O(: Ttan in Africa Affected the I Continent's Development?
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\. I mcoir How has foreign intervention AT'1,,.\ NT'I C o(: ttAN in Africa affected the I continent's development? \ Taking Notes ln your notebook, a copy ]- tronrc cluster diagram like the one shown below I \ As you read. take notes about the history, N" I) economics, culture, and modern life of each -+\ -- I )c1 subregion of Africa. \ North Afrr'ca East Africi East Africa 0 \ 400 800 miles EFir- North Africa 4CS 0 400 800 kilometers Central Africa West Africa Lambert fu imuthal Equal-Arets Proiection Sovthert Africa Central Africa Southern Africa tOE 20E 30E 40,E 50E Main ldeas . East Africa is known as the "cradle of humanityJ' . East Africa's location has made it a trading center. Places & Terms Olduvai Gorge Aksum Berlin Conference A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE East Africa is called the "cradle of humanity" cash crop because of the large number of prehistoric human remains found in the region. In r93r, Louis Leakey, an English archaeologist, began doing Masai research in Olduvai Gorge, located in northern Tanzania. Olduvai Gorge pandemic has contained the most continuous known record of humanity. The CorvrvEcr ro rHE IssuEs gorge has yielded fossils from 65 individual hominids, or humans that ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT walk upright. In 1959, Leakey and his wife, Mary Leakey, discovered a East Africa's political conflicts fossil there of a species called Homo habilis, the first human creatures have limited its economic to make stone tools. They Iived about two million years ago. development. Throughout history, East Africa has been a crossroads of humanity because of its geographic position near seas and oceans. Gontinental Grossroads Bounded on the east by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, East Africa includes Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Scientists believe that the world's first humans lived there. A TRADING COAST East Africa was also a place where early civilizations developed. An important civilization was Aksum, which emerged in INDIAN present-day Ethiopia in the A.D. 1oos. OCEAN Its location on the Red Sea and the lndian Ocean made it an important Trade route trading center and contributed to its ***- Winter monsoon expansion and power. People from Summer monsoon Aksum regularly traded with the peo- ple of Egypt and the eastern Roman 0 400 800 miles F Empire. 0 400 800 kilometers During the sixth century however, Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Proiection Aksum lost many trading partners, and several geographic factors weak- ened the empire. Traders on routes SKI LLBU I LDER: lnterpreting Maps between the eastern Mediterranean O MOVEMENT How far would a trader have to travel to go from Calicut to Sofala? region and Asia began passing e HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Which monsoon would a trader rely on through the Persian Gulf rather than to sail from Africa to lndia? East Africa 431 c. loo 6OOs 900s 1497 This stele [flgh, Height of City-state Vasco da Gama, is one of the few the Aksumite of Kilwa is Portuguese explorer, remains of the Empire founded first vlsits cities on the empire of Aksum. East African coast. 1 100s The Zagwe Dynasty replaces the declining Aksumite Empire. the Red sea. In addition, the cutting down of forests and overuse of the soil led to a population decline, which reduced the empire's power. Around the seventh century Arab, Persian, and Indian traders once again made East Africa an international trading center. By r3oo, many trading cities dotted the eastern coast of Africa. The trading city of Kilwa emerged as one of the most important cities of the time. Kilwa flourished on the southern coast of what is now Tanzania. AII this movement of goods, ideas, and people made East Africa a cultural crossroads. Colonization Disrupts Africa In the rgth century, Europe's industrialized nations became interested in Africa's raw materials. Those European nations wanted to colonize and control parts of Africa to obtain those resources. s{:ffiAFdntsLE FoR AFffilcA Europeans did not want to fight over Africa. To prevent European wars over Africa, r4 European nations convened the Berlin Conference in rBB4-rBB5 to lay down rules for dividing Africa. No African ruler was invited to attend this confererrce, even though it concerned Africa's land :r9:r4, and people. By only Liberia and Seeing Patterns Ethiopia remained free of European control. p <,$ which group Nations that attended the Berlin Conference decided that any of nations partici- European country could claim land in Africa by telling other nations of pated in the Berlin Conference? their claims and by showing they could control the area. The European Which group did nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or lin- not? guistic groups lived. They set boundaries that combined peoples who were traditional enemies and divided others who were not. Europe's division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa in the zoth century. Be,crcnouuo FTF{iffpnA AVSIDS COLCIhllZATlO$I Ethiopia is one country that The Ethiopian escaped European colonization. Ethiopia's emperor, Menelik II, skillfully victory was the first protected his country from the Italian invasion with weapons from time native Africans successfully France and Russia. In addition, the Ethiopian army had a greater knowl- defended them- edge of the area's geography than the Italians. did As a result, Ethiopia selves against a defeated Italy in 1896. colonial power. 432 CHAPTER 19 1978 Jomo Kenyatta (right), Kenya's first prime 1 855 minister and an important African leader, dies. Kassa Hailu consolidates his rule 1952 over present-day The Mau Mau rebellion against Ethiopia. the British begins in Kenya. 1473 1 896 1 994 East Africa's busiest slave Ethiopian forces Hundreds of thousands market, Zanzibar, closes. under Menelik dre in battles between ll (far left) the Hutu and the defeat ltalians. Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda. East Africa had regained its independence from Europe. However, internal disputes and civil wars became a serious problem. For example, colonialism inflamed the peoples of Rwanda and helped to cause a bloody conflict in the 199os. REGION that European colo- One cause of those problems was HeFi*pl+-Fritrea il.r powers had not prepared East African nations for nial ln 1993, Eritrea gained its inde- independence. Furthermore, the ethnic boundaries creat- pendence from Ethiopia after a ed by the Europeans forced cultural divisions that had violent and bloody war. But in not existed before colonialism. Those cultural divisions 1998, the two countries became in border conflict often caused internal conflicts among native embroiled a Sroups. over the town of Badme. East Colonialism also greatly affected the economy of Ethiopia occupied the town Africa, which today centers around tourism and farming. because it included an Ethiopian ethnic group Eritrea responded by blocking Ethiopia's access to Farming and Tourism Economies the Red Sea. This blockade cut off Ethiopia from its only Port, Agriculture forms the economic foundation of East making it a landlocked country .l999, Africa. In addition, East Africa's world-famous wildlife ln the fighting became parks generate millions of dollars of revenue. full-scale conventional warfare. More than 100,000 people were FAffinJ'EEFIG FN FAST AFRECA East Africa is more than killed on both sides. The conflict percent rural. Since European colonization in the had a devastating impact on the 70 of the countries have relied more on cash people and the economies 19th century, two countries crops such as coffee, tea, and sugar, which are grown They in much-needed revenue for direct sale. bring I AreaofdispLte but reduce the amount of farmland that otherwise could be devoted to growing food for use in the region. Relying on cash crops for revenue can be risky Seeing Patterns the p How does because the price of crops varies according to growing cash world market. e$ crops both help a East Africa's agricultural balance is changing, how- country's economy ever, becattse people are leaving farms for greater and hurt the 50 l00kilometers in cities. For example, Addis 0 4n E people living in economic opportunities the country? Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, has grown by more East Africa 433 ".K€nya The Masai are members of an ethnic group that live in Kenya All Masai children address adults as either "mother" or "fatherl' A typical Masai girl (pictured at the right) takes on responsibilities that include: . household chores . child care . the processing and distribution of milk Each boy is assigned to a group called an age-set Boys at the bottom of the age-set do the following: . herd young animals . learn to protect the herd from predatory animals Between the ages of l4 and 18, boys receive a new name in a ceremony markrng their transition from youth to manhood Around eight years of age, boys and girls have the upper part of their ears pierced Two years later, the lower lobes are pierced. Wooden plugs are inserted into the holes to increase their size. Masai consider large ear Iobes to be beautiful. than one million people since r991. However, such rapid popula- tion growth can put a strain on a city's resources and a country's agricultural production. T$URISM CREATES WFA!-TI-! AfdD PROBLEtrIS One of the main eco- nomic activities in East Africa is tourism. The region's vast wildlife parks BncrcnouNr in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are world famous. In 1938, Europeans Serengeti National Park in Tanzania created the game reserves because they were killing animals for sport at covers nearly a high rate. Most African peoples did not need the parks because they 6,000 square miles hunted only for survival.