RADIO TELEVISION and HOBBIES JUNE, 1964 Vol. 26
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Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
Test Data for Electron Tube Test Sets Tv-7/U, Tv-7A/U, Tv-7B/U, and Tv-7D/U
NAVWEPS 16-45-637 TB 11-6625-274-12/1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL BULLETIN TEST DATA FOR ELECTRON TUBE TEST SETS TV-7/U, TV-7A/U, TV-7B/U, AND TV-7D/U This copy is a reprint which includes current pages from Changes 3. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY JANUARY 1962 *TB 11-6625-274-12/1 TWENIGAL BUMIN ME ADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 11-6826-274-12/1 WASHtNGTUN 26, D. C.,17Januarui96S TEST DATA FOR ELECTRON TUBE TEST SETS TV-7/U, TV-7A/U, TV-7B/U, AND TV-7 D/U 1. Operation. The following instructions are keyed to the table of teat data given In paragraph & For comule@ operating inatruetions see TM 11-6625-274-12, Operator’s nnd Organizational Maintena.nee Manual, Test Sets, Electron Tube TV-7/U, TV-7 A/IJ, TV-7B/U, and TV-7D/U. & Turn the POWER switch to the ON po.cition. b. Press push button l-LINE ADJ and hold it down. S1OWIY rotata the LINE AD- JUST control knob untii the pointer of the meter rcata over the LINE TEST mark. This adjustment is not required for all tubes (refer to Notntiom column). c. Locate the type number of the tube to be taatcd (par. 2) under the column heading Tube twe. d. Refer ta the Notatiene column for $pecinl information pertaining to apcciflc typcc of tubcc. 8. Set the lrILAM ENT VOLTAGE owitch et the voltage shown under the heading Fil. /. Set the selector awitehes as indicated under tbe column headed Setectoru in the fol-” Jowfng order: FILAMENT (left), FILAMENT (right). -
The Beginner's Handbook of Amateur Radio
FM_Laster 9/25/01 12:46 PM Page i THE BEGINNER’S HANDBOOK OF AMATEUR RADIO This page intentionally left blank. FM_Laster 9/25/01 12:46 PM Page iii THE BEGINNER’S HANDBOOK OF AMATEUR RADIO Clay Laster, W5ZPV FOURTH EDITION McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per- mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-139550-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-136187-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade- marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe- ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. -
1999-2017 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2017 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
The Electron Volt
ApPENDIX A The Electron Volt Before we discuss the electron volt (e V) let us go over the following phe nomenon without the use of that unit. When a potential difference exists between two points, and a charged particle is in that field, a force is exerted on this particle by the electric field. An example of this is the beam of electrons in a TV picture tube. Each electron in this beam is accelerated by the force exerted on it by the electric field. As it is accelerated its kinetic energy is increased until it is maximum just prior to striking the screen at the front of the picture tube. When it strikes the front of the picture tube this energy must be conserved so the kinetic energy is converted into the form of electromagnetic energy or x rays. One problem is to find a description of the emitted x-ray photon. Let us assume that the accelerating voltage in the TV picture tube was 20 kV. Without the use of the electron volt as a unit the following units would be required in this calculation: 1. The charge on an electron (q) = 1.602 x 10- 19 coulomb. 2. Planck's constant (h) = 6.547 x 10-27 erg-second. 3. One angstrom (A) = 1 x 10- 10 meter (used to measure the wavelength of light). 4. The velocity of light (C) = 3 x 1010 cm/s. The force on an electron, due to the presence of an electric field, can be ex pressed as qE, where q is the charge on an electron and E is the potential differ ence, in volts, between the two points, divided by the distance between the two points, in meters. -
ARGUS, the VCR97 CRT, the PENTODE THAT WON the WAR and “MY ARGUS”
PRACTICAL TELEVISION MAGAZINE'S ARGUS, THE VCR97 CRT, THE PENTODE THAT WON THE WAR and “MY ARGUS”. Dr. Hugo Holden, Oct. 2016. (Updated Nov.2016- Argus Filters & case page 37. Change to sync Sep value, pg 14) INTRODUCTION: Firstly some photos of “My Argus”. This name, throughout this article, refers to my unique version of the Argus build your own Television project from Practical Television (P.T.) magazine 1952. My Argus has a different mechanical construction philosophy and altered electrical design which is described in this article: SCREEN IMAGES: The Argus employed the VCR97 CRT (Radar Cathode Ray Tube). Just how good is a VCR97 CRT at producing a 405 line television picture? The answer to this question depends on the actual VCR97 you have and the performance of the set’s vision amplifier and video output stage. Some VCR97’s, due to an anomaly in their electron gun and deflection plate construction, cannot deflect a full screen image. Other VCR97’s now have low emission and brightness and while being ok for a single line scope or radar display, are poor for displaying a TV scanning raster. After sorting through a good number of them I selected the better performing tube. A number of screen images are shown below. The screen image photographs below show that the horizontal and vertical scanning linearity is not perfect. It is a little stretched at the start of the horizontal scan and compressed a little at the end vertical scan. This turned out to have a different reason in the line and frame oscillator/deflection circuits and was subsequently remedied with simple modifications described later in this article. -
Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976
NAT'L INST. OF STAND ms & TECH R.I.C. Pubii - cations A111D4 4 Tfi 3 4 4 NBSIR 78-1564 Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final QC— U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U56 73-1564 Buraev of Standard! NBSIR 78-1564 1 4 ^79 fyr *'• 1 f TABULATION OF PUBLISHED DATA ON ELECTRON DEVICES OF THE U.S.S.R. THROUGH DECEMBER 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary / Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director - 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface i v 1. Introduction 2. Description of the Tabulation ^ 1 3. Organization of the Tabulation ’ [[ ] in ’ 4. Terminology Used the Tabulation 3 5. Groups: I. Numerical 7 II. Receiving Tubes 42 III . Power Tubes 49 IV. Rectifier Tubes 53 IV-A. Mechanotrons , Two-Anode Diode 54 V. Voltage Regulator Tubes 55 VI. Current Regulator Tubes 55 VII. Thyratrons 56 VIII. Cathode Ray Tubes 58 VIII-A. Vidicons 61 IX. Microwave Tubes 62 X. Transistors 64 X-A-l . Integrated Circuits 75 X-A-2. Integrated Circuits (Computer) 80 X-A-3. Integrated Circuits (Driver) 39 X-A-4. Integrated Circuits (Linear) 89 X- B. -
A SURVEY OP LOW-NOISE NUCLEONIC AMPLIFIERS \ / By
A SURVEY OP LOW-NOISE NUCLEONIC AMPLIFIERS \ / by DONALD ROBERT HEYWOOD B.A.Sc., University of British Columbia, 1961 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE In the Department of Electrical Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the standards required from candidates for the degree of Master of Applied Science Members of the Department of Electrical Engineering The University of British Columbia AUGUST 1963 lh presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Electrical Engineering The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date_ September 25, 1963 ABSTRACT In nucleonic energy determinations, pulses from capacitive sources must be amplified with the addition of a minimum amount of noise. The problems encountered in this were considered both theoretically and experimentally. The "classical" theory of Gillespie for systems using ion chambers and tube amplifiers is generalized to include systems using the modern solid-state detectors and amplifiers. Expressions are found relating the "equivalent input noise charge" to the characteristics of the detector, the preamplifier, and the pulse- shaping network. A relationship is derived between the equiv- noise charge and the conventional noise figure of an amplifier. -
1999-2019 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through April 2019, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD-ROM Set, and the Following TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2019 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through April 2019, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD-ROM set, and the following TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
Vacuum Tubes' Last Stand?
Vacuum Tubes’ Last Stand? By Brian R. Page, N4TRB cathode and the plate. Relatively small [email protected] electrical charges on the grid screens control the large current of streaming What is this thing that one amateur electrons, thus providing amplification. described as the “cat's meow" when it first came out? It’s called the Nuvistor, a tiny, really tiny, vacuum tube announced by RCA in 1959, and popularly believed to be the vacuum tubes’ answer to the relatively new & rapidly evolving transistor. Even the name Nuvistor seems to be a take-off on the word transistor. Figure 2—Size comparison of ordinary tubes to a Nuvistor (second from right) Figure 3—Nuvistor cutaway diagram That’s a barebones description of how tubes work but it is still the essence of Whereas traditional vacuum tubes are the hundreds of different types of constructed with various metals, mica vacuum tubes that are all tweaked for insulating components, glass stems, and different performance characteristics often a Bakelite base, Nuvistors are and applications. Most ordinary composed of only two materials: metal vacuum tubes are enclosed in glass and ceramic. On the inside, the which has the air removed in the final Nuvistor uses a heating element running manufacturing step. up the center, surrounded by cylindrical Figure 1— The Nuvistor electrodes. Because of the small size, Nuvistors are vastly smaller than the Dark Heater, as RCA called the The Nuvistor is about the same size as a ordinary glass vacuum tubes and the central element, ran hundreds of degrees 1960s era transistor and is radically small size is only the most obvious cooler than conventional heaters. -
Radio Valve Data: 1926-1946
Radio Valve Data: 1926-1946 Supplement to British Radio Valves The Classic Years Characteristics and connections for over 4000 valves Keith R Thrower Published by Speedwell ISBN 978-0-9537166-4-7 Contents Abbreviation & Symbols 3 Fama 37 Radio Micro 85 Explanation of the Tables 4 Ferranti 38Radion 85 Valve Data 5-156 Fotos 39 Radvaco 85 Amplion 5 Frelat 40 Ratvaco 85 Aneloy 5 Graham-Farish 41 Radio Record 86 ARA 6 Helikon 41 RAF 129 Army 123 Hivac 42 Scott Taggart 88 Beam 6 HMV 44 Six-Sixty 88 Benjamin 6 Lissen 45 Splendor 90 Beriton 6 Loewe-Audion 47 Stal 90 Brimar 7 Louden 48 Standard 91 Brittania 13 Lumos 48 STC 91 BSA-Standard 13 Lustrolux 49 Sutra 93 BTH 14 Marconi 50 Tela-Radio 93 Burndept 15 Mazda 59 Three Six Two 93 CAC 15 Metal 66 Triotron 96 Clarion 16 Micromesh 66 Tungsram 101 Cleartron 17 Midland 67 Univella 111 Cosmos 18 Monotone 67 US 112 Cossor 19 Mullard 68 Valeo 111 Dario 28 Navy 126 Vatea 111 Dayros 32 Neutron 80 Vita 111 Double Two 32 North London Valve Co. (NLV) 80 Voltron 111 Dulivac 32 Octron 80 Rectifiers 141 Eagle 32 Osram 50 Tuning Indicators 153 Ediswan 32 Ostar-Ganz 81 Thyratrons 155 Ekco 34 Pix 82 Barretters 156 Elka 34 Peter Russell (P.R.) 83 Valve Bases & Connections 157 Ensign 34 Post Office 134 Base diagrams 158 ETA 34 Power Tone 84 Base connections 160 Eton 35 Quadruple Valve Co (QVC) 84 Alphanumeric List of Valve Types 172 Ever-Ready 35 Quicko 84 Abbreviations & Symbols ABBREVIATIONS USED IN VALVE TABLES RF Radio Frequency a.c. -
Radio Bygones Indexes
INDEX MUSEUM PIECES Broadcast Receivers 78 C2-C4 Radio Bygones, Issues Nos 73-78 Command Sets 73 C1-C4 ARTICLES & FEATURES Crystal Sets from Bill Journeaux’s Collection 74 C4 K. P. Barnsdale’s ZC-1 77 C2 AERONAUTICAL ISSUE PAGE Keith Bentley Collection 75 C2-C4 The Command Set by Trevor Sanderson Michael O’Beirne’s MI TF1417 77 C4 Part 1 73 4 National Wireless Museum, Isle of Wight 74 C3 Part 2 74 28 Replica Lancaster at Pitstone Green Museum 76 C1-C4 Letter 75 32 Russian Volna-K 74 C1-C2 Firing up a WWII Night Fighter Radar AI Mk.4 Tony Thompson’s Ekco PB505 77 C3 by Norman Groom 76 6 NEWS & EVENTS AMATEUR AirWaves (On the Air Ltd) 76 2 Amateur Radio in the 1920s 73 27 Amberley Working Museum 74 2 Maintaining the HRO by Gerald Stancey 76 27 Antique Radio Classified 75 3 77 3 BOOKS 78 3 Tickling the Crystal 75 15 ARI Surplus Team 73 3 Classic Book Review by Richard Q. Marris BBC History Lives! (Website) 76 2 Modern Practical Radio and Television 76 10 BVWS and 405-Alive Merge! 74 3 CHiDE Conservation 74 3 CIRCUITRY Club Antique Radio Magazine 73 2 Invention of the Superhet by Ian Poole 76 22 HMS Collingwood Museum 74 3 Mallory ‘Inductuner’ by Michael O’Beirne 76 28 Confucius He Say Loudly! 74 2 Duxford Radio Society 78 3 CLANDESTINE Eddystone User Group Lighthouse 74 3 Clandestine Radio in the Pacific by Peter Lankshear 73 16 77 3 Spying Mystery by Ben Nock 74 18 78 3 Letter 75 32 Felix Crystalised (BVWS) 77 2 Talking to Mosquitoes by Brian Cannon 77 10 Hallo Hallo 75 3 Letter 78 38 77 3 Jackson Capacitors 76 2 COMMENT Medium Wave Circle