District Irrigation Plan Arwal

PPRRAADDHHAANN MMAANNTTRRII KKRRIISSHHII SSIINNCCHHAAYYEEEE YYOOJJNNAA ((PPMMKKSSYY))

DDIISSTTRRIICCTT IIRRRRIIGGAATTIIOONN PPLLAANN

AARRWWAALL

Sponsored by Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare Government of India

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR

CONTRIBUTORS

DIP COMPILED AND PREPARED BY

LRM CONSULTANTS C1/444C, Sector-G, Jankipuram Lucknow-226021 CONTACT- +91-9839012700,+91-8382839337 [email protected] www.lrmconsultant.com

Table of Contents Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) ...... 6 I. Introduction ...... 6 II. Program Component and responsible Ministries/ Departments ...... 7 District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) ...... 10 I. Introduction ...... 10 (i) Background ...... 11 (ii) Vision ...... 12 (iii) Objective ...... 13 (iv) Strategy & Focus Areas...... 14 (v) Methodology ...... 14 Chapter-1 ...... 17 General Information of the District ...... 17 1.1 District Profile ...... 17 1.2 Demography ...... 23 1.2 Biomass and Livestock ...... 25 1.3 Agro Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography ...... 28 1.3.1 Slope ...... 32 1.3.2 Geomorphology ...... 39 1.3.3 Hydro-Geomorphology ...... 40 1.4 Soil ...... 40 1.4.1 Soil Texture ...... 45 1.5 Soil Erosion ...... 46 1.6 Drainage ...... 53 1.7 Landuse ...... 60 1.7.1 Landuse Classification ...... 60 Chapter-2 ...... 75 District Water Profile ...... 75 2.1 Irrigation Status ...... 75 1.1.1 Importance of Irrigation ...... 75

2.1.2 Types of Irrigation ...... 77 2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crops ...... 82 Chapter-3 ...... 88 Water Availability ...... 88 3.1 Status of Water Availability ...... 88 Chapter-4 ...... 96 Water Requirement/Demand ...... 96 4.1 Domestic Water Demand ...... 96 4.2 Crop Water Demand ...... 99 4.3 Livestock Water demand ...... 102 4.4 Industrial Water Demand ...... 104 4.5 Power Generation Water Demand ...... 105 4.6 Water Demand of District for Various sectors ...... 105 4.7 Water Budget ...... 106 Strategic Action Plan ...... 107 Methodology ...... 107 Project Objective ...... 108 Need for the Proposed Initiative ...... 109 Advantages of Lift irrigation ...... 109 Requirements of Lift irrigation ...... 109  Livelihood ...... 111

List of Tables Table 1. 1 District Profile of District - Arwal ...... 19 Table 1. 2 Block Wise Population Details District – Arwal All Values in N0...... 23 Table 1. 3 Block-wise Livestock Population All Values in N0...... 26 Table 1. 4 Agro- Ecological Zone ...... 30 Table 1. 5 Soil Profile of Arwal District ...... 45 Table 1. 6 Land use Pattern of Arwal District ...... 63

Table 2.1 Block Wise Crop-wise Irrigation Status of District- Arwal ...... 80 Table 2.2 Production and Productivity of Major crops in District- Arwal ...... 82 Table 2.3 Irrigation based Classification of District- Arwal ...... 87

Table 3. 1 Status of Water Availability ...... 90 Table 3. 2 Status of Ground Water Availability ...... 94 Table 3. 3 Status of Irrigation Command Area ...... 94 Table 3. 4 Existing Type of Irrigation ...... 95

Table 4. 1 Domestic Water demand ...... 98 Table 4. 2 Crop water Demand of District Arwal ...... 101 Table 4. 3 Livestock Water Demand ...... 103 Table 4. 4 Industrial Water Demand ...... 104 Table 4. 5 Water Demand of the district for various sectors (Present) ...... 105 Table 4. 6 Water Demand of the district for various sectors (Projected) ...... 105

Table 5. 1 Strategic Action Plan ...... 115 Table 5. 2 Component wise Expenditure ...... 121 Table 5. 3 Ministry wise Expenditure ...... 121

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location Map of Arwal District ...... 20 Figure 2 Administrative Map of Arwal District ...... 21 Figure 3 Satellite view of Arwal District ...... 22 Figure 4 Slope map of Arwal District ...... 33 Figure 5 Slope Map of Arwal Block ...... 34 Figure 6 Slope Map of Kaler Block ...... 35 Figure 7 Slope Map of Karpi Block ...... 36 Figure 8 Slope Map of Kurtha Block ...... 37 Figure 9 Slope Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block...... 38 Figure 10 Soil Profile of Arwal District ...... 47 Figure 11 Soil Profile of Arwal Block ...... 48 Figure 12 Soil Profile of Kaler Block ...... 49 Figure 13 Soil Profile of Karpi Block ...... 50 Figure 14 Soil Profile of Kurtha Block ...... 51 Figure 15 Soil Profile of Donbhadra Bansi Block ...... 52 Figure 16 Drainage map of Arwal District ...... 54 Figure 17 Drain/Canal map of Arwal Block ...... 55 Figure 18 Drain/Canal map of Kaler Block ...... 56 Figure 19 Drain/Canal map of Karpi Block ...... 57 Figure 20 Drain/Canal map of Kurtha Block ...... 58 Figure 21 Drain/Canal map of Sonbhadrs Bansi Block ...... 59 Figure 22 Landuse/Landcover Map of Arwal District...... 64 Figure 23 Landuse/Landcover Map of Arwal Block ...... 65 Figure 24 Landuse/Landcover Map of Kaler Block ...... 66 Figure 25 Landuse/Landcover Map of Karpi Block...... 67 Figure 26 Landuse/Landcover Map of Kurtha Block ...... 68 Figure 27 Landuse/Landcover Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block ...... 69 Figure 28 Orchards Map of Arwal Block ...... 70 Figure 29 Orchards Map of Kaler Block ...... 71 Figure 30 Orchards Map of Karpi Block ...... 72 Figure 31 Orchards Map of Kurtha Block ...... 73 Figure 32 Orchards Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block ...... 74 Figure 33 Lakes/Ponds Map of Arwal District ...... 78 Figure 34 Lakes/Ponds Map of Kurtha Block ...... 79 Figure 35 Watershed Map of Arwal District ...... 122 Figure 36 Micro-watershed Map of Arwal Block ...... 123 Figure 37 Micro-watershed Map of Kaler Block ...... 124 Figure 38 Micro-watershed Map of Karpi Block ...... 125 Figure 39 Micro-watershed Map of Kurtha Block ...... 126

Figure 40 Micro-watershed Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block ...... 127

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

I. Introduction

Government of India is committed to accord high priority to water conservation and its management. To this effect Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated with the vision of extending the coverage of irrigation and improving water use efficiency in a focused manner with end to end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities. The major objective of PMKSY is to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (Har Khet Ko Pani), improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water, enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (Per Drop More Crop), enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices by exploring the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture and attract greater private investment in precision irrigation system. The scheme also aims at bringing concerned Ministries/Departments/Agencies/Research and Financial Institutions engaged in creation/use/recycling/potential recycling of water, brought under a common platform, so that a comprehensive and holistic view of the entire "water cycle" is taken into account and proper water budgeting is done for all sectors namely, household, agriculture and industries.

The programme architecture of PMKSY aims at a 'decentralized State level planning and execution' structure, in order to allow States to draw up a District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and a State Irrigation Plan (SIP). DIP will have holistic developmental perspective of the district outlining medium to long term developmental plans integrating three components namely, water sources, distribution network and water use application of the district to be prepared at two levels the block and the district. All structures created under the schemes will be geo-tagged.

The programme will be supervised and monitored by an Inter-Ministerial National Steering Committee (NSC) constituted under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister with Union Ministers from concerned Ministries. A National Executive Committee (NEC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of Vice Chairman,

NITI Aayog to oversee programme implementation, allocation of resources, inter ministerial coordination, monitoring & performance assessment, addressing administrative issues etc.

PMKSY has been conceived amalgamating ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR, RD&GR), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and the On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC). The scheme will be implemented by Ministries of Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Development. Ministry of Rural Development is to mainly undertake rain water conservation, construction of farm pond, water harvesting structures, small check dams and contour bunding etc. MoWR, RD &GR, is to undertake various measures for creation of assured irrigation source, construction of diversion canals, field channels, water diversion/lift irri gation, including development of water distribution systems. Ministry of Agriculture will promote efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm ―(Jal Sinchan)‖, construction of micro-irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities, extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures.

II. Program Component and responsible Ministries/ Departments

1. AIBP(Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme)by MoWR, RD &GR To focus on faster completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation including National Projects.

2. PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani) by MoWR, RD&GR Creation of new water sources through Minor Irrigation (both surface and ground water)

Repair, restoration and renovation of water bodies; strengthening carrying capacity of traditional water sources, construction rain water harvesting structures (Jal Sanchay);

Command area development, strengthening and creation of distribution network from source to the farm; Ground water development in the areas where it is abundant, so that sink is created to store runoff/ flood water during peak rainy season; Improvement in water management and distribution system for water bodies to take advantage of the available source which is not tapped to its fullest capacity (deriving benefits from low hanging fruits). At least 10% of the command area to be covered under micro/precision irrigation; Diversion of water from source of different location where it is plenty to nearby water scarce areas, lift irrigation from water bodies/rivers at lower elevation to supplement requirements beyond IWMP and MGNREGS irrespective of irrigation command. Creating and rejuvenating traditional water storage systems like Jal Mandir(Gujarat); Khatri, Kuhl (H.P.); Zabo (Nagaland); Eri, Ooranis (T.N.); Dongs(Assam); Katas, Bandhas (Odisha and M.P.) etc. at feasible locations.

3. PMKSY (Per Drop more Crop)by Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, MoA Programme management, preparation of State/District Irrigation Plan, approval of annual action plan, Monitoring etc.

Promoting efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan); Topping up of input cost particularly under civil construction beyond permissible limit (40%), under MGNREGS for activities like lining inlet, outlet, silt traps, distribution system etc.

Construction of micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities including tube wells and dug wells (in areas where ground water is available and not under semi critical /critical /over exploited category of development) which are not supported under AIBP, PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani), PMKSY (Watershed) and MGNREGS as per block/district irrigation plan

Secondary storage structures at tail end of canal system to store water when available in abundance (rainy season) or from perennial sources like streams for use during dry periods through effective on-farm water management;

Water lifting devices like diesel/ electric/ solar pump sets including water carriage pipes, underground piping system; Extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures including cropping alignment to maximize use of available water including rainfall and minimize irrigation requirement (Jal sarankchan); Capacity building, training and awareness campaign including low cost publications, use of pico projectors and low cost films for encouraging potential use water source through technological, agronomic and management practices including community irrigation. The extension workers will be empowered to disseminate relevant technologies under PMKSY only after requisite training is provided to them especially in the area of promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures, improved/ innovative distribution system like pipe and box outlet system, etc.

4. PMKSY (Watershed Development) by Dept. of Land Resources, MoRD Water harvesting structures such as check dams, nala bund, farm ponds, tanks etc.

Capacity building, entry point activities, ridge area treatment, drainage line treatment, soil and moisture conservation, nursery raising, afforestation, horticulture, pasture development, livelihood activities for the asset-less persons and production system & micro enterprises for small and marginal farmers etc.

Effective rainfall management like field bunding, contour bunding/trenching, staggered trenching, land levelling, mulching etc.

District Irrigation Plans (DIPs)

I. Introduction

District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) is the important feature for planning and implementation of PMKSY. It will present holistic irrigation development perspective of the district outlining medium to long term development plans integrating three components viz. water sources, distribution network and water use applications incorporating all usage of water like drinking & domestic use, irrigation and industry. DIP will form the compilation package of all existing and proposed water resource network system in the district. DIP is compiled by identifying the gaps in irrigation infrastructure after taking into consideration the District Agriculture Plans (DAPs) already prepared for Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) vis-à-vis irrigation infrastructure currently available and resources that would be added during XII Plan from other ongoing schemes (both State and Central), like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme(MGNREGS), Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) Scheme, Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development (MLALAD) Scheme, Local body funds etc. The gaps indentified under Strategic Research & Extension Plan (SREGP) were used in preparation of DIP.

The DIPs is prepared at two levels, the block and the district. Keeping in view the convenience of map preparation and data collection, the work would be primarily done at block level. Block wise irrigation plan is prepared depending on the available and potential water resources and water requirement for agriculture sector prioritizing the activities based on socioeconomic and location specific requirement. Emphasize is also given to planning on basin/sub basin level, the comprehensive irrigation plan covers more than one district. The activities identified in the basin/sub-basin plan were segregated into district/block level action plans. The satellite imagery, topo-sheets and available database is appropriately utilized for developing irrigation plans at least on pilot basis to begin with and subsequently may be extended to all projects.

The DIP plan includes information on all sources of available water, distribution network, defunct water bodies, new potential water sources both surface and subsurface systems, application& conveyance provisions, crops and cropping system aligned to available/designed quantity of water and suitable to local agro ecology. All activities pertaining water harvesting, water augmentation from surface/subsurface sources, distribution and application of water including repair renovation and restoration of water bodies, major medium and minor irrigation works, command area development etc. are taken up within the frame work of this plan.

Emphasis is given for deriving potential benefit from low hanging fruits like extending the reach/coverage of water source through effective distribution and application mechanism, reducing the gap between potential created and utilized through more focus on command area development and precision irrigation. Proper integration of creation of source like dams and water harvesting structures, distribution system like canals and command area development works and precision farming is made for deriving best possible use of water resources. Steps also taken for use of urban treated wastewater for irrigation purpose. For respective cities a command area is identified for this purpose in and around the adjoining agricultural land of urban habitation.

(i) Background

In the last one year, the Government of India has taken several farmer friendly initiatives. These, amongst other things, include the following: • A new scheme has been introduced to issue a Soil Health Card to every farmer. Soil Health Management in the country is being promoted through setting up of soil and fertilizer testing laboratories. 34 lakh soil samples have been collected and analysis is continuing. • A new scheme for promoting organic farming "Pramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana" has been launched to promote organic farming. • A dedicated Kisan Channel has been started by Doordarshan to address various issues concerning farmers. • Government is also encouraging formation of Farmer Producer organizations.

• Assistance to farmers, as input subsidy, has been increased by 50 percent in case of natural calamities. • Norms have been relaxed to provide assistance from previous norm of crop loss of more than 50 percent to 33 percent to farmers afflicted by natural calamities. • Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various Kharif crops has been increased. Bonus of Rs.200 per quintal has been announced for pulses. Area coverage under pulses has increased over the last year.

Hon‘ble President in his address to the joint Session of the Parliament of 16th Lok Sabha indicated that ―Each drop of water is precious‖. Government is committed to giving high priority to water security. It will complete the long pending irrigation projects on priority and launch the ‗Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana‘ with the motto of ‗Har Khet Ko Pani‘. There is a need for seriously considering all options including linking of rivers, where feasible; for ensuring optimal use of our water resources to prevent the recurrence of floods and drought. By harnessing rain water through ‗Jal Sanchay‘ and ‗Jal Sinchan‘, we will nurture water conservation and ground water recharge. Micro irrigation will be to ensure ‗Per drop-More crop‘. Out of about 141 m.Ha of net area sown in the country, about 65 million hectare (or 45%) is presently covered under irrigation. Substantial dependency on rainfall makes cultivation in unirrigated areas a high risk, less productive profession. Empirical evidences suggest that assured or protective irrigation encourages farmers to invest more in farming technology and inputs leading to productivity enhancement and increased farm income. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by Hon‘ble Prime Minister has accorded approval of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) in its meeting held on 1st July, 2015. PMKSY has been approved for implementation across the country with an outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore in five years. For 2015 -16, an outlay of Rs.5300 crore has been made which includes Rs. 1800 crore for DAC; Rs. 1500 crore for DoLR; Rs. 2000 crore for MoWR (Rs. 1000 crore for AIBP; Rs. 1000 crores for PMKSY).

(ii) Vision

To use the available water resources in the district to the maximum potential in an efficient way catering to the basic needs of every living being and enhancing the livelihoods of rural population to the maximum extent thus alleviating poverty in a sustainable way without compromising the interests of future generations.

(iii) Objective

The broad objectives of PMKSY will be:-

a) Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation of district level and, if required, sub district level water use plans).

b) Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani),

c) Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use of water through appropriate technologies and practices.

d) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase availability both in duration and extent,

e) Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop).

f) Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices

g) Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed approach towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water, arresting runoff, providing livelihood options and other NRM activities.

h) Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.

i) Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture,

j) Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

This will in turn increase agricultural production and productivity and enhance farm income.

(iv) Strategy & Focus Areas

To achieve these objectives, PMKSY will strategize by focusing on end-to-end solution in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network, efficient farm level applications, extension services on new technologies &information etc. Broadly, PMKSY will focus on:- a) Creation of new water sources; repair, restoration and renovation of defunct water sources; construction of water harvesting structures, secondary & micro storage, groundwater development, enhancing potentials of traditional water bodies at village level like Jal Mandir (Gujarat); Khatri, Kuhl (H.P.); Zabo (Nagaland); Eri, Ooranis (T.N.); Dongs (Assam); Katas, Bandhas (Odisha and M.P.) etc. b) Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both assured and protective) are available or created; c) Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and run off control measures to improve ground water recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to access recharged water through shallow tube/dug wells; d) Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the farm viz, underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and other application devices etc.; e) Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer producers‘ organizations/NGOs; f) Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits, demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop management practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on more crop per drop of water through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field days, and extension activities through short animation films etc.

(v) Methodology

The preparation of District Irrigation plan is an integration of geospatial technology, Space application technologies and spatial and non-spatial data.

1. Transformation of available thematic information on to the village level on Bhuvan portal and extract geo-referenced village map data.

2. Integration of thematic layers with socio-economic data for classification of area into specific composite land units on village level.

3. Preparation of appropriate action plan based on potential of composite land units and developmental needs of study area in on the basis of available data.

4. Field visit to validate the recommended measures with respect to the ground situation and requirement of the local people.

5. Finalization of development plans based on field observation.

Available thematic information for preparation for water resource and land resource development plan.

 Landuse / land cover map  Groundwater potential map  Soil map - depth, texture, erosion and land capability  Slope map.  High resolution Satellite mage through Bhuvan portal.  Lithology.  Hydro geomorphology.

Area for development of water resources structure geospatial technology has been used in this process first identify the area of crop land based on high resolution satellite data and then identify the irrigated area by different source of irrigation methods. To identify the unirrigated area an overlay method is used. District irrigation plan covers the fallowing planning component of the district in sustainable development approach:

 Increase in vegetation/biomass in the district.  More number of surface water bodies in district.  Shift from annual crop to perennial.  Increase in the extent of crop area.  Improvement in the soil moisture availability

 Reclamation of waste lands.  Convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level.  Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani)  Best use of water through appropriate technologies and practices.  Improve on-farm water use efficiency.  Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop).  Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices.  Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas.  Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.  Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture,  Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

Chapter-1 General Information of the District

1.1 District Profile

Arwal district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Arwal town is the administrative headquarters of this district. It was earlier part of Jehanabad district. Arwal has a population of 699563. It's headquarter is situated at Arwal which is approximately 80 km south from the state capital Patna. Arwal town is situated on the right side bank of the river Son, which is a tributary to the river Ganges. As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Bihar (out of 39), after Sheikpura and Sheohar.

Arwal district is a part of Magadh division. It came into existence in August 2001 (20-08-2001) and was earlier part of Jehanabad district.The five block divisions are Arwal, Kaler, Karpi, Kurtha and Suryapur Vanshi. Arwal district occupies an area of 638 square kilometres (246 sq mi). Arwal district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Arwal town is the administrative headquarters of this district.It was earlier part of Jehanabad District. Arwal has a population of 588,000. The five block divisions are Arwal, Kaler, Karpi, Kurtha and Suryapur Vanshi. Paddy, wheat and maize are the main crops.Nearest airport is at Patna and railway station is at Jehanabad. By road, Arwal is linked with Jehanabad, Patna and Aurangabad .It's headquarter is situated at Arwal which is approximately 80 KMs south from the state capital Patna. Arwal town is situated on the right side bank of the river Son, which is a tributary to the river Ganges.

Arwal is situated 60 km south of Patna. The nearest airport is at Patna from where regular flights are available to all important towns and cities across the country. The nearest railway station is located at Jehanabad. By road, Arwal is efficiently linked with Jehanabad, Patna and Bhojpur. Arwal district is a predominantly agricultural district. The soil is highly fertile. This district is densely populated. Paddy, wheat, maize and pulses are the main agricultural crops raised by farmers in the district. Cane is also grown in some parts of the district. The total land available in the district is 195966.08 acres. Forest coverage is very small. The net sown area available for cultivation is 129166.39 acres, which is 65.91% of the total available land. Arwal is the unique

17 district of Bihar in the sense of quality of water and its greater availability. As per survey done by the experts underground water of arwal is completely free from the impurities. Water is available at most of the place at much shallower depths this is the reason why most of the households of arwal used to install hand pumps instead of motors and storage. Excellent transportation, Son river and huge availability of water in Arwal may provide suitable conditions to establishment of industries. It is the part of plain of Ganga. There are most agricultural field. Economy of the district is totally agriculture-based, and this area does not have any presence of any industry. Paddy, wheat and pulse are the main crops. Though most of the area of the district is well irrigated, due to lack of infrastructure and power, farmers are not benefitted. Industries related to agriculture are starting up now a days. The climate of Arwal is of extreme nature, i.e. very hot in the summers and biting cold in the winters. According to the 2011 census, Arwal district has a population of 700,843, roughly equal to the nation of Bhutan or the US state of North Dakota. This gives it a ranking of 502nd in India (out of 640). The district has a population density of 1,099 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,850/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.01%. Arwal has a sex ratio of 927 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 69.54%.

Table 1. 1 District Profile of District - Arwal

District Profile District Name District Code Latitude Longitude ARWAL 1038 25.24°N 84.67° E

District Profile District Code 1038 Geographical Area 2076 25.24°N Latitude and Longitude 84.67° E Net Sown Area 44241 Gross Cropped Area 54230.34 Net Irrigated(Rabi/kharif) 27969 Net Rainfed 29721.6 Total Number of block 5 Total Number of Panchayat 68 Total Number of Villages 322 Total Population 754511 Population Growth Rate(Decadal) 19.01% Total Male Population 305420 Total Female Population 312574 Total Population ST 512 Total Population SC 131765 Total Population GEN 622234 Total livestock 211203 Stored Surface water

Stored Ground water

Figure 1 Location Map of Arwal District

Figure 2 Administrative Map of Arwal District

Figure 3 Satellite view of Arwal District

1.2 Demography

Table 1. 2 Block Wise Population Details District – Arwal All Values in N0.

Block Wise Population Details District - Arwal S.No. Block Name No. of Panchayat No. of Villages No of HH Male Female Children SC ST GEN/OBC TOTAL

1 Arwal 15 59 158 18350 56123 51714 18952 21860 122661 144679 2 Kaler 15 61 11 24257 76872 72069 26445 32662 142713 175386 3 Karpi 19 84 245 32945 99915 92298 35782 39491 188259 227995 4 Kurtha 11 72 68 20564 32290 58528 22849 21972 91607 113647 5 Bansi 8 46 30 38741 40220 37965 14619 15780 76994 92804 Total 68 322 134857 305420 312574 118647 131765 512 622234 754511

*All values is numbers, Source: Census of India 2011

100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Arwal Kaler Karpi Kurtha Bansi

Male Female Children

From the above Table and Graph it reflect that the total population of the Arwal District is 754511. Out of which 305420 are males, and 312574 are females.and no of SC in the District is131765and 512 ST.

1.2 Biomass and Livestock Water plays an important role in livestock productivity. Livestock productivity in pastoral areas depends greatly on the availability of water. There are several factors, which determine water balance, water turnover and functions of the animal. Assessment of livestock and water requirement is helpful in modelling water and livestock relationships.

The demand for meat, dairy products and eggs rises faster than the demand for crops; thus both scenarios call for livestock production to increase relatively more rapidly than crops. The world livestock system is broadly divided into pastoral grazing, mixed farming and industrial systems (Sere and Stienfeld 1996). Estimate of the current demand of 1.7 billion tons of cereals and 206 million tons of meat in developing countries could rise by 2020 to 2.5 to 2.8 billion tons of cereals and to 310 millions of tons of meat (IFPRI 2000). Water is used by the herbivore as a medium for physical and chemical energy transfer, namely for evaporative cooling and intermediary metabolism (Konandreas and Anderson; King 1983; Kirda and Riechardt 1986). Livestock and poultry water consumption depend on a number of physiological and environmental conditions such as:

• Type and size of animal or bird

• Physiological state (lactating, pregnant or growing)

• Activity level

• Type of diet-dry hay, silage or lush pasture

• Temperature-hot summer days above 25 0C can sometimes double the water consumption of animals.

• Water quality - palatability and salt content

The present cattle population in district 6.75 lakh out of which the total population of cows is 2.62 lakh, the population of buffaloes is 33688 and the no. of small animals is 3.73 Lakh.

Table 1. 3 Block-wise Livestock Population All Values in N0.

Small Animals Draft Animal Name of Poultry Ducks Pigs Goats Sheeps (Buffalo/yak/bulls/any Block (No.) (No.) (Nos.) (Nos.) (Nos.) other (Nos.) Arwal 7712 99 1059 11782 497 28 Karpi 10416 55 1149 15874 1839 44 Kurtha 6475 208 1455 22

Kaler 6707 187 215 9138 400 11 Bansi 2376 66 202 6629 58 8 Total 33686 615 4080 43423 2794 113

Sources: Livestock census of India.

20000

15000

10000 No 5000

0 Arwal Karpi Kurtha Kaler Bansi No. of Blocks

Poultry Ducks Pigs Goats Sheeps (No.) (No.) (Nos.) (Nos.) (Nos.)

Small Animals in Arwal District

Large Animals Any other Milch Draft Animal Hybrid or Name of Block Indigenous (Buffalo/yak/bulls/any Cow Buffalo Meat Cow (Nos.) other (Nos.) (Nos.) (Nos.) Animal (Nos.) Arwal 1350 11648 13870 28

Karpi 3099 9273 20485 44

Kurtha 267 8234 13870 22

Kaler 1230 12079 13309 11

Bansi 1662 6550 9566 8

Total 7608 47784 71100 0 113

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Arwal Karpi Kurtha Kaler Bansi

Indigenous Hybrid Draft Animal Cow (Nos.) Cow… Buffalo… (Buffalo/yak/bulls/any…

Large Animals in Arwal District .

1.3 Agro Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography

Agro-ecology is the study of ecological processes that operate in agricultural production systems. The prefix agro- refers to agriculture. Bringing ecological principles to bear in agro- ecosystems can suggest novel management approaches that would not otherwise be considered. Agro-ecology is a whole system approach to agriculture and food systems development based on traditional knowledge, alternative agriculture and local food system experiences. Agro-ecological research considers interactions of all important biophysical, technical and socioeconomic components of farming systems and regards these systems as the fundamental units of study, where mineral cycles, energy transformations, biological processes and socioeconomic relationships are analyzed as a whole in an interdisciplinary fashion.Agro- ecology is concerned with the maintenance of a productive agriculture that sustains yields and optimizes the use of local resources while minimizing the negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts of modern technologies.

Agro-ecology is the application of ecological concepts and methodological design for long-term enhancement and management of soil fertility and agriculture productivity. It provides a strategy to increase diversified agro-ecosystem. So it is benefiting the effect of the incorporation of plant and animal biodiversity, nutrient recycling; biomass creation and growth through the use of natural resource systems based on legumes, trees, and incorporation of livestock. These all make the basis of a sustainable agriculture and aim to improve the food system and societal sustainability. The agro-ecology supports production of both a huge quantity and diversity of good quality of food, thread and medicinal crops, together with family utilization and the market for economic and nutritionally at risk populations. Sustainable agricultural practices have to tackle the conservation of biodiversity, enhanced ecological functions, social tolerance, self- reliance, fairness, improved quality of life and economic productivity of crops and livestock. Sustainability of agriculture is viewed critically from the point of food and ecological security at the regional scale.

Climate: The climate of Arwal is semi-arid with very hot summer and equally cold winter season. During the summer month‘s i.e.April-May, the maximum temperature goes beyond 41 degrees Celcius and in winter months of Dec.-Jan. it is around 8.7 degrees.

Rainfall: The average annual rainfall is 974.5mm. The climate is sub-humid and it is characterised by a hot summer and a pleasant cold season, about 89% of rainfall takes place from June to September. During monsoon surplus water is available for deep percolation to ground water.

Table 1. 4 Agro- Ecological Zone

1.4 Agro Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography source: IMD department Name of the State: Bihar Name of the District: Arwal Nor Average Temperature (°C) Elevation Aver No mal age of Period Agro Ann Mon Rai Ecolo Type ual Summer Name of Block thly ny Winter (Oct.-Mar.) Rainy (June-Sept) gical of Rai (April-May) Block Area (ha) Rain Da Min. Max. Mean. Zone Terrain nfal fall ys Type l (mm (N (m Min. Max. Mean. Min. Max. Mean. Min. Max. Mean. ) o) m) Arwal 12246.77 1027 293 90 Kurtha 8650.43 1020 294 82 Karpi B-III Plain 18743.1 1021 296 85 25.4 38.7 32 15.5 28.3 21.9 26.5 33.9 30.2 Bansi 9960.24 1019 309 85 Kaler 14646.98 1021 310 90 Total 64247.52 1027 293 86 25.4 38.7 32 15.5 28.3 21.9 26.5 33.9 30.2

Source: IMD, regional ICAR center(s), SAUs, KVKs etc

Agro-ecological situations:

Agro-climatic Sr No. Characteristics Zone

Soil-light alluvial, loam, sandy loam, calcareous and clay situation and crop, livestock- productive plane land, salt affected ravenous, flood Eastern Plain Zone affected, irrigated through canal, tube wells with rice and wheat based 1 cropping system followed by pulses, oil seeds, livestock production and horticultural crops

a Plain land, productive, temporary water logged situation in canal area. Clay to clay loom, loam soil irrigated. AES-1 & 2 2

b Rice wheat is major crop rotation followed by pulses, oil seeds, horticultural crops, livestock etc. Salt affected soil, clay to clay loom, poor in N & Zn, crop restricted to AES-3 3 rice wheat , vegetables, fruit crops specially Aonla, live -stock is

secondary enterprise. Sub merged condition during rain with clay-to-clay loam soil, crop AES-4 restricted to rice and wheat followed by vegetables and live-stock 4 production.

Undulated land with light textured soil, major crop restricted to pulses, millets, oil seed, rice, and wheat and live-stock production. Ravenous area AES-5 & 6 5 covered with perennial wild grasses. Major area under rainfed followed

by assured irrigation.

1.3.1 Slope

Slope is a measure of change in elevation. It is a crucial parameter in several well-known predictive models used for environmental management, including the Universal Soil Loss Equation and agricultural non-point source pollution models.The effect of slope on agriculture may be both direct and indirect. The most obvious direct influence of slope is in the form of the restrained on cultivation and accessibility. The indirect effect of slope manifests itself in pedological and climatic modification including the position of water table, development of soils, air drainage, and relative freedom from frost. This classification gives information regarding slope percent classes in the study area

Slope Category

Slope Category Slope class Nearly level 0-1 % Very gently sloping 1-3 % Gently sloping 3-8 % Strongly sloping 8-15 % Mod. steep to steep 15-35 % Steep sloping 35-45 % Very Steep sloping >45 %

Figure 4 Slope map of Arwal District

Figure 5 Slope Map of Arwal Block

Figure 6 Slope Map of Kaler Block

Figure 7 Slope Map of Karpi Block

Figure 8 Slope Map of Kurtha Block

Figure 9 Slope Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block

1.3.2 Geomorphology

Geomorphology is defined as the science of landforms with an emphasis on their origin, evolution, form, and distribution across the physical landscape. An understanding of geomorphology and its processes is therefore essential to the understanding of physical geography.

Geomorphology is one of the critical theme information for all the application projects. Hence, the geomorphic maps proposed to be prepared would cater to the different resource information needs of the country like geo-environment, geo-engineering, geohazards, mineral and ground water exploration and also interdisciplinary themes like soil, land use / land cover and forest, etc. Geomorphology plays an important role in various fields of planning. One of the major themes is the irrigation development wherein the geomorphological guides are used as one of the indicator zone for site selection. The understanding of subsurface geology is a primary requirement for planning exploration and exploitation strategies. The basement structure highs manifest itself on the surface as geomorphic anomaly like annular drainage pattern, radial pattern, sudden change in the river course etc.

1.3.3 Hydro-Geomorphology

Hydro geomorphology has been defined as ―an interdisciplinary science that focuses on the interaction and linkage of hydrologic processes with landforms or earth materials and the interaction of geomorphic processes with surface and subsurface water in temporal and spatial dimensions.‖ Hydro geomorphology is an emerging scientific domain, mainly based on the concepts of other scientific areas related to geosciences (e.g., geomorphology, geology, remote sensing, hydrogeology, applied geophysics, soil and rock geo-technics, hydrology, topography, climatology and natural hazards. It operates in an interdisciplinary field focused on the linkage between hydrologic processes with landforms or earth materials, the interaction of geomorphic processes relating surface water and groundwater regimen.

1.4 Soil

Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and the countless organisms that together support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body known as the pedosphere and which performs four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil. Soil is the result of the process of the gradual breakdown of rock - the solid geology that makes up the earth. As rock becomes broken down through a variety of processes, such as weathering and erosion, the particles become ground smaller and smaller. As a whole, soil is made up from four constituents: mineral material, organic material, air and water. There are considered to be three main mineral parts to soil; ‗sand‘, ‗silt‘ and ‗clay‘. These parts give the soil its 'mineral texture'. In addition, as leaves and other organic material fall to the ground and decompose - there also forms an ‗organic‘ layer. Soil scientists (or pedologists) use a series of sieves to separate out the constituent parts in order to characterise soil by texture class.

Many natural bodies, such as plants and animals, are discrete entities which can be classified and guidelines for their identification followed. Soils are much more difficult to identify and classify than these discrete bodies for two main reasons: (i) soil is more or less a continuum covering the land surface of the earth, not a set of discrete entities; and (ii) most of the soil is below ground and therefore not readily visible. Soils grade into one another across the landscape usually without sharp boundaries between one type of soil and another. Soil surveyors who make maps of soils have to use their skills in reading changes in the landscape coupled with auger borings in the soil to identify the nature of the soil.

There are several ways of classifying a soil, from the simple to the complex. A soil type may be as simple as ‗a sandy soil‘ or ‗a clayey soil‘ and this is often the perception of many land users, such as farmers or civil engineers, who see it as material they have to deal with to achieve an end result, such as the growing of a crop of wheat, or the building a road. Simple classifications tend to be of local and restricted relevance only. At the other end of the spectrum is the soil scientist who needs to understand how soils have formed, which types occur where, and for what the different types of soil can be used. The soil scientist seeks a much broader understanding, with the aim of underpinning the use and preservation of this important natural resource, and this has manifested itself in a number of detailed soil classification systems worldwide.

Six Different Types of Soils Found in India are as follows:

Alluvial Soils: These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are rich in humus and very fertile. These soils are renewed every year.

Black Soils: These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacksin Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter.

Red Soils: These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Its redness is due to iron composition. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown.

Laterite Soils: These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands.

Mountain Soils: These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth.

Desert Soils: In the desert regions of Rajasthan, soils are not well developed. As evaporation is in excess of rainfall, the soil has a high salt content and saline layer forms a hard crust. These soils are generally sandy and deficient in organic matter

Soils have many important functions. Perhaps the best appreciated is the function to support the growth of agricultural and horticultural crops. Soil is the mainstay of agriculture and horticulture, forming as it does the medium in which growth and ultimately the yield of food producing crops occurs. Farmers and gardeners have worked with their soils over many centuries to produce increasing amounts of food to keep pace with the needs of a burgeoning world population. The soil's natural cycles go a long way in ensuring that the soil can provide an adequate physical, chemical and biological medium for crop growth. The farmer and horticulturalist have also become skilled in managing soils so that these natural cycles can be added to as necessary to facilitate adequate soil support and increasing yield to enhance production.

Soil Type:- Sl. No. Soil Type Characteristics

Plain, productive, major area under irrigation. Major crops are rice, Sandy loam wheat, jwar, pigeon pea, chick pea, field pea, lentil, urd, vegetable 1 crop, sugarcane and live stock production

Plain, productive, some of the area under water log major area is Loam irrigated. Major crops are rice wheat, chick pea, field pea, 2 sugarcane, vegetables etc.

Compact in nature major area under temporary water log. Major Clay crops are rice wheat followed by vegetables and live stock 3 production

Loose textured, partially irrigated, rainfed condition, ravenous area Sandy eroded with perennial wild grasses, major crops are wheat, pigeon 4 pea, urd, moog, vegetables and live stock production.

Soil Depth

The effective depth of a soil for plant growth is the vertical distance into the soil from the surface to a layer that essentially stops the downward growth of plant roots. The barrier layer may rocks, sand, gravel, heavy clay or a cemented layer (e.g. claiche).The mean depth of the soil layer within the sampling area is assessed by studying conditions in the terrain, both on the test area and in its immediate vicinity. The soil depth on the test area (humus layer + mineral soil) is specified as one of the following four classes:

Deep soil Mean soil depth greater than 70 cm. Bedrock outcrop lacking in both the test area and its immediate vicinity with similar topography.

Fairly Mean soil depth 20-70 cm. Occasional visible bedrock outcrop present. If there is shallow soil only one bedrock outcrop it must lie wholly or partly within the test area.

Very Mean soil depth less than 20 cm. Frequent occurrence of bedrock outcrop. At shallow soil least one bedrock outcrop within the test area. The soil may be deep within small fissures in the bedrock.

Varying soil Wide variation in soil depth within the test area due to broad crevasses in the depth bedrock, which occasionally emerges as outcrop at the surface.

1.4.1 Soil Texture

Soil texture has an important role in nutrient management because it influences nutrient retention. For instance, finer textured soils tend to have greater ability to store soil nutrients. oil particles within this fraction are further divided into the 3 separate size classes, which includes sand, silt, and clay. The size of sand particles range between 2.0 and 0.05 mm; silt, 0.05 mm and 0.002 mm; and clay, less than 0.002 mm. Notice that clay particles may be over one thousand times smaller than sand particles. This difference in size is largely due to the type of parent material and the degree of weathering. Sand particles are generally primary minerals that have not undergone much weathering. On the other hand, clay particles are secondary minerals that are the products of the weathering of primary minerals. As weathering continues, the soil particles break down and become smaller and smaller. Soil texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt, or clay in a soil. The soil textural class is a grouping of soils based upon these relative proportions. Soils with the finest texture are called clay soils, while soils with the coarsest texture are called sands. However, a soil that has a relatively even mixture of sand, silt, and clay and exhibits the properties from each separate is called a loam. There are different types of loam, based upon which soil separate is most abundantly present. If the percentages of clay, silt, and sand in a soil are known (primarily through laboratory analysis), you may use the textural triangle to determine the texture class of your soil. Table 1. 5 Soil Profile of Arwal District

1.5 Soil Profile source: National Bureau of Land Use Planning , Name of the State: Bihar University/KVK/BIRSAC/BAU/RAU Name of District: Arwal Soil Type Land Slope more Major Name of Block than Soil Area (ha) 0-3 % (ha) 3-8 % (ha) 8-25 % (ha) 25% Classes (ha) Arwal clay 7400 coarse Kurtha 4000 sand Karpi clay 10900 Kaler clay 10400 Total 32700

1.5 Soil Erosion

Soil Erosion is one form of soil degradation. Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks.

Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three distinct actions – soil detachment, movement and deposition. Topsoil, which is high in organic matter, fertility and soil life, is relocated elsewhere "on-site" where it builds up over time or is carried "off-site" where it fills in drainage channels. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes.

Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, Stalinization and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process.

Figure 10 Soil Profile of Arwal District

Figure 11 Soil Profile of Arwal Block

Figure 12 Soil Profile of Kaler Block

Figure 13 Soil Profile of Karpi Block

Figure 14 Soil Profile of Kurtha Block

Figure 15 Soil Profile of Donbhadra Bansi Block

1.6 Drainage

In geomorphology, a drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as being part of drainage basins. A drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, through flow, and groundwater flow. Drainage basins are divided from each other by topographic barriers called a watershed. A watershed represents all of the stream tributaries that flow to some location along the stream channel. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an area varies and the larger the topographic map.

The drainage length statistics based on Strahler method of drainage ordering as shown in figure below: International Standard system of Stream ordering

Figure 16 Drainage map of Arwal District

Figure 17 Drain/Canal map of Arwal Block

Figure 18 Drain/Canal map of Kaler Block

Figure 19 Drain/Canal map of Karpi Block

Figure 20 Drain/Canal map of Kurtha Block

Figure 21 Drain/Canal map of Sonbhadrs Bansi Block

1.7 Landuse

Land-use denotes how humans use the biophysical or ecological properties of land. Land- uses include the modification and/or management of land for agriculture, settlements, forestry and other uses including those that exclude humans from land, as in the designation of nature reserves for conservation.

1.7.1 Landuse Classification

The conservation and development of land resource in the area needs special focus. It needs well thought and rational planning, which in turn depends upon minute observation of land use pattern. The aim of this study is clear visualization of local land environment. The intense and focused study of land-use puts us in a position to conserve the important elements of the nature, which otherwise lead in a direction of destruction and consequently threaten the soil strata. The present study focuses mainly on dimension, which is very important from the sustainability point of view that is distribution of different groups of land use, i.e. their ratios in the region. Therefore, it becomes very complex and diversified to study all the groups available at micro-level, homogenous groups are generalized to reduce the number of groups, and these simplified groups of land use are called generalized land use classification. World Land Use Classification mainly recognizes nine categories. These are Settlement and Associated Non Agricultural Land, Horticulture, Tree and Permanent Crops, Cropland, Improved Permanent Pasture, Improved Grazing Land, Wood Land, Swamps and Marshes, Unproductive Land. National Atlas and The land use classification presented by All India Soil and Land Use Survey 1970 are as follows: 1. Forest Land (F) F1 without Canopy F2 Sparse Forest F3 General Forest F4 Fully Stocked Top Canopy 2. Cultivated land (CC) C1 Single Cropped C2 Double Cropped C3 Triple Cropped 3. Terraced Land (T) T1 Poorly Bounded Land T2 Poor Terracing Measures T3 Bench Terraces 4. Wasteland (W) W1 Fit for Cultivation W2 Unfit for Cultivation 5. Pastureland (P) P Pasture and Grazing Land H Harland When the Grass Periodically Cut P1 With Young Shrubs P2 With Well Grows Shrubs T Thorny Lands and Heavy Canopy

Shrubs. Land use classification by Statistical Department of Government of India. I. Geographical Area - Area calculated by Survey Department. II. Reported Area (Statistical area related to land use) 1. Forest 2. Land not Available for Cultivation a) Land Put to Non- Agricultural Use, b) Barren and Uncultivable Land, 3. Other Uncultivable and excluding Fallow Land a) Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land, b) Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Gardens, c) Cultivable Waste Land. 4. Fallow Land a) Fallow Other than Current Fallow b) Current Fallow 5. Cultivated Land a) Net Sown Area, b) Area Sown More Than Once.

I. Total Irrigated Area. In the analysis of land use pattern study has been adopted at block level: Forest Cover, Barren and cultivable waste land, Current Fallow land, other Fallow land, Barren & uncultivable Land, Land put to non-agricultural Use, Pastures and Grazing Land, Area under bush, forest & garden, Net area sown. 1. Forest: Includes all land classes as forests under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests. 2. Area under Non-agricultural Uses: Includes all lands occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. river, and canals and other lands used for non-agriculture purpose. 3. Barren and un-cultivable land: Includes all barren and un-cultivable land like mountains, desert etc. 4. Permanent pastures and other grazing lands: Includes all grazing lands where they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head.

5. Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves etc: This includes all cultivable land, which is not included in ‗Net Area Sown‘ but is put to some agricultural uses. Lands under Casuarinas trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes, and other groves for fuel, etc which are not included under ‗Orchards‘ are classified under this category. 6. Cultivable Wasteland: This includes lands available for cultivation. Such lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs or jungles, which are not put to any use. Land once cultivated but not cultivated for five years in succession should be include in this category at the end of the five years. 7. Fallow lands other than current fallows: This includes all lands, which were taken up for cultivation but are temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. 8. Current Fallows: This represents cropped area, which are kept fallow during the current year. For example, if any seeding area is not cropped in the same year again, it may be treated as current fallows. 9. Net Area Sown: This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once.

Table 1. 6 Land use Pattern of Arwal District

 All values in hectare, Source: Statistical Book-2015

1.7 Land Use Pattern Source: DAP, PPR, Land Use Plan Name of the State: Bihar

Name of District : Arwal

Area under Agriculture

Total

S. NO. S.

Forest

(1)

(%)

Area under Area

No. of No. Villages

Name of Block Name

Geographical Area Geographical

Than Once (1 Once Than

Area Sown More More Sown Area

Net Sown Area (2) Area Sown Net other Under uses Area

Cropping Intensity Cropping

Area Under Wasteland Under Area

No. of No. panchayat Gram Gross Cropped Area Area Cropped Gross

1 Arwal 12247 15 59 12247 9704 2543 126% 2972 1866 2 Karpi 18743 19 84 13120 12233 887 107% 2552 1778 3 Kaler 20506 15 61 10253 9704 549 106% 1159 3098 4 Kurtha 8428 11 72 8650 7440 1210 116% 239 712 5 Bansi 9371 8 46 9960 5160 4800 193% 3742 3521 Total 69295 68 322 54230 44241 9989 130% 10664 10975 Source:- DAP, PPR, District Statistical office

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Arwal Karpi Kaler Kurtha Bansi

Gross Cropped Area Net Sown Area Area Sown More Than Once Area Under Wasteland Area Under other uses

Land use Pattern of Arwal District

Figure 22 Landuse/Landcover Map of Arwal District

Figure 23 Landuse/Landcover Map of Arwal Block

Figure 24 Landuse/Landcover Map of Kaler Block

Figure 25 Landuse/Landcover Map of Karpi Block

Figure 26 Landuse/Landcover Map of Kurtha Block

Figure 27 Landuse/Landcover Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block

Figure 28 Orchards Map of Arwal Block

Figure 29 Orchards Map of Kaler Block

Figure 30 Orchards Map of Karpi Block

Figure 31 Orchards Map of Kurtha Block

Figure 32 Orchards Map of Sonbhadra Bansi Block

Chapter-2 District Water Profile

2.1 Irrigation Status

Irrigation and Water Resources Development provides the basic infrastructure for the growth of economy of the country and large investment has been made for the purpose in our country. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil for crop production by constructing headworks (weir) across a river in case of flow irrigation system. In lift irrigation system water required for irrigation purpose has been lifted from the river as the situation commands by diesel operated or electricity power operated barge mounted pump. In third case where these two systems are not feasible required water are extracted from the water bearing aquifer beneath the ground level by means of deep tube well assembly. Besides these popular system of irrigation there are sprinkler system and drip irrigation system. In a world of explosive population growth, particularly in developing nations, it is the need of the time to enhance the growth of food grain production keeping in conformity with the increase in population. The increase in agricultural production in general and food grain production in particular has not kept pace with the growth of the population by ushering the traditional cultivation system.

1.1.1 Importance of Irrigation

1. Control of Drought and Famines Insufficient, uncertain and irregular rain causes uncertainty in agriculture. The period of rain is restricted to only four months in a year, June to September, when monsoon arrives. The remaining eight months are dry. There is some rainfall during the months of December and January in some parts of the country. Even during monsoon, the rainfall is scanty and undependable in many parts of the country.

Sometimes the monsoon delayed considerably while sometimes they cease prematurely. This pushes large areas of the country into drought conditions. With the help of irrigation, droughts and famines can be effectively controlled.

2. Higher productivity on irrigated land: Productivity on irrigated land is considerably more than the productivity on un-irrigated land.

3. Multiple cropping possible: Since India has a tropical and sub-tropical climate, it has potentialities to grow crops on a year round basis. However, since 80% of the annual rainfall is received in less than four months, multiple cropping is generally not possible. Provision of irrigation facilities can make possible the growing of two or three crops in a year in most areas of the country. This will considerably enhance agriculture production and productivity.

4. Role in new agricultural strategy: The successful implementation of the High Yielding Programme enhances agricultural production in a great intent.

5. Bringing more land under cultivation: Total reporting area for land utilization statistics was 306.05 million hectares in 1999-2000. of this 19.44 million hectares was current fallow land. Current fallowed include lands which are lying fallow for less than one year other than current fallows includes land lying un-ploughed for one to five years.

Cultivable waste land comprises another 13.83 million hectares. Cultivation on all such lands is impossible in some cases while in others it requires substantial capital investment to make land fit for cultivation. Provision of irrigation facilities can make some portion of this land cultivable.

6. Reduces instability in output levels: Irrigation helps in stabilizing the output and yield levels. It also plays a protective role during drought years. Since, both income and employment are positively and closely related to output, prevention of fall in output during drought is an important instrument for achieving stability of income and employment in the countryside. Irrigation has enabled many states to acquire ‗partial immunity‘ from drought.

7. Indirect benefits of irrigation: Irrigation confers indirect benefits through increased agricultural production. Employment potential of irrigated lands, increase production, helps in developing allied activities means of water transport etc. are improve income of government from agriculture. Availability of regular

76 water supply will increase the income of farmers imparting a sense of security and stability in agriculture.

2.1.2 Types of Irrigation

Depending upon the availability of surface or ground water, topography, soil and rivers, various types of irrigation practiced in India are as follows:

Tanks: It is prevalent in the uneven and relatively rocky plateau of Peninsular India. Most of the tanks are small in size and built by individuals or group of farmers by raising bunds across seasonal streams. But there are some drawbacks: Tanks cover large areas of cultivable land. Evaporation of water is rapid due to large expanse of shallow water of tanks, do not ensure perennial supply of water.

Well: It is more widespread in plains, coasts and some regions of peninsular India. It is less costly and more flexible as water can be drawn whenever needed and ‗evaporation loss‘ is minimized and no fear of ―over irrigation‖. Uttar Pradesh leads in well irrigation and is followed by Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

Wells are of two types: Open wells and tube-wells. Open wells are shallow and irrigate a small area because water available is limited. Tube wells are deep and have the capacity to draw a large volume of water. It has increased in recent years.

Canals: Canals are the main source of irrigation in India. Canals are big water channels taken out from rivers to carry water to places far away from the river.

It is of two types: Canals taken out from rivers without any regulating system like weirs etc. at their head are called inundation canals and canals taking off from perennial rivers with a weir system to regulate flow of water are called perennial canals.

Figure 33 Lakes/Ponds Map of Arwal District

Figure 34 Lakes/Ponds Map of Kurtha Block

Table 2.1 Block Wise Crop-wise Irrigation Status of District- Arwal

2.1 Area-wise, Crop-wise Irrigation Status Source: Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Statistic of State, Agristat Name of the State: Bihar Name of the District : Arwal Horticulture & Planta Name Kharif (Area in ha) Rabi (Area in ha) Summer Crop (Area in ha) Total (Area in ha) Crops (Area in ha S.No of Crop Type tion Block Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total

A) Cereals 5822.4 3881.6 9704 3500 0 3500 0 0 0 9322.4 3881.6 13204 500 100 600 B) Coarse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cereals C) Pulses 0 0 0 0 2200 2200 0 0 0 0 2200 2200 1 Arwal D) Oil 0 0 0 0 300 300 0 0 0 0 300 300 Seeds E) Fibre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F) Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 0 800 800 0 800 crops… A) Cereals 7763.2 1940.8 9704 3500 0 3500 0 0 0 11263.2 1940.8 13204 450 100 550 B) Coarse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cereals C) Pulses 0 0 0 0 1800 1800 0 0 0 0 1800 1800 2 Kaler D) Oil 0 0 0 0 300 300 0 0 0 0 300 300 Seeds E) Fibre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F) Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 0 850 850 0 850 crops… A) Cereals 7339.8 4893.2 12233 3000 0 3000 0 0 0 10339.8 4893.2 15233 600 120 720 B) Coarse 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 Cereals 3 Karpi C) Pulses 0 0 0 0 2700 2700 0 0 0 0 2700 2700 D) Oil 0 0 0 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 500 500 Seeds E) Fibre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F) Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 400 400 0 400 crops… A) Cereals 4464 2976 7440 4000 0 4000 0 0 0 8464 2976 11440 450 80 530 B) Coarse 0 250 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 250 Cereals C) Pulses 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 4 Kurtha D) Oil 0 0 0 0 400 400 0 0 0 0 400 400 Seeds E) Fibre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F) Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 400 400 0 400 crops… A) Cereals 2580 2580 5160 3000 0 3000 0 0 0 5580 2580 8160 300 50 350

B) Coarse 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 Cereals C) Pulses 0 0 0 0 2000 2000 0 0 0 0 2000 2000

5 Bansi D) Oil 0 0 0 0 350 350 0 0 0 0 350 350 Seeds E) Fibre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F) Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 400 400 0 400 crops…

Source: DAP, Agricultural Statistic

2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crops

Table 2.2 Production and Productivity of Major crops in District- Arwal

2.2 Production and Productive of major Crops Source:Department of Aguriculture/ Aguricuture Statistic of State/ Agristat/ Name of state : BIHAR Distt. Stat. Office Name of District : Arwal