Going Home:Land &

7 FORCED April 2000 MIGRATION published by review the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Going home: land & property issues

• rights, rehabilitation and restitution in Lebanon, • forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi Kosovo, Bosnia, Guatemala and Colombia plus: • migration strategies in Ghana and Sri Lanka • the disputed return of Bhutanese refugees • conferences • updates • publications • news from the editors from the editors !" cott Leckie, director # $ %& &'!( of the Geneva-based ) Centre on Housing S Corinne Owen Rights and Evictions, joins *$# + us as Guest Editor for our feature section on land and property rights of displaced , - % ) , people. In his introduction (page 4), he stresses: “Few procedures are more complex, subject to controversy Forced Migration review . / * and difficult to implement 01 $ # #21 34 "5 than ensuring that those )6 788 9:;1<=> 0<:?:: who have a right to return to their original homes are actually allowed to do so.” The eight @ 6 788 9:;1<=> 0?:?01 articles that follow illustrate this point from around the world and draw out recommen- 6 AB dations for building awareness and encouraging better practice in the future. Global IDP Project ,D% >E If you would like to respond to any of the points raised – or indeed to raise new points – *D10:E $ / please consider writing for the Debate section of the following issue. Deadline for Debate )6 781 00 ?<< <:<> submissions: 12 June. Email us at [email protected] or write to us at the address opposite. @ 6 781 00 ?<< <:<= 6 A Forced Migration Review issue 8, due out early September, will include a feature section on Accountability and Evaluation, including articles on the accountability of research (and researchers), the responsibility of NGOs towards the communities in which they !1>!"G0= !0>!"G83 work, corporate responsibility for displacement, and the changing role and potential of @ 6 evaluation. If you would like to contribute, please contact the Editors as soon as possi- ! !%& ble. Deadline for article submissions: 1 June. 8> Have you or has your agency worked on these or related themes? Would you be willing to share your insights? We all want to avoid having to ‘reinvent the wheel’ with each new , D emergency. If you have any internal reports, discussion/policy papers or guidelines that & you think could be of use to others around the world, please let us know. 9 ; Our December issue will include a feature section on Gender issues. If you are interested , in writing for it, or have suggestions for contributors, please contact us as soon as possible. ( We would like to thank the Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement for their generosity in distributing free copies of Exodus within Borders to all our readers in March. We have received many letters and emails of thanks in response. If any other agencies are interested in disseminating appropriate publications (or fliers) in this way, 0:::6 - please contact the Editors. % 0:::6 $

Do visit our website at www.fmreview.org We have just launched a new feature called @, News, Events and Resources, for publicizing useful information that the hard copy FMR is $ %& not able to include. We welcome your announcements (up to 250 words) and also your &' ! suggestions for our greatly expanded Links section.

#2@, With our best wishes. ( 18=:DE<1E Marion Couldrey & Tim Morris Editors

: Mitrovica, Kosovo. UNHCR/R LeMoyne

2 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 contentscontents Introduction: land and property issues 4

At the heart of the return process: solving property issues in 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina by Catherine Phuong

The rehabilitation of homes and return of minorities to 8 Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina by Guy Hovey

Resolving Kosovo’s housing crisis 12 by Scott Leckie

Unfinished business: the IDP land question in Guatemala 16 by Cecilia Bailliet

Bhutanese refugees: rights to nationality, return and property 20 by Ratan Gazmere and Dilip Bishwo

Women’s rights to land, property and housing 23 by Leilani Farha

Forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi: emerging policy 27 by Jon Bennett

Resolving the issue of war displacement in Lebanon 31 by Georges Assaf and Rana El-Fil

People abroad and people at home in societies under strain 33 by Nicholas Van Hear

Regular features Update 37 Global IDP Project 40 Conferences 42 Refugee Studies Centre 44 Publications 46

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 3 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Introduction by Scott Leckie, Guest Editor

Issues around restitution of housing and property D + to refugees and the internally displaced wishing to return to their original homes have attracted B $ increasing attention in recent years. %& D / D ) ) D D / + ( N D D ' D J D 1EE< D R/S D + 5 $ & $ ) /D ' D D D

D " + ' / %& + * B 4 ) ' $%& &' $ 4 D %& %& ) "( D D & % D D & , D & 9 & ; D 1EE

$ @ @ D ' D ) D D D & + */D D % D % , R ' D S 5

4 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature At the heart of the return process: solving property issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Catherine Phuong

) The Dayton Peace Agreement, signed in D November 1995, explicitly put property issues at 4 the heart of the return process and the overall D peace framework for Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1EE0 1EE> D & %& + + O D */ S 88 "(* # J #* 9# * + */ ; L ) & ? % & & 9%&; * ) ' P & ) & ) & 1EE= 1EEE 1?>::: %& ) D + */ 1EE1 / 0 & Q1 @ D D & @ R D The Commission on Real Property S 9 %& Claims of Refugees and Displaced ; D Persons (CRPC) B ) & >:::: D %& D ) & 2 ? %&6 P D & D + D */ D ) & D ' %& 1 1EE0 D ' D + */ ' D Q ) & 8 %& D ) & / 6 , & 1EE0 1EE=3 % & 9 & ; ) & * ' &

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 5 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

/ 4 D @ & * 9 "( @ D O D %&; B * D ) # 1EEE 4 D & % @ D %& ) D S , The role of UNHCR, OSCE and OHR ) * ) "(* #* RS / %& D # ) * D D @ 0::: ?0 "(* D %& + */D > ) 1EEE 9 , D @ D ; The resolution of property issues D / D to allow for minority returns % D D # 1EEE / / R S ' + */ &D D % , 9 D ' D D ; D D ' D + 1EE< */ D "(* # #* D

# D D 4 D B UNHCR/C Shirley 6 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

O Demining of , agricultural land in Bosnia & Herzegovina >: Conclusion ' + */ @ / ) D B D + */ D 4 D & D @ the massive level of interna- / # D tional involvement has only D %& ) brought about 120,000 D D minority returns since 1996 D J D @#D $ % 1EE< ) + */ D ' ' 6 # D ) ) + # */ ) 10:::: 1EE= 5 # + , , <::::: D , ' <::::: 5 $ # ! "# B D %& $ "#%& '() *& & & &+ # D 1 %& ! ! D # DD 0 R, S B / ) D R ' S 3 , 1EE= @ ' ! B + ' " %&D / # % %& , D @ , $ " 1EE= % 8 4 P Q & ' > @ (!) #* * +( @ ! ' D " ( ! @ %& + ' */ $ %& &' D ,-.+ R4 S + +*/ # " 46 + 6!!'!! ! * - + + !+ 7 7*/ UNHCR/R. Chalasani

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature The rehabilitation of homes and return of minorities to Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina by Guy Hovey

In 1997, the US State Department’s Bureau for Population and Refugee Migration funded two Q pilot projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina, each + ! D providing for the rehabilitation of 40 homes (20 D for Serbs and 20 for Muslims) and the return of D pre-war owners and families to the town of Sipovo % D in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia. % ' D D ) ' D + 1EE? Negotiating strategy % + D D @# 9()#S & ' @; D D D ) ) The political agenda D ) D , , D ' @ D % D R) S ) D D 5 / * , 1>0>: 108<: 08<< , 30 0>: RS1 18:: , D $ + 1EE3 D O D J D D + 1EE> , * D 0 % & , @ 1EE= + B + @ + D */ ' % D => J

8 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

9 "(* S ; 9 D # 3 * ! D , ; * D D => "(* G<::: # 9 D D# ; # D ($# / # D * ) ($# ) " + & D , "(* ' 6 9 ; + D ()#S / @ 9@# ; D R S D D ) "(* D % & D ) ($# "( D # @#

Selection criteria

# ) / D , ) O O O

D R R D >> 8> , Panos Pictures/Heldur Netocny FORCED MIGRATION review 7 9 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

9 ; D @ D J , %& Reluctance to return ) ) D R S % & R S Resistance to return + D B S ) D N D % & Burning desires ) D % to return cooled ) D + over time. " %

($# B D J D Security , D + , J 9 ; ) D ) ) D @# D D , & ) @ @# ) + % S + D & ' 'S ) 6 ' PJ Q * S ' Q ) / D + D

D D D

A Muslim returning family invites their Serb and returned Muslim neighbours to dinner. Guy Hovey 10 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

The future # ) D D ( / 1EE< " / D + ' 4 ) D %& ) # donor-imposed D ' D ) B conditions have ' # D # D brought results D D J T B S First returns and problems 18 Q D D ) , B Q , # 1EE? # T 1EE< ) D * D 3: @ D 9)

; ) B D ) + */ D D 6 %& 4 " & D Conclusion D * D ) %& D 4 B ) D ? % & > D T ' @ L D

0? ' , D D @ 6 B B Q @ D # D ,- .*** D + / D D D &- D 0 + D # D # 0

# & ' ) & & 1EE< # @# + 1 1EE1 L # 1EE< & 0 1 00 ! :1? % # !/ D 3 @ # "(* 1EEE # !!EE:<+*1 # # ' D D 6!!!D 1EE< D '! !!33 8 1 0= ! :1< # ' > * 9 D; ? ' #

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 11 Going home: land & property issuesfeature Resolving Kosovo’s housing crisis: challenges for the UN Housing and Property Directorate by Scott Leckie

"(* " Armed conflict in Kosovo in 1998-1999 led to ' / the destruction of tens of thousands of homes * S and the mass occupation of abandoned homes D *&% as refugees were repatriated. D 1 ) 5 "(,5 ) * ) * & % 9*&%; 1EE: "( D ' * 9* ; ) D * 6 D ) *&% 11: B D D * ) D B D * & %& 5 ) 5D D D ) ' D D *&% 5 D ' 5 / ) ' *&% , *&% D D ()#D *&% 5 " ( , % Consequences of discriminatory 5 9"(,5; housing legislation D 5 D ' * Establishment of the Housing and Property Directorate 5 L D D ) / "( *&% 1EE: # 1EEE * S 5 "(,5 D D 0 @ R& & L 9@ L; D %& 4 B % &D &

12 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

5S3 ) ) 1E & 1EE: >: 5 D 5 D B Unlawful secondary occupation B ) 5 D ) *&% / ' @ L ()# / ) RD 1EE: 13>::: RD S S & %& 8 ' D ) D "(,5 1EEE!1 9 D housing and property @ L $ 08 , 1EE:; sectors in Kosovo T 1EEE

became bastions of ethnic discrimination , D D , ) 5 D D D D D ) D D @B R S B B R S D 5@# D / 5@# B ) D *&% D D D N D D 4 R S 5 *&% / D Unofficial transactions D ) 4 Coercive sales and rentals 4 D ) 1EE: , T 1EEE 9 5 ;

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 13 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

4 J >: D # R D D S Need for transparent legal and regulatory framework D 9 D R ; ) *&% % S ) 5D D D D 5@# D D there is still no nascent local

5 ) institution designated to Compensation *&% take eventual responsibility *&% D / J D D D "(,5 @ L D / @ L D = ) B "(,5 L ) , * D D *&% ' D 9 ; Undamaged housing stock "(,5 D D 5 UNHCR/LeMoyne 14 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

D 1 4 P Q Workshop on Compensation as + Part of a Comprehensive Solution 0 ( , 56 $ & ! 1EE< B & 4 38= to the Palestinian Refugee Problem (14-15 July 1999: Ottawa) 5 3 2 3 ( ( 1>!E: 3: , 1EE: ) B & D 8 ) & D 9 6 P ; & Q 9& 1?; ) / 5S & (! > % L T , T 1EEE 5 P Q P ?: 5 ) D 5 * & D ) D D Q 945 # !6 ( 1>>E + 0< T 1EE<; 5 D = 103 L 6 P / ) ) ! !! 3 ) ' & ) / D 6 &' , & - & + 5 D Q % &# + <>:: # #( 51$ 3*E )6 71 =13 03= =1=3 6 A ' " COHRE publications D ) 6 D #* <3 , 10:0 $ / )! 6 781 00 ?381:0< 6 A J6 & G>:: $ D 9"G1>:: ; D ( =6 @ % 0::: ( >6 J * , 0::: ( 86 4 & * 6 ( D 0 0::: D / @ ( 36 @ * 6 , 0 # 1EE< ( 06 + * , 1EE3 / , '2 - / D ( ?6 T 1EE< "G1::: 5 ( =6 1EE8 "G1::: %& ( >6 T 1EE3O ( 86 1EE0O ( 36 @ 1EE0O ( 06 1EE1O ( 16 1EE: U O G>:: -V !+ 1-" - " , & 9"G1::: ; 6 4 9T 0:::;O 9, 1EEE;O R ) $ 9( 1EE?;O T !5 9@ 1EE=;O & ! T 9 & ! 01 1EE>;O & 9( 1EE3;

" ) 1 $ 3+ & 4 7 18 & 1EE> ! 0+ * 13E "G1>:: A D 4 # (!# 1& 4 ( 1EE8 #* 1EE "G0:::

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 15 Going home: land & property issuesfeature Unfinished business: the IDP land question by Cecilia Bailliet

The campesino was born with his land; the war took it away. The land is his destiny - life and death. We will not stop being displaced until we have a plot of land to sow and live on. Vidal Jutzutz

1EEE 10::: ?: G $ %& Q 1EE? & %& ) D "(* S $ 1EEE ) %& $ 0 ) B 4 & D @ & # " %& 4 4 9 ) ; 0: %& D 9 #() ; 9 ) 0:D18> ; #, "% D 4 @ D ) 3: %& 90>D1:: ; ) 1EE? %& 930D<: D D S D ; , %& D / ) 4 @ ) S ) 3E >:: B B %& D ) 4 @ D Questionable validity of IDP classification J D 1EE< " 9" ; %& ) 0>:::: %& $ J D #() / %& $ D & 9 D 1>::: ; D B * D 4 @ D / %& D B 1 @ 1EE< 4 @ ) $ B %& / %& J %& ) 4 P @ / G 6 D

16 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

) #() D ) > R D "% $)S J + D J D S B ' =? D D 9 ; ' D D 9 / * ; D D D , D B ! O 3 D % D D + Practical concerns ) ) %& / / + D D %& D D Forced evictions #() Cessation of IDP status

@ / ( ! 8 % "( $ & $ % %& UNHCR/26209/12.1996/B Press FORCED MIGRATION review 7 17 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

& B

B - % D Still Pictures/Nigel Dickinson DD 6

! ( ! 5#

9 '

: , ' ;= Campesinos defend occupied land against eviction bu Guatemalan police. ) - % " / 1 D %& 1E>1 B %& ' ) ' B D "( %& / D ) "( $ &S %& < ) %& %& P D $ & $ / D G G ) P / %& G / Q ) QE %& # ) %& %& D%& ) T * 11 " % * %& 9 1?; %& " @ % 9 %& >; - %S PD ' J D * 9 01; ) "( Q / ( $ & D %& " %& %S D D P ; P ! 9& 01 - 0E; D Q ; P N $ D $ D Q ; S Q1: P D & Q10 D / J D D %& / Q %& J ? /

18 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & culture in exilefeature

%& # ' %& D D ' D ) ) Conclusion 4 D D D %& $ 1EE< " ' 0>:::: %& $ $ D " S ' D ) P $ / %& D $ D D IDPs are generally ' D dispersed, anonymous D ) %& @ and lacking advocates. B D D ) S ! B %& %& / 18 Q13 $ D 3 " 4 @ 4/ 5 #() ! "# 1" $ & ' D ' & )0& & D %& 1 %& B D D "(* %& 0 ) & J "(* $ # 13 1EEE ) 3 $ - + ! *! ( 3E 1EE< ?0O R B / 4 / T 0E T 1E<< 1?8 %& D D 1?= J ) 8 4 P ' S ) Q * $ D > 4 P Q %& %& = - @ , % ! D D + 1EE< 3?D< D ? "( . & * R & ) J ) 9 ; , * ' + $ @ D * ! (8! 0!1EE?!< 18: 0? T 1EE? D 0::= "(* & (* >8 D S D Restitution < - % ( E 3< D E 5( 3E 9>1 1: @ , % R% % 6 ) * S 3( 3< ; 3 8> >1 91EE>; J 11 T * & % D E: , 4 >=0 91EE=; & G1= 10 " ( S D 12 # (!4 , 1EE< & %& 1< 13 " 7 ! G8> ' D 1EEE 0== ) & 18 "(* " %& , 0::: $ <> )

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 19 Going home: land & property issuesfeature Bhutanese refugees: rights to nationality, return and property by Ratan Gazmere and Dilip Bishwo

, The Bhutanese government disputes the citizen- D ship of the 96,000 Bhutanese refugees currently @ in Nepalese refugee camps. A new project - the D Documentation of Bhutanese Refugees - sets out to disprove their argument. + 1EE0 <:::: 4 1EE:DE1 + S "(* D R( ( ) /S D ) E=::: + % ( 1EE: 3:::: D ( * D ) + D Reallocation of land and property + D & ( + D / ( + D & D D + / D + / / + *" + N D , D 1EE0 + N ' D Prime lands have % + 1EE: + + ) been reallocated % / % + to northerners D *" + D D ( N B 1EE: , Forced out @ B + D ) R S + ( RR , @ S + ) D ) ) + D + B + 4D R S , =: + ( D + ) 1E<: ) R# ( # &S ( B

20 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature UNHCR/22104/12.1992/A Hollmann

Promoting return: the Methodology Documentation of Bhutanese J % / % Refugees project *" + S % + T + ' 1EEE 1< D R T 1EEE , 0:::6 + S / O ) O O D D + ( ) ' ' B J + + / + + 9 ' D D ) ; ) ' ) ' + D ' D % D ) + O "( + D ) ( ' + D

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 21 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Obstacles ) S 1 S D ) ' / % / + D 4 ) D # ' ) ' 9 ; D ! ' ) ' @ 0::: *" + L ' Results D ) ' N 9E=:::7; 1:: D % / % + >1 & N + D %D #, D + ) D *" + ' O U V D

D D D +

' +

# ( # ( + # DD # 9 ! ; # D

) ' D +

, 6 - 7-#8"3 & 3 / &

@ *" + D 96!! ; ) % $ / A )! 6 7E?? 03 <:3<0 6 *" + % 11 T (

Primary school (run by refugees) in Sanischare camp, Nepal. Panos Pictures/Howard Davies 22 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature Women’s rights to land, property and housing by Leilani Farha

D For many women, rights to land, property + D and housing are essential to their livelihood J and survival, and this is particularly so in the ' D aftermath of war and conflict. , D + / D Obstacles DD D ) ) S D D 6 / D D S , D Kigali Conference " J 4 + ' ) D / + S @ 1EE< D J S 4 & % 5 D ) D B S "( 1 D / 1:: B 4 , ) / B J & ( R( * J & ( & J * S0 3 J S / D ($# D D D D "( @ S ) B

Photo: Catalina Hinchey Trujillo, Coordinator, Women & Habitat Prgramme Women Coordinator, Photo: Catalina Hinchey Trujillo, S Participant at Kigali Conference

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 23 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

D ) B D D >

D D D D / B J # D $ B % , % 4 DD ( N = 1EE8 N $ ) 1EE8 6 / S S / ! (!( ! "(* P D + 5 S / ! D ! +75 GQ? 5 5 ( ! 8 ! +5 1EE0 & ,/ B 4 4 *+5S S / D 1EE? D ! ! / B + @ + / , ( S / D , $ J O D / , ( P D Q & $ D S D # & / ) & / ' D & S S @ D D & S Successes and lessons learned ' J )

24 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

B D ) D D ,/ B , ' D ($# D ,/ B S ( & S , ) D B S < / D RS # R S ) RS D & $ ! S / D R S / D B D / RS / S S B D ($# D B ) D D S B 6 ' & D D / D

B D ) D S Moving forward S ) 1EEE S D D "( * D S 6 D 9 "( D ; & ! & * E 4 ! "( * ) / 5 N S / D / S D D ' N 9 / ($# D ; ( J & ( @

The Rwandan conflict left few families intact; many are now headed by single parents, primarily women. UNHCR/L Taylor

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 25 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Resources ) Reflections "( * ' ! ("! "#$- ) 5 7- 8" 13(:;<<="$ "% & ' & () & S #$- & & S && 5 ' B ) D 7S" ! + "( * 5 1=D1E @ 1EE< 7S " & ! ' # S D 1$3( 2 "( * ) ! D D & D @ & * & " ! 7 1 $ 8 D % + 7S" ! < $ 1 ! 0!5 S 7* $ (! 7 3 + T D% "((! " 2# $ ) / 7 5 " ( + , $ * / 5 3 $ "( 7 + * J S 4 & * 6 T 4' 7S" ! % & + & B ) >= @ , , $3$ ! $ " * + 0::: "( * 1: , , 57S" ! &$ 1$ 8 + ! S - # 7 5 " " & + # < " - & ( .+ 1 "(* "(@, 9"( % @ J ; "( * , * # 7S " ! + 9* ; "(%& 9"( % & ; 0 ) ( ($# "( J * '8 $ 7S & ( 55 1EE= D " ! $ + S ) ) 7S$ " ! 8 + 3 + S 8 ' 6 J 7S" 7 ( .+ S / D S D O & J 2 13 7$ ('2" $ + S O D S " # 4 D R & / $ & S 7# ==> R 0> ( < 131? "(* JS > )S = , S , 9; 7" $ !1 $ ==>+ ? , S < # S J S D & % & , E 1EEE!1> J O 1EE J 1EE?!1E RJ S B * 4 B O &S ! (8! 0! !1EE?!1E 91EE?; 1EE?!1E J B 1: ! !& !J ! D & % & , Y1 1EE RJ S 4 & B * S ! (8! 0! !1EE

26 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature Forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi: emerging policy by Jon Bennett

R /S D Forced relocation or ‘regroupement’ is the forced movement of entire communities, usually Displacement in northern Uganda by a government, to permanent or semi- %& " permanent sites often directly or indirectly under 30:::: $ 5 4S the control of military units. This is ostensibly to 94 ; protect the population from political insurgency; $ 1E<= ) 4 S in reality, it is more often a means of depopulating 6 whole areas as part of counter-insurgency D tactics employed by a government. D R D S R S R ) S ) D ' @ 1EE= 4 D ) ) # D R S "( @ D "( ) P D 1? & 0 $ ! $ ! D D , S " &S % @ 9"&%@; 1 D GQ 4 * P %& D R S 1? B D B 5 U $ % + 1EE? $ J DD V % 0?:::: N $ ' D %& $ & % N ) 0 Q 9 # D 1EE=; D1EE< P Q " +

' %& 0: B 5 % T D D <:::: ) ' D D /

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 27 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

# " S R ( D D S 4 % ) "( * @ 9 # , 1EE< J @ & ; D T , D 4 ) D "&%@ D J 4 D D & D 9 & ! ; 1EEE " RD S / D 1EE? D D 4 4 D ) B D D %& B &@ / % it is unlikely that any form ) %& D of compensation for lost or 1EE< 9 D destroyed property, crops D; & or land will realistically be D $ B D J @ & 9J@&; available to returnees 1::::: %& ) ) R& S & , + 1EE= 9 & 0E R S ) $ &;

D / / DB + $ IDPs and villagization in Rwanda 1EE< %& 4 D R S @ =>:::: 88 D % T 1EE? D D 8>:::: 1? 0::::: "&%@ D D ) "&%@ ) ) %& R 8>:::: D$ R D 3 S O @ T # J@& ($# 9 #( ( @ D * ; $ ) " 4 D D 1= ' / , L 1EE? D "(* $ B "( ($#

28 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature UNHCR/26112/12.1996/R Chalasani

Rwandan refugees returning home in 1996 ) S ) 6 D / 9 D ; B 8 5 B D D ) D 1EE> % 1EE< "( %& R S 4 D D D ($# " ) %& D / / + D ($#> P D ) D 6 / Q O D %& O ) / ) / ,/ B ) B $ D , D D $ =: D D D 1EEE 9 ; , ' " '

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 29 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

D @ * ; @ 0::: # B & D R S D' = D + B / D ) ‘Regroupement’ in Burundi / R S ) B T 0::: "( D$ * $ D + D % D+ % D 1EEE "( * D < 3<:::: D + ? * 1EE? >3 + D ) $ *D O D UN and NGO agencies D D ' were left with no choice but D to provide ‘life-sustaining’ D D assistance "( D D 6 6 @ 0::: R S D 6 N 08 ) , "( $ %& 9 + / D D @ 0:::; N ) 9 ; R S + J D D N "( !* D N D + D ! / D ( 9 S "( ($# D B > 3 ; 1( & R D S D D / .*** + / ' # %& #$ & ) "( ( '0 & ) & (& D 1 "( 3 ( ? 1EE? D# 1EEE N 0 3 6? 1EE1 3 7 ===@9AAA * J B D ( L N 8 ( + %& > # $+ = R , + ($# " D$

($# % &S @ , % =D11 @ 0::: ? R& @ 9P Q; "( + S @ 0::: R& RS < @ 8 14 & 9$ @ ( 9 ?; #* $ 1EE<

30 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Going home: land & property issuesfeature Resolving the issue of war displacement in Lebanon by Georges Assaf and Rana El-Fil

Internal and regional conflicts have led to massive and repeated waves of displacement in Lebanon. Panos Pictures/J C Tordai

D % D ) ) 8>:::: %&1 18 4 D ) ) %& B D D / ) D %& D '

Background ) ) D 1E?> / D B B ) D , 1E<> 9 # 3=?::: ; , 4 ) % B D The Taif Agreement @ D ) % ( " D B 9 ) ) S 4 D 1E?< 10:::: ; + S D B 1E D 4 / + =0 %& , O 4 , 4 03? D 0 Q3

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 31 Going home: land & property issuesfeature

) ' D 4 @ G<:: B ) B 1EE1 1EEE 0: P %& D = # ) 4 / 1E?> =1 %& ! O ' 1EE3D1EE<? Q8 # D ) %& // ) ) & %& , * ( + , % D A new approach ) ' Shortcomings of the initial plan ) # 4 %& 1EE< D

4 / 1E<8 ) D , ) % D 5 , the illegal occupation of % % 1EE< %& %& houses has primarily 0::1 ) 4 P D D been resolved by paying G?>: < ) D ,S squatters to leave ( 1EEE Q> %& D B D ) %& %& / 1EE: 1E0= ) , ) 4 / D %& D ' / D 4 ) D Initial plan of return ' %

' D @ ) D , % , D , DD @ @ % % D D ' 6 P D D D QE ) # J D ($# / %& J T , D % ) D / D 9 %& , 4 ; %& D ) G8:: ) ' %& N N

32 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 People abroad and # D people at home in D , % societies under strain & D by Nicholas Van Hear

Conclusion Over the last three decades, refugee crises D D have resulted in the dispersal of substantial numbers of people from the world’s trouble spots. While much interest has focused on the D effects of their presence in the countries that host them, these ‘new diasporas’ can also influence profoundly what happens at home. %& D ) %& 4 D D D # ) 4 , O ' %& D B D // , D R S 4 , 4 ) ) 1 / - O 94)); 1E<: 3 3 7& 5 D & 8 5 ) J / & @ ? ' 4 ) ) && ) &&& D ) ) @ D 4 , 6 $ 4 0 % 6 ! D ! ! $ Household migration strategies 1 5 % D % @ 1EE< , , 0 1E<: D D 3 % ( " D* @ ) J 6!! D!Z ! 8 D% $ > T , " S2 & 1EE0 = # ! 0< T 1EEE ) D ? 5 % D , 1EEE < # ! 0> , 1EEE , D 4

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 33 , , 1E<:6 B D # , O ( O 6 ( D & S B D O 1E<: ) D 4 D * ) D & D , ' $ 4)) 1EE1 S ) D ( D D DD ) B ) 4 ' ,

D DD D J

$ 4 D , $ D D ) D O D D 4 4

) D 4 6 D S $

$ D R 'S N N ) D * 4 O UNHCR/H J Davies 34 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 D , D Sustaining societies under strain? D 4 N D D D $ 4 @ 4 D $ 1E<: N 1E<: ' N 1EE: migration and remittances D Some uncomfortable conclusions may help to perpetuate D D the conflict D ) ) 9 ; D D S D S * /O D J D ) $ $ 4 D DD DO ) 4 # D O D , # ) D 1E<: , B D 6 D 1EE: ) Q $ S D + '

1E<: 1EE: N N D D 1EE: / * $ S ) D 4 , ) 4)) 9 ) / ) 4)) ; R S ) 4 $ @ D )

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 35 ) @ J 6 , R S N J R S N R S N & D R S1 / ) D D # & 1 , , T * $ 5 & ) T 7 1 3 < 5 8 D D 1EE< # 6 & 0 ) <:: # $ 4 1EE< ) D 6 D 4 ) 4 3 , T / 4 R& 6 D L 5 S 1EEE # 6 D , " $ 8 8 & , , R 1 * S 1EEE " ) 6 D # D # D B ( R * , D ) B % DD ' N * B D D 6# 1 8# O 946 " 4 & 1EE<;

$ 4 $ 4 D ( , & ' R @ , $ S , $ " J % ) , @ # ) 9 ' 9 88; ; 4 T ) (S % , & $ A $ S

36 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 updateupdate

1E ;

' ($# 9 J R # ,@ + ; D D ) ($# "( @S # 4 9D 3> ; 9 ; Changes to UK asylum law &S P 4 D D ( LD Q ) "5 D * J P ' D D Q ) + D J @ & @ S "5 + $ / + S ! YY+ ( D ($# " Sudan – the forgotten conflict 5# + B + @ @ !+@ @ !3> ( +" + + @ @ @ D S %& 9 D Ilisu Dam – human rights and "(* ; environmental disaster in the # D making? # $+ % + 1? 9 P ; D Q ) J + B ' 5 D ) ) 5 D B D "(* 9$&; @ D ) D 3=::: =< D 1:::: ( / * 4 D 9 "( UNIYA/Jesuit Refugee Service UNIYA/Jesuit FORCED MIGRATION review 7 37 updateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdate

) & R & D ) B ' Q ) , "( * D + % * ' J $& 1EE: ) D ) J + / 5 D D ) S ( 1+ + ' ' ! 1 ! ++*@ @===AA@ @ ++ @ @ @! C ) S D @9AA@9AAA9+ + +C+ + +! + + +6 ! ! 1::::: 5 6 1 + +@ @! ' ,+ + @ . @ + / 0 $& J D 2(,+* (+@' @AAAA:AA+ / 0 &

B ,+*+ @/+$ ' African states asked to review ( * 5 . 0 laws on refugees ) % +* +@* @ !@ + + 7 # D ' + + @' % 31 + :+ + + 1E<: + + Muted international response to & % ' , 9D Chechen displacement "5 , "5 ) D D ; ) D $/ , ) $ D ) "5 % ) / P Q + % + !0:: D + D D % "5 * / 8> # /D " 9#"; 1E=E D D R S S %& ) $ D & * ) S / "5 "( @ D ' "( D ) ) B ) " #" "(* " / %& "( D ) P >3 R S ) D G @ #"

38 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 updateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdate

"(* D D 10 31 , 0::1 D , ' ) / #" D D "(* D 5 56,<62&$S5 D >:: 5 6 */7 $ + 7( 1 1@@+ (+ @5 56 5 56 - ++ , 9 $ 4 L ; Suffering of East Timor refugees D not yet over ' ' ) D "( B @ "( 5 * R ) 8 1EEE <: J ) D ) 'D D $ D ) D ) ) S , D D )

0>:::: ) ' D B "(* J ) ) 1>?::: " 1 @@ + C+ ' + ++ @ @ @ + ) D #, "(*

1::::: 9 1>::::; ) J ) & D East Timorese IDPs returning to Dili UNHCR/M Kobayashi

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 39 ( # S D Arable land and internal displacement in %& D Colombia %& by Bjorn Pettersson D D B S 4 B J %& D ' B D #D D Compensation for abandoned ) property ($# D J & & % D %& 1EE? D %& 9 #(&; 1E<> / ( 1EEE8 ) 1 1E D D / %& D %& D " Small land owners vulnerable to forced displacement %& D

40 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 30 / Acknowledgements 1 , / 0 " !$ % , & 0 & ) & Editorial Advisory Board

5 ( 5# ++ + + + + Oxford Development Consultants +(+ B + @ @ !+@ @( &! !! & R Professor, Law Faculty, Casablanca University T 1EEE D $ " Emergencies Coordinator for Latin America & Eastern Europe, Oxfam GB D " Head of Latin America Section, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oslo ,!J B ! National Education Adviser, The Refugee Council (London) 1 #%* 5 6 ( 0? 0= T 0::: >

0 6 ( 0= #%* + !' Acknowledgements 3 "( $ & & 0E0 8 ) 91EE> 1EE?; Public Information Officer, UNHCR, Branch Office, Great Britain and Ireland ('

The Directorate Child Rights Officer, Foreign Office The Global IDP Project is a project of the (!) Norwegian Refugee Council and is adminis- tered through its Geneva office. Director, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford $* Staff Project Coordinator: Marc Vincent Coordinator, Global IDP Project, Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva Information Officers: Christophe Beau, +! Andreas Danevad, Bjorn Pettersson, Frederick Kok. Official Fellow in Politics, Nuffield College, University of Oxford Donor Relations: Tone Faret

Donors Ministries of Foreign Affairs – Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden & Switzerland;

Norwegian Church Aid; Rädda Barnen Acknowledgements Sweden; International Development Research J Centre (IDRC); UNICEF; UNHCR; / UNDP; OCHA; WFP. 0:::6

Website ") 7 Visit our database on internal displacement FORCED April 2000 and get more information about the Global @#% MIGRATION published by review IDP Project on www.idpproject.org % the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Going home: land & Contact us property issues If you have any questions or comments, 4 J @

• rights, rehabilitation and restitution in Lebanon, • forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi Kosovo, Bosnia, Guatemala and Colombia please contact us at: plus: • migration strategies in Ghana and Sri Lanka ( • the disputed return of Bhutanese refugees • conferences • updates • publications • news # $+ Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse-Duboule 59 ) @ @ # CH 1209 Geneva, Switzerland ) Tel: + 41 22 788 8085 Fax: + 41 22 788 8086 J R 9"5; E-mail: [email protected]

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 41 conferenceconferencess

/ 9"( , Forthcoming ; Humanitarian Action and State Sovereignty: IIHL :$ N9 (9AAA1 D 1@@?+:+9?A+:@K( :@ 5 ! S + 2 $ 6

, $ / 1 - # 3: & D + + * D 4 / ) ' 6 # 6 Recent # # # Humanitarian Principles: Engaging # "( with Non-State Actors # D >'A( !9AAA17 *<0 & # / # 0? ) D J & 1)%! I8 ( O &9 3 22J:"$<0+ # R* 1F??,A/EG9>A9>+ , J S D 1F??,A/EG9>A>9+ 91>D1< , ; ) 8 1B+(!-.++ +* 155&" : EA:E 5 !+ 1F:=AE?G?E?E+ 1F:=AE?G?AA+ The Geneva Refugee Convention ) 8 1 - + at 50: 7th IRAP conference 2 155&"$ ( E') !9AA1 $ ' 9A93 + 1F?99>:AE:A+ ) ? 1F?99>:AE::+ & D 8 1 - + D + + @ , 9@,; * / T ) / Children in Adversity: RSC $ N D D N AN: (9AAA12 >: ) D 6 ' % ) # 6 / D D # 9. / * # ! D @ # "; + "! D D@ ) ) D ' D D ) ) $ T 9 D ; , 5' 9% % * " ; $

42 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 conferencesconferencesconferencesconferences

) D # ) ) D D ' @ D ) D D / / D / D B D B 4 D + *+ J +* 17 *7 $ & & ! 7 %6??:#L <0+ 1F??,A/=A:E???G+ 8 1 !+(- *+ +* # ) ) Regional Conference on Internal D $ %& Displacement in Asia % ( 99'9?( !9AAA1% ** 6 # ) $ ) 6 # & ; 9(* ; $ %& (* & & % O D & ; $ & D & D D B O ) ; # & D / %& D ($# ( @ % # ) $ ( 9 "( D & & @ <6& S !I !+ (* 9& ; $ %&; 6 " (* @ * & % 9@ ; "(* ' + &' ) % @ ( , 9+ ; ( 5 & & 0::1 " & 4 ) # ) / ) D ($# D $ & ) ($# D & D / ($# D ' $ & S R( S # ) D D J D D 9 ; ! ,-. /.. 0 % !! D D ( 9(; 1 2.

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 43 news

1# ! + Conferences & 8 1 + !-.++ +* New research Workshops projects War, Famine and Forced +?9 S The relationship between asylum $ ! ( Migrations policy and immigration move- 9AAA+ 26-27 May 2000: Cortona, Italy ments in Canada and the UK * @ @ ) "G13=:: The Kosovo Refugee Crisis D # R 12-13 May 2000: Bergen, Norway 9( ; " ) ) 1EEED0::1S D , + 7( 1+ + @ + % @ "5 % ) % @ " ) ( * "5 ) % % ) ' Courses , $ & $ $D$ , + International Summer School in D / Forced Migration 2000 / 17 July – 4 August 2000 Complex forced migration " emergencies: towards a new $ "@ 6 A& humanitarian regime 5 1EEE ) D D ) , @ "G?>::: D ' D Alternative Futures: Developing O an Agenda for Legal Research 9% ( R * ;O in Asylum % D 1-3 June 2000: Oxford , $ "D & O &' % D + O 0: @ , 1E>1 D " % O $ O D 417 / O O 2+1!=GA, %N% 4 C* !C ! O D C /+# ! 1) * ) 9AAA+ 5 $ '%3 % , , /+ ! 1! $ @ 1F??,A/EG9>A>9:+ @ 8 1+-.++ +* '1 !! # Children and Adolescents in The Psychosocial Experiences and Palestinian Households Needs of Refugees +.++ +*@ 4-9 October 2000: Cyprus September 2000 ) ) D ' D / ) & D + % % I8 ( & J + $ / 9 3 22J:"$<0+ ' ) 1F??,A/EG9>A>99+ ' $# ($# 1# . 1F??,A/EG9>A>9+ & $ , /+ 8 1-.++ +* 8 1-.++ +*

44 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Subscribe! Study & Reflection to Forced Migration Review published in English, Spanish and Arabic Visiting Fellowships R @ Please complete and return the form below D or subscribe via our website at www.fmreview.org

D I/we would like to subscribe for: , * (/+ 6 @ ❏ C!! !1> 9"G0=; ❏ ) @ 9 ; D ❏ C !0> 9"G83; $ %& &' / ' 14 ❏ $ 1 3 !8: 9"G=<; , $ , (/+ , : !G@O= 1F??,A/EG9>A>9:+ !/ 8 1-.++ +* ❏ < > ❏ < > ■ ■ ■ ! ■ Master of Studies in Forced ■ !%& Migration ■ ) D DD Contact details: D ( 6 6 T )6 # % 6 #4 # / 6 # 6 # # # 6 & 6 + 6 13 $ 2 < !2 E7 . )6 @ 6 22J9)#<0+ 6 1F??,A/EG9>AAGG+ 8 1 + - + + +* Methods of payment

❏ - 30! ! "G 9 "5 " ; - Publications 9! ; R" # ! S ❏ !! & 6 ❏ *C' ❏ $! ❏ ! ❏ Working Paper No 3 3 4 ! 6 6 + 9& 4 6 T ( " ( % ! 6 ; ) 7 8 * D+ 4 1? ( 1EEE ❏ 09! ; 6 + + 9!3::!G8<:; &# + 333 # #21 3* "5 B !! 6 # " ( 1 6 >::>1=?> + 6 0:D=>D0: & B 6 !,R$8( 6 + 0 1D 2# 9D!C # + 0 1D 6#)& $' 31 4'45 3 4 26' 4"/ !"76849& /#:;;<=>6?@A2B=B26

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 45 Handbook for Applying the NATO and Humanitarian Action in Guiding Principles on Internal the Kosovo Crisis Displacement by Larry Minear, Ted van Baarda and Marc Sommers. Thomas J Watson Jr Institute for OCHA & the Brookings Institution Project on International Studies and the Humanitarian Law Internal Displacement. Nov 1999. 61pp. Free. Consultancy. Brown University. Occasional

s Paper #36. 2000. 198pp. One copy avail- ) $ able free of charge; bulk orders $5 each plus & D shipping. Also available at: www.brown.edu/ Departments/Watson_Institute/H_W/index.html % , @ & % U V * %& 12&$ !# < <6 #:E?6P* 6PAA>< $+ 1F99=:A?A+ 8 1 '-+

Manual on Field Practice in Internal Displacement ) D OCHA. Inter-Agency Standing Committee Policy publications 0:: Paper Series No 1. Nov 1999. 92pp. Free. ?: 5 D 6 D D ) ! 1 > O = - ? D

( S O < & S R()#S R* J S 5S D O E ' 5 O ) 1: =: ) 5 P / D $ & / D Q ) 1& 7 B 755 %< !%=>A 5A9=9< $+ 1F?AE:9>9E+ 1F?AE::EAE+ 1 (+ 8 1&N7 B -(+ publication

46 FORCED MIGRATION review 7 Northeast India’s Hidden Balkan Returns: An Overview of Information Sources in Displacement Refugee Returns and Minority Development Studies by Hiram A Ruiz. US Committee for Refugees. Repatriation ed Sheila Allcock. Bowker-Saur. 1999. 2000. 20pp. ISBN 0-936548-05-3. US$5.00. by Brad K Blitz. US Institute of Peace. ISBN 1-85739-281-7. 239pp. £50. Dec 1999. Available at: ) www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr991221/sr991221nb.html ) B D L %D #, ) , D D , ' 6 + O 5 ($#O O D O + O O , , D 9 1< 5 9AA> 67 % ) 9AA7 #9AA:':A< $+ 4 ; D 1F9A9?G>>AA+ 1F9A9?9=A:+ 1%*' 7 8 1 Q. - + 8 3 &8 3 D 7 &=J$<0+1F?? ,A/:?9:9=>9+ 1F??,A/:?9 Older People in Disasters and ::=E+8 1 -(*' + Humanitarian Crises: Guidelines 7( 1+(*' ++* ) for Best Practice B D HelpAge International. April 2000. 24pp. Free. Nashra Al-Hijra Al-Qasriya Also available at www.helpage.org and Revista sobre Migraciones Forzosas D , ( / D ,6 $'& B $'I ! /+ 1< >> 31 3! $67 9AA7 # '1! . 9AA:'9AA:< $+ 1F9A9:?>:GA>+ 1F9A9:?>:?E+ 2 ( 1+ + Refugees and Internally Displaced AB 6 Persons in Indonesia: West Timor, @, .* Aceh and Lambok (Issue Brief) ) $ " # 01 $ by Jana Mason. US Committee for Refugees. * # #21 34 "5 2000. 12pp. $5. *# "(* ) D ) J ) D 4 " S D @ D 1&$ 5 >'>? & "86EIJ<0+ 1 (+ 1F??,A/9A>?A?>9A+ 1F??,A/9A>?A?>9A:+ 8 1 - +

FORCED MIGRATION review 7 47 P !"#$ % & 'Q ) * +, - !"."' Panos Pictures/Chris Stowers