWELL, HOMER J. * CRREL No. RAPP, DR. ROBERT R.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 67-72 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 83-87 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 1 Plate; 3 References 2 Graphs; 3 References

A review of experiences with soil moisture stations using Colman SUBJECT INDEX In considering the modification of weather, two obvious but SUBJECT INDEX Units over a ten year period in mountain areas of the Western States easily under emphasized, necessities are (1) to set forth clearly is presented. The purpose of the units is to obtain data on soil 1. Soil moisture and completely the nature of the need that is being filled and (2) 1. Weather modifica­ moisture conditions under the snowpack and use such data as a fore­ -measurement to align planning with forecasting. An illustration is given of tion - economic casting variable in relation to snow water content. The installations 2. Water supply fore- situations in which augmentation of rainfall would and would not aspects have been reasonably satisfactory from a mechanical standpoint; that casting be prudent. Another shows that actually controlling the weather is, they have performed generally without failure. One of the pro­ would differ in utility from merely precipitating a larger fraction AUTHOR INDEX blems has been a satisfactory operational procedure for converting of water from clouds than nature would. resistance readings from the units into a measure of soil moisture. I. Rapp, Dr. R. R. As a forecasting variable, the value of soil moisture data is still open to question. In some locations soil moisture data has been of AUTHOR INDEX definite value. Guidelines for future installations and continued tests are suggested. I. Stockwell, H. J.

*Water Supply Forecasting Branch, SCS, Portland, Ore. Author Abstract

*The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. Author Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 439-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 441-65

LEGAL ASPECTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION Catalogue No. EVALUATION OF WEATHER MODIFICATION Catalogue No.

OPPENHEIMER, JACK C.* CRREL No. KAHAN, DR. ARCHIE M.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 88-93 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 2D-22 Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 97-99 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 20-22

Man • s interventions in Nature's atmospheric process result in SUBJECT INDEX A review of various procedures of evaluating the effects of SUBJECT INDEX interventions in his socio-economic, political and legal processes. weather modification operations used in past years is presented. The legal aspects of weather modification are not as tangible as !. Weather modifica- Indications are the operators have made elaborate claims by simple 1. Weather modifica- water rights legal rules and regulations. Although 22 States have tion - legal comparisons of precipitation data from the target area after seed- tion regulations dealing with weather modification, there have been only aspects ing and the average precipitation from past years of record. In some -evaluation 6 court cases on record of which 5 were decided in favor of the cases average isohyetal maps have been used. Such tests are thought weather modification operator. These cases are explained in the to be extremely insensitive to show the desired effects. Statisti- text of the paper. Attempts are underway to set up State, intra­ AUTHOR INDEX cal methods using multiple regression analysis and based on result- state, and Federal regulations to govern and license weather ing inflow to reservoirs or streamflow is more practicable and modification operators either for profit or research. I. Oppenheimer, J. c. protects against bias. With all evaluations certain assumptions must be made, either statistical, or physical processes. Seven necessary assumptions are listed for consideration. Reference is made to reports by the Advisory Committee on Weather Modification AUTHOR INDEX and The National Science Foundation Reports on weather modifica- tion, of which 195 references on the subject are listed. I. Kahan, Dr. A. M.

*Executive Secretary, Special Commission on Weather Modification, National Science Foundation Author Abstract *Atmospheric Physical Scientist, USBR, Denver, Colo. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 440-65 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 442-65

PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION catalogue No. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION Catalogue No.

SQUIRES, DR. PATRICK* CRREL No. ZOPF, DAVID 0. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 94-96 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1965: Pgs. 100-108 Colorado Springs, Colo., April 20-22 1 Map Successful weather modification (cloud seeding or rain making) SUBJECT INDEX is brought about by either of two processes. (1) by coagulation Engineering problems associated with the conception, design, SUBJECT INDEX of moisture droplets in the cloud by use of pulverized dry ice, 1. Weather modifica­ field operations and data processing of weather modification or (2) by use of silver iodide smoke particles that have the tion - research program. Examples taken from the Bureau of Reclamation program at 1. Weather modifica- property of nucleating ice partiCles in the clouds. There must be Steamboat Springs, Colorado, with particular emphasis on snow­ tion abundant moisture or moisture laden clouds in order to produce rate sensor and diffusion instrumentation. -engineering artificial rain or to trigger the process of rainfall. Research aspects dealing with the physical properties of the most likely cloud formations and atmospheric conditions for successful weather AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX modification has been carried on in the past, is still continuing, and must be extended into the future. I. Squires, Dr. P. I. Zopf, D. 0.

*National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo. Author Abstract *Vice President, E. Bollay Associates Inc., Boulder. Colo. Author Abstract WESTEllll SNOW COIIFERI!IICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 443-65

NATIONAL FOREST WATER YIELD MANAGEMENT IN ALPINE AND SUB-ALPINE AREAS Catalogue No.

LONEI!RGER, THOMAS E.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC. 1965: Pgs. 109-112 Colorado Springs, Colo. , April 2Q-22

A program of barometer watersheds will provide the basis for: (1) SUBJECT INDEX determining the effect of management practices on hydrologic behavior, (2) developing and refining watershed precipitation, (3) 1. Watershed mgmt. making water yield predictions, and (4) comparing predictions with -research actual performance. The Lake Creek Barometer watershed is described as an alpine and sub-alpine watershed. The proposed instrumentation of this watershed to measure hydrologic factors is explained. The water yield improvements which may be used on the watershed are outlined. These include improvements in water quality, water yield, and water yield timing. The barometer watershed program will deter­ mine the feasibility of using techniques originated by research on AUTHOR INDEX a project basis. It will also provide a basis for appraising cost­ benefit relationships. I. Lonberger, T. E.

*Watershed Specialist, San Isabel Nat. Forest, Pueblo, Colo. Author Abstract WESTERN SHOll CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 444-66 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC · No. 446-66

SOIL MOISTURE MEAS1JREMI!MT IN WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELTING IN Catalogue No. FORESTED AND CUT-OVER AREAS OF THE CROWSNEST FOREST PLETCHER, JOEL E.* CRREL No. CRREL No. STANTON, C. R. * Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. l-2 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 3 References Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 7-12 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 4 Tables; 2 Graphs; 7 References the several known instruments and procedures for measuring the SUJIJECT INDEX moisture in the soil under a blanket of snow are taken up in detail An analysis of the effects of vegetation changes on water yield SUBJECT INDEX with discussion. Neutron scattering; resistance method with porous l. Soil moisture from block-cut and un-cut timber areas. Snow accumulation and water blocks; capacitance method; colman blocks; fiberglass and monel -instruments content are measured by snow survey course and standard sampling l. Forest mgmt. metal with temperature cell; thermal radiation units; gravity 2. Water supply fore­ procedures. Courses were stratigically located as to cut and un-cut -snow accumulation sample method; air hUIIlidity; heat conductivity; tensiometer&. The casting areas on different slopes, aspect and altitude. An attempt is made -snowmelt procedure in which this soil priming factor is used in water supply -soU moisture to establish a pattern of snow accumulation and melting in adjacent 2. Forest cutting forecasting is explained, as one of the important variables for the cut-over areas and un-cut areas with regard to aspect. Details of regression or correction to snow survey or precipitation data. AUTHOR INDEX methods are explained and the data collected are analyzed in the AUTHOR INDEX summary of tables and graphs. I. Fletcher, J. E. I. Stanton, C. R.

*Professor Hydrology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah @ Abstract *Research Officer, Canada Dept. of Forestry, Calgary, Alberta @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 445-66 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 44 7-66

SNOW ACCUMULATION Catalogue No. THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM FOR THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL DECADE Catalogue No . WITH EMPHASIS ON SNOW AND ICE BEAUMONT, ROBERT T. * CRREL No. CRREL No. MEIER, MARK F.* Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 3-6 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 5 References Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 13-16 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 2 References A summary of the various procedures of measuring the snow water SUBJECT INDEX equivalent is presented; the standard rain gage; the wide mouth The International Hydrological Decade, 1965-67 is a scientific SUBJECT INDEX rain gage; standard snow survey sampling tubes; large diameter l. Snow water program aimed at increasing our understanding of the international Prairie sampler; shielded storage precipitation gages; radio-active equivalent and continental aspects of the hydrologic cycle. '11le United States J. Snow - hydrology snow gage; pressure pillow and pressure platform. All types are 2. Snow density program includes research on global water and water-borne materials, 2. Snow - research described and the various accuracy, advantages and disadvantages measurement studies of experimental and representative basis, educational and are discussed. Quotations are presented from the several references. training activities, topical research projects, and supporting The sharpness of the steel cutter on the standard snow survey AUTHOR INDEX activities. The program in snow and ice focuses on an inventory of sampling tube is apparently the most efficient way to increase the perennial and annual snow and ice masses, measurement of glacier AUTHOR INDEX accuracy of measuring snow water equivalent. I. Beaumont, R. T. variation, and heat, mass, and water budget measurements in select- . ed representative glacier basins. I. Meier, M. F.

*Project Mgr., E. Bollay Associates, Hyak, Wash. @ Abstract *U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash. Author Abstract .WESTERN SNDII CONFI!RENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 448-66 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 450-66

FREE WATER CONTENT OF SNOWPACK IN SUB-ALPINE AREAS Catalogue No. RADIATION INSTlUJIII!IITS Catalogue No.

LEAF, CBAIILES F. * CRREL No. SEADERS, JOHN* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 17-24 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1966 : Pgs. 32-38 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 7 References; 8 Figures 2 Sketches; 1 Graph

Snowpac::k conditions were observed for the period Januacy 14 to SUBJECT INDEX Solar radiation and the several wave lengths that reach the earths SUBJECT INDEX Hay 20, 1965 at the Fraser Experimental Forest near FraseT, Colo. surface are explained and discussed. The various radiation energy Temperature, density, cold content, and moisture deficit were 1. Snow - research components are explained and shown graphically. Short wave radiation 1. Solar radiation measured during this period. The freezing calorimeteric method was 2. Snowmelt measuring instruments are listed and their working components are 2. Instrumentations used to measure thermal quality in several layers of the snow cover. -research explained. Their range of sensitivity and uses are discussed. -radiation During the four diurnal sequences observed, the fluctuations of (a) The Eppley Pyrheliometer: (b) The Solarimeter (Kipp and Zonen): free water were directly correlated with air temperature 3 feet (c) Pyrheliograph (Belfort Inst. Co.): (d) Handheld Radiometer above the snow surface. This suggests that snowpack conditions dur­ (General Electric): (e) Actinometer (Kipp and Zonen): (f) Net ing active melt can be estimated from the temperature regime on a Radiometers - Total Radiometers; 1. Thomthwait Assoc, Net Radio­ watershed. The maximum free water content observed during clear meter; 2. Beckman and Whitley Net Radiometer; Economical Net Radio­ weather melt was 12 percent by weight. During cloudy conditions meter (Tanner Cell); Longwave Radiation Measuring Instruments (IT-#3 with light snow and rain, free water contents did not exceed 8 per­ AUTHOR INDEX Barnes Engineering Co. AUTHOR INDEX cent. The water holding capacity of the snowpack varied from 3 to 5 A list of probable costs of these various instruments is shown as percent by weight during the snowmelting period. I. Leaf, c. F. of 1966. I. Seaders, J.

*Hydraulic Engineer, USFS, Fort Collins, Colo. Author Abstract *Asst. Professor Civil Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Or. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNDII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 449-66 WESTEEN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 451-66

SOME PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN DRY SNDII AS SEEN IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Catalogue No. TRACE ELEMENTS AND TRACE RADIONUCLIDE COMPOSITION OF SNOW AND RAIN Catalogue No.

KEELER, CBAIILES M. * and RAMSEIER, RENE 0. ** CRREL No. PERKINS, R. W. * and ENGELMANN, R. J. ** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1966 : Pgs. 25-31 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 39-48 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 7 Plates; 16 References 6 Tables; 8 Plates; 7 References

Recent laboratory experiments and field work in the Antarctic SUBJECT INDEX A discussion of the minute particles of trace elements and trace SUBJECT INDEX have been conducted by various investigators at USA CRREL in an radionuclides found in snow flakes and rain droplets as they reach attempt to define some of the physical processes occurring in dry snow. 1. Snow the earths surface is presented. The measurement of these particles 1. Snow analysis The primary emphasis of this work has been to relate the strength -compression is described together with a brief description of recent develop­ -radiation of snow to such variables as time and temperature. This paper re­ 2. Snow - quality ments of highly sophisticated Multidimensional Gamma Ray Spectro­ views the results of this work and suggests some applications in meters are included. The possibility of detecting radioactive areas of deep seasonal snow cover. nuclides from an atomic explosion and the type of material used is It is admittedly true that the measurement of unconfined com­ explained. Also the detection of silver iodide particles from cloud AUTHOR INDEX pressive strength is not an ideal test particularly in low density seeding operations is made possible by these new spectrometers. snow, however, it does have the advantage of being simple to per- AUTHOR INDEX Tables listing elements are !exhibited together with a list of I. Perkins, R. W. form. It is to be hoped that other strength parameters can also be seven references for further study. II. Engelmann, R. J. related to the important variables so that accurate predictions I. Keeler, C. M. can be made about the state of a snow cover. II. Ramseier, R. 0.

*and**U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H. Author Abstract *and**Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Wash. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 452-66 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 454-66

A NEW GENERATOR FOR SILVER IODIDE USING ISOPROPYLAMINE AS TBE CARRIER Catalogue No. GAMMA-TRANSMISSION PROFILING RADIOISOTOPE SNOW DENSITY AND DEPTB GAGE Catalogue No.

STEELE, ROGER L.* CRREL No. SMITB, JAMES L.* and WILLEN, DONALD W.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 49-56 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 69-77 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 1 Location Map; 3 Photos; I Plate; 3 Graphs 9 Figures; 6 References

A new .system for producing silver iodide ice nuclei is described. SUBJECT INDEX A radioisotope snow density gage is described. This procedure SUBJECT INDEX Isopropylamine, instead of ammonia, is employed as the carrier. measures the snow water content and depth of the snowpack as fre­ Silver iodide complexes readily with the amine and has the follow­ 1. Weather modifica­ quentlY as desired. The component parts and field procedures have 1. Radioisotope ing advantages: (a) high concentrations may be used without cor­ fion - procedure been tested and found workable and accurate. A radioisotope source -snow gage rosion or deposition, (b) solution preparation is simple and direct, 2. Silver iodide (5 Millicures of Cesium-137) and a detector (Iodide Crystal Photo­ 2. Soil moisture pro­ (c) straight isopropylamine may be used to purge the system after generator multiplier) are lowered simultaneously in separate aluminum or file measurement use, (d) no supporting fuel is needed. The system produces high stainless steel tubes planted vertically, about 12 to 18 inches effectiveness over the temperature spectrum, e.g. 1.5xlol5 and apart, at the measuring point. The tubes can be sunk into the soil 8xl013 nuclei per gram at -20 and -10 C respectively. Disadvantages for reading the soil moisture content. The two units are lowered are: (a) dispersion cost may be 12% higher than when used with ace­ by a pulley and cable arrangement, either by motor or manually, tone, (b) the amine is more toxic than an acetone. However, with keeping absolute level positions for each unit. Electrical leads minor precautions, the complex is easily stored and handled at ambi­ from the two units are connected to a recording for continuous ent pressure temperature. Carbon steel or aluminum are used for con­ records of the profile of the snowpack and continue on down for a tainment. Simple, reliable storage and thermal processing system is profile of the soil moisture. This scanning of the snow and soil described in detail. This is composed of a storage tank, connecting AUTBOR INDEX profiles can be made as frequently as desired and also can be fed AUTBOR INDEX piping, hydraulic nozzle and combustion chamber. Satisfactory tests into a telemetering unit for transmission by radio or telephone were made. I. Steele, R. L. wire to headquarters office. Initial costs are estimated at $10,000 I. Smith, J. L. for the field equipment and $2,000 for reception equipment. II. Willen, D. W.

*Prof. Mechanical Engr., Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colo. Author Abstract *and**U. S .F. S. Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 453-66 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 455-66

A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A MAXIMUM PROBABLE FLOOD FOR TBE Catalogue No. PRECIPITATION GAGES - TYPES, METBODS AND USES Catalogue No. PORTAGE MOUNTAIN PROJECT PEACE RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA CRREL No. WARNER, 0. R. * CRREL No. DAVIES, L.B.* and ROCKWOOD, D. M.** Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 78-81 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 57-68 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 3 Location Maps; 2 Tables; 7 Graphs; 7 References A resume of precipitation gage models and types used by the U. S. SUBJECT INDEX Weather Bureau in their vast network of meteorological stations over A detailed report on the factors involved in the spillway design SUBJECT INDEX the entire United States and cooperating foreign countries, is 1. Precipitation for the subject project. A 600 foot earth fill dam and storage of presented. A description of new types of gages is included. Many -gages 60 million acre feet of water are involved. Due to the remote loca­ 1. Snow hydrology highly refined telemetering systems and automatic recording equip­ 2. Precipitation tion of the project only minimum length of records are available. 2. Flood ment, are described, together with automatic feeds into electronic -networks A suitable network of snow survey courses, precipitation, tempera­ -spillway design processes for printing out the information in many offices through­ ture and stream gaging stations have been installed. A discussion out the network of headquarter offices of the cooperating inter­ AUTBOR INDEX of available hydrometeorological data is presented. Probable maxi­ AUTHOR INDEX agencies involved in the operation of the large multiple-use-water mum snow melt, rainfall and temperature occurrences from existing management projects on the large river basins of the country. I. Warner, 0. R. records were processed through electronic computers to obtain pro­ I. Davies, L. B. bable spillway design and flood routing procedures. II. Rockwood, D. M.

*Hydraulic Engineer, International Power & Engineering Consultants, Vancouver, B. C. **Hydraulic Engineer, USCE, Portland, Oregon @ Abstract *Chief, Operation Western Div., U.S.W.B., Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract WESTEI!lll SIIOII COIIP'EBEIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC llo. 456-66

DBTI!BMIIIATIOII AIID USI! C1P BI!ST IIIDIVIDUAL SAMPLING POIIITS 011 Catalogue No. IIIDIVIDUAL SIIOW COURSES CRRI!L llo. WILSOII, JACK ALDI!II*

Proc. WSC 1966: Pgs. 82-86 Seattle, Washington, April 19-21 6 References

Bow many snow sampling points should be used on a snow course to SUBJI!CT IIIDEX obtain the most accurate streamflow forecast? This question bas been asked in several ways as quQtations from refeTences. Statistical 1. Snow suTVey course methods are applied to obtain correlation coefficients and coef­ -analysis ficients of determination by using streamflow for periods; April­ 2. Water supply fore­ June and April-Sept. as dependent variables and several independent casting variables: snow course averages (all points); average of groups of 3. Statiatical 5 or 10 points; random selected points; individual sampling points; analysis the average of those points with a correlation coefficient of 0. 85 or higher. Conclusions indicate: 1. Each snow course must be analyzed separately. 2. Bach course baa one or more points of significant value. 3. More accurate forecasts can be made by using only those points with high coefficients above 0.85. 4. llew courses should be located carefully, althongh no general criteria was evident from this study. A study should be made AUTHOR IIIDEX after a reasonable record has been collected and the course points reviewed to obtai11 the most accurate forecast. I. Wilson, J. A.

*Asst. Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Boise, Idaho @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERJ!NCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 457-67 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 459-6 7

USE OF SNOW SURVEYS TO FORECAST INFLOW TO SNARE RIVER BETWEEN MILNER Catalogue No. PRECIPITATION VARIATIONS IN A SMALL FORESTED WATERSHED Catalogue No. AND KING HILL, IDAHO CRREL No. STORR, D.• CRREL No. THOMAS, C. A.* Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 11-17 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 1-5 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 1 Table; 1 Photo; 2 Graphs; 5 Maps; 15 References 2 Location Maps; 7 Graphs Precipitation variations in a highly instrumented experimented SUBJECT INDEX Snow surveys are widely used to forecast flows in streams to which SUBJECT INDEX watershed in the Rocky Mountains in Southwestern Alberta Canada are snowmelt is directly tributary, and to estimate the magnitude and studied and illustrated. The study is pointed towards watershed 1. Precipitation duration of water supplies fed by such streams. A proposed method I. Water supply fore- management practices to evaluate and improve land management on -analysis is described and results discu'ssed in the text and illustrated by casting th~ Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains for better water yield. 2. Watershed mgmt. plotted data on graphs. The main problem is to account for the 2. Return flow Instrumentation began in 1962 and has been in operation since that large amount of return irrigation water and the amount of water time. Methods for simplifying the measurement of many factors are AUTHOR INDEX flowing from huge springs along the river banks in this reach of described and recommendations for further studies are presented. the river. This flow amounts to approximately 7,500 cfs, during a AUTHOR INDEX I. Storr, D. good portion of the year, and especially during the snowmelt season. I. Thomas, c. A.

*U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho @ Abstract *Research Hydrometeorologis-t, Dept. Transport, Calgary, Alberta @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 458-67 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 460-67

DENISTY VARIATION IN A SNOWPACK OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO Catalogue No. MICROWAVE RADIOMETERIC SENSING OF THE PHYSICAl PARAMETERS OF SNOW Catalogue No.

GARY, HOWARD L. • CRREL No. KENNEDY, J. M.*; SAKAMOTO, R. T.**; EDGERTON, A. T.*** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 6-10 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 18-23 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 2 Tables; 2 Photos; 3 References 2 Photos; 5 Graphs; 1 Figure

A better understanding of the metamorphic process in snowpacks SUBJECT INDEX A field and laboratory measurement program sponsored by the Office SUBJECT INDEX must depend on the accurate measurement of many variables in and of Naval Research and CRREL, is being conducted to determine the near the snow cover. The primary objective of this study was to I. Snow density response to microwave radiometers to various snow conditions. The 1. Snow - research explore sample variability in density measurements. Two procedures -measurement field portion of the program was carried out within the confines of 2. Radiomicrowave were used, the pit wall and S"xl-3/4" I.D. plastic and also steel 2. Snowpack Crater Lake Nat. Park, with data obtained from new fallen powder sensing samplers, samples were taken vertically through the entire depth of -density snow and old metamorphosed snow. The measurements were made at three the snowpack with the standard snow sampling tubes. A great number frequencies, 13.5 GHz, 37 GHz, and 94 GHz, (one GHz equals 109 cycles of the small samples were taken at 4 to 5 inch intervals in the face per second), with microwave temperatures recorded for both horizon­ of a pit dug to soil surface. All cores were taken to headquarters tal and vertical polarizations at viewing angles ranging from nadir in tarred plastic bags and there weighed. Differences were at a AUTHOR INDEX to local horizon. Similar laboratory measurements were made of minimum and largely accountable to field practices and differences artificial snow made in an environmental chamber in which snow tem­ in procedures. Data are tabulated for examination. I. Gary, H. L. peratures and moisture content are controlled. The results of these studies show that different microwave frequencies do not behave in AUTHOR INDEX the same manner as the moisture content of the snow. The measure­ ment of these parameters from a remote sensing platform over broad I. Kennedy, J. M. areas of major watersheds would greatly aid in the management of II. Sakamoto, R. T. water resources. III. Edgerton, A. T.

*U.S.F.S.,Rocky Mtn. Forest & Range Expt. Sta., Ft. Collins, Colo. @ Abstract *,**,***El Monte, California Author Abstract WESTERN SNOW' CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 461-67 WESTERN SNOW' CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 463-67

THE BRIDGER BOWL ACQUISITION SYSTEM AT MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Catalogue No. CUERENT CORPS OF ENGINEERS RADIO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTS catalogue No.

WEAVER, DONALD K. CRREL No. GRAY, CARLETON H. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 24-28 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 35-42 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 2 Schematic Diagrams; References 4 Location Maps; 2 Schematic Diagrams; 2 Photos

A method for multipoint snowpack temperature measurement using the SIJBJECT INDEX A description of the Corps of Army Engineers flood warning com­ SUBJECT INDEX Bridger Data System has been developed and tested. Data taken from munication system, is presented, dealing with the river systems a closely spaced array of thermistor thermometers has been used to 1. Snow research through the central states watersheds feeding into the Mississippi 1. Flood control delineate the snow surface and the diurnal heat wave through the 2 • Telemetering River and tributaries. Frequency modulation and ultra high frequency -prediction snowpack. -hydrologic data stations have been installed at river reporting and central collect­ 2. Radio communication The thermometry technique is also used in determination of the 3. Temperature ion stations along the Mississippi River and tributaries. Such a systems accumulation rate of new snow and in measurement of total pack analysis dual system affords complete coverage during disaster from rain and settlement. Computer analysis and plotting of the data permits easy snowmelt conditions. This system is the backbone of the flood warn­ interpretation of a variety of physical and hydrological parameters. AUTHOR INDEX ing system for water mauagement procedures for operating the many Data from the mid-winter snowpack and the spring isothermal pack multi-purpose reservoirs and wateT control features along the river has been analyzed by the above technique. I. 'Weaver, D. K. system. A similar system established throughout the northeastern AUTHOR INDEX states is described and exhibited in schematic system and map loca­ tion of reporting stations. I. Gray, c. H.

*Director, Engineering Research, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, Mont. Author Abstract *Electronic Engineer, USCE, Washington, D. C. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW' CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 462-67 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 464-6 7

BRIDGER DATA SYSTEM MULTIPOINT SNOWPACK THERMOMETRY Catalogue No. SNOW' MEASUREMENT ACCURACY IN HIGH DENSITY SNOW COURSE NETWORK IN Catalogue No. COLORADO BOWLES, DOAIN* CEREL No. CEREL No. WASHICill!K, JACK N. * and McANDREW, DONALD W. ** Proc. WSC 1967: Pga. 29-34 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 2 Plates; 4 Graphs; 1 Schematic Diagram Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 43-49 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 3 Tables; 2 Graphs; 1 Loc;.ation Map; 1 Photo; 2 References A method of multipoint snowpack measurement using the Bridger Data SUBJECT INDEX System has been developed and tested. Data taken from. a closely A progress report is presented on the Park Range Atmospheric SUBJECT INDEX spaced array of thermistor themom.eters has been used to delineate 1. Snow accumulation Water Resources Program of the North Central Rocky Mountains in the snow surface and the diurnal heat wave through the snowpack. 2. Snow temperature Colorado. This project was initiated by the U. S. Bureau of Reclama­ 1. Weather modifica­ Computer plots and manual examination of temperature gradient data 3. Temperature tion to determine if the natural precipitation in the form of snow tion are two methods used to derive snow depth information. One phase or rain could be increased in significant amounts by weather modi­ 2. Pressure pillows of this study has been an investigation of the stability and magni­ fication processes to evaluate the benefits derived economically. 3. Project Skywater tude of the air-snow interface temperature gradient, and determine The location of snow survey courses, pressure pillows, soil moisture if the interface temperature gradient can be used as a reliable and rain gages are shown on a location map. A discussion of pro­ indicator of the snow surface. The experiment instrumentation de­ cedures, schedules of measurements and results obtained during the tails are shown as well as plotted data of the temperature gradient years of 1964-65-66 is included, with tables showing the data AUTHOR INDEX as measured by the thermistor themometers. Conclusions indicate collected. Some analysis of data is included in the text. Automatic that the theory is practical and that the accuracy of depth of snow AUTHOR INDEX recording pressure pillows are used in collecting data on water I. Washichek, J. N. determination is dependent on the closeness of space of the ther­ content of the snowpack. II. McAndrew, D. W. mistors. I. Bowles, D.

*Environmental Engineering Group, Electronics Research Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. Author Abstract *and**SCS, Snow Surveys, Fort Collins, Colo. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 465-6 7 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 467-67

ESTIMATING DEPTB-LOAD VALUES SPRING ALPINE SNOWPACK Catalogue No. CKITERIA FOR DETERMINING MOUNTAIN SNOW PILLOW SITES Catalogue No.

ALFORD, DONALD F. * CRREL No. FARNES , PHILLIP E. * CKREL No.

Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 5D-54 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 59-62 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 1 Table; 2 Graphs; 8 References 2 Tables; 2 Photos; 4 References

An imperical relationship found to exist between integrated ramm SUBJECT INDEX Snow pillows and radio telemetry sites in remote mountainous SUBJECT INDEX hardness number, ~ , in Joules and Load, L, in g-cm-2 at the base of areas are more costly to locate than regular snow courses. Consid­ the pack at the USA CRREL Goose Lake Snow Study Site is presented. 1. Snow - research erably more time and effort is necessary for selection of good data 1. Snow pillow It is suggested that the Rammsonde may offer a practical approach 2. Snow - quality cOllection sites which will provide a sound basis for streamflow -criteria site to the study of the snow-water equivalent in areas where other forecasting. Criteria for site selection are outlined and multiple location techniques are not feasible. Considerable discussion is presented regression analysis provided for snow courses on five Montana relative to highly technical difficulties of obtaining suitable snow streams. Findings for determining good snow course locations are AUTBOR INDEX samples in the study of snow loads of low density snow at below cited. Zero oc temperatures. Instrument procedures are discussed and the I. Farnes, P. E. rammsonde process data are plotted and tabulated. Similar data collected in Greenland studies are compared with those made in Southwestern Montana at Goose Lake. The so-called "PIT" technique, where a large number of samples are taken from the walls of a pit AUTBOR INDEX dug to soil surface, is described. The average of a large number of samples are used. !. Alford, D. F.

*Environmental Engineering Group, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, Mont Author & @ Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Mont. Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 466-6 7 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 468-67 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SNOW DEPOSITION BY USE OF MODELS IN A WATER Catalogue No. IMPROVEMENTS OF FORECASTS BY FORECAST EXPERIENCE OR "FEEL" Catalogue No. FLUME CKREL No. MALSOR, ROY E.* CRREL No. THEAKSTON, F. H.* and NARAINE, D.** Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 63-65 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 55-58 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 1 Table; 2 Graphs 1 Location Map; 2 Plates; 5 References A modification procedure for water supply forecasting is present­ SUBJECT INDEX SUBJECT INDEX Snow loads on roofs of buildings and other structures are studied ed. The evaluation of intangible factors with apparently no math­ by use of models of buildings under water in a flume where fine ematical evaluation numbers can be used for adjusting a computed 1. Water supply fore­ sand is added to assimilate blown snow. The pattern of drifting I. Snow loads on forecast. The forecaster knows certain facts such as "no snow on casting sand in water is remarkably similar to snow deposited by wind. roofs south slopes" - " general elevation of snow line as compared to 2. Forecast accuracy -model studies Researchers at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, similar years" - "early spring runoff" - knowledge of other local have established laboratory procedures to study quantitatively the conditions. Such adjustments are termed the "feel" of forecasting. AUTBOR INDEX deposition of white sand injected into flowing water in the flume. Tables list some eleven forecasts with and without the "feel" factor Data and photographs are included to illustrate the quantity of the AUTBOR INDEX applied. Graphs illustrate the effects of the procedure. I. Malsor, R. E. sand deposited and to qualify the changes recommended for building codes for orientation of structures and highways as well as land­ !. Theakston, F. H. scaping features through the knowledge obtained from this procedure. II. Naraine, D.

*and**University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada @ Abstract *Asst. Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 469-67 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 471-67

MEASURING SNOW DEPTHS BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Catalogue No. PROJECT SICYWATER - THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION'S ATMOSPHERIC WATER Catalogue No. RESOURCES PROGRAM SMITH, F. M.*; COOPER, C. F.**; CHAPMAN, E. G.*** CRREL No. CRREL No. STINSON, J. ROBERT* Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 66-72 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 4 Plates Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 85-93 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20

Aerial photogrammetry is used to measure snow depth over a 100 SUBJECT INDEX A report dealing with the Bureau of Reclamation's Atmospheric SUBJECT INDEX acre study basin in southwestern Idaho. This procedure was demon­ Resources Program is presented, for practical application of weather strated successfully and shown that the same procedures used in 1. Snow measurement modification techniques for improving the water supply of the nation. 1. Weather modifica­ modern aerial topographic mapping can be applied to snow covered -aerial photo­ Since its inception in late 1961, Project Skywater, as it is now tion - research terrain. However, some additiOnal problems are introduced. A base graphy known, has enjoyed almost a 40-fold increase in efforts embracing 2. Project Skywater control system is necessary to develop a point grid system for sub­ 2. Aerial photo­ a broad spectrum. of applied research. The operational research pro­ tractirtg the soil surface elevations from the newly derived snow grammetry gram is divided into three categories, field experiments, field sup­ surface elevations. The latest model of aerial photo plotting ma­ port, and laboratory studies. Descriptions of each of the projects chine is used for this work. Other problems arise in the photograph­ and some of the important results are presented. Field experiments ic exposure and development film. Some difficulty is experienced involve investigations of orographic and convective clouds during with using Filter lenses to bring out the definition of the snow winter and summer in six major water basins of the West. Field sup­ surface of new fallen snow that appears always flat in certain AUTHOR INDEX port of various types is provided by three government agencies. A lights without shadows, and wrinkled wind blown surfaces create a variety of problems is being studied in the laboratory, including AUTHOR INDEX problem at times. Newly available data on processing equipment and I. Smith, F. M. instrumentation, cloud physics and evaluation techniques, many in computer techniques will aid materially in solving some of these II. Cooper, C. F. conjunction with field experiments. I. Stinson, J. R. minor problems. III. Chapman, E. G.

*Botanist, ARS, Boise, Idaho **Assoc. Professor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. ***Photogrammetrist, Aerial Mapping Co., Boise, Idaho @ Abstract *Assoc. Chief, Atmospheric Water Resources, USBR, Denver, Colo. Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 470-67 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 472-67

ATMOSPHERIC WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH SUMMER HYDROLOGY OF THE HIGH Catalogue No. ATMOSPHERIC WATER RESOURCES OF THE WASATCH FRONT, UTAH Catalogue No. SIERRA CRREL No. FLETCHER, JOEL E. * CRREL No. HANNAFORD, JACK F.* and WILLIAMS, MERLIN C.** Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 94-98 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 73-84 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 1 Location Map; 6 Photos; 1 Reference 1 Table; 1 Location Map; 5 Graphs An outline is presented, for research of weather modification ex­ SUBJECT INDEX A progress report is presented for a hydrologic study dealing SUBJECT INDEX periments along the Wasatch Front, Utah. The objectives are briefly with the runoff produced by summer precipitation over the High stated: 1) to determine the feasibility of increasing water supplies 1. Weather modifica­ Sierra, from the Kern River Basin north through the Mokelumne 1. Hydrology flow by cloud seeding; 2) to develop more effective methods of cloud tion - research River Basin. This study was necessary to complete the knowledge of analysis seeding; 3) to develop better equipment and methods of evaluating 2. Project Skywater the hydrologic cycle for the runoff from the Central Sierra Nevada the effectiveness of cloud seeding; 4) to evaluate and delineate Mountains western slope. Data are presented of precipitation and the area affected by cloud seeding under different synoptic condi­ runoff data from gaging stations as shown. Rlmoff analysis is shown tions and generator placement locations; 5) to determine the unique graphically covering some 35 stations for a period of 25 years, characteristics of storm systems; and 6) to make the best possible 194G-64. The time period of year ran from the end of snowmelt to estimate of the efficiency of precipitation mechanisms associated the beginning of each snow season. Items covered are: hydrograph AUTHOR INDEX with these storms. Experimental work to be carried on relative to characteristics; volume of runoff; timing; storm characteristics; systems of telemetering of hydrologic data from various sensing AUTHOR INDEX and precipitation values. All items are discussed in the text of I. Hannaford, J. F. equipment is planned. New types of silver iodide generators are the paper. II. Williams, M. C. planned and an evaluation as compared with older types. I. Fletcher. J. E.

*ElDorado Engineering Co., El Dorado, Calif. *Professor Hydrology, Utah State Univ., Logan. Utah @ Abstract **Director Atmospheric Water Res. , Fresno State College, Fresno, Cal. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 473-67

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON WINTER RUNOFF Catalogue No.

SIMONS, WILBUR D. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 99-104 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 7 Graphs; 7 References

The effect of temperature on the October through March nmoff of SUBJECT INDEX the Clark Fork River at St. Regis, Montana was examined in a pre­ liminary manner. The runoff potential for each winter season of 1. Hydrology water years 1930 through 1963, was evaluated and compared to his­ -flow analysis torical records. Temperature records for the October through March 2. Low flows period of water years 1931 through 1960 for East Anaconda, Montana WeJ:e used to develup two simple indices: ( 1) the minimum monthly mean temperature and (2) the number of consecutive days the maximum daily temperature was 320F or lower. The critical flow of the 1936- AIJTBOR INDEX 37 year resulted from a runoff potential in the lower quartile in combination with the occurrence of record-breaking cold temperatures. I. Simons, W. D.

*Research Hydrologist, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 474-67

THE CANADIAN IHD PROGRAM Catalogue No.

CLAIIK, R. H.* and FULTON, F. J.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1967: Pgs. 105-111 Boise, Idaho, April 18-20 2 Tables; 4 References

canadian efforts in hydrology have, as in most countries partici­ SUBJECT INDEX pating in this scientific undertaking, been stimulated as a result of the International Hydrologic Decade (1965-1974) IHD, with atten­ 1. Hydrology tion focused on the need for more complete understanding of the -research inter-relationship between components of the hydrologic cycle. Al­ though Canada bas been blessed with an estimated one-third of the worlds fresh water supplies, the lack of uniformity in its distribu­ tion results in problems for hydrologists and water management ex­ perts equal in magnitude to most regions of the world, since Canada 1 s land mass encompasses environments ranging from humid to semi-arid and artie to temperate. The Canadian program, in addition to administrative problems being faced by the Canadian National Committee, is reviewed to provide AUTHOR INDEX some appreciation of how Canadian hydrologists are striving to meet the challenge of the Decade Program by undertaking studies which, I. Clark, R. H. collectively, will cover all aspects of the hydrologic cycle. II. Fulton, F. J.

*and**Canadian National Council, Comm. on Hydrology, Ottawa, Canada Author Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 475-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 477-68

A SYSTEM FOR MAKING REMOTE AND UNDISTURBED MEASUREMI!IITS OF SNOW Catalogue No. A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERSNOW VEHICLES Catalogue No. SE'l'TLEME!IT AND TEMPERATURE CRI!EL No. WILSON, J. ALDEN* and NELSON, MORLAN W. ** CRREL No. SWANSON, ROBERT H.* Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 9-18 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 1-5 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 36 Photos of early vehicles 1 Table; 2 Photos; 5 Plates; 2 References Oversnow travel, though a minor segment of the field of transporta­ SUBJECT INDEX One difficulty in studyiug snow is minimizing disturbance by both SUBJECT INDEX tion, is of such importance to the activity of snow surveying for instruments and observer. Temperature can be read remotely be means water supply forecasting as to warrant documentation for historical 1. Transportation of a thermistor mounted on a movable platter that settles with a 1. Snow - research purposes. This is a history of the development of oversnow vehicles. -oversnow vehicle particular snow layer. A system is described by using light plastic 2. Snow - settlement The vehicles are categorized by track type or propulsion systems. platters mounted on a guide wire that enables one to determine 2. Snow - temperature Categories are: (1) miscellaneous and prototypes; (2) metal tracks; settlement. Its unique features are that platters can be dropped (3) double-belt tracks; (4) single belt tracks; and (5) propeller AUTHOR INDEX and their position determined from some distance away (l0-300M) driven. The discussion is confined to describing the mechanical and that they are relatively free to settle with the snowpack due aspects of the vehicles with no evaluation in terms of performance. I. Wilson, J. A. to a liquid mercury contact with the vertical guide wire. The system Pictures of thirty-six different vehicles or models are included. II. Nelson, M. w. resolves vertical displacement to plus or minus 0.5 em or 0.1 per­ cent of maximum expected snow depth, whichever is larger. Complete AUTHOR INDEX construction details are given by diagrams and photographs. Circuitry for telemetering the information is discussed. I. Swanson, R. H.

*Assistant Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Boise, Idaho *Assoc. Hydrologist. USFS, Fort Collins, Colo. Author Abstract **Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Boise, Idaho Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 476-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 478-68

A UNIVERSAL SURFACE PRECIPITATION GAGE Catalogue No. THE EFFECT OF THE WILDERNESS LAW ON THE COLLECTION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA Catalogue No.

COX, LLOYD M.* and JWION, W. RUSSELL** CEREL No. VAN DE ERVE, JEROME* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 6-8 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 19-26 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 3 Photos; 3 Diagrams 5 Tables; 9 Plates

A universal surface precipitation gage has been developed that SUBJECT INDEX A discussion of the effects of the new "Wilderness Law" passed by SUBJECT INDEX measures total precipitation and records the precipitation remain­ congress in 1964 is presented. This law has such drastic restrictions ing in storage as snow. A 5-foot-diameter platform made of light­ 1. Precipitation gage written into the text that programs designated to protect the area; 1. Wilderness areas weight concrete, is supported by a liquid-filled 100-foot coil of -storage water management, wildlife management, fire protection, pest control; -hydrologic data butyl tubing. An opening in the center of the platform allows for 2. Snow water are not allowed to enter the areas to carry out necessary work. Evi­ the collection of atmospheric melt, rain percolate and melt, or a equivalent dence of these restrictions are presented in documentary briefs AUTHOR INDEX combination of these, and rainfall. A mechanical dual-pen recorder -water content submitted with this paper. References are made to 18 specific in­ continuously records the rate of water collected in an underground cidences of hindrance and are presented with data in tabular form. I. van de Erve, J. tank and the water equivalent of snow on the platform. This record­ AUTHOR INDEX ing system satisfies the longstanding need for surface measurement of total precipitation, snowmelt rates, and snow water equivalent I. Cox, L. M. required in hydrologic research and water yield and flood forecasts. II. Hamon. W. R.

*and**Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho Author Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, ESSA, Salt Lake City~ Utah @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 4 79-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 481-68

A METHOD FOR INTEGRATING SNOW SURVEY AND PRECIPITATION DATA Catalogue No. FORECASTING SHORT-TERM DISCHAEGE FROM SNOWMELT Catalogue No.

SCHERMERHORN, VAIL* and BARTON, MANES** CRREL No. BARSCH, RAY E.* and BURNASH, ROBERT J, C.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 27-32 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 41-45 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 7 Tables; 1 Graph; 2 References 5 Graphs; 2 References

The analysis presented in this paper indicates that, in the SUBJECT INDEX A short tem water supply forecasting procedure is outlined for SUBJECT INDEX Pacific Northwest, a combination of snow water equivalent and winter the Kings River Basin, in California. Current data collected from precipitation, coupled with fall and spring precipitation indexes, 1. Water supply fore­ aerial markers and pressure pillows and temperature to cause snow­ 1. Water supply fore- appears to yield better forecasts than with either 1 index alone. The casting melt are correlated with streamflow data to produce a forecasting casting proportion of snow water equivalent and winter precipitation in -procedures procedure for volume streamflow information. Correlation procedures 2. Short term each forecast relation varies with 'the basin involved. The propor­ are accomplished by electronic data processing methods for a day­ procedure tion appears to range from 70-90 percent snow water equivalent plus to-day flow pattern or hydrograph. Forecasts are up-dated as differ­ 3. Snowmelt research 10 to 25 percent winter precipitation in practically pure snow-fed ences in parameter values become significant. The Kings River is streams to 25 percent snow water equivalent plus 75 percent winter used as an example and details of the procedures are illustrated. AUTHOR INDEX precipitation in predominantly rain-fed streams. The weighting methods retain the simplicity of the "index11 method I. Barsch, R. E. of water supply forecasting while permitting easy comparison and II. Burnash, R. J. c. combination of the two winter indexes. Each stream must be studied in detail in order to detemine the proportion of snow water equiva­ AUTHOR INDEX lent and winter precipitation. "Locking in" all variables except the one being tested aids in this determination, particularly when I. Schermerhorn, V. analysis time is reduced to a minimum by computer techniques. II. Barton, M.

*U.S. Weather Bureau, Portland, Oregon *Chief, Water Supply Forecast Unit, State of Calif., Sacramento, Calif. **Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon Author Abstract **U.S. Weather Bureau, ESSA, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 480-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 482-68

REGRESSION ON PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AS A TOOL IN WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No . OPERATIONAL FORECASTS OF RUNOFF FOR THE UPPER AMERICAN RIVER PROJECT Catalogue No. FORECASTING CRREL No. CLORETY, BARNEY S. * and HANNAFORD, JACK F.** CRREL No. MARSDEN, MICHAEL A.* and DAVIS, ROBERT T.** Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 46-53 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 33-40 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 1 Table; References 2 Graphs; 7 Tables This paper describes development of a computerized water supply SUBJECT INDEX This paper demonstrates the use of regression on principal com­ SUBJECT INDEX forecasting system with day-to-day up-dating of forecast· as data ponents to develop prediction equations for water supply. A general are available. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District operates 1. Water supply fore­ description of ·water supply forecasting and principal component 1. Water supply fore­ this power and water supply project from the upper basins of the casting analysis is presented. Two actual examples are given, one with de­ casting South fork of the American River. There are seven drainage basins -day-to-day method tails of analysis procedures. Statistical procedures are presented 2. Statistical involved at nine levels of probability being involved. for use with electronic digital computers for solving the multiple analysis AUTHOR INDEX regression formula values of the coefficients and their significance. -procedures The details of analysis of Yakima are included in an appendix. I. Clorety, B. S. AUTHOR INDEX II. Hannaford, J. F.

I. Marsden, M. A. II. Davis, R. T.

*Statistician, USFS, Ogden, Utah *Hydraulic Eng., Sacramento Municipal Utility Dist., Sacramento, Calif. **Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Spokane, Wash. Author Abstract **Sierra Hydrotech, Placerville, Calif. Author & @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 483-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 485-68

THE AREA OF MAXIMUM EFFECT RESULTING FROM THE LAKE ALIIANOR RANDOMIZED Catalogue No. REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC AREA STUDY AS AN ANALYSIS TOOL IN WEATHER catalogue No. CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENT MODIFICATION CRREL No. CRREL No. MOONEY, MARGARET L. * and LUND, GEORGE W. ** IIANNAFORD, JACK F.* and WILLIAMS , MERLIN C.**

Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 54-59 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 67-76 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 3 ~cation Maps; 1 Graph; 5 References 2 Location Maps; 1 Table; 2 Graphs; 13 References

A randomized cloud seeding experiment was conducted on the Lake SUJ!JECT INDEX Weather modification projects representing a wide range of effort SUBJECT INDEX Almanor watershed near Mt. Lassen, calif. , during five winter sea­ and capability have been conducted in California and central Sierra sons, 1962-67. The target area extended approzimately 20 miles east­ 1. Weather modifica­ Nevada since the late 1940 1 s. Data from many of these projects is 1. Weather modifica­ west and 15 miles north-south, and ranged in elevation from 4,500 tion collected and analyzed not to their effectiveness or to evaluate tion to 6,400 feet, MSL. Silver iodide. was released from ground based -effectiveness rainfall or streamflow; instead, to analyze (1) outline, areas of -Project Skywater acetone soluti.on generators which were located between 6,000 and -evaluation increased runoff resulting from seeding, and magnitude, (2) to -evaluation 7,400 feet, MSL. Silver iodide releases were made for 12 hour periods identify changes in runoff in terms of target areas, and (3) to and these periods were subsequently divided into four weather cate­ investigate possible downwind or side effects and possible inter­ AUTHOR INDEX gories, three of which together produced approximately 85% of the project effects of major magnitude which might exist in the area of total precipitation, no response to the seeding was observed in the regional analysis. This work was accomplished through facilities I. Hannaford, J. F. target area. In the remaining category, characterized by westerly of the Bureau of Reclamation's Project Skywater. II. Williams, M. C. winds and cold temperatures, the increase peaked at approximately AUTHOR INDEX 59% between 5 and 11 miles downwind, and averaged 27% throughout the 21 mile distance. Both results were statistically significant I. Mooney, M. L. at the 5% level. II. Lund, G. W.

*Sierra Hydro tech, Placerville, Calif .. *and**Meteorological Office, PG&E, San Francisco, Calif. Author Abstract **Fresno State College, Fresno, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 484-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 486-68

EVIDENCE OF PERSISTENCE OR CROSS-CONTAMINATION IN CLOUD SEEDING Catalogue No. DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ACTIVITIES IN WEATRER MODIVICATION Catalogue No. EXPERIMENTS CRREL No. GREINER, EDWARD C.* CRREL No. WAREURTON, JACK A.* and YOUNG, L. G.** Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 77-83 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 6Q-66 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 4 Tables 1 l.Dcation Map; 3 Graphs; 2 Tables; 16 References A review and evaluation of weather modification projects and SUBJECT INDEX One hundred and fifty samples collected during 1966-67 have been SUJ!JECT INDEX activities contiguous to the State of California Central Valley analyzed for silver content using thermal neutron activation methods. Water Project through the Department of Water Resources. Reference 1. Weather modifica­ The samples were collected in five separate regions of the western 1. Weather modifica­ is made to the Department's Bulletin No. 16 series entitled 11Weather tion United States. In two of the locations where extensive randomized tion Modification Operations in California". These bulletins list all -effectiveness silver iodide seeding was occurring, with seeding periods of one -effectiveness licensed operators, and projects descriptions occurring during one day, there is evidence of persistence of silver in the atmosphere -evaluation years time. Current operations in weather modification show a mark­ in unseeded situations .. Silver, in relatively high concentrations, ed improvement in methods through the use of advanced meteorological AUTHOR INDEX was present in specific storms which yielded precipitation in an information that is analyzed and processed for cloud seeding opera­ unseeded region. It is speculated that this silver originated in tions. I. Greiner, E. C. cloud seeding regions upwind of this unseeded area. Results also provide evidence that silver iodide released from the ground in one mountainous seeding area is not arriving in the target area AUTHOR INDEX precipitation. This is in strong contrast to results in two other similar seeding projects where high concentrations of silver are I. Warburton, J. A. observe·d. II. Young, L. G.

*and**University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada @ Abstract *Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 487-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 489-68

ALASKA TELEMETERING NETWORK FOR THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND THE U. S. Catalogue No. SNOW SURVEYING BY ELECTRONIC TELEMETRY Catalogue No. WRATHER BUREAU CRREL No. SHANNON, WILLIAM G.* CRREL No. GRAY, CAIU.ETON H.* Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 95-98 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 84-88 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 2 Location Maps; 2 Organization Charts; 3 Photos The development of better means of obtaining a complete seasons SUBJECT INDEX record of snow water equivalent of the snowpack from beginning of After the disastrous flood at Fairbanks, Alaska in August 1967 a SUBJECT INDEX snowfall through winter and snow melt in the spring is described 1. Pressure pillow flood warning system was designed and put into operation, to prevent and illustrated. Not only is this record graphically produced at 2. Telemetering future disasters. Studies were made of causes and sufficient remote 1. Flood warning net­ the site of measurement, but is automatically telemetered to the -hydrologic data operation electronic equipment was selected to make an efficient work office and in computer symbols and recorded on tape. The pressure network of stations. The Chena aD.d Tanana Rivers were instrumented 2. Telemetering pillow is described and compared with a weighing storage precipita­ with telemetering equipment. Stream gages for river height and equipment tion gage. New advanced methods of the electronic circuitry from temperature electronic thermometers, snow gages, all instruments the transducers to the transmission components are discussed. The were automatic and synchronized electronically for base stations change of frequency method is matched with standard procedures. and repeater stations connecting Fairbanks and Anchorage offices. The needs of this continuous flow of data from the mountains to the AUTHOR INDEX All electronic equipment is of the latest solid state design, with forecasting office is discussed with emphasis on water management plug-in modules for easy repair by non technical personnel. Schema­ AUTHOR INDEX and flood control. I. Shannon, W. G. tic drawings show the location of stations and necessary telemeter­ ins and repeater stations. I. Gray, c. H.

*Electronic Engineer, USCE, Washington, D. c. @ Abstract *Chief, Water Supply Forecasting Branch, SCS, Washington, D. C. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 488-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 490-68

SOME COMPARISONS FROM THE USE OF RADIO REPORTING ISOTOPE SNOW GAGES Catalogue No. SNOW SENSORS IN CALIFORNIA A PROGRESS REPORT Catalogue No. AND THE SNOW PRESSURE PILLOWS CRREL No. PETERSON, NED R. * CRREL No. ORD, MELVIN J.* Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 99-105 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 89-94 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 1 Location Map; 1 Table; 2 Photos; 1 Schematic Drawing 1 Location Map; 2 Tables; 2 Diagrams; 3 Graphs A report on the development of snow sensor installations and a SUBJECT INDEX A report dealing with variations in measurement of snow water SUBJECT INDEX description of the existing network in California is presented. equivalent received by telemetering equipment from several stations General descriptions of site locations and responsible operating 1. Snow gages under operation by the Corps of Army Engineers at the Walla Walla 1. Snow gage agencies are outlined. The history of the Department's Alpha Instru­ 2. Pressure pillows District Office is presented. At remote locations on the Clearwater -radioactive ment Evaluation site in the American River Basin is reviewed. De­

River in Idaho, isotope snow gages and pressure pillows had been 2 0 Pressure pillow scriptions of precipitation, wind, and temperature instrumentation installed and operated by telemetering equipment for five years. for support of snow sensor evaluation studies at this site are pre­ A brief description of the radio reporting network and preliminary sented. The experimental sensor installations reviewed in this re­ comparisons of the operation of the two types of gaging apparatus port include: six 12-foot diameter pressure pillows; one 5-foot is included. Comparisons are made from the standpoints of accuracy AUTHOR INDEX pillow; two groups of 3-foot pillows; a pressure tank; a newly of measurement, dependability, cost of operation, and the initial developed 6-foot diameter diaphragm type gage; two pressure trans­ cost of equipment. I. Ord, M. J. ducers; and associated data recording instruments. The evaluation of various types of snow sensors and recording and transmitting AUTHOR INDEX equipment is encouraged to insure a rapid advance to more compact and reliable operational snow sensors. I. Peterson, N. R.

*Hydrologist, USCE, Walla Walla, Washington @ Abstract *Chief, Program Coordination and Service Unit, Snow Surveys, Calif. Dept. Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. Author Abstract .WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 491-68 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 493-68

CALIFORNIA FEDERAL-STATE SNOW SRNSOR INVESTIGATIONS PROBLEMS AND catalogue No. COMPUTER REDUCTION OF WATER RECORDS FOR PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC Catalogue No. REWARDS COMPANY CRREL No. CRREL No. TARBLE, RICHARD D. * HORCIZA, E.*

Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 106-109 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 113-123 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18 1 'rable; 3 Graphs 6 Tables; 2 Graphs; 4 Formula Development; 2 References

For the past three winters, (1965-66 to 196 7-68) the Weather SUBJECT INDEX Digital computer data procedures are described for assembling SUBJECT INDEX Bureau, in cooperation with the california Dept. of Water Resources, hydrographic data for streamflow records. Detailed description of has been conducting studies in the use of snow sensors for obtain­ 1. Snow gages analysis theory and solution of streamflow problems are discussed L Automatic data ing real time data for river and flood forecasting. Various sizes 2. Pressure pillows relative to graphical and mechanical procedure. The compilation of processing of rubber pillows, metal disks ·and platforms have been installed the all important annual water year streamflow figures are explain­ -hydrologic data at varying exposures and elevations. This paper points out the ed. Forms of data and graphs are exhibited to show the logical pro­ advantages and limitations of different types of sensors and expos­ cedures followed in this process to assure prompt and correct data ures in several elevation regimes in the Sierra Nevada of california. AUTHOR INDEX for predicting power output and water management between reservoirs. AUTHOR INDEX Tables and graphs illustrate the type of data collected and ad­ Over 600 gaging stations were involved for more than 50 years of vantages of current information from the mountains. I. Tarble, R. D. records. I. Horciza, E.

*Hydrologist, U.S. Weather Bureau, Sacramento, Calif. Author Abstract *Hydrographer, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, Calif. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 492-68

A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING OF HYDROLOGIC Catalogue No. RECORDS CRREL No. BROWN, ROBERT T.*

Proc. WSC 1968: Pgs. 11Q-112 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 16-18

A scheme is described for processing and tabulating hydrographic SUBJECT INDEX and hydrologic record into standard data processing procedures. Punch cards and magnetic tapes are used for river stage field data. 1. Automatic data An X-Y chart reader was used to machine read values from the Stevens processing A-35 river stage recorder charts, and also from rating tables for -hydrologic data each of the stream gaging stations. Programs were prepared for com­ 2. Hydrology - stream plete computation of streamflow volumes, and tabulations. Hydrologic measurement data were also programed and processed, such as snow survey data, precipitation, temperature, ect. Fifty years of records were com­ AUTHOR INDEX pletely recomputed and compiled for ADP procedures for the Southern California Edison Company. I. Brown, R. T.

*Hydrologic Engr., Southern Calif. Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 494-69 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 496-69

A SNOWPACK EVAPD-SUBLIMATION FORMULA Catalogue No. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FOR OPERATIONAL STREAMFLOW FORECASTING IN THE Catalogue No. COLORADO ROCKIES PEAK, GEORGE W. * CRREL No. CRREL No. LEAF, CBARLES F. * Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 1-11 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 1 Table; 1 Photo; 15 Graphs Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 19-28 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 2 Location Maps; 2 Photos; 2 Tables; 9 Graphs; 8 References Throughout the Rocky Mountain region, there are thousands of SUBJECT INDEX square miles of heavily productive watersheds lying in the alpine A method is developed for predicting and simulating the snowmelt SUBJECT INDEX and subalpine zones. These areas are completely unprotected from 1. Water supply fore­ runoff hydrograph by using aerial photographs taken vertically, the enormous evaporative and subli.mative losses produced by wind, casting then measuring, piece-meal, the percent of the basin covered with 1. Water supply fore­ temperature, and solar radiation .. A snowmelt runoff equation is Using: snow on the total basin. The procedure is developed by means of casting developed using these independent variables along with soil mois­ snow survey data emperical correlations between snow cover depletion and runoff. In -aerial photos ture deficit and spring precipitation. The paper consists of three wind movement addition the application is made to daily simulation of streamflow -ablation parts: 1) the development of evaporation and sublimation formulae; temperature depletion-runoff relationship and can be used effectively as a 2) automatic data processing with these formulae, wind and tempera­ solar radiation basis for advanced estimates of residual volume of flow during the ture data from Boise USWB, and Lander, Wyo. ;3) the application of evapo-sublima.tion remainder of the snowmelt season. Photographs are taken at about this processed data to the snowmelt-runoff analysis of a watershed. 10 day intervals, with a scale of 500 feet to the inch. The con­ Snowmelt-runoff forecasting formulae for headwater basins with al­ fines of the basin are divided into elevation zones and totals are pine areas where little protection from forests is felt, must in­ AUTHOR INDEX derived from tabulations where the snow cover depletions are sum­ clude the factors of evapo-sublimation losses along with solar marized. Relationships between the several variables are determined AUTHOR INDEX radiation. I. Peak, G. w. by multiple regression correlations solved by electronic computer procedures. I. Leaf, C. F.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Casper, Wyo. Author Abstract *Hydrologist, U.S. Forest Service, Ft. Collins, Colo. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 495-69 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 497-69

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SNOWPACK DENSITY AND WATER CONTENT CHANGES OF Catalogue No. SOIL-WATER FREEZING, SNOW ACCUMULATION AND ABLATION IN MARMOT CREEK Catalogue No. RUNOFF ON A SMALL WATERSHED IN ARIZONA EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED, ALBERTA, CANADA CRREL No. CRREL No. FFOLLIOTT, PETER F.* and THORUD, DAVID B.** HARLAN, R. L. *

Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 12-18 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 29-33 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 6 Graphs; 1 Diagram; 16 References 1 Location Map; 1 Table; Graphs; 5 References

A research project is discussed dealing with snow density and the SUBJECT INDEX Research procedures to study flow of soil water through alter­ SUBJECT INDEX development of an index to snow "ripening" during the snowmelt nate freezing and thawing temperatures are described. Freezing season producing varying quantities of runoff. The object of this 1. Snowmelt research commences in late November or December and persists through March 1. Snowmelt research study was to obtain basic inventory data on the spatial and temporal 2 0 Ablation of snow- to as late as mid-May or early June. During ablation of the snowpack, -accumulation and variations in snowpack density and associated water content, and to pack soil-water storage remained relatively constant at the pre-freezing ablation relate these variations to hydrograph characteristics. Also, an 3. Snowpack density level although below field capacity. Transmission of snowmelt 2. Soil moisture attempt is made to determine how peak snowpack density and water through the soil profile to the ground-water flow system was shown content are affected by differences in timber stocking, elevation to be theoretically possible and evidence presented indicating that AUTHOR INDEX and insolation. The study was carried out on a 425-acre ponderosa this occurred. The major period of soil-water recharge occurred from pine watershed located in north-central Arizona. Snow samples were AUTHOR INDEX spring rains subsequent to the disappearance of the snowpack. I. Harlan, R. L. taken at 195 sampling points located in a grid fashion over the basin. Sets of samples were taken at regular intervals during the I. Ffolliott, P. F. melt season. II. Thorud, D. B.

*and**Dept. Watershed Management, University of Arizona, U.S .F .S. Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona @ Abstract *Research Scientist, Dept. Fisheries & Forestry, Calgary, Alberta Author Abstract WESTBRII SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 498-69 WESTERN SNOII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 500-69

SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY FOR SNOW SURVEILLANCE IN WESTERN MOUNTAINS Catalogue No. SNOWMELT SIMULATION Catalogue No.

BARNES, JAMES C.* and BOWLEY, CLINTON J.** CRREL No. RILEY, J. PAUL*; CHADWICK, DUANE G.**; EGGLESTON, KEITH*** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 34-40 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 49-56 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 7 Satellite Photographs; 8 References 14 Graphs; 1 Diagram; Formula Development; 12 References

'111e use of satellite photography to map snow cover distribution SUBJECT INDEX A preliminary mathematical model of the snowmelt process has been SUBJECT INDEX in the mountainous regions of the western United States are describ­ developed in which processes such as pack settlement rates and energy ed in this paper. The techniques presented for identifying and I. Satellite photo- flow in the pack by means of both conduction and liquid movement 1. Snowmelt - research mapping snow were developed from meteorological satellite data graphy are considered. Factors such as temperature, surface albedo, and 2. Snowmelt - albedo representative of that currently being received operationally. 2. Snow cover photo- degree and direction of slope are also included. A temperature cri­ 2. Models - suowmel t Differences between satellite snow mapping in flat and mountainous graphy terion is applied to predict the form of precipitation input (snow terrain are reviewed, and the outlook for operational snow sur­ 3. Photography, snow or rain) to the modeL Equations of the various processes are syn­ veillance from space is discussed. A survey of snow and ice on a cover survey thesized into a dynamic model of the total system by means of an world-wide baais, as planned 1n the International Hydrological electronic analog computer. Field data from snow laboratories oper­ Decade, appears economically feasible only through satellite ob­ AUTHOR INDEX ated by the Corps of Engineers and highly instrumented watersheds servations. of the ARS are being used to test and verify the model. Initial I. Barnes, J. c. results have indicated close agreement between observed and com­ AUTHOR INDEX II. Bowley, c. J. puted results. Sensitivity studies have been conducted, and work is continuing to further test and improve the model. A completely I. Riley, J. P. adequate description of the entire physical process of snowmelt is II. Chadwick, D. G. the prime goal of this work. III. Eggleston, K.

*and**Allied Research Associates, Inc. , Concord, Mass. Author & @ Abstract *Associate Professor, Civil Eng., **Associate Professor, Electrical Eng. , ***Graduate Research Asst., Utah Water Research Lab., Logan, Utah Author Abstract WESTBRII SNOII CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 499-69 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 501-69 HYDROLOGY OF SNOII PROFILES OBTAINED WITH THE PROFILING GAMMA Catalogue No. TRANSMISSION SNOII GAGE COMPARISON OF GRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND MASS TRANSFER COMPUTATIONS Catalogue No. CRREL No. OF SNOII EVAPORATION BENEATR SELECTED VEGETATION CANOPIES SMITH, JAMES L.* and HALVERSON, HOWARD G.** CRREL No. DOTY, ROBERT D.* and JOHNSTON, ROBERTS.** Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 41-48 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 1 Table 8 Graphs; 2 References Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 57-62 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 1 Table; 5 Graphs; 8 References Water holding capacities of snow at various densities are examined SUBJECT INDEX by study of ~ density profiles obtained with a profiling snow A research project was conducted in northem Utah, 30 miles east SUBJECT INDEX gage. Water holding capacity of snow is shown to depend upon com­ I. Snowpack of Logan. Snowpack evaporation and condensation were measured by pression, and previous water absorption of the profile in question. -density profile removing cylinders of snow, weighing them and replacement between I. Snowpack evapora- Increases in density up to 20 percent through water absorption are -freewater periods of time. Snow areas in various types of forest canopy cover tion demonstrated. Studies are described of freewater in the snow pro­ -radioactive water and open areas were selected for measurement. Many cylinders were 2. Condensation files of 50 to 107 inches thick and changes in density by use of the content used from the various areas. Meteorological instruments were also 3. Snow - research profiling snow gage for density measurements. The water values are installed to measure those physical factors. Results indicate that measured by electric isotopes similar to the isotope snow gage and AIJTHOR INDEX the amount of winter evaporation was compensated for in the amount the isotope soil moisture equipment. of condensation. Resulting in the conclusion that the small amount AUTHOR INDEX I. Smith, J. L. of evaporation from the winter snow surface is practically negligi­ II. Halverson , H. G. ble. Graphs of the data collected are shown for the several sites. I. Doty, R. D. Formula development are shown using the data collected. II. Johnston, R. s.

*Project Leader Calif. Coop. Snow Research Project, Berkeley, Calif. **Environmental Scientist, Calif. Coop. Snow Research Project, *Associate Research Forester, **Associate Forest Hydrologist, Berkeley, Calif. Author Abstract USFS Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 502-69 WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 504-69

COLLAPSING SNOWPACK Catalogue No. AIRBORNE SEEDING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO WINTER OROGRAPHIC CLOUDS Catalogue No.

BRADLEY, DR. CHARLES C.* CRREL No. RHEA, J. OWEN* and DAVIS, LARRY G.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 63-68 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 75-81 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 5 Graphs; 6 References 1 Table; 3 Graphs; 4 Schematic Diagrams; 2 References

Snowpack collapse in the Northern Rockies shows a frequency SUBJECT INDEX Methods of planning, execution, and evaluating airborne releases SUBJECT INDEX distribution reaching a peak in January on areas generally shelter­ of seeding material into winter orographic clouds are explained by ed from insolation and in April on areas exposed to the sun. In 1. Snowpack example in two case studies employing data collected at the Park 1. Weather modifica­ both cases the collapse results from an excess of load over snow -hydrology Range Atmospheric Water Resources Project area. Results from fif­ tion strength in some zone within the pack, usually in the basal layer. 2. Snow settlement teen airborne seeding events over the Park Range are summarized. -evaluation The two event periods, otherwise, are quite different from each 3. Avalanche safety There is physical evidence, that some of the silver iodide particles 2. Weather modifica­ other as may be seen in: 1) the distribution of pertinent physical released did serve as ice nuclei in the production of snow crystals tion - research properties within the pack at the time of collapse; 2) sensitivity collected in the target area. 3. Silver iodide to influences from outside the pack; 3) the general involvement of the snow column in the collapse; and 4) the physical changes in the AUTHOR INDEX pack brought about by the collapse. These differences appear to have AUTHOR INDEX important implications regarding avalanche safety and snowpack I. Rhea, J. 0. hydrology. I. Bradley, Dr. C. C. II. Davis, L. G.

*Professor of Geology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, Mont. Author Abstract *and**EG&G,Inc., Environmental Services Operation, Boulder, Colo. Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 503-69 WESTERN SNOW CONPERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 505-69

COMPUTER DETERMINATION OF CLOUD SEEDING AREA OF EFFECT Catalogue No. WHO BENEFITS FROM FORECASTING AND WEATHER MODIFICATION Catalogue No.

ELLIOTT, ROBERT D.* CRREL No. SORENSEN, JAMES F.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 69-74 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 82 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 4 Graphs; 11 References A resume of water supply forecasting and weather modification in SUBJECT INDEX A procedure of cloud seeding operations by using a "stepwise" SUBJECT INDEX relation to personal and area wide economics; in relation also to computer program for determining the best possible seeding effects the aspect of the research project involved. There is a need for 1. Water supply fore­ with many meteorological factors presenting themselves for examina­ 1. Weather modifica­ the personal assessment of procedures that will benefit the ulti­ casting tion. The computer program is designed statistically to assure tion - evaluation mate sponsor of those activities. Not forgetting that Mr. J. Q. -economic value steadiness of generator operations. The decision as to which varia­ 2. Computer use Public is the man who pays the bills and is the man who must receive 2. Weather modifica- ble to use is still left to the operators discretion and relying the benefits. The economic value of the project must be kept fore­ tion on his experience, but the computer will compute so rapidly that most in mind and the simplest and most direct path to the answer -economic value several trials can be made in a short period of time. Final runs should be found. are made to check the decisions as to equations dealing with cloud AUTHOR INDEX physics. The cloud seeding area of effect model embodies in a some­ what simplified form nearly all of the existing knowledge about I. Sorensen, J. F. mountain air flow, plume dispersal, cloud physics and water budget. This knowledge is organized into a unified computerized prediction system. The model can therefore be employed in making evaluation AUTHOR INDEX tests more sensitive, and as a real time source of guidance for the conduct Of seeding operations. I. Elliott, R. D.

*Consulting Engineer and President, National Reclamation, Assoc., *North American Weather Consultants, Santa Barbara, Calif. Author Abstract Visalia, Calif. @ Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 506-69 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 508-69

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SNOW SURVEY DATA AND WATER SUPPLY Catalogue No. STREAMFLOW FORECASTING, A VITAL ELEMENT IN WATER MANAGEMENT Catalogue No. FORECASTS . CRREL No. CEANDALL, DAVID L. * CRREL No. NELSON, MORLAN II.* Proc. IISC 1969: Pgs. 92-96 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 Proc. IISC 1969: Pgs. 83-87 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 2 Location Maps; 5 Graphs 2 Graphs; 2 References The economics involved behind a water supply forecast for the SUBJECT INDEX In general, there is a social and economic impact on many businesses SUBJECT INDEX upper Colorado River system involves a drainage area of 110,000 or activities in the western United States from basic snow survey square miles extending over part of 5 western states. Many irriga­ 1. Economics and and water supply forecast· data. However, in all cases, these data 1. Economics of tion projects totaling 1. 5 million acres and a population of -water mgmt. exert their influence through more efficient management of our basic -snow surveys 340,000 persons. The various details of project planning from water 2. Water supply fore- resources of water and soil. Future generations will be more depend- -water supply fore- forecasts are described. The relative value of crops involved and casting ent upon the snow survey data than we are today, and upon the 1m- casts power output from hydro-electric generation as a means of revenue 3. Water mgm.t. provements that will be made through telemetry and new electronic income to support operations relative to power benefits from stor­ equipment. A conservative estimate of the economic value of water ing water for economic water management are illustrated. AUTHOR INDEX supply forecasts to agriculture alone, excluding all Bureau of Reclamation projects, is $32,000,000 and $65,000,000 per year. The AUTHOR INDEX I. Crandall, D. L. total economic and social impact is far greater than the primary farm income benefit. I. Nelson, M. w.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Boise, Idaho Author Abstract *Regional Director, USBR, Salt Lake City, Utah @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 507-69 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 509-69

A PHOTOELECTRIC SNOW PARTICLE COUNTER Catalogue No. A 2-YEAR EVALUATION OF THE SNOWMELT LYSIMETER Catalogue No.

SCHMIDT, R. A.* and SOMMERFELD, R. A.** CRREL No. BAUPT, HAROLD F. * CR!!EL No.

Proc. IISC 1969: Pgs. 88-91 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 Proc. IISC 1969: Pgs. 97-101 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17 2 Schematic Drawings; 1 Photo; 1 Electric Circuit 3 Schematic Drawings; Tables; 1 Graph; 6 References

A photoelectric snow particle counter has been developed to SUBJECT INDEX A snowmelt lysimeter operation is described, and a history of SUBJECT INDEX measure the concentration of snow in the air during blowing snow other snowmelt lysimeters and their operations are reviewed. The conditions to test theories of turbulent transport. The counter 1. Snow research lysimeter designed for this study has an area of only 2. 72 square 1 ~ Lysimeter uses high-speed, very compact photo-transistors, a very compact 2. Physical properties feet and appears more adaptable for research operations than earlier -snowmelt light source, and an integrated circuit differential amplifier. It 3. Blowing snow lysimeters. A detailed description is presented and illustrated by 2. Ablation transmits a large, high-quality signal to a remote tape recorder. schematic drawings. The catchment area was sealed off by a poly­ -snowpack Design features of the instrument include: (1) a small sampling AUTBOR INDEX ethylene barrier that guided snowmelt water into a plastic pipe, 3. Snowmelt area; (2) a very short sampling time; (3) minimum air stream inter­ thence into a SO gallon barrel receiver with a Stevens Type A-35 -research ference; and (4) relative ease of operation under adverse conditions. I. Schmidt, R. A. stage recorder. Time rates of melting by ~; 1; 2; 6; and 24 hourly II. Sommerfeld, R. A. intervals were recorded for clear and rain on snow occasions. This snowmelt lysimeter provided direct measurements of melt output dur­ ing clear weather, as well as rain percolating through the pack plus melt during rainy periods. By following the installation and AUTHOR INDEX operation procedures outlined in the report, accurate data can be obtained at relatively low cost. I. Haupt, H. F.

*and**U.S.F.S. Range & Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. Author Abstract *Forest Hydrologist, USFS, Ogden, Utah @ Abstract WESTI!IIB SNOW COIIFEREIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 51D-69

llllliTAliA TELEIII!TRY SYSTEM Catalogue No.

FARNES, PHILLIP E.* IIDd ROMPEL, JOHN** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 102-107 Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17

A snow hydrology data telemetering system designed by the SCS SUBJECT INDEX with considerable assistance of the Electronic Research Laboratory

at Montana State University 1 has worked successfully for the past 1. Telemetry 5 years. Hydrologic data from snow pressure pillows, precipitation, -hydrologie data and air temperature has been transmitted by radio throughout the 2 • Pressure pillows snow accumulation and ablation periods (November through May) of each year. Snow pressure pillow and precipitation are collected by potentiometer sensors and temperature is measured by thermister units. This data is recorded on a Leupold-Stevena Type-P' recorder and is also transmitted at timed intervals by radio to receiving station through repeater station to office in Bozeman, Mont. and computer. The coding system for the several quantities transmitted is explained. Other details of the system are explained. An on-call interrogation system is needed for an expanded system, and other AUTHOR INDEX rec0111111endations are listed. The pillow data from the falling limb is vitally important in the water management problems of snow-fed L Farnes, P. E. rivers. II. Rompel, J.

*Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Montana **Research Engineer, Montana State University, B~zeman, Mont. @ Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 51l-69

NEVADA'S FANTASTIC SNOWMAN Catalogue No.

MOLER, MURRAY M. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1969: Pgs. 108-llO Salt Lake City, Utah, April 15-17

As part of a recollection of his association with Dr. Church, the SUBJECT INDEX banquet speaker Murray M. Moler, presented the keynote address mady be Dr. Church at the first meeting of the Western Snow 1. History Conference, Reno, Nevada February 18, 1933. AUTHOR INDEX

I. Moler, M. M. II. Church, Dr. J. E.

*Associate Editor, Ogden Standard-Examiner, Ogden, Utah Author abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 512-70 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 514-70

SNOW AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT IN CANADA FOR THE COLUMBIA RIVER Catalogue No. THE SURFACE INSTRUMBNT NETWORK OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER PILOT Catalogue No. TREATY DECISION PROJECT CRREL No. CRREL No. FISHER, W. H.* and SPORNS, U.** CROW, LOREN W.*; CHAPPELL, CHARLES F.**; JONES, GERALD W.***

Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 1-6 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 16-23 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 3 Figures; 5 References 1 Figure; 5 Maps

Management of Columbia River Treaty storage reservoirs in Canada SUBJECT INUEX The upper Colorado River Pilot Project is sponsored by the U. s. SUBJECT INUEX to increase hydroelectric power generation and flood control in the Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Its purpose is to augment United States and Canada is described. Water management criteria 1. Water supply fore­ precipitation in a 3,300 square mile area in the San Juan Mountains 1. Weather modifica­ are presented, consisting of operating rules, seasonal runoff fore­ casting of southwestern Colorado through modification of wintertime cold t-ion - control casting procedures and short-term streamflow forecasting methods. 2. Reservoir regula­ orographic clouds. The first project phase, initiated in November, 2. Precipitation The criteria, primarily derived by empirical methods, attempt to tion 1968, provided for installation and operation of a network of surface -gage network optimize the storage operation. Draft of the storage is governed 3. Flood control instruments to collect meteorological data. A network of precipita­ -characteristics by power generation requirements and seasonal runoff forecasts; 4. Power generation tion, wind, and temperature sensors was designed to provide an refill of the storage is governed by seasonal runoff forecasts, understanding of the physical processes and sequence of storm events AUTHOR INUEX short-term forecasts and power generation requirements. which occur in this area and to permit evaluation of precipitation The seasonal runoff forecasts consider combined winter precip­ augmentation operations. The paper discusses the instrument network I. Crow, L. W. itation and snowpack water equivalent, spring and summer precip­ AUTHOR INUEX design, procedures developed for areal distribution of precipitation, II. Chappell, C. F. itation, antecedent precipitation and mean monthly maximum temper­ and presents examples of precipitation patterns observed. III. Jones, G. W. atures of the forecast period. Glacier melt is considered in the I. Fisher, W. H. Mica drainage basin. II. Sporns, U.

*Planning Engineer, **Head, Hydrology Branch, British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority Author Abet ract *,**,***Western Scientific Services, Fort Collins, Colo. Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 513-70 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 515-70

THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL AS AN Catalogue No. MEASUREMENT OF PRAIRIE SNOWPACKS Catalogue No. OPERATIONAL TOOL CRREL No. GRAY, DON M.*; NORUM, D. !.**; DYCK, G. E.*** CRREL No. HANNAFORD, JACK F.*; BUSH, RICHARD**; BARSCH, RAYMOND E.*** Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 24-30 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 7-15 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 4 Figures; 4 References

Describes development of a runoff simulation technique, origi­ SUBJECT INDEX The paper is concerned with the physical measurement of the snow SUBJECT INDEX nally prepared for use on the American River and then applied to water equivalent of shallow prairie snowpacks under flat, highly operational problems on the Kings River watershed during the 1. Hydrology - basin exposed cold conditions. Consideration is given to the relation­ 1. Snow - density record snowmelt runoff of 1969. Includes descriptions of hydro­ characteristics ship between 11 ground catch 11 and measurements recorded by shielded measurements logic concepts and processes which have been modeled, basic data 2. Snowmelt - runoff automatic precipitation gauges. Physical measurement of shallow -drifting which were required to achieve simulation of these processes, and simulation packs, their distribution and retention by ground sampling 2. Precipitation characteristics of the watershed. The paper is concluded with a 3. Flood prediction techniques are discussed. Time changes in density of freshly -shielded gage description of how the modeling technique was used as a management fallen snow caused by drifting and seasonal variation in density tool to provide basic information for making operational decisions AUTHOR INDEX of shallow snowpacks are evaluated. The performance of twin- AUTHOR INDEX in the Kings River watershed during 1969, probe gamma nuclear system for detecting abrupt physical changes I. Hannaford, J. F. (greater than 1/2 inch) in snow density within a deep profile at I. Gray, D. M. II. Bush, R. H. scanning rates up to 15 inches per minute under cold weather II. Norum, D. I. III. Barsch, R. E. operation is evaluated. III. Dyck, G. E.

*and**Sierra Hydrotech, Placerville, Calif. *Chairman, Division of Hydrology, **Assistant Professor, and ***Calif. Coop. Snow Surveys, DWR, Sacramento, Calif. Author Abstract ***Research Officer, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Author Abstract WES'IERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1/SC No. 516-70 1/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY IISC No. 518-70

USING ALL AVAILABLE HYDROLOGIC DATA Cstalogue No. VARIATION OF SNOW LOADS ON GROUND IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Catalogue No.

RUSSELL, S. 0.* and OBEDKOFF, II.** CRREL No. SCHAERER, P. A.* CRREL No.

Proc. 1/SC 1970: Pgs. 31-36 Victoria, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. 1/SC 1970: Pgs. 44-48 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 1. Figure; 2 Tables; 7 References 4 Figures; 9 References

An approach to the use of both meteorological and streamflow SUBJECT INDEX The snow load used for the design of buildings varies with SUBJECT INDEX data has been developed by S. J. Solomon et al, and applied in geographical location, elevation and aspect. In 1966 observations Labrador. In this method, a river basin is divided into a number 1. Hydrology - basin were initiated to obtain information on the variation with 1. Snow loads of squares, physiographic parameters are determined for each characteristics elevation. The water equivalent of the snow on the ground was 2. Snow - water square, meteorological data are correlated with these parameters 2. Flow analysis measured at sites having a standard exposure and at 400 feet equivalent and from the resulting equation estimates are made of precipitation, intervals of elevation on several mountains. evaporation and runoff for each square. Accumulated runoff is The maximum snow load per winter is a second degree function AUTHOR INDEX compared with measured runoff. of the elevation. Snow loads increase at a greater rate in wet This paper describes an attempt to apply the method to a climate than in areas where snowfalls are small. I. Scheerer, P. A. mountainous area in the interior of British Columbia to determine the areal variation in TUlloff and also to extend the method by AUTHOR INDEX using snow course data as well as meteorological and stream gauge data. The results are promising and the technique has important I. Russell, S. 0. implications for data network design. II. Obedkoff, II.

*Assistant Professor, **Associate Professor, The University of *Division of Building Research, National Research Council, British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Author Abstract Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Author Abstract

1/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1/SC No. 517-70 1/ESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1/SC No. 519-70

LABORATORY SIMULATION OF SNOWMELT Catalogue No. DEVELOPMENT OF SNOW LOAD DESIGN DATA FOR THE UNITED STATES Catalogue No.

QUICK, M. C.* CRREL No. THOM, H. C. S.* CRREL No.

Proc. 1/SC 1970: Pgs. 37-43 Victoria, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. IISC 1970: Pgs. 49-51 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 8 Plates; 3 References 2 Maps; 6 References

Snowmelt is the major input to high flow runoff in the Fraser SUBJECT INDEX For development of snow load data for Standard A-58 of the SUBJECT INDEX River system, and it is necessary to have good understanding of U.S.A. Standards Institute it was decided that the best basis for factors effecting snowmelt before an adequate flow forecasting 1. Snowmelt - runoff snow load should be the observations of actual weight of snow 1. Snow loads system can be constructed. To study the basic physics of snow­ 2. Snowmelt - research (water equivalent) in preference to the depth of snow multiplied -buildings melt, a type of low speed ldnd tunnel has been built in which by the density. Since structures must withstand the extreme load temperature, humidity and radiation can be controlled and melt in any year, the annual extreme value distribution of water rates of 16 cu. ft. samples of snow can be measured. equivalent on the ground is being employed. High elevation loads Results of some of these experiments are presented and the AUTHOR INDEX are a particular problem and work looking toward solution of this AUTHOR INDEX validity of such small scale tests to the calculation of problem is discussed. Results on conversion from ground to roof melt rates in the large scale natural situations is discussed. I. Quick, M. C. and the effect of roof configuration are reviewed. I. Thom, H. C. S.

*As soc, Prefessor, Hydraulics & Hydrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. c. Author Abstract *Senior Research Fellow, Environmental Data Service, ESSA, Washington, D. C. Author Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 520-70 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 522-70

AN APPROACB TO SNOW LOAD EVALUATION Catalogue No. FORECASTING A HYDROGRAPH FOR THE DESCBUTES RIVER Catalogue No.

BROWN, JOHN WEBSTER* CRREL No. GEORGE, TOMMY A.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 52-60 Victoria, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 68-73 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 5 Plates 5 Figures; 2 Maps; I Table

The development of the 1964 Washoe County, Nevada, Snow Load SUBJECT INDEX This paper explains the procedure used to forecast critical flow SUBJECT INDEX Code is presented. Comparison is made with the 1965 Nstionsl levels and the dates that these levels will occur on the Deschutes Building COde of Canada, together with CODDDents indicating the 1. Snow load River at Bend, Oregon. 1. Water supply fore­ general applicability of same to other regions. A general It discusses the value of the forecast to water users in cast - critical method of evaluating snow load values is outlined, including relation to their water rights, and the problems involved in flow levels consideration of recurrence interval. RecoDDDendations for AUTHOR INDEX reconstructing the streamflow hydrograph used in deriving the 2. Water rights additional snow courses in urbanizing mountainous areas for forecast equations. 3. Water mgmt. correlation to longer term stations are set forth. I. Brown, J. w. Examples of forecasted versus actual hydrographs for the past several years are included. The information is used by the AUTHOR INDEX watermaster and irrigation districts in managing the river and their water use. I. George, T. A.

*President, John Webster Brown Civil & Structural Engineers, Inc., Reno, Nevada Author Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Portland, Oregon Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 521-70 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 523-70

SNOW LOADS FOR THE DESIGN OF ROOFS IN CANADA Catalogue No. A SNOW COURSE WEIGHTING METHOD Catalogue No.

LUTES, D. A.* CRREL No. COULSON, C. H.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 61-67 Victoria, B. c., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 74-81 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 5 Figures; 6 References 5 Figures

A more rational approach to snow loads for the design of roofs SUBJECT INDEX This paper describes the derivation and use of a method of SUBJECT INDEX in the National Building Code of Canada has resulted from a ten­ combining interdependent variables into a single variable for year country-wide survey of actual snow loads on roofs. The !. Snow loads use in multiple regression analyses. The method is statistical 1. Water supply fore­ objective of the survey was twofold: to determine by how much and not directly related to any physical parameters. Use of this casts average roof loads can be reduced below the level of ground loads; method to solve a given problem requires the use of a digital 2. Statistical and to assess factors that result in the accumulation of higher computer with a plotting arm auxiliary. The combination of water analysis loads on particular areas of various shapes of roofs from the equivalents at different snow courses is emphasized but the 3. Electronic computor effects of wind, sliding, etc. method could be extended to other independent variables. An This paper describes the factors that affect snow loads, the AUTHOR INDEX example of weighting snow courses for a Columbia River forecast AUTHOR INDEX survey and its results, and the present requirements for snow loads procedure is illustrated. for the design of roofs in Canada. I. Lutes, D. A. I. Coulson, c. H.

*Water Investigations Branch, B. c. Water Resources Service, *Div. of Building Research, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ont. Author Abstract Victoria, B. c. Author Abstract wESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 524-70 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 526-70

SIMULATION OF RUNOFF FROM RAIN-SNOW BASIN Catalogue No. SNOW SURVEY TELEMETRY NETWORKS AND FUTURE PLANS Catalogue No.

ROCKWOOD, DAVID M.* and ANDERSON, JAMES A.** CRREL No. SHANNON, W. G.* and FREEMAN, T. G.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 89-90 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 98-101 Victoria, B. c., April 21-23 6 Figures; 3 Tables; 10 References Federal agencies have legislative authorities which involve the SUBJECT INDEX The Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) model SUBJECT INDEX development • management and use of water resource. Full knowledge is designed to simulate the hydrologic processes in a watershed and relating to the water resource is required. There are large gaps 1. Snow survey hydraulic phenomena in lakes, channels and reservoirs. This pre­ 1. Snowmelt - runoff in basic knowledge and ability to predict future climatic and -networks sentation summarizes a report pr~pared for the International 2. Electronic computor hydrologic events. Programs costing tens of millions of dollars 2. Telemetering Hydrologic Decade which describes the streamflow synthesis are planned and put into operation based on less than a desirable hydrologic data portion of the SSARR model and illustrates reconstitution of level of knowledge. Present hydrologic networks are not sufficient streamflow resulting from rainfall or snowmelt or a combination in coverage or function. The development and use of electronic AUTHOR INDEX of the two on the Willamette Basin Snow Laboratory in the telemetry provide a means of collecting "real time" information. cascade Mountains of western Oregon. Tile watershed area was AUTHOR INDEX Equipment has to meet rigid specification. Funding for data I. Shannon, W. G. divided into five elevation bands; rainfall, snowfall, and collection is piece meal-a better system is needed. II. Freeman, T. G. snowpack accumulation, depletion and melt are computed separately I. Rockwood, D. M. for each band. II. Anderson, J. A.

*Chief, Hydrology & Hydraulics Sec. , **Hydraulic Engineer, North *Chief, Water Supply Forecasting Branch, SCS, Washington, D. C. Pacific Div., USCE, Portland, Oregon Author Abstract **Snow Survey Supervisor for Alaska, SCS, Anchorage, Alaska Author Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 525-70 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 527-70

SIMULATING SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPHS FOR THE FRASER RIVER SYSTEM Catalogue No. THE AUTOMATIC HYDROLOGICAL RADIO REPORTING NETWORK NEW ENGLAND Catalogue No. DIVISION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS PIPES, A.*; QUICR, M. C.**; RUSSELL, S. 0.*** CRREL No. CRREL No. GRAY, CARLETON H.* Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 91-87 Victoria, B. c., April 21-23 4 Figures; 4 References Proc. WSC 1970: Pgs. 102-107 Victoria, B. C., April 21-23 1 Map; 4 Photographs The long term goal of a study presently underway at the University SUBJECT INDEX of British Columbia is to develop a simulation model of the Fraser As an integral part of a comprehensive plan of protection from SUBJECT INDEX River system for research and teaching purposes. The model will be l. Models - digital flood hazards in New England area, the Corps of Engineers has used to estimate the consequences of storage reservoirs in the 2. Snowmelt - runoff designed an automatic data collection network. This radio 1. Flood - warning river system and simulate discharge from readily available 3. Flood prediction operated network provides extensive hydrologic data including network meteorological data for purposes of flood forecasting and river, reservoir and tide levels, wind velocity and direction, 2. Telemetering evaluating the impact of critical meteorological patterns. AUTHOR INDEX barometric pressure and precipitation levels in five major -hydrologic data The study consists of two main phases: simulation of discharge New England river basins. At the central station the reporting from relatively small basins and routing of flows down the river I. Pipes, A. network is interfaced directly with an IBM 1130 which can auto­ AUTHOR INDEX channels. Techniques which are being used are described in the II. Quick, M. C. matically interrogate the entire system and provide a complete paper. III. Russell, S. 0. printout in three minutes. I. Gray, c. H.

*Research Assoc., **Assoc. Prof., ***Assistant Prof., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Author Abstract *Office of the Chief of Engineers, USCE, Washington, D. C. Editor Abstract WESTl!BN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 528-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 53D-71

SIIIULATION OF DAILY SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND MELT Catalogue No. VARIATION OF SNOW RESOURCES WITH CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IN CANADA Catalogue No .

WILLEN, DONALD W.*; SHUMWAY, CLYDE A.**; REID, JAMES E.*** CRREL No. McKAY, G. A.* and FINDLAY, BRUCE** CRREL NO.

Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 1-8 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 17-26 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 4 Figures; 1 Table; 12 References 8 Figures; 5 Tables; 9 References

A simulation algorithm that can predict daily snow water SUBJECT INDEX Snow survey t'ecords are analyzed in terms of the major vegetative SUBJECT INDEX equivalent and delivered meltwateT on-site in the Central Sierra divisions of Canada. The complex roles of relief, water bodies and Nevada of california has been developed. The model uses data on 1. Snowmelt - research forest association varieties are demonstrated and discussed as they 1. Snow cover precipitation, snowpack condition, and snowmelt process. The input 2. Model - digital are key factors in snow ablation, accumulation and transport. -forests variables are daily values of pree:ipitation, maximum and minimum 3. Precipitation Climatic zones of the country are also considered. In mountainous 2. Snow distribution temperature, incoming short wave radiation, albedo, and vegetative analysis and arctic areas there is insufficient basic data to permit adequate 3. Ablation cover density. The output is daily delivered meltwater on-site. definition. Options for estimated radiation and albedo can also be used. Re­ AUTHOR INDEX Distinctive regional snow storage patterns are outlined and some AUTHOR INDEX sults of tests using two years of data shoved a close correlation implications are drawn for water resource planners. between predicted and actual daily snowpack water equivalent and I. Willen, D. W. I. McKay, G. A. melt. II. Shumway, C. A. II . Findlay, B. III. Reid, J. E.

*George Washington National Forest, Harrisonburg, Virginia *Superintendent, Climatological Research & Special Programs, **and***Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Toronto, Ontario Berkeley, Calif. Simons Abstract **Canadian Meteorological Service, Toronto, Ontario Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 529-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 531-71

A MODEL FOR UPDATING STREAMFLOW FORECASTS BASED ON AREAL SNOW COVER catalogue Np. EFFICIENCY OF FOLIAGE IN HORIZONTAL INTERCEPTION Catalogue No. AND A PRECIPITATION INDEX CRREL No. FOWLER, W. B.* and BERNDT, H. W.** CRREL No. LEAF, CHARLES F.* and HAEFFNER, ARDEN D.** Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 27-33 Billings, Montana, April 2o-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 9-16 Billings, Montana, April 2D-22 2 Figures; 2 Tables; 7 References 4 Figures; 4 Tables; 26 References Comparing deposition of rime and condensation growth of hoarfrost SUBJECT INDEX A simple graphical method for updating streamflow forecasts during SUBJECT INDEX on a number of simple geometric solids and complex foliar elements the melt season is described. The procedure, developed from data on indicates major differences occur in these processes with time. 1. Rime ice three small forested watersheds in the Fraser Experimental Forest, 1. Water supply fore- Differences in the rate of rime accumulations are a reflection of 2. Condensation is based on: (1) aerial photographs of snow cover depletion acquired cast the changing effective surface accompanying simplification of during 1964-68, and (2) a precipitation index derived from April 30 2. Snow cover form and enlargement of receptor elements. Heat loss through AUTHOR INDEX storage gage measurements adjusted for subsequent precipitation in- depletion forced convection appears to be a major factor in condensation , put during the snowmelt runoff season. Trial forecasts with 1969 3. Precipitation growth of hoarfrost. I. Fowler. W. B. data indicate the method gives acceptable results. analysis II. Berndt, H. W. The 1969 melt season was a good year to test the model, since precipitation during May and June was abnormally high. Successive AUTHOR INDEX adjustment of the precipitation indices reduced initial forecast errors from an average 20 percent to approximately 10 percent when I. Leaf, c. F. the flow remaining was still about 80 percent of the seasonal total. II. Haeffner, A. D.

*Hydraulic Eng., **Assoc. Hydraulic Eng., Rocky Mountain Forest *Meteorologist, **Supervisory Research Forester, Pacific Northwest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Simons Abstract Forest and Range Experiment Station, Wenatchee, Wash. Simons Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 532-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 534-71

SNOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR OREGON AND UTAH Catalogue No. MOUNTAIN PRECIPITATION AND HYDROLOGY FOR SNOW SURVEYS Catalogue No.

VANCE, BOWARD M. * and WHALEY, BOB L. ** CRREL No. FARNES, PHILLIP E.* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 34-38 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 44-49 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 3 Graphs; 6 Figures; Table; 3 References 5 Figures; 3 References

Selected snow course data in Oregon and Utah was analyzed by SUBJECT INDEX On snow course locations in timbered areas the amount of snow SUBJECT INDEX computer using Log-Pearson Type-3 method for determining percent­ that occurs in open meadow situations is determined by adjusting chance of oc'currence. The characteristics of the physical location 1. Snow water content snow course readings proportionately to the forest canopy cover 1. Precipitation help interpret the snow frequency data. The generated data can be 2. Snow cover at the sampling points. This open meadow or natural snowfall analysis

used to predict expected snow lOads, locate potential winter -distribution value for average April 1 snow water equivalent is compared to 2 0 Snow water tecreation areas and related uses. 3. Snowfall average annual precipitation at locations where both values are equivalent probabilities available. From this relationship, average annual precipitation 3. Forest cover is determined for all snow course sites. Using precipitation canopy AUTHOR INDEX data and elevation, isohyets are drawn. The hydrology of various drainages is evaluated by determining the relationship between I. Vance, H. M. precipitation and runoff is obtained by determining the average II. Whaley, B. L. annual precipitation for gaged drainage basins and comparing this to average runoff. By using these relationships the average AUTHOR INDEX runoff for any basin can be estimated by using average annual precipitation over the basin. I. Farnes, P. E.

*Assistant Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Portland, Oregon **Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Salt Lake City, Utah Simons Abstract *Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Bozeman, Montana Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 533-71 WESTEEN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 535-71

COMPARISON OF RUNOFF FROM A CATCHMENT SNOW PILLOW AND A SMALL Catalogue No. DESIGN OF A WATERSHED SNOW FENCE SYSTEM, AND FIRST-YEAR SNOW Catalogue No. FORESTED WATERSHED ACCUMULATION CRREL No. CRREL No. MOLNAU, MYRON* TABLER, RONALD D.*

Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 39-43 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 50-55 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 6 Figures; 6 References 8 Figures; 2 References

A 12-by-12 foot square pressure pillow was modified by the SUBJECT INDEX Inducing snow accumulation with fences in areas with insufficient SUBJECT INDEX addition of drains to collect the snowmelt from the pillow. This natural barriers can materially increase total snow storage by meltwater was collected in tanks and monitored by stage recorders. 1. Pressure pillow reducing sublimative losses and by diverting snow that would be 1. Snow cover The daily runoff amounts from the catchment pillow was compared 2. Snowmelt & runoff transported further downwind. accumulation with the mean daily runoff from a 1580-acre watershed and one of This paper describes the approach used to design a snow fence 2. Water mgmt. approximately 80 acres. The runoff from the pillow provided a good treatment for an experimental watershed to test the feasibility measure of the timing of runoff from the two watersheds. A time lag AUTHOR INDEX of this form of snowpack management. A method is presented for of one day was found for the small watershed and 2 or 3 days for estimating the total amount of snow available to a fence. the larger watershed. I. Molnau, M. After 9 years of pretreatment measurements, a 12-1/2 ft. fence 1300 ft. long was built on a 111-acre watershed. Peak snowpack AUTHOR INDEX water equivalent on this watershed the first winter after treat­ ment was about 70% greater than predicted without the fence. I. Tabler, R. D.

*Principal Hydrologist, Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiment *Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department, Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Simons Abstract University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Simons Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 536-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 538-71

THE USE OF SNOW FENCES FOR SHIELDING PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No. RADio-TELEMETRY NETWORR USED BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR Catalogue No. REPORTING HYDROLOGIC DATA IN WESTERN WASHINGTON RECHARD, PAUL A.* and LARSON, LEE W.** CRREL No. CRREL No. SWIFT, CHARLES III* Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 56-62 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 6 Figures; 1 Table; 10 References Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 7o-76 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 1 Figure; 2 Tables The development and operation of a research project developed SUBJECT INDEX by the WyOIIct.ng Water Resources Research Institute under contract This paper describes the extent of the hydrologic data telemetry SUBJECT INDEX with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is 1. Precipitation gage network, the type and capability of equipment used for reporting described. Preliminary information on precipitation data, 2. Snow. drifting and processing the data, the types of sensors being employed, and 1. Telemetry statistical analysis, snow drift profiles, and wind character­ 3. Statistical some of the many problems experienced in installing and operating hydrologic data istics are presented. The data shows that there is a distinct analysis the network in western Washington, The equipment was installed by 2. Pressure pillow possibility of shielding precipitation gages from the adverse the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Tacoma effects of wind by using artificial barriers (snow fences). AUTIIOR INDEX and the Puget Sound Power and Light Company. At present it con­ sists of a computer-operated base station, two repeater radios, I. Rechard, P. A. four remote telemetry stations reporting data from snow survey II. Larson, L. W. courses, and six remote telemetry stations reporting data from AUTHOR INOEX stream gages. The form of data reporting is analog and processing is digital. I. Swift, C.

*Director, Water Resources Research Institute, **Ph.D candidate, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. Simons Abstract *Hydraulic Engineer, USGS, Water Resources Div., Tacoma, Wash. Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 537-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 539-71

MANAGING SNOW ACCUMULATION UNDER LEAFLESS ASPEN TO ENHANCE WATERSHED Catalogue No. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FULCRUM WEIGHING DEVICE FOR PRECIPITATION GAGES Catalogue No. VALUE CRREL No. MORELAND, RONALD E. * CRREL No. SWANSON, ROBERT H.* and STEVENSON, DOUGLAS R.** Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 77-83 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 63-69 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 8 Figures; 2 Tables 8 Figures; 2 References This is a report on the development and use of a fulcrum SUBJECT INDEX Photographic records from Streetcar Basin in Southern Alberta SUBJECT INDEX weighing device for precipitation gages. This device was designed show that non-leaved cover influences both accumulation areas and by the Soil Conservation Service for use on the Bureau of Reclama­ 1. Precipitation gage ablation rate. Snow water equivalents in small natural openings 1. Snow cover tion' a Atmospheric Water Resources Program in the Jemez Mountains 2. Snow cover one-half to five tree heights across were one-third more than -accumulation of northern New Mexico. accumulation under the surrounding canopy. Large clear areas not influenced 2. Hydrology A new weighing device was developed for the precipitation gages by trees or topography were generally bare. -groundwater installed adjacent to seven snow courses in the target area. This Management implications are that total clearing of aspen and 3. Snowmelt mgmt. device was developed to obtain weight readings with greater ease establishing grass in its stead is probably detrimentaL Snow and quicker than the manual weighing procedure and maintain the that should accumulate under aspen on the ridges is trapped in accuracy of direct weight measurements. A load cell or transducer AUTHOR INDEX depressions, becoming direct runoff upon melting. The best range can be added for telemetry. Measurements and results obtained from and watershed management combinations should be strip or block AUTHOR INDEX using the fulcrum device are discussed. I. Moreland, R. E. clearings to hold snow on ridges. This combination should yield more forage, distribute grazing animals and augment the local I. Swanson, R. H. groundwater regime. II. Stevenson, D. R.

*Projects Coordinator, Forest Hydrology Branch, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alberta **Rydrogeologist, Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Simons Abstract *Assistant Snow Survey Supervisor, SCS, Fort Collins, Colo. Simons Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BlllLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 540-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 542-71

FIELD PERFORMANCE OF THE UNIVERSAL SURFACE PRECIPITATION GAGE Catalogue No. DIRECTIONS IN WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING Catalogue No.

COX, LLOYD M. * CREEL No. TARBLE, RICHARD D.* and BURNASH, J. D.** CREEL No.

Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 84-88 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 93-97 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 8 Figures; 3 References 1 Figure; 1 Table; 11 References

The universal surface precipitation gage has proved to be an SUBJECT INDEX The efficient management of water resources has long recognized SUBJECT INDEX excellent research tool for making ground surface measurements the requirement for evaluating the magnitude of the seasonal of precipitation, snow water equivalent, and melt rate. Experi­ 1. Precipitation gage 11Water crop11 • Increasing demands on the available supply and 1. Water supply fore­ mental results indicate that the gage provides a more realistic 2. Snow water proper management of temporary over and under supply situations casts measure of -the snowmelt process than does the conventional 12- equivalent have demonstrated a requirement for additional information on the 2. Water mgm.t. foot butyl pillow and has the advantage of providing coincident 3. Pressure pillow potential volume and anticipated distribution of the water resource. measurements of water equivalent and the volume rate of flow Systems which the Sacramento River Forecast Center has developed to AUTHOR INDEX from the base of the snowpack. These quantities include any water meet these requirements and the types of information which can be added by rainfall. The universal surface precipitation gage appears derived from such analysis are discussed. I. Tarble, R. D. to have excellent potential as an operational instrument because AUTHOR INDEX II. Burnash, J. D. of the completeness of data obtained and the relatively inexpen­ sive installation and maintenance costs. I. Cox, L. M.

*Research Soil Scientist, Northwest Watershed Research Center, USDA, *Principal Hydrologist, **River Forecast Center, ESSA, National Boise, Idaho Simons Abstract Weather Service, Sacramento, Calif. Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 541-71 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 543-71

ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OVERCOME SEVERE ENVIRONMENT ENCOUNTERED BY Catalogue No. PREDICTION OF SEASONAL SNOWMELT RUNOFF IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY Catalogue No. MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CREEL No. PIPES, ANTHONY* CREEL No. GORNALL, J. C. Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 98-105 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 Proc. WSC 1971: Pgs. 89-92 Billings, Montana, April 20-22 7 Figures; 1 Table; 4 References 5 Photos The direct evaluation of groundwater recharge in the forested SUBJECT INDEX For many years, radio engineers have sought to overcome severe SUBJECT INDEX part of Carra Landing Drainage should provide a means of improving environmental conditions encountered in remote mountainous areas the seasonal runoff prediction in the Okanagan Valley Watershed. 1. Snowmelt runoff and have dreamed of a radio station which would require no access 1. Telemetering The evaluation Of groundwater recharge based on water level fluctua- 2. Groundwater roads, no power lines, no battery charging, and after a quick, -hydrologic data tiona will only have a long-range forecasting utility if it can be storage easy and economical installation, would provide extremely high 2. Equipment obtained below elevation that generate the major portion of the reliability and require no attention for at least five years. -telemetering regional runoff and if it can be obtained in advance of the winter This dream evidently has been realized in British Columbia by snowmelt inflow. The direct evaluation of recharge can interpret the development of the special VHF radio stations described in the effect of autumn rainfall and the effects of the rate of snow- this paper. The presentation of the paper. included a series of melt priming. The forecast cannot account for additional factors eighty colored slides illustrating the historical background of that will control the melt of the heavier snowpacks at higher the development, a description of the radio station equipment AUTHOR INDEX elevations. Seasonal inflow forecasting will have to rely on as well as some field installations of mountain top repeater statistical techniques early in the inflow season, since the AUTHOR INDEX and snow course base stations. I. Gornall, J. C. evaluation of groundwater recharge can only be made after the snow has melted at the 3,000 foot elevation. I. Pipes, A.

*Radio Systems Eng., B.C. Hydro & Power Authority, Vancouver, B. C. Simons Abstract *Research Associate, Water Resources Group, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Simons Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 544-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 546-72

ENVIRONMENT AND THE SNOW RESOURCE Catalogue No. COPING WITB POPULATION GROWTB AND A LIMITED RESOURCE Catalogue No.

KAHAN, ARCHIE M. * CRREL No. BRIGGS, PHILIP* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 6-8 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20

The concern about the environment in the snow resource is SUllJECT INDEX A computerized system analysis, using a series of optimization SUllJECT INDEX changing with the spirit of the times. This is the keynote of and simulation models, to prepare recommendations of water alloca­ the seminar on "Environment and the Snow Resource". 1. Environment tions was developed for use in the State of Arizona. The system was 1. Model - digital 2. Snow cover divided into three subsystems; economic, hydrologic-engineering, 2. Water mgmt. -accumulation and one which interfaces the first two. These fit together in a closed loop which can be continuously operated until all inputs are AUTBOR INDEX AUTEOR INDEX internally consistent. This method has been used to develop techni­ cal evaluations of specific areas for use by decision makers. I. Briggs, P. I. Kahan, A. M.

*Chief, Division of Atmospheric Watec Resources Management, USBR, Denver, Colo. Simons Abstract *Arizona Water Commission, Phoenix, Arizona Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 545-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 547-72

THE CHANGING WATER RESOURCE Catalogue No. RENOVATING SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY GROUNDWATER RECHARGE Catalogue No.

HENDERSON, TBOMAS J • * CRREL No. BOUWER, HERMAN*; LANCE, J. C.**; RICE, R. C.*** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 2-5 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 9-16 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 3 Tables 3 Figures; 2 Tables; 14 References

It is not the basic resource, water, that is changing but man's SUBJECT INDEX In the Salt River Valley, in central Arizona, the performance of SUBJECT INDEX influence on this resource that is producing an ever-increasing a system for renovating waste water by groundwater recharge depends change. The effects of man on natural patterns of water supply in 1. Watershed mgmt. upon the local conditions of climate, soil and groundwater. The 1. Groundwater the case of urbanization may be largely inadvertent. But man's 2. Environment hydrological conditions in Salt River Valley, central Arizona are 2. Infiltration intentional activities may improve the environment for either 3. Weather modifica­ favorable for groundwater recharge with infiltration basins in the more direct benefit or greater aesthetic advantage. Man's tion - research river bed. It is estimated that tertiary treatment by this method AUTHOR INDEX influence can improve his environment, particularly with respect would cost about $5 per acrefoot or less than one-tenth of equiva­ to the intelligent influence on the natural patterns of supply AUTHOR INDEX lent in-plant treatment. This would be an additional source of I. Bouwer, H. by means of weather modification. water to meet future agricultural and other demands. II. Lance, J. C. I. Henderson, T. J. III. Rice, R. C.

*Chief Hydraulic Engineer, **Research Soil Chemist, ***Research Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, *Atmospherics Incorporated, Fresno, Calif. Simons Abstract Phoenix, Arizona Simons Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 548-72 WESTEEN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 550-72

TRE APPLICATION OF SNOWMELT FORECASTING TO COMBAT COLUMBIA RIVER Catalogue No. AIR TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS AND FORECASTS - TREIR RELATIONSHIP TO Catalogue No. NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION PROBLEM TRE PREDICTION OF SPRING SNOWMELT IN TRE EAGLE RIVER BASIN, COLORADO CRREL No. CRREL No. SPEERS, DOUGLAS D. * ZIMMERMAN, AARON L. *

Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 17-22 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 3Q-36 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 6 Figures; 5 References 10 Figures; 7 References

The probleDi of nitrogen supersaturation on the Columbia River, SUBJECT INDEX A simple temperature index to snowmelt based on daily maximum SUBJECT INDEX which is alleged to have resulted in severe fisheries losses, is temperature, performs quite well in the Eagle River Basin in Colo­ discussed. The cause of nitrogen supersaturation and its effect on 1. Snowmelt & runoff rado in the spring snowmelt season during clear-weather melt condi­ 1. Temperature index fish are reviewed, and several structural solutions to the problem 2. Reservoir regula­ tions. During weather situations where a significant change of air 2. Snowmelt & runoff are presented. An effective means in reducing the problem lies in tion mass is occurring, air temperatures are likely to be a poorer in­ 3. Water supply fore­ the regulation of upstream reservoirs, and snowmelt forecasting 3. Models - digital dex to snowmelt than during relatively stable, dry periods. There­ casts plays an important role in this regulation. Two types of forecasts fore, additional air temperature data for a given river basin might are utilized, volumetric forecasts determined by multiple regression not significantly improve snowmelt prediction during such periods. procedures, and daily simulation of runoff using the SSARR computer The predictability of air temperatures in a time frame of the next AUTROR INDEX model. These procedures are briefly described and examples of their AUTROR INDEX several days is improving as the general circulation prognoses application in combating the nitrogen supersaturation problem are improve. I. Zimmerman, A. L. given. I. Speers, D. D.

*Hydraulic Engineer, USCE, Portland, Oregon Simons Abstract *Hydrologist, River Forecast Center, NWS, Salt Lake City, Utah Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 549-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 551-72

FORECAST STUDY FOR PRAIRIE PROVINCES WATER BOARD Catalogue No. TRE LABOR DAY STORM OF 1970 IN ARIZONA Catalogue No.

NEMANISHEN, WALTER* CRREL No. TRORUD, DAVID B.* .and FFOLLIOTT, PETER F.** CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 23-29 Phoenix, Arizooa, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 37-42 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 4 Figures; 3 Tables; 8 References 2 Figures; 9 References

The Prairie Provinces Water Board has spearheaded a study to SUBJECT INDEX The 1970 Labor Day Storm caused more loss of human life than any SUBJECT INDEX improve and coordinate the water supply forecast for Alberta, other storm in Arizona's recent history. In addition, many dwellings, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Initial forecasts for the April to 1. Precipitation roads, bridges, and other structures were damaged by record flood­ 1. Flood damage October period are based on winter storage precipitation data, analysis ing. The meteorological and hydrological features of tropical storm 2. Flood forecasting summer rainfall and winter base flows. Further the use of percent 2. Forecast accuracy Norma, and the resulting damage to human, cultural, and natural correction factor, based on data for three integrating loss basins, 3. Water supply fore­ resources have been documented and analyzed. Such analyses contribute significantly improved the accuracy of forecast for the South casting to improved estimates of the magnitude and frequency of future AUTROR INDEX Saskatchewan River. Extreme residuals were reduced from + 23 per- storm and flood events, and assist engineers and planners in the cent to ± 8 percent. - AUTROR INDEX design and location of new communities, drainage systems, bridges, I. Thorud, D. B. dams, and other cultural features. II. Ffolliott, P. F. I. Nemanishen, W.

*Professor, **Assistant Professor, Department of Watershed Manage­ *Hydrologist, Water Survey of Canada, Environment Canada, Calgary, ment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Simons Abstract Alberta Simons Abstract WESTEBN SNOW CONFEBENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 552-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 554-72

SEPARATION OF TilE SUIU'ACJ! AND SUJISURFACE FLOW FROM SNOWMELT BY TilE Catalogue No. A WILDERNESS SNOW COURSE Catalogue No. USE OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS . CRREL No. DELI<, ROBERT* CRREL No. HOLECEK, G. R. * and NOUJAIM, DR. A. A.** Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 53-57 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 43-48 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 1 Figure; 1 Table; 5 References 3 Figures; 1 Table; 6 References The Holbrook Snow Course, located in the Bob Marshall Wilderness SUBJECT INDEX The separation of surface and subsurface flow resulting from SUJIJECT INDEX area, Flathead National Forest, Montana, has become the focal point snowmelt from a 15 acre plot in north central Alberta was ac­ of controversy concerning the use of motorized vehicles in wilder­ 1. Wilderness areas complished by means of a radioisope tracer. The snow cover was 1. Snowmelt & runoff ness areas. Travel to Holbrook was by fixed-wing aircraft and heli­ 2. Snow survey sprayed with 50 to 150 millicuries· of Iodine -125. Surface flow 2. Flow analysis copter from 1951 through 1969, and beginning on March 1, 1970, by -economics retained its radioactive characteristics while the subsurface 3. Groundwater Forest Service personnel traveling to the area on skis. This paper flows lost its contamination because of filtering action by the discusses the Wilderness Act of 1964 (PL-88-577), which requires soil mantle. This method can be used to study the impact of land AUTHOR INDEX use of "primitive" means of travel, and its relation to wilderness utilization on the hydrologic cycle. snow courses. Problems and hazards encountered during the ski trips I. Holecek, G. R. are discussed. The importance of the snow course and the value of ll. Noujaim, Dr. A.A. the wilderness resource are evaluated. A plan to move the course to another site in an attempt to consolidate administrative uses in AUTHOR INDEX the wilderness area is also presented. This plan has resulted in a problem of data correlation which has not yet been resolved. I. Delk, R.

*P. Eng., Watershed Research Engineer, Hydrology Branch, Water Resources Division, Alberta Dept. of the Environment **Associate Professor, Chairman of Bionucleonics, University of Alberta Simons Abstract *Hydrologist, Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, Montana Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 553-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 555-72

SNOW, RELATED ACTIVITIES AND CONCERNS ON THE GRAND MESA WESTERN Catalogue No. WILDERNESS IN THE NATIONAL PARKS Catalogue No. COLORADO CRREL No. HENNEBERGER, J. * CRREL No. CHRISTNER, JERE J. * Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 58-60 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 49-52 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 4 References A wilderness studies program has been underway in the National SUJIJECT INDEX Park Service since 1964 when the Wilderness Act directed the Melt water from accumulated snow on the Grand Mesa, plays a very SUJIJECT INDEX service to study all roadless areas of 5,000 acres or more in l. Wilderness areas important role in the agriculture pursuits of western Colorado. the parks and other areas of the system that existed in 1964. The recent large increase in people engaging in wintertime on-the­ 1. Snowmelt - mgmt. This would include a total of 65 areas. Public hearings have been snow activities has resulted in the altering of snow redistribution 2. Watershed - mgmt. held on 43 and up through fiscal year 1972, reports on 40 of these patterns and the changing of snow density. The effects of these areas have been completed. Substantial progress on the balance has changes on forest a.."ld range ecosystems is largely unknown. Further been made and completion by 1974 is anticipated. To date, Congress AIJTHOR INDEX studies are required to evaluate the changes that are occurring AUTHOR INDEX has created wilderness units in the Petrified Forest National Park and to develop patterns of man's use that is compatible with the and Craters of the Moon National Monument. I. Henneberger, J. ecological systems. I. Christner, J. J.

*Hydrologist, USFS, Delta, Colorado Simons Abstract *Wilderness Coordinator, National Park Service, Denver, Colo. Simons Abstract ·WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 556-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 558-72

WATERSHED HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA REQUIRED FOR WEATBER MODIFICATION Catalogue No. AVALANCHE AWAEENESS AND SAFETY FOR SNOW SCIENTISTS IN TBE FIELD Catalogue No.

ELLIOTT, R. D.* and HANNAFORD, J.** CRREL No. HOTCHKISS, WILLIAM R. * CEREL No.

Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 61-66 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 75-80 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 2 Figures; 2 References 1 Figure; 14 References

The hydrometeorological data in five western mountain watersheds SUBJECT INDEX During the winter of 1970-71, avalanches in the United States SUBJECT INDEX were reviewed and deficiencies in existing data required for planning caught 58 people, buried 46, and killed 12. Snow scientists should of large scale research weather modification projects were noted. 1. Weather modifica- periodically update their knowledge of how to classify avalanche 1. Avalanches Ideally the additional data needed for each major watershed includes tion events and to evaluate avalanche hazards. A practical, three-part -safety a base station for project control, several clima.t stations to re­ -evaluation classification of avalanches is proposed. Part I includes static cord areal coverage of precipitation and standard meteorological 2. Water supply fore­ observations made following the event; Part II includes dynamic parameters and one mountain observatory unit for the observation of casts observations made at the time of the event; and Part III includes special meteorological parameters and snow quality data. Studies of genetic deductions based on a description of the meteorological existing data reveals little or no tendency for snowpack to level background. Evaluation of hazard is possible through careful obser­ off or to decrease at higher elevations. Estimates of a ten percent vation of the definitive factors which cause avalanches; accumula­ increase in precipitation during the October through April seeding tion of new-fallen and wind-transported snow, free water percolat­ periods could increase the average annual runoff by 2. 5 million acre­ ing through the snowpack, and progressive weakening of internal feet within the five large watersheds and an additional 1 million layers of the snowpack. Knowledge of avalanche classification and AUTBOR INDEX acrefeet around the periphery of these watersheds. Extending the AUTBOR INDEX hazard evaluation together with the use of sound judgement, should seeding period into May and June could increase the runoff from the promote avalanche awareness and safety. I. Hotchkiss, W. R. five study basins by 440,000 acrefeet, but caution is needed in seed­ I. Elliott, R. D. ing during this period because of undesirable flood potentials. II. Hannaford, J.

*Pres., North American Weather Consultants, Santa Barbara, Calif. **Sierra Hydrotech, Placerville, Calif. Simons Abstract *Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif. Simons Abstract

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 557-72 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 559-72

INFLUENCE OF LATE SEASON PRECIPITATION ON RUNOFF OF TBE KINGS RIVER Catalogue No. SECTION 22, "SNOW SURVEY AND WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING" OF TBE SCS Catalogue No. NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK HANNAFORD, J. F • • CHREL No. CEREL No. BARTON, MANES* and PEARSON, GREGORY L. ** Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 67-74 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 9 Figures; 3 References Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 81-82 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20

In the King' a River basin of the southern Sierra Nevadas, late­ SUBJECT INDEX The Soil Conservation Service is issuing Section 22 entitled "Snow SUBJECT INDEX season, high-elevation storms are important factors in the hydrology Survey and Water Supply Forecasting" of the SCS National Engineer­ of the area. Numerous occurrences producing from a few hundred to L Water supply ing Handbook. Section 22 provides detailed information on many as­ 1. Snow survey perhaps 10,000 acrefeet or more may be expected to occur almost -future pects of snow surveys and water supply forecasting. It will be use­ references every year. In aggregate they may represent from five to twenty per­ 2. Spring precipita- ful not only for specialists in this field but also for scholars 2. Water supply fore-. cent of the total runoff in the May-September period. While the tion and students because it is a compilation of information not previous­ casting supplemental water produced by late season precipitation cannot be 3. Weather modifica- ly available in a single publication. It is available from u. s. accurately forecast, accurate knowledge of the quantity and timing tion - research Government Printing Office. of such supplemental flow would be valuable to the water manager. Section 22 is divided into nine chapters. Major topics are; Data Recent studies involving weather modification during the May­ AUTBOR INDEX Collection for Water Supply Forecasting, Telemetry in Data Col­ September period suggest that perhaps substantial augmentation of lection, Travel to Collect Data, Data Processing, Water Supply Fore­ runoff from late season storms may be a possibility. I. Hannaford, J. F. c~sting, and Maintenance of Installations and Equipment. AUTBOR INDEX Section 22 is the first comprehensive text on snow surveys and water supply forecasting since Dr. J. E. Church introduced modern I. Barton, M. snow survey techniques at Mt. Rose, Nev., in 1904 to 1910. II. Pearson. G. L.

*Head, Water Supply Forecast Unit, WRTSC, SCS, Portland, Oregon *Sierra Hydrotech, P. 0. Box 169, Placerville, Calif. Simons Abstract **Hydrologist, Water Supply Forecast Unit, WRTSC, SCS, Portland, Ore. Simons Abstract ftsTEIIN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 560-72

SOU'I.'H DAKOTA WEATBER MODIFICATION PROGRAM Catalogue No.

WILLIAMS, MERLIN* CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1972: Pgs. 83-88 Phoenix, Arizona, April 18-20 2 Figures

A ·description of the current weather modification program as SUBJECT INDEX currently being carried out in South Dakota, and how it has developed over the past 10 years. 1. Weather modifica­ The results of early uncoordinated weather modification efforts tion - research for hail suppression and summer ·rainfall increase experimentation are theorized. AU'I.'HOR INDEX The growth of the program from individual efforts and trials to a total Local-State-Federal cooperative effort is detailed. I. Williams, M.

*Director, Weather Control Commission, State of South Dakota, Pierre, South Dakota Simons Abstract WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 561-73 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 563-73

WATER RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AND SUPPLY Catalogue No. U. S. FOREST SERVICE CLAIMS--BETWEEN THE SNOWPACK AND DOWNSTREAM Catalogue No. WATER INTERESTS OGILVIE, JAMES* CRREL No. CRREL No. COOLEY, JOHN R. * and MULVANEY, ROBERT J. ** Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 1-3 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 One part of a panel discussion Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 9-14 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 11 References A discussion of the problems a large city has supplying water to SUBJECT INDEX its customers both domestic and coDDDercial. Exploration of other A discussion of control and water rights in the United States. SUBJECT INDEX sources of water such as desalinization, weather modification, reuse 1. Waste water Deals primarily with the State of Colorado methods of adjudication of waste water, and transport from other areas such as Canada or reclamation of water rights including claims by the United States. Conflicts 1. Water rights Alaska. 2. Evaporation under state law with rights of others to divert water - a right I 2. Water regulation 3. Cloud seeding that Colorado Constitution says will never be denied. Indicates 3. Comprehensive 4. Desalinization need for comprehensive water management due to population growth water mgmt. and environmental concerns. AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

I. Ogilvie, J. I. Cooley, J. R. II. Mulvaney, R. J.

*Supervisory Hydrologist, Forest Service, USDA, Denver, CO **Forester, Forest Service, USDA, Denver, CO *Manager, Denver Water Board, Denver, Colorado

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 562-73 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 564-73 OMNISCIENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Catalogue No. PLANNING FOR CITY WATER SUPPLIES catalogue No. THE STRAUSS, PRED A.* CRREL No. HILL, LELAND K. * CRREL No. Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 4-8 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 15-21 1 Chart A discussion of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern SUBJECT INDEX California: how it was organized, how it operates, what has been The 1969 Federal Legislation and (in California) 1970 State SUBJECT INDEX accomplished, major problems, and current plans. 1. Critical resource Legislation made mandatory Environmental Impact Statements (EIR) It includes a brief history and statistics concerning size of 2. Water pricing on all public work projects. In 1972, the California Supreme Court, 1. Environment members, people served and amount of water delivered. 3. Diminishing water in its decision 11 Friends of Mammoth v. Board of Supervisors of 2. Impact statement 4. Environmental Mono County" imposed the requirement that public agencies prepare 3. Matrix evaluation consideration an EIR on all private (as well as public) projects having signifi­ cant effect on the environment "for which a permit or other similar AUTHOR INDEX entitlement is required". 11\is has had impact on local government and industry unparalled in recent history. The legislation and I. Hill, L. K. effect is briefly reviewed and outline is presented of guide lines AUTHOR INDEX for an EIR in the form of a Logic Diagram. Comment is made as to future requirements yet to come. I. Strauss, F. A.

*Principal Engineer, Metropolitan Water District of Southern *Consulting Civil Engineer, Strauss Engineering Services, California, Los Angeles, California Porterville, Calif. WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 565-73 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY wsc No. 567-73

DEVELOPING LAND USE GOALS FOR CALIFORNIA Catalogue No. WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF SNOWFALL ON SPENT OIL SHALE RESIDUES catalogue No.

HORN, WILLIAM L. * CRREL No. WARD, JOHN C. * CRREL No.

Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 22-29 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 37-43 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 4 Tables; 6 References 1 Table; 1 Figure; 3 References

The paper identifies land use policy currently being formulated SUBJECT INDEX Factors in concentration and composition of water pollution from SUBJECT INDEX by california office of Planning and Research and provides an oil shale residue are cumulative volume, porosity of oil shale evaluation of feasibility of supplying adequate water of good 1. Environmental retorting residue, soil moisture content, snowmelt rate and fraction 1. Oil shale residue quality now and in the future. Provides statistical information on goals of the snowmelt water that appears as runoff. Overland flow water 2. Water pollution the use of land in the 1970's and forecasts of changing patterns. 2. Land use manage­ quality model was developed and used successfully for runoff from 3. Porosity of oil Includes data on the scope of undeveloped land in the state and ment rain and snowfall. shale those lands under discussion for inclusion in the National 3. Land use goals 4. Runoff Wilderness Preservation System. AUTHOR INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

I. Horn, w. L. I. Ward, J. C.

*Professor in Charge, Environmental Engineering Program, Civil *Principal Engineer, W. R., State of California, Sacramento, CA Engineering Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80521

WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 566-73 WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 568-73

CLOUD SEEDING FOR SNOW AUGMENTATION: LAND USE RAMIFICATIONS OF Catalogue No. AVALANCHE STUDIES IN THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO Catalogue No. RESIDUAL SILVER IODIDE NUCLEATING AGENTS CRREL No. ARMSTRONG, RICHARD L. * CRREL No. KLEIN, D. A.* and SOKOL, R. A.** Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 44-51 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 30-36 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 1 Map; 1 Figure 5 Charts; 7 References This publication contains an overview of the snow avalanche research SUBJECT INDEX Discussion of short and long term studies of silver iodide in SUBJECT INDEX activities being conducted by the Institute of Arctic and Alpine soils, including determination of microbial silver transfomation Research, University of Colorado, in the San Juan Mountains of South­ 1. Avalanche reaction, and evaluation of specific silver form and level effects 1. Silver iodide western Colorado. The research is funded by the U. S. Bureau of 2. Project Skywater on microbial activities in laboratory and field environments, 2. Microbial process Reclamation with the objective being to develop a forecast model for 3. Physical properties microbial ability to reduce silver, together with evidence for 3. Silver transform- avalanche occurrence in an area of the San Juan Mountains being 4. Statistical sub-lethal effects of low-levels of silver forms and microbial at ion considered as a possible target area for the cloud seeding operations evaluation decomposer processes indicate considerable more study needed. 4. Snow pack augment- of Project Skywater. The field methods being used to acquire data re­ tat ion garding avalanche occurrence are described. In addition, research AUTHOR INDEX directed towards establishing an Avalanche Zoning Plan for San Juan AUTHOR INDEX County and the town of Silverton is described. I. Armstrong, R. L.

I. Klein, D. A. II. Sokol, R. A.

*Asst. Professor of Microbiology, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO *Field Project Leader, San Juan Avalanche Project, Institute of **Dept. of Microbiology, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO Arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO •

WESTERN SIIOW COIIFEBEIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC llo. 569-73 WESTERN SIIOW COIIFEREIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC llo. 571-73

SIIOW SAMPLliiG 'l'l!CHIIIQUES 0111 A SMALL SUBALPIIIB WA'l'l!RSBED Catalogue llo. SNOW LOAD AIIALYSIS AIID RECREATIONAL USES OF SIIOW DATA Catalogue llo.

IIAIITOS, LOUIS R. * and RICHARD, PAUL A.** CRREL llo. GEORGE, 'lOMIIY A.* and Mc:AIIDREW, DOIIALD W. ** CRREL llo.

Proc. WSC 1973: pgs • 52-61 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 69-74 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 2 Maps; 9 Tables; 5 References 6 Figures; 12 References

Discusses the advantages of a transect method of snow measurements SUBJECT INDEX Snow loads were computed from past records and maps depicting SUBJECT INDEX in a ·subalpine watershed in Wyoming. Stratified for elevation and weight of snow by elevations was developed in Nevada and Oregon. between forest and open wind influenced areas was found necessary. 1. Snow cover These maps satisfied needs to architects, building officials 1. Snow load It was found that snow density was uniform and only required a few 2. Water equivalent and winter recreational developers. 2. Frequency analysis meaauremeats to define this parameter. 3. Snow density 4. Water supply AD'riiOR INDEX forecaating I. George, T. A. AD'riiOR INDEX II. McAndrew, D. W.

I. Bartoa, L. R. II. Bechard, P. A.

*Hydrologist, u. S. Poreat Service, Provo, Utah **Director of the Water ll.esources Institute, University of Wyoming *Snow Survey Supervisor for Oregon, Portland, Oregon Laramie, Wyoming **Snow Survey Supervisor for Nevada, Reno, Nevada

WESTERN SIIOW COIIIFEREIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC llo. 570-73 WES'l'l!RII SIIOW COIIFEREIICE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 572-73

A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING 'I:BE ARCTIC-SUBARCTIC SIIOWFACR Catalogue llo. EVAPORA'I:IOII LOSSES OF WINDBLOWN SIIOW, AIID 'I:RE POTEII'I:IAL FOR RECOVERY Catalogue llo. Ill ALASKA CRREL llo. TABLER, ROIIIALD D.* CRREL llo. CROOK, AR'I:IIUR G.* and FREEMAII, 'l'l!D G.** Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 75-79 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 62-68 Grand Junction, CO April 17-19 3 Figures; 3 References 1 Table; 5 Figures; 3 References Paper demonstrates potential of snow fences to increase storage SUBJECT INDEX Description of a comparison test for measuring snow of a Bowman SUBJECT INDEX on wind swept areas. Rm (transport distance) is defined and used in type Federal sampler and a technique described as CRREL method. various snow storage formulas. Rm was found to be about 4000 feet 1. Sublimate Crrel plot was measured by digging a pit and extracting snow 1. Snow sampling at sites between 7000 and 8000 feet in elevation before the wind 2. Snow transport samples from each horizon of the profile. Provides data of the 2. Snow tube completely sublimates the snowflake. distance test and makes conclusions about the two systems. 3. Density . 3. Snow fence 4. CRREL AtmiOR INDEX AD'riiOR INDEX I. Tabler, R. D. I. Crook, A. G. II. Freeman, T. ·G.

*Snow Survey Supenisor for Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska *Principal Research Hydrologist, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range **State Resource Conservationist, SCS, Anchorage, Alaska Expt. Sta., Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyoming WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY WSC No. 573-73

1!EA11 PRECIPITATION AND SNOWPALL MAPS FOR A MOUNTAINOUS AREA OF Catalogue No. POTENT!4L URBAN DEVELOPMENT CRREL No. SCHAEFER, D. G.* and NIKLEVA, S. N.**

Proc. WSC 1973: pgs. 80-89 Grand Junction, CO APril 17-19 3 Tables; 7 Figures; 4 References ·

As part of an environmental impact study, the climate of the SUBJECT INDEX mountainous areas north and west of Vancouver, Canada were studied to assess possible climatic limitations to urban development of 1. Environmental the mountain slopes. A model of mean annual precipitation based impact upon available data and meteorological theory is presented. A mean 2. Climatic limita­ annual snowfall map is derived in part from relationships between tions mean annual snowfall and mean annual precipitation at various 3. Precipitation altitudes. Implicatiotis for urban planning are discussed. 4. Snowfall

AUTHOR INDEX

I. Schaefer, D. G. II. Nikleva, S. N. '

*Atmospheric Environment Service, Govt. of Canada, Vancouver, B. C. **Atmospheric Environment Service, Govt. of Canada, Vancouver, B. c.