UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Center of Astrogeology 601 East Cedar Avenue Flagstaff, Arizona 86001
November 30, 1968
Memorandum
To Assistant Chief Geologist for Engineering Geology
From Deputy Assistant Chief Geologist for Astrogeology
Subject: Monthly Report for Director and Secretary
HIGHLIGHTS AND NOTEWORTHY RESULTS
Astrogeologic Studies Branch
Lunar and Planetary Geologic Mapping
R. E. Eggleton noted the existence of a possible very ancient multi-ring basin about 600 km in diameter centered near 175 0 E, 15° N on the lunar far side. A small patch of mare material, which is very scarce on this part of the lunar surface; some pitted plains material; and two uplifted and fractured crater floors--all located near the basin center--suggest that young, possibly dense, plutons concentrated under the basin may account for a gravity high postulated by Carl Sagan and his associates at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, to exist near the center of the lunar far side.
A meeting was held in Flagstaff, Arizona, on November 26, with M. E. Davies, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, to discuss Mars mapping on materials to be acquired during the Mars Mariner 1969 flyby. W. T. Borgeson, S. S. C. Wu, D. W. G. Arthur, R. M. Batson, and Harold Masursky participated.
The following investigators have been appointed for the Mars Mariner 1971 programs by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration:
Harold Masursky, Principal Investigator J. F. McCauley, D. E. Wilhelms, D. J. Milton, R. L. Wildey, and W. T. Borgeson, Co-Investigators In addition, TV teams composed of five principal investigators and 27 co-investigators have been organized along discipline lines:
Team Leader
Harold Masursky u.s. Geological Survey Flagstaff, Arizona
Geology Variable Features Exobiology
J. F. McCauley Carl Sagan Joshua Lederberg U.S. Geological Survey Cornell University Stanford University Menlo Park, California Ithaca, New York Palo Alto, California
Hardware--Data Processing Geodesy--Cartography
B. C. Murray Gerard de Vaucouleurs California Institute of University of Texas Technology Austin, Texas Pasadena, California
Apollo Site Investigations
J. W. Dietrich, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, D. E. Wilhelms and Harold Masursky, U.S. Geological Survey, gave a briefing at Cape Kennedy, Florida, on photography to be acquired on the Apollo VIII mission in December. The briefings were given to W. A. Anders, LM pilot of the prime crew, and F. W. Raise, Jr., LM pilot of the backup crew.
Revised geologic maps, including revised explanations and texts, of the five prime Apollo landing sites, II P-2, II P-6, II P-8, II P-l3, and III P-ll, at scales of 1:100,000 and 1:25,000 have been completed. The ten maps are currently being checked for consistency and minor errors. They will be transmitted to Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, next month.
Lunar Engineering Geology
R. J. Pike reports that under the direction of F. B. Sower, Computations Branch, Flagstaff, Arizona, a unified system for photoclinometric analysis of lunar terrain samples is being set up on the IBM 360/65. Complete terrain statistics, power spectral density functions, profile plots, and card outputs, if desired, will be obtained more quickly and conven iently than when these various results were derived piecemeal. Substan tial savings in computer time and man-hours will be realized. G. I. Selner, Computations Branch, Flagstaff, Arizona, has made the necessary modifi cations to the Langley II photoclinometric program.
D. K. McMacken has modified the slope and curvature subroutines of the Wilson terrain analysis computer program. For each sample of lunar
2 terrain, the reV~Slons now yield the desired statistics at 20 different sample intervals and print out six cumulative frequency curves. A measure of gross topographic texture, "topographic grain," has been added to the Wilson program, and an analysis of slope length (distance between slope reversals) is being programmed in as well.
R. J. Pike reports that suitably modified, cumulative fr.equency distri butions of lunar slopes exhibit a useful property also present in terrestrial slope distributions. When each slope value in a given lunar distribution is divided by the mean slope value, the resulting plot of cumulative frequency against percentage-of-mean-slope is identical to similarly derived curves for any other lunar slope distri bution, regardless of the nature of the terrain. Such a curve can be used to predict slope frequency distributions for any type of lunar terrain, once the mean slope value has been determined. The latter value can be estimated for lunar locales poorly suited to detailed photoclinometric analysis at any desired sample interval, from means derived by L. C. Rowan and J. F. McCauley (1966, Lunar Orbiter--Image analysis report, U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report) and J. F. McCauley (1964, Terrain analysis of the lunar equatorial belt, U.S. Geo1. Survey open-file report) at a sample interval of 0.6 km. While this method produces slope-frequency distributions, it does not generate the data required for curvature or power spectral density analysis of rough and (or) steep lunar topography. Investigation is continuing into possible techniques that will enable photoclinometric data to be used for the description of these difficult terrains. Imagery from Lunar Orbiter missions IV and V is being evaluated for photoclinometric analysis at sample intervals greater than 1.0 meter.
Cosmic Chemistry and Petrology
As a member of the preliminary examination team, E. C. T. Chao partici pated in a lO-day simulation at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
Calibration of the interference microscope is nearing completion. A report for the first six months on NASA Contract T-754l2 concerning impact metamorphism of lunar materials prepared by E. C. T. Chao and J. A. Minkin has been submitted to the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
A demonstrator Mark II, Jarrell-Ash microfocus x-ray unit was installed this month and is being checked out. This unit will be used for future study of shocked material by small angle x-ray scattering and Lang technique.
Impact Investigations
D. J. Milton reports that geologic mapping of the central zone of Gosses Bluff, Australia, is complete and all shatter cone measurements have been obtained. An Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources gravity
3 party is now in the field, measuring at stations on a 1/2 mile grid (1/4 mile in the center) in a 15 mile square. The work began late in the field season and it will be finished next year.
T. W. Offield a.nd H.. A. Pohn report that maps made from subsurface data provided by the Missouri Geological Survey show that the Decatur ville structure lies on a distinct north-south linear structural high which connects with the Proctor anticline north of the structure. Moreover, the Decaturville structure is located at the intersection of this line with faint east-northeast and east-southeast linear trends in the subsurface configuration. The east-southeast line, if extended, matches a line drawn to connect several explosion structures from Illinois to Kansas (Snyder and Gerdemann, Am. Jour. of Sci., 1965, p. 465-493).
D. J. Roddy reports that asymmetric extensions in the air shockwave and fireball produced by the detonation of the SOO-ton TNT surface sphere (Defence Research Establishment, Alberta, Canada) have been correlated in position with asymmetric extensions in the crater ray ejecta pattern and foldback. These correlations indicate initial inhomogeneities in the fireball and in the transmission of the shockwave to the ground. Thus, the inhomogeneities in the fireball were primarily responsible for the patterns of rays in the ejecta and of distribution of the foldback. No base surge deposits were positively identified.
A series of x-ray fluorescence analyses have been completed on the fused fragments formed at the crater and each appears to have been derived from the upper 1 to 2 meters of soil that was in the region below the TNT charge. Petrographic studies have confirmed that thermal effects ranged from baking and incipient surface fusion of individual soil fragments to complete fusion and intense vesiculation. Both the chemical composition and petrography indicate similarities with impactite material. A series of disequilibrium high-temperature fusion experiments have been completed on undisturbed soil fragments; minimum fusion temperatures indicated by these experiments suggest soil disequilibrium temperatures at the time of detonation were in excess of 1100°C and probably on the order of l500°C. Further tests are in progress"
Geologic and topographic maps of this crater are being prepared.
Impact Metamorphism Project
o. B. James and E. C. T. Chao made an extensive collection of granodio rite, quartz monzonite, quartzite and volcanic tuffs exhibiting various degrees of shock from the Sedan 100 kiloton event at the Nevada Test Site. The study of shocked igneous rocks is of interest to the lunar sample analysis project.
4 D. E. Wilhelms and Heinrich Schiemann of West Germany's Zweites Fernsehen filmed a television program, in German, dealing with lunar geology. The program will be shown in Germany during the first manned circumlunar flight.
5 Surface Planetary Exploration Branch
Apollo Investigations
Mission Planning.--T. N. V. Karlstrom, Chief, Apollo Mission Planning project, chaired a meeting November 15, in Flagstaff, Arizona, of a working group on the quality of large scale photomosaic~ for Early Apollo Data Package maps. The group, made up of representatives from the Department of Defense, NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and the u.s. Geological Survey (1) reviewed the technical proce dures required to produce high quality bases from Orbiter photography for operations maps and scientific maps to be taken on Early Apollo missions, and (2) established a schedule of interagency responsibilities that will meet the deadline for NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center produc- tion of Data Package maps in time for their use on the first Apollo landing mission.
Geologic Methods.--Ivo Lucchitta, Chief, Apollo Geologic Methods project, held a meeting with appropriate personnel of Surface Planetary Explora tion Branch to discuss inadequacies of our present crater fields, improvements that can be made, and what other test sites might be needed for Apollo Investigations. As a result, it was decided to improve the newer of our crater fields--which is somewhat lacking in geologic diver sity--by suitably "salting" it with fragments and blocks of rocks of varied lithology, arranged to reflect both a specified stratigraphic sequence and geologic processes that would have acted on this sequence. The geologic model is being devised, and soon the appropriate rocks will be collected for distribution around the craters.
Post-Apollo Investigations
Advanced Systems.--At the request of the NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C., the Advanced Systems Project personnel conducted a preliminary study of the north rim and wall of the crater Copernicus to determine the possibility of a traverse in that area by a roving vehicle, and of presenting scientific justification for the traverse. The mission would be the terminal portion of a .1000-km traverse by an unmanned vehicle. Topographic profiles of the rim, wall, and floor were prepared by S. S. c. Wu, G. M. Nakata, and F. J. Schafer on the analytical plotter. The results along the two most reasonable-appearing routes show approxi mately a 3000-meter change in elevation for 25 km of traverse, with regional slopes up to 30 degrees. Two critical factors remain unknown for this kind of study: the mechanical properties of the surface materials and the small-scale roughness of the terrain. The scientific return from a mission to Copernicus, probably well beyond the first wheeled vehicle missions, will provide important stratigraphic and geochemical results for that area of the Moon, but may be rather limited in its geophysical applications.
6 Geophysics.--The Post-Apollo Geophysics group has completed 30% of the fieldwork for a gravity survey of the 15' Malapais Spring quadrangle at Hopi Buttes, Arizona. Approximately 250 gravity stations are planned in addition to those already done on the Shonto diatreme. It is also planned to do seismic surveys at selected sites at Hopi Buttes, Arizona. The job will be done in two parts of about equal duration. Drilling for the first part is nearly finished and seismic recordings are scheduled for late November.
7 SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN CONTINUING PROJECTS
Surface Planetary Exploration Branch
Apollo Investigations
Mission Planning.--The U.S. Geological Survey Mission Planning project has been redefined to reflect more realistically the overall program objectives.
T. N. V. Karlstrom will continue as Chief, Apollo Mission Planning project, and will be responsible for all Apollo-type mission plans, including the continuing development of the data packages.
Documentation.--The sound-color film titled, "The Geology of Zuni Salt Lake Maar," has been completed by the Film Documentation Unit. The film describes the geologic history of this area in New Mexico, with emphasis on the crater-forming mechanics. The running time is 15 1/2 minutes. The following films have been approved for open-filing by the Director:
Hawaiian Vo1canoes--Astronaut Field Trip, Production Number 6501-2A
Kilauea Volcano--Geophysical Studies and Structural Relations, Production Number 650l-2B
Katmai! Astronaut Training Trip to Katmai Area, Alaska, Production Number 6506-2
Early Apollo Test Number 13, Production Number 67l0-2A.
Post-Apollo Investigations
Geological Methods.--D. P. Elston, Chief, Post-Apollo Geologic Methods project, will have the added responsibility for the development of all ELM-type (Extended Lunar Module) mission plans. G. E. Ulrich, Chief, Advanced Systems Research, will be responsible for the development of mission plans concerned with dual-mode lunar roving vehicles.
8 NEW PROJECTS STARTED
Surface Planetary Exploration Branch
Post-Apollo Investigations
Advanced Systems.--Reconnaissance in the eastern part of the San Francisco volcanic field by the Advanced Systems project personnel has turned up several geologically and morphologically interesting sites for field testing various aspects of proposed lunar roving vehicles in conjunction with the Astrogeologic Data Facility. E. W. Wolfe is mapping the lava flows and pyroclastics in the area.
The project proposal has been submitted and some preliminary fieldwork has been done on the mapping project, "Geology of the Humphreys' Peak quadrangle, Arizona." It is hoped that sufficient samples for petro graphic work can be collected before winter. The mapping is being done in support of the Research in Geologic Methods project and Post-Apollo Geologic Methods project.
9 OUTSIDE PUBLICATIONS
Naeser, C. W., Dodge, F. C. W., and Kistler, R. W., 1968, Fission track ages of accessory minerals from rocks of the Sierra batholith. (abs.): Geol. Soc. America 1968 Ann. Mtg., Mexico City, Mexico, p. 214~
PERSONNEL CHANGES
Office of the Deputy Assistant Chief Geologist
Joan E. Anderman, Camp Hand, resigned, Flagstaff, Arizona Edith C. Corey, Clerk-Typist, reassigned to Branch of Astrogeologic Studies, Flagstaff, Arizona Alice M. Girvin, Clerk-Typist, entered on duty, Flagstaff, Arizona
Astrogeologic Studies Branch
John D. Brown, Physical Science Aid, entered on duty, Washington, D. C. Donald E. Davis, Cartographic Aid, entered on duty, Menlo Park, California Jay L. Harry, Cartographic Aid, resigned, Menlo Park, California Paulette Juniel, Geologic Field Assistant, entered on duty, Flagstaff, Arizona
Surface Planetary Exploration Branch
Alex V. Acosta, Geologic Field Assistant, resigned, Flagstaff, Arizona Jack B. Fife, Computer Programmer, entered on duty, Flagstaff, Arizona
10 CONFERENCES AND SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS ATTENDED AT HOME OR ABROAD
E. M. Shoemaker served as a councilor at the Geological Society of America meetings in Mexico City, Mexico.
E. M. Shoemaker participated in the Federal Laboratory--University Symposium sponsored by the Federal Council for Science ·and Technology, Washington, D. C.
M. R. Brock and Frank Cuttitta attended the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Mexico City, Mexico.
M. H. Hait, Jr., E. C. Phillippi, R. M. Batson, and H. E. Holt attended the preliminary design review for the Lunar Geological Exploration Camera at the Goerz Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
G. A. Swann and M. H. Hait, Jr., attended a Lunar Operations Planning Meeting at NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
M. H. Hait, Jr., met with J. P. Loftus of NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, to plan a preliminary agenda for a briefing to be given to the Photographic Advisory Committee appointed by Dr. George Mueller.
G. A. Swann met with E. S. Bills, NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, to discuss plans for field testing the Lunar Survey System.
A meeting of the Group for Lunar Exploration Planning was held in Menlo Park, California, and attended by D. P. Elston, T. N. V. Karlstrom, Harold Masurksy, N. J. Trask, and D. E. Wilhelms of the U. S. Geological Survey, Ilad Silberstein, N. C. Hinners, James Head, and Farouk El Baz of Bellcomm, Inc., Washington, D. C., R. P. Bryson, W. H. Shirey, and D. A. Beattie of NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C., J. H. Sasser, J. R. Sevier, J. P. Loftus, and J. W. Dietrich of NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, R. L. Kovach, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, Paul Gast, Columbia University, New York City, New York.
E. C. Morris and H. E. Holt attended a NASA review of the Surveyor data reduction at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
D. W. G. Arthur attended a meeting at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, to discuss a preliulinary list of 500 names of craters on the Moon's far side. This was a meeting of a committee of Commission 17 of the International Astronomical Union moderated by Professor A. A. Mikhailov of Pulkovo Observatory, Leningrad, Russia. Also present were G. P. Kuiper, E. A. Whitaker, and R. G. Strom of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona.
11 CONFERENCES AND SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS ATTENDED AT HOME OR ABROAD (cont.)
A meeting was held in Flagstaff, Arizona, of a working group on the quality of large scale photomosaics for Early Apollo Data Package maps. It was. attended by A. H. Chidester, Harold Masursky, Russell Wahmann, T. N. V. Karlstrom, D. W. Houchin, C. E. Hazlewood, J. R. McCord, Jerry Harbour, and J. W. Van Divier of the u.s. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona, J. W. Dietrich, J. H. Sasser, and J. R. Sevier, NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, W. S. Tabachik and J. R. Higgins, Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, St. Louis, Missouri, R. W. Harpe, G. C. Lawyer, and J. L. Seitz, Army Map Service, Washington, D. C.
12 TALKS OR PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS
Speaker and Organization Subject
E. M. Shoemak~r . New Knowledge of the Lunar Surface National Academy of Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California
N. J. Trask Geologic Mapping of Potential Early Western Interuniversity Geological Apollo Landing Sites Conference Banff, Alberta, Canada
N. J. Trask Geologic Mapping of Potential Early Utah Geological Society Apollo Landing Sites Salt Lake City, Utah
D. J. Milton Gosses Bluff--Australia's First Department of Geology Major Impact Structure University of Adelaide Adelaide, Australia
D. J. Milton Gosses Bluff--Australia's First Bureau of Mineral Resources Major Impact Structure Canberra, Australia
D. J. Milton Gosses B1uff--Australia's First Queensland Division Major Impact Structure Geological Society of Australia Brisbane, Australia
D. J. Milton Gosses B1uff--Australia's First Hawaiian Institute of Geophysics Major Impact Structure University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii
Harold Masursky Lunar Geologic Processes Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio
Harold Masursky Lunar Geologic Processes Department of Physics Stanford University Palo Alto, California
13 VISITORS
Visitors Visited and Purpose
Louis O. Nicolaysen R. E. Eggleton--to discuss lunar University of Witwatersrand geology and the geology of the Johannesburg, South Africa Vredefort structure, South Africa
Hugh H. Kieffer R. E. Eggleton, M. J. Grolier, California Institute of Technology Jerry Harbour, T. W. Offield, Pasadena, California H. A. Pohn, and M. N. West--to discuss the comparative geology of the five prime landing sites and surrounding regions for the first Apollo manned lunar landing
G. A. Soffen E. C. Morris, H. E. Holt, and Langley Research Center R. M. Batson--to discuss Mars 73 Hampton, Virginia Landers project
Donald Emerson C. W. Naeser--to discuss fission University of California track dating Davis, California
E. G. Markow G. E. Ulrich--to discuss lunar Grunnnan Aircraft Engineering roving vehicles and to visit the Corporation Cinder Lake Crater fields, Bethpage, New York Flagstaff, Arizona ~O/;;I~Lda/~/
Alfred H. Chidester
14 LUNAR GEOLOCIC ~-l\PS
REPORT FOR :!O}aH OF JiQYeIDb.er, 1968 Branch of Astrogeologic Studies
PRELDIINARY ttAPS FI~AL ~lAPS
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