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Performance of Container-Grown Seedlings Of PERFORMANCE OF CONTAINER-GROWN SEEDLINGS OF AMERICAN CHESTNUT BACKCROSS HYBRIDS BC3F3 GENERATION IN CENTRAL LOUISIANA Shi-Jean S. Sung, Stacy L. Clark, Scott Schlarbaum, Daniel Dey and Daniel J. Leduc1 Abstract—Seedlings from two families of the BC3F3 backcross generation of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) were cultured in 2013 in Missouri using the Root Production Method®, a container-based system used to avoid disease problems associated with bareroot nursery production. After culling part of the seedlings at initial leaf formation in a greenhouse, both the culled and the remaining “kept” seedlings were transplanted into containers of 1.33, 1.57, and 2.62 L and grown outdoors. Seedlings, remaining in their containers, were brought to central Louisiana in mid-June 2013 and cultured outdoors. Half of the seedlings were harvested in September, and the other half continued to grow until storage in a cold room in mid-November. Of the seedlings harvested in September, family W4938 (W) seedlings had 90 percent more biomass than family D3862 (D) seedlings. Patterns of biomass allocation from each component within a seedling did not differ between families. All but one seedling had short (less than 6 cm) taproots, whereas the lengths of first-order lateral roots and adventitious roots were similar to the depths of the containers used. In family W, seedlings cultured in the 2.62 L containers were larger in size and biomass than those of the smaller volumes. Seedlings were outplanted in central Louisiana in late March, 2014. First- year survival was only 47 and 33 percent for the W and D seedlings, respectively. High summer temperature and local wet planting spots are suspected of causing the high seedling mortality. INTRODUCTION to its native range. Clark and colleagues reported the The chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica nursery cultural protocol, seedling quality, and field Barr) killed almost all mature American chestnut performance of backcross chestnut seedlings (Clark (Castanea dentata Borkh) trees throughout the species’ and others 2009, 2012a, 2012b). For example, Clark native range in the first half of the 20th century. Today, and others (2012a) reported a 3-cm height increase young trees originating from tree stumps or suppressed in bareroot stock of chestnut seedlings for every 1-g seedlings established before the arrival of blight increase in the mean nut weight. Thus, the overall typically do not grow much more than 15 m in height nursery seedling quality could be improved by culling before eventually succumbing to the blight (Paillet small nuts. Pinchot and others (2015) used individual nut 2002). The restoration strategy used by the American weight to predict chestnut seedling quality and found a Chestnut Foundation is a backcross breeding technique 1-g increase in nut weight resulted in increases of 6 cm designed to produce trees with the American (timber in height and 0.5 mm in root collar diameter, and one type) genes while maintaining blight resistant genes additional first-order lateral root. from the Chinese (C. mollissima Blume) (orchard type) (Burnham and others 1986). In theory, the third Between 2009 and 2011, Clark and others (2014) outplanted over 4000 1-0 bareroot seedlings of various generation of the third backcross (BC3F3) should have the desired growth habit of the American (94 percent generations on several National Forests in Virginia, American) and the blight resistance of the Chinese (6 North Carolina, and Tennessee. They found two 2010 percent Chinese) chestnuts (Hebard 2011). plantings and six 2011 plantings were succumbing to a root rot disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands). This The artificial regeneration of the blight resistant fungus was present in the bareroot nursery and in some American chestnut hybrids has been the main of the planting sites. Phytophthora root rot is thought to approach used in recent years to restore this species have contributed to chestnut dieback prior to the arrival 1Shi-Jean S. Sung, Research Plant Physiologist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA 71360; Stacy L. Clark, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Knoxville, TN 37996; Scott Schlarbaum, James R. Cox Professor of Forest Genetics, Department of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; Daniel Dey, Research Forester and Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Columbia, MO 65211; Daniel J. Leduc, IT Specialist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA 71360 Citation for proceedings: Schweitzer, Callie J.; Clatterbuck, Wayne K.; Oswalt, Christopher M., eds. 2016. Proceedings of the 18th biennial southern silvicultural research conference. e–Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–212. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 614 p. 546 POSTER SESSION of chestnut blight (Anagnostakis 2012). Rhoades and Seedling Assessment others (2003) cautioned that it is crucial to recognize Growth and photosynthesis—In mid-July, 8 D and 16 and avoid sites where soil physical factors such as W seedlings were randomly selected for photosynthesis wetness and compactness promote Phytophthora root ® measurements with a LiCor 6400 portable, open- rot. Growing seedlings in containers with sterile media ® system infrared gas analyzer (LiCor , Lincoln, NE). will reduce the risk of planting root rot-infected bareroot Measurements were made between 9 a.m. and 11 seedlings in the field and will hopefully improve the a.m. and again between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. on the success of restoring American chestnut in the forests. same day on the most recently fully expanded leaves. The objective of this study was to examine growth Photosynthetic active radiation was set between 1400 performance, including root system morphology, of -2 -1 and 1600 μE m s with a red-blue light source and the backcross American chestnut seedlings cultured in the CO level for the reference chamber was 400 ppm. containers of various dimensions. Because the native 2 The middle section of the attached leaf was enclosed range of this species does not include Louisiana, this in the measuring chamber (2 x 3 cm). After each study was limited to one year after outplanting. photosynthesis measurement, a hole punch was used to obtain a sample of 2.85 cm2 from the same leaf for MATERIALS AND METHODS chlorophyll analysis. The leaf samples were stored on Seedling Culture ice and transported to the laboratory. Chlorophylls a Nuts from two families of the BC3F3 generation, D3862 and b were extracted with N,N-dimethylformamide (D) and W4938 (W), came from the open-pollinated B3F2 and the absorbance of the extract was read at 664 nm seed orchard of the American Chestnut Foundation and 647 nm as described in detail by Sung and others in Meadowview, VA (Hebard 2011). Progenies were (2010). Seedling height and root collar diameter were putative half siblings. Seedlings were grown at the also measured. Half of the seedlings were harvested Forrest Keeling Nursery (Elsberry, MO) using a modified in mid-September for biomass and root system version of their Root Production Method® in 2013. This morphology. The remaining seedlings were stored in method is designed to produce root systems consisting a cold room from December until being outplanted in of many adventitious roots stemming from a shortened March 2014. taproot. Nuts were sown into 3-cm deep mesh- bottomed trays in a cold room in December of 2012 and Root system morphology—Parameters of the root then moved to a greenhouse in March 2014 to initiate system morphology assessed included the number of germination. The taproot was air pruned at around 3 first-order lateral roots (FOLR) and adventitious roots cm, consistent with the depth of the germination tray. (ADV), and lengths and dry weights of taproots, FOLR, The Root Production Method® typically involves culling and ADV. An FOLR was defined as a lateral root that conducted at the initial leaf formation stage, based originated from the taproot, sturdy in structure, and with on size of shoot, to discard the smallest seedlings. a diameter, measured 1 cm away from the taproot, of at However, we wanted to test the effects of this culling least 1.5 mm (for D) or 2.0 mm (for W). The ADV initiated treatment on American chestnut, and seedlings were near the air-pruned end of the taproot. divided into two groups, “kept” or “culled.” After the culling treatments, the germinant seedlings were Outplanting transplanted into mesh-bottomed, open drainage, The field experiment site is on an open field located on square containers of three volumes, namely, small (7.6 the Palustris Experimental Forest within the Kisatchie cm/22.9 cm/1.32 L, width/depth/volume), medium (10.2 National Forest in Rapides Parish of central Louisiana cm/15.2 cm/1.58 L), and large (10.2 cm/25.4 cm/2.64 (31°11’, -92°41’). The soil is a moderately well-drained, L). Depth of the small containers is greater than that of gently sloping Beauregard silt loam (fine silty, siliceous, the medium containers. Roots were naturally air pruned. superactive, thermic, Plinthaquic Paludults). A power The growth media (decayed rice hulls, sand, and auger with a 10-cm bit was used to drill holes large pine bark) were amended with time-release fertilizer. enough to accommodate roots of seedlings cultured Seedlings were cultured outdoors for four weeks after in the largest containers. Soil from the holes was used transplanting. Due to low germination rates, only 18 to fill the hole after planting. Seedling mortality was D and 37 W seedlings were transported in containers monitored quarterly. to the Alexandria Forestry Center in Pineville, LA, in mid-June 2013. Seedlings continued to grow outdoors. Statistical Analysis In late June, some seedlings began to show signs of The original study was designed as a 2 by 2 by 3 heat damage, with brown discoloration and curling of factorial with 2 nut sizes (large and small) by 2 seedling the leaf edge.
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