O(: Ttan in Africa Affected the I Continent's Development?

I mcoir

How has foreign intervention AT'1,,.\ NT'I C o(: ttAN in Africa affected the I continent's development?

\ Taking Notes ln your notebook, a copy ]- tronrc cluster diagram like the one shown below I \ As you read. take notes about the history, N" I) economics, culture, and modern life of each -+\ -- I )c1 subregion of Africa. \ North Afrr'ca East Africi

East Africa

0 \ 400 800 miles EFir- North Africa 4CS 0 400 800 kilometers Central Africa West Africa Lambert fu imuthal Equal-Arets Proiection Sovthert Africa Central Africa

Southern Africa

tOE 20E 30E 40,E 50E Main ldeas . East Africa is known as the "cradle of humanityJ' . East Africa's location has made it a trading center. Places & Terms Olduvai Gorge Aksum Berlin Conference A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE East Africa is called the "cradle of humanity" cash crop because of the large number of prehistoric human remains found in the region. In r93r, Louis Leakey, an English archaeologist, began doing Masai research in Olduvai Gorge, located in northern Tanzania. Olduvai Gorge pandemic has contained the most continuous known record of humanity. The CorvrvEcr ro rHE IssuEs gorge has yielded fossils from 65 individual hominids, or humans that ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT walk upright. In 1959, Leakey and his wife, Mary Leakey, discovered a East Africa's political conflicts fossil there of a species called Homo habilis, the first human creatures have limited its economic to make stone tools. They Iived about two million years ago. development. Throughout history, East Africa has been a crossroads of humanity because of its geographic position near seas and oceans.

Gontinental Grossroads Bounded on the east by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, East Africa includes Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Scientists believe that the world's first humans lived there.

A TRADING COAST East Africa was also a place where early civilizations developed. An important civilization was Aksum, which emerged in INDIAN present-day Ethiopia in the A.D. 1oos. OCEAN Its location on the Red Sea and the

lndian Ocean made it an important Trade route

trading center and contributed to its ***- Winter monsoon

expansion and power. People from Summer monsoon Aksum regularly traded with the people of Egypt and the eastern Roman 0 400 800 miles F Empire. 0 400 800 kilometers During the sixth century however, Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Proiection Aksum lost many trading partners, and several geographic factors weak- ened the empire. Traders on routes SKI LLBU I LDER: lnterpreting Maps between the eastern Mediterranean O MOVEMENT How far would a trader have to travel to go from Calicut to Sofala? region and Asia began passing e HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Which monsoon would a trader rely on through the Persian Gulf rather than to sail from Africa to lndia?

East Africa 431 c. loo 6OOs 900s 1497 This stele [flgh, Height of City-state Vasco da Gama, is one of the few the Aksumite of Kilwa is Portuguese explorer, remains of the Empire founded first vlsits cities on the empire of Aksum. East African coast.

1 100s The Zagwe Dynasty replaces the declining Aksumite Empire.

the Red sea. In addition, the cutting down of forests and overuse of the soil led to a population decline, which reduced the empire's power. Around the seventh century Arab, Persian, and Indian traders once again made East Africa an international trading center. By r3oo, many trading cities dotted the eastern coast of Africa. The trading city of Kilwa emerged as one of the most important cities of the time. Kilwa flourished on the southern coast of what is now Tanzania. AII this movement of goods, ideas, and people made East Africa a cultural crossroads.

Colonization Disrupts Africa In the rgth century, Europe's industrialized nations became interested in Africa's raw materials. Those European nations wanted to colonize and control parts of Africa to obtain those resources.

s{:ffiAFdntsLE FoR AFffilcA Europeans did not want to fight over Africa. To prevent European wars over Africa, r4 European nations convened the Berlin Conference in rBB4-rBB5 to lay down rules for dividing Africa. No African ruler was invited to attend this confererrce, even though it concerned Africa's land :r9:r4, and people. By only Liberia and Seeing Patterns Ethiopia remained free of European control. p <,$ which group Nations that attended the Berlin Conference decided that any of nations partici- European country could claim land in Africa by telling other nations of pated in the Berlin Conference? their claims and by showing they could control the area. The European Which group did nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or lin- not? guistic groups lived. They set boundaries that combined peoples who were traditional enemies and divided others who were not. Europe's division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa in the zoth century. Be,crcnouuo FTF{iffpnA AVSIDS COLCIhllZATlO$I Ethiopia is one country that The Ethiopian escaped European colonization. Ethiopia's emperor, Menelik II, skillfully victory was the first protected his country from the Italian invasion with weapons from time native Africans successfully France and Russia. In addition, the Ethiopian army had a greater knowl- defended them- edge of the area's geography than the Italians. did As a result, Ethiopia selves against a defeated Italy in 1896. colonial power.

432 CHAPTER 19 1978 Jomo Kenyatta (right), Kenya's first prime 1 855 minister and an important African leader, dies. Kassa Hailu consolidates his rule 1952 over present-day The Mau Mau rebellion against Ethiopia. the British begins in Kenya.

1473 1 896 1 994 East Africa's busiest slave Ethiopian forces Hundreds of thousands market, Zanzibar, closes. under Menelik dre in battles between ll (far left) the Hutu and the defeat ltalians. Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda.

East Africa had regained its independence from Europe. However, internal disputes and civil wars became a serious problem. For example, colonialism inflamed the peoples of Rwanda and helped to cause a bloody conflict in the 199os. REGION that European colo- One cause of those problems was HeFi*pl+-Fritrea il.r powers had not prepared East African nations for nial ln 1993, Eritrea gained its inde- independence. Furthermore, the ethnic boundaries creat- pendence from Ethiopia after a ed by the Europeans forced cultural divisions that had violent and bloody war. But in not existed before colonialism. Those cultural divisions 1998, the two countries became in border conflict often caused internal conflicts among native embroiled a Sroups. over the town of Badme. East Colonialism also greatly affected the economy of Ethiopia occupied the town Africa, which today centers around tourism and farming. because it included an Ethiopian ethnic group Eritrea responded by blocking Ethiopia's access to Farming and Tourism Economies the Red Sea. This blockade cut off Ethiopia from its only Port, Agriculture forms the economic foundation of East making it a landlocked country .l999, Africa. In addition, East Africa's world-famous wildlife ln the fighting became parks generate millions of dollars of revenue. full-scale conventional warfare. More than 100,000 people were FAffinJ'EEFIG FN FAST AFRECA East Africa is more than killed on both sides. The conflict percent rural. Since European colonization in the had a devastating impact on the 70 of the countries have relied more on cash people and the economies 19th century, two countries crops such as coffee, tea, and sugar, which are grown They in much-needed revenue for direct sale. bring I AreaofdispLte but reduce the amount of farmland that otherwise could be devoted to growing food for use in the region. Relying on cash crops for revenue can be risky Seeing Patterns the p How does because the price of crops varies according to growing cash world market. e$ crops both help a East Africa's agricultural balance is changing, how- country's economy ever, becattse people are leaving farms for greater and hurt the 50 l00kilometers in cities. For example, Addis 0 4n E people living in economic opportunities the country? Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, has grown by more

East Africa 433 ".K€nya The Masai are members of an ethnic group that live in Kenya All Masai children address adults as either "mother" or "fatherl' A typical Masai girl (pictured at the right) takes on responsibilities that include: . household chores . child care . the processing and distribution of milk

Each boy is assigned to a group called an age-set Boys at the bottom of the age-set do the following: . herd young animals . learn to protect the herd from predatory animals Between the ages of l4 and 18, boys receive a new name in a ceremony markrng their transition from youth to manhood

Around eight years of age, boys and girls have the upper part of their ears pierced Two years later, the lower lobes are pierced. Wooden plugs are inserted into the holes to increase their size. Masai consider large ear Iobes to be beautiful.

than one million people since r991. However, such rapid population growth can put a strain on a city's resources and a country's agricultural production.

T$URISM CREATES WFA!-TI-! AfdD PROBLEtrIS One of the main economic activities in East Africa is tourism. The region's vast wildlife parks BncrcnouNr in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are world famous. In 1938, Europeans Serengeti National Park in Tanzania created the game reserves because they were killing animals for sport at covers nearly a high rate. Most African peoples did not need the parks because they 6,000 square miles hunted only for survival. However, the wild animal parks, which are no and contains 35 longer used for hunting, have now become important sources of income species of plains and 350 for Africans, generating millions of dollars each year from tourists. animals species of birds. Competing demands for the parkland exist, though. For example, Kenya's increasing population requires more food. As a result, some groups want to eliminate or reduce the size of the wildlife reserves to create more farmland. Some desperate farmers have even begun to plow the land around the parks.

Maintaining Traditional Gultures East Africa's position as a major trading region has given it a diverse culture. It is a melting pot of more than r6o different ethnic groups.

CI,JLTURES OF EAST AFRICA TWo major ethnic groups in East Africa are the Masai and the Kikuyr-r. The Masai, whom you read about above, are an East African ethnic group that lives on the grasslands of the rift valleys in Kenya and Tanzania. Most of the Masai herd livestock and farm the land. Typical Masai dress includes clothes made from calfskin or buffalo hide. Women wear long skirt like robes, while men wear a shorter

434 CHAPTER 19 version of the robe. They often grease their clothes with cow fat to pro tect themselves from the sun and rain. The Masai are also known for making intricate beadwork and iewelry. The Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, numbering around 6.6 million. Their homeland is centered around Mount Kenya. Like the Masai, the Kikuyu traditionally were herders. However, today the Kikuyu live throughout the country and work in a variety of jobs. During British colonial rule, the Kikuyu organized a society called the Mau Mau, which fought against the British. The British killed around Mau rebellion Seeing Patterns 1r,ooo Africans-mostly Kikuyu-during the Mau @ How have the between r95z and 196o. a$ lives of the Kikuyu changed during the last century? Health Gare in Modern Africa The people of East Africa face many health care problems. The most critical is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which spread throughout Africa in the rg8os and r99os.

!-tEAl_TH CARE lN AFRICA AIDS has become a pandemic and is having a devastating effect on the continent.A pandgmtrS is an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area. AiDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People infected with HIV do not necessarily have AIDS and can carry HIV for years without knowing it. As a result, AIDS statistics can be misleading. The number of people who have AIDS lags behind the number of those infected with HIV. Though AIDS education is increasing, some Sovern- ments hide the scope of the disease. Many doctors in Africa say that more AIDS cases exist than are reported. Some medical geographers predict that the populations of Africa's worst affected countries could decline by lo to 20 percent. You will read more about AIDS and other major health issues in Chapter zo. In the next section , you will learn about North Africa.

Q Places & Terms @ ramng Notes ldentify these terms and PLACE Review the notes you took a. Why did East Africa Making Generalizations explain their impoftance for this section. become an international ln what way has colonialism in the region's history or trading center early in its affected East Africa? Think culture. history? about: ' 0lduvai Gorge How did the Berlin ' the Berlin Conference Conference change problems in the 20th 'Aksum How did Aksum's location helP ' ' Africa? century Berlin Conference the empire grow? ' How is AIDS affecting the What are some of the See Skillbuilder 'cash crop ' Problems population of Africa? created by tourism? Handbook, Page R6. ' Masai ' pandemic

SEEING PATTERNS Do research to learn about two ethnic groups other than the Masai and the Kikuyu in East Africa. Create a time line tracing the origins of those ethnic groups to the present day. Examine the groups' history, movement patterns, and evolution of their lifestyles.

East Africa 435 Famine in Somalia Famine-an extreme and long-term shortage of food-causes widespread hunger and sometimes death to millions of people. Natural causes, such as weather, plant diseases, and massive insect infestations, can cause famine. Drought is the most common natural cause. ln addition, human beings can cause famine. Wars and political violence often destroy crops and prevent the adequate distribution of food. The worst famines usually involve a combination of both human and natural causes. The Horn of Africa, which includes Ethiopia and Somalia, has been the site of recentfamines in the t9B0s and 1990s.

, YEMEN . Arabe ard l)ir son:'car DJIBOUTI L Djibouti O

lsaaq Daarood Addis ETHl0ptA SOMATIA Ababa 6

lt ti O gtrde n 5

th'u+"//.,4 Hawr+g Daarood

0 100 200 mrlos F*ikr-.--i Bahanwayn 0 100 200 ki ometers Hawiye Lamben Azrmrthal - .'eavdhabo Equal-Area Prolect on ' :s - Mogadishu

KENYA Dbir .

a Kismaayo

436 Natural Causes Human Causes A lack of raln in successive seasons Somali gunmen often looted relief resulted in drought Drought prevented shipments and then extracted payment UNDERSTANDING FAMINE the growth of enough food to feed the for protecting relief workers. Other Working with a partner, use the country's population political causes, such as disagreements lnternet to research different between warring factions, also prevented international aid organizations. the delivery of food supplies Then write a news report about those organizations. ' Create a visual aid comparing the various groups. ' lnclude information about how the groups are funded.

FAMINE IN SOMALIA ln the early 1990s, more than 300,000 Somalis died of famine, and another 30,000 died in a related civil war. ' Principal causes included drought, desertification, and civil war. Thirsty Somalis plead for water delivered by the lnternational Red Cross in Baidoa, Somalia, in 1992 Aid agencies estimated that ' Underlying causes, such as famine killed between 25 and 50 people a day in this town ln 1992. increased growth of cash crops and reliance on livestock, stemmed from a history of foreign intervention dating back to ltalian and British colonization in the 19th century.

OTHER FAMINES

't 7*-t ?& 1*rli;; Drought caused famine that killed about five million people.

I lt.?-I .,]rr $*sic.1i l}tri** Between six and eight million peasants died because of actions by the government.

'!1; .'"1 il ?;i;:it Around 20 million peoPle died during government reforms. Main ldeas . The Nile River valley and ancient Egypt, one of the world's great civilizations, formed a cultural hearth. . North Africa shares the Arabic language and the lslamic religion and culture with Southwest Asia.

A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE According to legend, around Br4 n.c. a Places & Terms Phoenician queen founded cafthage, one of the great cities of ancient Carthage Africa. she located it on a peninsula on the Gulf of Tunis. The location lslam was ideal. The Lake of Tunis protected the rear of the peninsula from rai invasion. In addition, because carthage was on the coast of the Mediterranean sea, it had access to trading routes. consequently it CowwEcr ro rHE Issurs became a trading and commercial force in the ancient world for hun- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT dreds of years. carthage's history shows that a city's or a civilization's The discovery of oil in North Africa has helped the region's geographic position always plays an important part in its to ability economy to grow. thrive and grow.

Roots of Civilization in North Africa North Africa includes Algeria, Eg1pt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia. Egypt and the Nile River valley formed a cultural hearth, a place where ideas and innovations come together to change a region. Those ideas and HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT innovations reached other regions through cultural diffusion. INTERACTION An irrigation ditch EGYPT BlossoMs ALoNc rHE N|LE The Nile River made possible the from the Nile River nourishes the fields outside Al Fayyam, Egypt existence of the great civilization of ancient Egypt. The river flooded at Why has Egypt been called roughly the same time every year, providing the people with water and the "gift of the Nile"? rich soil for their crops. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus remarked in the fifth century B.c. that Egypt was the "gift of the Nile." Egyptians had been living in farming villages around the Nile River since 33oo n.c. Each village followed its own customs and rituals. Around 31oo B.c., a strong king united all of Egypt and established the first Egyptian dynasty. The history of ancient Egypt would span z,6oo years and around 3o dynasties. During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian god-kings, called Pharaohs, ruled Egypt. Egyptians believed that those kings ruled even after death, and they built pyramids to house the Pharaohs' remains. Movement influenced ancient Egypt and the Nile valley. Egyptian ideas about farming, the building of their cities, and their system of

438 CHAPTER 19 writing may have come from the Mesopotamians, who lived in what is now Southwest Asia. Eglptians pioneered the use of geometry in farming to set boundaries after the Nile's annual flood. Furthermore, Egyptian medicine was famous throughout the ancient world. Egyptians could make splints for broken bones and effectively treat wounds and fevers. Trade and travel on the Nile River, the Mediterranean and Red ATLANTIC OCEAN seas, and overland trade routes

helped spread those pracl.ices. Extent of lslam 750 ISLAM lN NORTH AFRICA North Extent of lslam 900 Extent of lslam I 100 Africa lies close to Southwest Asia S, (un ascLtrd Extent ol lslam 1500 l( and across the Mediterranean Sea has w from Europe. As a result, it 0 400 800 miles E INDIAN been invaded and occupied by 0 400 800 kilometers many people and empires from Lamben-- Azimuthal Equal-Area Projecti0n outside Africa. Greeks and Romans SKI LLBU I LDER: lnterpreting MaPs from Europe and Phoenicians and O PLAGE On which continent did lslam begin? Ottoman Turks from Southwest €) uOVf ueruT Between which years did lslam achieve its Asia all invaded North Africa. greatest growth in Africa? lslam, however, remains the major cultural and religious influence in North Africa. Islam, a monotheistic religion, is based on the teach- ings of the prophet Muhammad, whom you will read about in Chapter zz. Muslim invaders from Southwest Asia brought their language, culture, and religion to North Africa. Beginning in .q..o. 63z, rhe successors of Muhammad began to spread Islam through conquest and through trade. Around 634, Muslim armies swept into lower Egypt, which was then part of the Byzantine Empire. By 75o, Muslims controlled most of North Africa. Muslims bound their territory together with a network of sea- zones. They used the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Using the Atlas linked trading $b uring the map Ocean to connect North Africa and Europe with Southwest Asia. e$ on this page and the unit atlas on page 405, identify Economics of Oil the first lslamic agriculture' Over the countries in Africa North Africa began with an economy based on course of its history it evolved into an economy based on the growth of cash crops and mining. Today, the economy revolves around the dis covery of oil in the region. BLACK GOLD Oil has transformed the economies of some North African countries, including Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia. In Algeria, oil has surpassed farm products as the major export and source of revenue. Furthermore, oil makes up about 99 percent of Libya's exports. Libya and Algeria supply the European Union with much of its oil and gas.

North Africa 439 Although oil has helped the economies of those countries, it has also caused some problems. For example, Libya's labor force cannot meet

migrated to Europe in search of jobs.

A Culture of Markets and Music North African culture is a combination of Arabic influences and tradi tional African ethnic groups.

cu*ffiT6-E AFRgfrlqfld sGd"Fe's souks, or marketplaces, are common features of life in North Africa. A country souk opens early in the morning. Tents are erected, and storytellers, musicians, and fortunetellers entei tain the crowds. A typical city souk is located in the meclina, or old section, of a North African town or city. A medina has narrow, winding streets. Some of the best souks in North Africa can be fbund in Making Marrakesh, Morocco. The markets are known for high pressure sales, and Comparisons shoppers must be prepared to bargain fiercely for the lowest price. p .t How are In both the city and the country, people fill the souks throughout the country and city MOVEMENT day. All kinds of bartering and haggling take place for u .u.rg" of prod souks alike? Moroccans flood this Different? ucts, including brightly colored clothes, spices, and a variety foods. typical market of in The aroma Marrakesh. of lamb, spices, and animals fills the air. It is also a place What role do markets where one can eat traditional foods such as couscous, a kind of play in the move- steamed grain. ments of goods and people? EIF:!#'EF$T frdTff-F5$fi Algeria is home to nL a kind of music developed in the rgzos by poor urban children. Rai WAS at first carefree and centered around topics for youths. The music is fast paced and contains elements of popular Weslern music. Before Algerian independence in t962, however, perfbrmers began using rni to communicate Algerian resentment toward their French colonizers. After independence, the Algerian government tried to ban rai. MOVEMENT Two In the 199os, Islamic fundamentalists have criticized rai for its Western- women in Western-style clothing pause outside style qualities. Rcl is now used as a form of rebellion against Islamic fun- a popular marketplace damentalists, especially by women. in Marrakesh, Morocco.

Changing Roles of Women Modern life in North Africa is in a constant state of change. The role of women, especially, has shifted during the past several years.

l,FiiffturiEF.* &him TFEfr F.&F'iEflLY North African house- holds tend to be centered around males. Men go out to work in offices or on farms. Few women hold jobs after they marry. Men and women also gener- ally eat and pray separately. Women's roles, however, are changing, especially in Tunisia, where having more than one wife at a time has been abolished. It has also increased the penalty for spousal abuse. Moreover, either spouse can now seek a divorce. In addition, Tunisia no longer permits preteen girls in arranged marriages and requires equal pay for equal jobs. Women in North Africa have also made gains outside the home, particularly in cities. Growing numbers of them, for instance, have professional jobs. Women hold seven percent of Tunisia's parlia mentary seats and manage nearly nine percent of the businesses in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia. In the next section, you will read about how trade formed the foundation of ancient civilizations in West Africa.

Q Places & Terms Q tat

cLASSZON E.COM

and PS@4€y SEEING PATTERNS Use the lnternet or encyclopedias to learn about all the economic recreational activities supported by the Nile River. Then create an illustration of the Nile River with those activities taking place

North Africa 441 Main ldeas . Wealth from the gold and salt trades supported a series of West African empires. . West Africa has a rich cultural tradition that has influenced many parts of the wodd. Places & Terms Gor6e lsland A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE A visit to Gor6e lsland, off the coast of stateless society Senegal, can be a moving experience. This island served as one of the Ashanti busiest points for exporting slaves during the slave trade. From the mid- 15oos to the mid-rBoos, Europeans transported about zo million Africans CoNNEcr ro rHE Issuns through Gor6e Island. The island has a slave house, a dark, damp build- coLoNrALrsru European ing that housed captive Africans. Europeans packed these captives onto nations took raw materials slave ships bound for plantations in the Americas. Approximately zo per- from West Africa. Today many cent of all Africans died on the transatlantic voyage-and the rest never West African countries rely on exports to support their saw their west African homes or families again. slavery had a profound economres. effect on West Africa that is still being felt there today.

A History of Rich Trading Empires West Africa includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. west Africa is a cultural hearth, and its ideas and practices spread to North America and Europe.

lr"u,,,r,)",,|,,= 0 4m 000 miles il I_ 0 400 800 kilomstsrs Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Prolection

Empires

,,.t,.,,,,:tt,; Ghana, about 1050

-Tropic oiCancer lVlali, about'1300

M. Songhai, about 1500 Trade routes -€ cora fr sart

SKItLBU I LDER: lnterpreting Maps o ATLANTIC OCEAN Gut[,,IGuitt",t. O mOVeUeruT About how far would a trader have had to travel I from Tunis to Timbuktu? @ emCe Which of these empires was the largest?

442 CHAPTER 19 TFIREE TRADEREG EtuTF$RE$i The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai thrived in West Africa because of their location on trade routes across the Sahara. Gold and salt were the main products traded. By R.o. zoo, trade across the Sahara had existed for many years. Many of the trade routes crossed an area farmed by the Sonike people. They called their leader ghana, or war chief. Traders began to refer to this area as Ghana, which grew rich from taxing the traders who passed through its territory. Traders exchanged mostly gold and salt. Ghana became an empire around n.n. Boo but began to decline in power -,, Why did three by the end of the r rth century. *il emprres prosper By t235, the kingdom of Mali emerged. Mali's first great leader, and grow in this Sundiata, conquered Ghana. He promoted agriculture and reestablished area of West the gold and salt trade. Some experts estimate that until r35o, about Africa? two-thirds of the world's gold came from West Africa. Around r4oo, Mali declined because of a lack of leadership and the discovery of new gold fields farther east. Around r4oo, the empire of Songhai replaced Mali. Sunni AIi ruled for zB years, beginning in 464.In r59r, a Moroccan army invaded Songhai and defeated it, destroying the empire.

S E$-ESS Sfff;EFTgE$ West Africa is filled with many different cul tures and peoples. Before colonialism, some of these people lived in what are called stateless societies. A stateless society is one in which people rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than an elected government or a monarch. A lineage is a family or group that has descended from a common ancestor. Members of a stateless society work through their differences to cooper- ate and share power. Bncrcnouno One example of a stateless society One stateless is the Igbo of southeast Nigeria. society, the Nuer Relying on family lineages worked of southern Sudan, organized well for the Igbo and other African thousands of societies. However, many stateless people without societies faced challenges from rBth- an official ruler. anci rgth-century European colonizers, who expected one ruler to gov ern the society.

West Africa Struggles Economically Trade is as important to West 0 Africa today as it was in the past. The economic well-being of West Africa is based on the sale of its products to industrialized coun- LLBU I lnterpreting tries in Europe, North America, and SKI LDER: Graphs gain Asia. The economies of West Africa o ANALYZING DATA Which country showed the biggest in its GNP per capita from 1987 through 1997? range in strength from the relative- ANALYZING DATA Which country showed the biggest drop ly solid economy of Ghana to the e in its GNP per capita during those years? weak economy of Sierra Leone.

West Africa 443 GHAN&'$ STAffiELiTY Ghana's economy relies primarily on the export of gold, diamonds, magnesium, and bauxite to the industrialized world. Gh-ana has a per capita income of $1,9oo, the second highest in West Africa. However, its per capita income is low compared to the industrialized world. Ghana's transition from colonialism to democracy has had setbacks, including military rule and civil war. However, in 1992, r996, and zooo' Ghana held free and fair elections. As a result of this new political sta' bility, the economy is growing at a healthy rate' But other West African Seeing Patterns countries have not been as fortunate. ie €$ How is the HUMAN- economy of Ghana ENVIRONMENT PEq$mfr-H:fdi$ EPd SEHffiEqA LEtrruE The worst economic conditions in similar to those of INTERACTION A west Africa exist in Sierra Leone, which once produced some of the the ancient West West African weaver African kingdoms? makes kente cloth What are some skills that a weaver might need?

J,ooo miles of roads. ,r Cultural Symbols of West Africa West African cultures, such as the Ashanti and Benin, have Produced elaborate craftwork and colorful textiles.

ASF{AFJTE €:RAFTS The Ashanti, who live in what is now Ghana, are known for their work in weaving colorful .i7;^ \ asasia-what Westerners usually call l* kente clorh. The designs of kente cloth contain colorful woven geomet- ric figures with specific meanings. Only royalty were allowed to wear kente cloIh. Other crafts include making masks and carving wooden stools. An Ashanti stool symbolizes the unity between ancestral sPirits and the living members of a familY. Fathers often give their sons a stool as their first gift. In the case of kings, the stool repre- sents the unity of the state with its people.

ffiEF.llf* ART The kingdom of Benin, which has no direct connection with the current country of Benin, arose in what is now Nigeria in the 12oos. Benin artists made beautiful objects of metal and terra cotta. However, their most important works were fashioned from brass and are called Benin "bronzes." They include statues, masks, and jewelry. A common subject of Benin "bronzes" was that of the queen mother.

Music in Dai$ Life Music is a large part of life in West Africa. West African music has become an important influence on world music.

WEST AFRICAru ME"HSIG West African popular music involves a blend of traditional African music with American forms of 1azz, blues, and reggae- which also had their origins in West Africa because of the slave trade and the contact between the two regions. Over the years, West African musicians used French and English ; lyrics to attract an international audience. West African music is played on a wide variety of drums and other instruments such as the kora, a cross between a harp and a lute. The kora originated in what is now Guinea-Bissau. MOVEMENT King Ade, also known as the "minister of enjoyment," is a pop- King Sunny Sunny Ad6's music ular musician from Nigeria. King Sunny and his band, the African blends sounds from Beats, play an informal type of music characterized by tight vocals, com- North America and plex guitar work, traditional talking drums, percussion instruments, West Africa. How do you think and the pedal steel guitar and accordion. music moved from In Section 4, fou can read more about culture and life in Central West Africa to North Africa. America?

Q Places & Terms @ rhking Notes @ rvlain ldeas ldentify these terms HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT a. What three empires Making Gomparisons How and explain their INTERACTION Review the notes flourished because of do the economics of Sierra importance in the you took for this section trade in West Africa? Leone and Ghana differ? region's history or b- What are some of the Think about: cu ltu re. roadblocks to economic ' Ghana's political stability affect ' Gor6e lsland ' How did natural resources development in 'the state of infrastructure in the ancient empires in West West Africa? stateless society Sierra Leone ' Africa? c. What is the significance ' Ashanti ' How do stateless societies differ of the stool in from those with a centralized Ashanti society? government?

MAKING COMPARISONS Review the information about the West African economies on pages 449-444. Using the lnternet or encyclopedias, find the per capita income of four other West African countries during the last ten years. Then create a chart comparing their growth or decline during that time.

West Africa 445 ffi &YfiEe ae$€uew€s Feasts All over the world, people celebrate certain events by holding a ritual feast. The autumn haruest, when the season's crops are gathered, is an important time in most cultures. As a result, many people have a special meal to celebrate the earth's bounty. Most harvest feasts are accompanied by a legend or Ghana story that tells of the feast's origins. For example, the American haryest feast began in when Pilgrims l l62l i invited Native Americans to join thern in a three,day celebration marking the haruest.

t l :

People in lndia celebrate Sankranti by I eating on traditional banana leaf plates 't Sankranti celebrates the end of the year's harvest Rice is a staple of this meal

Chinese celebrate the moon festival in Hong Kong Thror-rghout history, the Chinese have planted and harvested according to the nroon The Chinese eat moon-shaped pastries filled with red bean and lotus seed paste Americans gather for their Thanksgiving feast. Roast turkey, potatoes, and EXPLORING TRADITIONAL FEASTS pumpkin pie are Working with a small group, use the traditional dishes lnternet to research another feast for this meal. from another culture Then create a presentation about this feast. 'Write a short paragraph about the origin of the feast. ' Gather pictures of the traditional foods eaten at the feast. ' ldentify other rituals besides eating that are part of this celebration. A Ga chief in Ghana shares ceremonial food and drink during the Homowo haruest feast. The meal includes palm oil fish st.ew consisting o{ steamed corn dough, bream (fishl, and okra. Homowo harvest feast ' According to traditional beliefs, any Ga person failing to celebrate Homowo will incur the wrath of deceased ancestors and die. ' Some Homowo events include opening the fishing season and house purification. Thanksgiving ' Abraham Lincoln officially pro- claimed Thanksgiving a national holiday in 1863. Canada first adopted Thanksgiving as a national holiday in 1879. Sankranti 'A general housecleaning and the burning of unwanted possessions symbolizes the destruction of evil. Children also fill the sky wih kites in a kite-flying spectacle. Moon Festival ' During the Tang Dynasty G.o. 6l8-906), the moon festival was made an official holiday. I During the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), Mongolians had taken over China. So the Chinese hid messages inside moon cakes to communicate with each other about their plans for rebellion. Main ldeas . The Bantu migrations helped to populate the African continent. . European nations divided Africa without regard to ethnic groups or language. Places & Terms Bantu migrations A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE A Congo riverboat ride from Kinshasa to King Leopold ll Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a journey all vis- Mobutu Sese Seko itors should take. The riverboat is essentially Each a floating village. Fang sculpture barge shakes with music and dancing. In addition, the Congolese fill the riverboat with market stalls stocked with all types of food. The smell of CoNwEcr ro rHE IssuEs smoked fish and a variety of live animals, including monkeys, tortoises, coLoNrALrsM European and crocodiles, fills the air. Farmers slaughter pigs and goats on board, colonial policies so divided and merchants bargain with each other fbr a range of products. The Africans that the region suffers journey can present a valuable snapshot of life in Central Africa. from ethnic conflict today.

Bantu Migrations and Golonial Exploitation Central Africa includes Cameroon, Central African Republic, Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Sao Tome and Deserl and dry shrub Principe. Europeans first began -- i I roprcal rarn toiest their African colonization in Central l\,4igration route Africa.

BANTU MIGRATIOI\IS The Bantu INDIAN are a group of peoples and cultures who speak one of the Bantu lan- OCEAN guages. Beginning around 2ooo B.c. in what is now southeastern 0 Nigeria, the Bantu people moved southward throughout Africa. On the way they spread their languages and their cultures. This Tropic of Capricorf - - mass migration is called the Bantu - - - migrations. The Bantu may have begun this 0 500 1,000 miles

journey because of a land shortage. '1,000 0 500 kilometers The Bantu migrations are a key Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection event in Africa's history. They pro, duced a great diversity of cultures SKI LLBU I LDER; lnterpreting Maps but also helped link various areas (f MOVEMENT About how many years did it take the Bantu to reach Southern Africa? ofthe continent. Today, around rzo g HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT million INTERACTION What physical obstactes did the Bantu Africans speak one of the have to overcome on theirjourney south? hundreds of Bantu languages.

448 CHAPTER 19 THF SLAVE TRADE Europeans wanted slaves for their plantations in the Americas. In the 15th century, the Portuguese established the island of Sao Tom6 off the coast of what is now Gabon as the initial base for trade in African captives. European traders traveled to Africa and waited on I i;ir-lirar r4 Seeing Patterns the coast. African merchants then brought potential slaves to them. The .,; How did merchants traded for guns and other goods. qll European traders Many African rulers took part in the slave trade. They already had obtain slaves from been selling slaves to other African rulers and Arabs. So, they saw no Africa's interior? difference in selling them to Europeans. Some Africans, however, objected. One African ruler protested to the king of Portugal. Nevertheless, by the end of the slave trade in rB7o, Europeans had trans ported millions of slaves to the Americas and Europe. STAffiT 0F CS!-{}NltALlSSdl In the mid-rBoos, Central Africa consisted of hundreds of different ethnic groups, which followed traditional religions and spoke hundreds of different languages. Politically, they ranged from large empires to small villages. Europeans had been in Africa since the mid-r5th century but had stayed mainly on the coast. The rugged interior geography of Africa prevented further movement. But that changed when King Leopold ll of Belgium developed an interest in the Congo after it had been explored in the r87os. He wanted to open the African interior to European 1\ TIIU ttt'lrlllilt (:olLs. trade along the Congo River. By rBB4, MOVEMENT King Leopold controlled this area and paved the way for the Berlin Conference, Leopold ll of Belgium CowwEcr ro which you read about in Section r. The Berlin Conference established this takes control of THE ISSUES Central Africa. area as the Congo Free State. Leopold used forced labor to gather rubber, COLONIALISM Why is King Leopold ]* wny oio palm oil, ivory, and other resources. <;J shown as a serpent? Africa become such a prized FFFE OE: trffiLffiruEALESEVl During the rgth and zoth centuries, prima- place for Euro- rily the Belgians and French colonized Central Afiica. Most Central pean powers? African countries gained their independence in the r96os, but the borders imposed on the Africans during colonialism posed problems. Those bor ders disrupted long-standing systems of government in Africa, did not consider ethnic regions, and grouped traditional enemies together. Before colonization, a village, a tribal chief, or a group of elders would consult with various leaders within a village to make decisions that affected only that village. This type of organization is a stateless society, which you read about on page 443 in Section 3. During colonization, Europeans installed more centralized governments that destroyed the organizing principle of stateless societies. After colonization ended, new African governments in the r96os were then forced to govern a diverse population. Inexperienced leaders were often corrupt and abused their power.

Central Africa 449 EOUAT0RIAL GUINEA < /r,,r/ i,/ SAO TOM.E AND ,ki PRINCIPE rant

lVlajor road

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Navigable river

-* Waterfalls and rapids TANZANIA { lnternationalairport \ J Port

SKI LLBU I LDER: lnterpreting Maps O MOVEMENT Why do you think most of the transport routes begin in the middle of the continent and end on the coast? e) MOVEMENT What different modes of transport would you use to take goods from Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the coast?

The Economic Legacy of Colonialism The economic geography of Central Africa is similar to that of the other regions of Africa. Many of the countries suffer from a lack of infrastructure and rely too much on the export of raw materials. ECONOMIC EFFECTS Central Africa's economy is still recovering from the effects of colonialism: the loss of resources, the disruption of its political systems, and the cultural and ethnic oppression of its people. European colonizers invested little in Central Africa. The only eco, CouwEcr ro rHE Issurs nomic infrastructure they developed was to aid the removal of raw ECONOMIC materials. They left little money to develop roads, railroads, airports, or DEVELOPMENT a productive education system for the people of those countries. p 4$ Wny are many African CGNGO'S ECONOMIC CHAOS A good example of economic problems countries still caused by colonization can be seen in the Democratic Republic of the having difficulty Congo. The country possesses huge amounts of natural resources such developing their economies? as gold, copper, and diamonds. However, European colonization and a personal desire for power and riches by postcolonial leaders left the country in a state of disarray. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, Mobutu Sese Seko, the country's leader from t967 :unlil t 997, brought the country's businesses under national control. He then began to take kickbacks in order to profit from this reorganization. The country's economy, educa tional system, and social structure began a rapid decline thereafter.

450 CHAPTER 19 Mobutu used the army to maintain his own power. His regime final- ly gave way in ry97 Io that of Laurent Kabila. But Kabila's leadership only led to more violence in Central Africa. By ,999, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Chad, Rwanda, and Uganda all had troops in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and were competing for its territory and resources. In zoor, Kabila was assassinated, and his son |oseph suc- ceeded him. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is still struggling to establish a stable political system.

The lnfluence of Gentral African Art Central African art shares common ideas and themes with art in other parts of Africa, including expressions of traditional African cultures and the struggle against colonialism.

CENTRAL AFRICAN ART For much of the zoth century some of Central Africa's art has reflected attitudes toward colonialism. After having attained independence in the t96os, however, these countries wanted to establish their own identities. As a result, many countries banned Western influences in their art. For example, in the r97os, Mobutu Sese Seko launched a program to promote African-in par- ticular, Congolese-culture above that of the West. Artists who partic- ipated wanted to recover the per- CoxNrcr ro using rHr IssuEs sonality of African art by COLONIALISM materials they considered African p How might in origin. <$ Mobutu's arts Today, artists from a new gen- program have eration who did not experience been a reaction against colonialism are coming of age. colonialism? They are focusing on issues of political instability, urban life, social jusl.ice, and crime.

FANG SCULPTURE Prior to the zoth century, few people in Europe knew much about African art. However, in r9o7 the famous Spanish artist Pablo Picasso saw a dis- play o[ African Fang sculpture in Paris, and it captivated him. After that,

Picasso began using African themes in his work. ln this painting, lzllhen The Fang, who live in Gabon, southern Cameroon, and Equatorial There is Work, the Guinea, are famous for their carvings. They carve wooden masks, which Village Expands, rhe are painted white with facial features outlined in black. They also carve houses in the back- ground represent the ancestors. These boxes that contain the skulls and bones of deceased village. The people boxes are decorated with figures to protect their contents. moving in front are cooperating to make the village grow lmproving Education In recovering from the effects of colonialism, Central African countries are placing their hopes on education. Improved education should pro- duce more skilled workers and citizens who are better able to participate in democratic governments.

Central Africa 451 ESUCATISN FACES BARRTERS Adequate schooling for many of Africa's young people is in short supply. In zoor, experts estimate that less than half of sub Saharan Africa's HEALTH EARE 16- to 2o-yearolds attend school. Education problems in BecrccRoulo Ebola Virus Central Africa include a shortage of trained teachers, a high People from other dropout rate, and a shortage countries make up The Ebola virus, named after of secondary schools. the the entire staff at Ebola River, Central Africa's more than languages also pose first emerged in 7oo bar- the one technical 1976 in the northern Democratic riers. The language used in school is often different from school and the Republic of the Congo. the one used at home. For example, in Gabon-a former three secondary People affected by the virus colony of France-French is the only language schools in S5o develop fever, severe headaches, of instruc- Tomd and Principe. and loss of appetite Blood clots tion, though most people speak one of the Bantu languages form on internal organs, such as outside the classroorn. the liver and brain. This causes uncontrolled bleeding from parts LFARf,JIIHG ESI #ENTRAL AFRICA Students'education varies of the body, such as the eyes or in Central Africa. In Cameroon, most children leave school at ears. Death usually occurs within around the age of rz. In the Central African Republic, children 2lo 21 days, and no known between the ages of 6 and 14 are required cure exists. to go to school. One outbreak occurred in Many Central African countries are improving their edu October 2000 in Uganda. Those cational systems, however. In r99r, Cameroon created two cases appeared in a refugee new universities. In addition, Libreville University in Gabon, camp. Unsanitary conditions are founded in the r97os, now has more than students. one cause of disease associated 4,ooo The with the Ebola virus. Republic of the Congo offers vocational, agricultural, and teacher training courses. In addition, many countries are starting programs to educate young people about health care issues such as the spread of disease. Those countries hope that better education will slow the spread of AIDS, the Ebola virus, cholera, and other diseases. You will read in Section 5 about how ancient trade net- works and gold formed the economic foundation of Southern Africa.

Q Places & Terms @ fafing Nores @ Ceographic Thinking ldentify these terms MOVEMENT Review the notes a. How did colonialism in Seeing Patterns How did you and explain their took for this section. Central Africa begin? colonialism affect most importance in the b. What are the subjects of African countries? Think region's history or the works of today's about: culture artists in Central Africa? ' their natural resources ' Bantu migrations ' How did the Bantu migrations c. What problems does ' 20th century conflicts ' King Leopold ll affect Africa's population? education face in Central See Skillbuilder ' Mobutu Sese Seko Who were the first Europeans Africa? ' Handbook, page R8. 'Fang sculpture to establish the African slave trade?

ry EXPIORING tOCAt GEOGRAPHY Review the information about the Central African infrastructure on page 450. create a sketch map showing all the major roads, highways, and railroads in your own neighborhood.

452 CHAPTER 19 Main ldeas . Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa Empire thrived on the gold trade. . The wealth of Southern Africa is tied to the land, and conflicts over land and resources often result. Places & Terms A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE In April zooo in Zimbabwe, armed men Great Zimbabwe attacked the farmhouse of a white farmer whose family has lived in Mutapa Empire Zimbabwe for generations. A political crisis that goes back to Britain's apartheid colonial rule caught white farmers in a violent crossfire. British colonial Nelson Mandela rule ended in r9Bo, but more than 4,ooo white farmers in Zimbabwe still own one-third of the best land in a country of about ro million I CoNwEcr ro rHE Issuns blacks. The British and the white farmers have made attempts to equal- I rrEnrrrr cnnE AIDS : ize land ownership, but Zimbabwe's leaders have not taken advantage threatens Southern Africa's , youth and could significantly of these opportunities. Instead, they have targeted individual white reduce the region's population. farmers who own that land. This conflict illustrates a critical issue in all of Southern Africa-that blacks far outnumber whites but still own little of the land.

Gold Trade Builds Empires Southern Africa includes Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The history of Southern Africa involves a blending of colonialism with African cultures and the development of gold-trading empires. PLACE Pictured below are the walls of Great Zimbabwe. GOLD TRADE SPAWNS GREAT ZIMBABWE The majority of the people What do the materials used to build the walls reveal in Southern Africa are Bantu-speaking peoples, including the Shona peo- about the local physical nle. Around tooo. the Shona established a citv called GreatZimbabwe in geography? what is now the country of Zimbabwe. From the 12oos to the r4oos, Great Zimbabwe became the capital of a thriving gold-trading area. But for unknown reasons, around r45o the Shona abandoned Great Zimbabwe. One theory is that cattle grazing had exhausted the nearby grasslands, and overfarming had ruined the soil. MUTAPA EMPIRE According to local legend, a man named Mutota left Great Zimbabwe around r44o and settled in a fertile valley to the north. He founded a new state to replace Great Zimbabwe. By the time Mutota died, the Mutapa Empire extended throughout all of present-day Zimbabwe except the eastern part. The Mutapa Empire thrived on the gold trade. In the 15oos, however, the Portuguese arrived and began interfering with the politics there. Soon, the Mutapa Empire began to decline. This event showed the increasing role Europeans would play in Southern Africa.

ET$-{N!C CLA$E* FOR SGUTE{ERru &FRICA As Europeans migrated to Southern Africa in the rToos and rBoos, their presence led to conflicts with Africans. As the rnap below shows, many different ethnic groups were already living in Southern Africa. They competed with each other and with the Europeans for control of the land. In the early rgth century the Zulu controlled a large area in Southern Africa. However, the British def'eated Seeing Patterns the Zulu and by the late rgth century had taken over their land.l> <$ Wtrat led to the In the rB9os, the British battled the Dutch farmers, or Boers, in the conflicts between Boer War for control of the region. The Boers had arrived in Southern Europeans and groups of people Africa in the mid-r6oos. The British won the war and formed the Union already living in of South Africa in t9oz. South Africa is currently a country in the Southern Africa? region of Southern Africa.

T$-fi8 FffiLECY #E: APAmTF{f,Hffi Efd Sffig"BT$+ AFE4E€}F{ In 1948, the white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of apaftheid, or Bacrcnourup complete separation of the races. It banned social contact between Segregation is the blacks and whites and established segregated schools, hospitals, and separation of people on the neighborhoods. Although blacks made up 75 percent of the population, basis of race or they received only a small percentage of the land. The government kept ethn icity the best land for whites. In r9tz, blacks had founded the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights. In t949, Nelson Mandela emerged as one of the

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\'l 'ooduo::,l / " / t*#12 !1 It 40E 50E 60E SKILLBUILDER: lnterpreting Maps ATLAIVTIC O REGION Which country in Southern Africa contains the most OCEAN ethnic groups? PLACE What might the concentration of ethnic groups in the F O eastern portion of the map indicate about the number of conflicts in that area?

454 CHAPTER 19 leaders of the ANC, and he led a long struggle to end apartheid that resulted in his being imprisoned. By the r98os, nations around the world-including the 1819 United States-pressured South Africa to end fhe Zulu (left) apartheid. In 1989, F. W. de Klerk became the presi establish their dent, and he wanted to change South Africa. supremacy rn Southern Africa As a result, South Africa experienced a peaceful revolution, and the government ended its apartheid laws. An election that involved members of all races in South Africa took place h ry94 Mandela, having been released from prison, won the election and 1836 became president. In t996, the government passed a Boers (right) new, democratic constitution that guarantees the come into conflict rights of all citizens. with native groups in Southern Africa. Southern Africa Grows Economically The economies of Southern African countries are some of the most advanced in Africa. However, many countries are struggling to raise the standard of living for blacks, who get the worst jobs, own the 1891 least productive land, and attend the worst schools. DeBeers gained 90 percent of SOUTH AFRICA The policy of apartheid has hurt African diamond the economy of South Africa. Because of apartheid, industry. foreign nations imposed economic sanctions that prevented their countries from conducting business with or investing in South Africa. In addition, the 1912 The world's largest policy led to poor education of blacks, creating an The African diamond, called the "Star of uneducated mass of young people. As a result, two National Congress is Alria," (above) economies exist in South Africa. formed. is cut in South One segment of South Africa has an upper-middle- Africa. income economy like that of the United States. South r948 Africa possesses great cities with huge industrial com- Apartheid begins plexes, such as fohannesburg and Cape Town. It also in South Africa. has modern, mechanized farms and large ranches. In contrast, though, South Africa also has poverty-strick- en rural areas. Black townships and shantytowns also 1973 r994 Swaziland bans fill portions of the cities. Furthermore, the government Nelson Mandela political parties, Making and F. W. de Klerk currently faces problems arising from unequal land its king Comparisons and (below) shake hands shortage. absolute p What are the distribution and a severe housing

Southern Africa 455 Botswana's wealth is based on minerals. People discovered diamonds tlrere shortly after the country's independence from Britain. By ,9g5, Botswana had become the world's third largest diamond producer. CoNurcr ro rHE Issurs Diarnonds account for more than 63 percent of government revenue. A ECONOMIC problem, however, is the uneven distribution of the profits an issue in DEVEI-OPMEN I many African countries. _, qJ How has Approximately Bo percent of the people work as farmers and never Botswana benefit from the diamond revenue. The other 20 percent grow wealthy increased its wealth? from diamond money. One problem developing from this unequal dis tribution is that wealthy people are purchasing large tracts of land for cattle ranching from poor farm owners. As a result, poor farmers often move to less productive land. Meat production then increases, but over all food production actually decreases. The country winds up producing only 5o percent of the food needed to feed its population. The rest must be imported or come from international aid.

REGION Colorfully .tiitllti ;;1il; iii":;iiii L.t-iuj:r-li_-.i:ri, :'.:1:t!r";d.{ By t999, the most severe AIDS painted Ndebele houses, affected countries were in Southern Africa. In Zimbabwe and like the one shown Botswana, for cxample, more than z5 percent below, are common of all adults were infect in South Africa ed with HI! the virus that causes AIDS. In Botswana, the life expectan- Why might the cy was 6o years old in ry94but had declined to 39 years of age in 1999. Ndebele have The disease also has far ranging implications for any country's eco painted their nomic well-being. In Botswana, many highly trained diamond sorters houses in this way? have died from the disease.

Gelehratlons of $outhern Afnica Sor-rthern Africa is a rich mosaic of cultures and traditions. More than any other region, it is a mix of African and European cultures.

/6' {;:,i!fl 1 i:l'9i {lF i-J,1t!:fu{ih:{i Celebrations and festivals are a large part of life in Southern Africa. The Chewa people perform a dance called the gule wa mkulu, which reflects their traditional religious beliefs. Dancers dress in ragged costumes of cloth and animal skins. They wear masks and some times walk on stilts. The Tumbuka people in northcrn Malawi perform the vimbuza, a dance perfbrmed by healers who wish to cure people of sickness. Other dances include the benji dance of the Yao people in southern Malawi. This dance, performed by Yao warriors, pokes lun at what these warrior, saw as the desire of the European mili- taries to march and have parades. In Madagascal during the hira gosy festival, costumed groups of z5 or more people play music, perform dances, and act out stories. The themes are upbeat and praise the virtues of honesty and respect for elders.

Living in Southern Africa johannesburg, South Africa, is one of Southern Africa's largest cities and offers its residents a variety of opportunities and experiences.

"$tr$'EftF,,jffiH$ffi13ffiffi About 1oo years ago, )ohannesburg began as a small mining town and grew because of nearby gold resewes. Today, greater fohannesburg is a city of more than six million people with many different ethnicities and lifestyles. The center of |ohannesburg looks like most modern big cities, with a cluster of skyscrapers dotting the skyline. However, as a result of apartheid, greater fohannesburg developed into cities. To the north lie the spacious suburbs that were once Seeing Patterns two different .," Whal resource exclusively white. To the south are poor black townsl-rips.

@ Places & Terms @ tat

=sry€mqryry MAKING COMPARISONS Review the information about Botswana's economy on pages 455-456. using the lnternet or encyclopedias, find out where the major natural resources are located in each country of the region. Then create a resources map of Southern Africa.

Southern Africa 457 i-lr r- I

Revierarimg Places & Terms

A. Briefly explain the importance of each of the following. 1. Berlin Conference 6. Bantu migrations 2. pandemic 7. Fang sculpture @ East africa 3. lslam 8. Great Zimbabwe ' East Africa's location on the Red Sea 4. stateless society 9. apartheid and lndian Ocean has made it a major 5. Ashanti 10. Nelson Mandela trading center throughout history. 'AIDS has become a major health B. Answer the questions about vocabulary in complete sentences. problem in East Africa 11. Which term is used to describe the policy used to separate blacks and whites in South Africa? O ttorth lfrica 12. What type of art influenced some of Pablo Picasso's work? 'The Nile River supported the growth 13. What meeting by European nations of ancient Egypt. set the rules and conditions for the takeover of Africa? ' lslam is the major cultural and religious influence in North Africa. 14. Which African people place a high value on wooden stools? 15. What is the system called that uses family lineages to govern people? O West Africa 16- Who led the ANC in the second half of the 20th century and ' Gold and salt provided the basis for helped to end apartheid in South Africa? three great empires in West Africa. 17. What is the largest cultural and religious influence in North Africa? ' Many of West Africa's economies rely too much on exporting raw materials. 18. Which empire thrived on the gold trade in Southern Africa? 19" What term describes a disease outbreak affecting a large Central Africa population in a wide geographic area? 'The Bantu migrations helped to 20. What movement of people helped to bring a sense of unity of populate the African continent. language to much of Africa? ' Colonialism caused long-term damage to the economies and Maim ldeas cultures of African nations. East Africa (pp. 431-437) O Southern Africa l. How did East Africa's location help it to become a major international ' Gold provided the basis for great trading center? empires in Southern Africa. 2. What impact did the Berlin Conference have on Africa? ' Apartheid hurt the economies of Southern Africa because of North Africa (pp. 438-441) international economic sanctions and 3. How did lslam become the biggest influence in North Africa? inadequate education of blacks. 4. How have women's roles in North Africa changed over the years? West Africa (pp- 442-447) 5. What are the similarities and differences among the three West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? 6. What are some of the problems faced by West African economies? Central Africa (pp. aa8-a52) 7. Why were the Bantu migrations important in African history? 8. What are some of the problems facing education in Central Africa? Southern Africa (pp. 453-457) 9. How have natural resources affected the economy of Southern Africa? 1O. How was apartheid brought to an end?

458 CHAPTER 19 Gritical Tlrimkimg

1. Using Your Notes 3. ldentifying Themes Use your completed chaft to answer these questions. How did natural resources affect the formation of ancient African kingdoms and empires? Which of the five themes apply to this situation?

4. Making Comparisons How did stateless societies in Africa differ from centralized governments? How were the precolonial kingdoms of West Africa similar to or different from the precolonial kingdoms 5- Determining Cause and Effect of Southern Africa? What prompted the Berlin Conference, and what effects How did colonialism change Africa and its people? did it have on Africa's culture and economy? 2. Geographic Themes a. MOVEMENT How did the movement of lslam from Additional Test Practice, ( Southwest Asia to North Africa affect the African pp. S1-S37 continent? b. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIOITI WhAt TOIC did natural resources play in the colonization of Africa?

Geographile $k[ll5: lnterpreting Graphs

Languages of Nigeria Use the graph below to answer the following questions. l. ANALYZING DATA What percentage of Nigerians speak English? 2 MAKING GENERALIZATIONS Which language group is the most Choose another country in Africa. commonly spoken? Then using the library, encyclopedias, or other reference books, create your 3. MAKING INFERET{CES How might the number of languages in own language pie chart. Nigeria affect a newly formed democratic government?

Other I orher Tiv Niger- Afro- Fulanr 17o/o Congo Asiatic lg bo Hausa

Yoruba 18o/o 13o/o '2.2o/o

SOURCE: Ethnologue com tl-&

Use the links at classzone.com to do research on the Constructing a Population Pyramid Using the people of one African country. Look for such information you have gathered, construct a population information as age range, religions, ethnic groups, pyramid describing the population characteristics of the literacy rates, and per capita income. society you have chosen.

From Human Beginnings to New.f{afions 459