Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

WATER SUPPLY OF COWL BAZAARIN TALUK, KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT – A SPATIAL OUTLOOK FOR SUSTAINABILITY

E. Grace Selvarani1, Dr.P. Sujatha2 1Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Bharathi Women’s College, , . E-mail: [email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Bharathi Women’s College, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

Water is one such substance without which we cannot imagine our life next to oxygen; it is the base of our survival and it’s important to use it wisely.“Water is at the foundation of sustainable development as it is the common denominator of all global challenges.” - UN Water.

The present study is to show the distribution of water sources, to identify the issues related with water to the consuming population and, to show the distribution of water supply for the consuming population; The water supply of ‘’ from ‘’ has been chosen for this study. Both the spatial and non- spatial analysis from Primary and Secondary data, have been derived with the help of GIS and SPSS tools for this study.

Keywords: Water Sources, Wells, Tank, Population, Water Supply, Water Consumers, Water Sustainability.

I. INTRODUCTION Throughout the human history, water has always been considered as an essential commodity for human welfare and economic development. Next to oxygen, water is an essential requirement for survival of life on this earth. It is a prime natural resource and has been declared as a precious national asset. Water is one of the abundantly available substances in the nature which men have exploiting more than any other resources for the sustenance of life. Water of good quality is required for living organisms.

Heavy exploitation due to the international changes anddemandsfor multiple use of increasing population followed by major advances in geological knowledge, well drilling, pump technology and rural electrification, which for most regions dated from the 1950s (Foster et al. 2000)make water management a difficult task. In India with exploding population, weak economy and several social issues such as disputes over Trans-boundary Rivers, resettlement and rehabilitation issues during project implementation, corruption and vested political and regional interests Water management is more difficult to manage. With the increase in population, reliable water is becoming a scarce resource. The principal source of water for India is the southwest monsoon. Availability of safe drinking water is inadequate. Specifically, growing demand across competitive sectors, increasing droughts, declining water quality, particularly of groundwater, and unabated flooding, inter-state river disputes, growing financial crunch, inadequate institutional reforms and enforcement are some of the crucial problems faced by the country’s water sector. According to John Flavin,Professional Geologist and Engineer Advisor (2011-present), United States., there are five sources of water supply. They are Oceans and Seas, Glaciers or Ice melt, Rain Water, Surface water and Ground water.

1.1 Source of Water Supply –Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is predominantly a shield area with 73% of the area covered under hard crystalline formations while the remaining 27% comprises of unconsolidated sedimentary formations. As far as groundwater resource is www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 2821

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X concerned scarcity is the major problem in hard rock environment while salinity is the problem in sedimentary areas. Tamil Nadu’s, source of water supple is based on Rainfall- which is, More or less, 33 % of this is from the southwest monsoon and 48 % from the northeast monsoon and on an average, the rainfall in this state is 960mm; Surface Water Potential- of the river basinswhich is assessed as 24160 MCM;and Ground Water Level- Which has seen its own fluctuations from the TWDB data available is listed below:

Source: TWDB

Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Management Review Vol.1 No. 3, November 2012 states, Modern India is no exception – the widespread development of private wells that accounts for groundwater becoming the primary source of water today has also been furtive in nature, in that it has happened mostly outside the knowledge and control of governments. Groundwater has therefore been invisible not only physically, but also institutionally, as a critical resource literally underpinning millions of lives and livelihoods in the country.

II. STUDY AREA 2.1 Location Alandur Taluk with the latitude of 13.0025 and the longitude of 80.20611, is the highest populated area (680852) in the Kancheepuram District with no rural area identified in it. According to Census, this region comprises of, 4 Municipalities (Alandur, , and ), 3 Town Panchayats (, Thruneermalai and ), 1 Cantonment Board (St. Thomas Mount – Pallavaram), 3 Census Towns (, and ) and 1 Out Grown Area(Cowl Bazaar) (Ref Map No: 2.1 &2.2).

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Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

Map No: 2.1 Map No: 2.2

And the Out Growth Area “Cowl Bazaar” has the lowest population in the whole of Alandur Taluk with 2784 people in it (Ref Map No: 2.3&2.4).

Map No: 2.3 Map No: 2.4

Households by Source of Drinking Water at Cowl Bazaar

Source: CGWB

Map No: 2.5 Map No: 2.6

70.00% 18.00% 60.00% 16.00% Ground Water for Water Usage 14.00% 50.00% Drinking for drinking 12.00% 40.00% 10.00% 30.00% 8.00% 20.00% 6.00% 10.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 0.00% tap water tap water covered well uncovered from treated from well source untreated source

Fig. 2.1. (Source: Census 2011)Fig. 2.2. (Source: Census 2011)

According to the census of 2011, Alandur Taluk which has 172733 household (ref. Map No:2.4), depend on tap water from treated source in 61.01 %, then 10.67% use tap water from untreated source whereas,4.03% use uncovered well and 2.24 % use covered well for drinking purpose.And, nearly 22% of household, depend on direct ground water for drinking. 2.98% use handpump, 15.63% use tubewell, 9.19 use spring, 0.46% use river/canal, 0.15% use tank/pond and 2.64% depend on other sources for drinking.

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Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

III. AIM& OBJECTIVES 3.1 Aim The main aim of this paper is to find out the distribution of theavailable source of Water resource, in the area and its efficient usage level.

3.2 Objectives 1 To show the distribution of water source

2 To identify the issues related with water to the consuming population

3 To show the distribution of water supply to the consuming people.

IV. METHODOLOGY Both Secondary and Primary data has been adopted to fulfill the aim and objectives of the present study framed. Out of 13 administrative boundary divisions, The Out Growth Area ‘Cowl Bazaar’ has been randomly selected on the basis of (lowest) total population. Totally, 250 survey (scheduled questioner) samples was been collected from the study area for this present study to show the water supply in this region. And Secondary Datas from Ground Water department, Taramani; TWAB and CWDB were been used. The Data has been converted in to Spatial and non-Spatial Datas usingGIS tools and Statistical Tools. The opinion collected from the general public of the Cowl Bazar area is analyzed using percentage analysis, t test. The t test is performed using SPSS, and the interpretations are drawn.

V. THE FINDINGS OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS 5.1 Distribution of Total Population (Ref Map No: 2.3)

Interpretation According to census 2011, Alandur Taluk is the highest populated area with a population of 680852. In which,Cowl Bazaar has 2784.

5.2 Distribution of Household (Ref Map No: 2.4)

Interpretation According to census 2011, Alandur Taluk has 172733 household. In which,Cowl Bazaar has, 720households.

5.3 Distribution of Water Sources on Ground and Underground (Ref Map No: 2.5)

Interpretation Alandur Taluk shows sparsely distributed with potential water sources on ground and underground.

5.4 Distribution of Water Needed for Drinking

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Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

Map No: 5.4

Interpretation According to World Health Organisation, in general a human being needs 3.7 liters/day. Accordingly, Alandur Taluk,needs, 2509881.7 liters/day when we calculate with the total population in the Alandur Taluk Division.

5.5 Distribution of Water Needed for all Purpose

Map No: 5.5

Interpretation According to World Health Organisation, in general a human being needs minimum of 15 liters/day. Accordingly, Alandur Taluk,needs, 10212780 liters/day when we calculate the 15 liters with the total population in the Alandur Taluk Division.

5.6 Distribution of Water Storage Capacity

Map No: 5.6

Interpretation Alandur Taluk in total has 12065 liters of storage capacity in it according to the census of 2011. The St.Thomas Mount – Pallavaram Cantonment areas has 21.5% of storing capacity and is the highest among the all divisions in the storage capacity. www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 2825

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

5.7 The Gap between the Demand and the Service

Map No: 5.7

Interpretation While calculating the ranks of the required amount of water with the water capacity, the study area has high demand and low supply as this region does not have a water overhead storage tank specifically for them.

VI. THE FINDINGS OFTHE SAMPLE SURVEY The sample survey gave out a comparative study on both the municipality regions on the below aspects.

1 Environmental Aspect

2 Water usage

3 Water Perception

Then, while compiling the results, we come to know on the distribution of water source, the issues related with water to the consuming population and the distribution of water supply to the consuming people.

6.1Environmental Aspect 6.1.1 Water Source

Source ofWater Percentage

Well 45.6%

Borewell 50.4%

Handpump 4%

Interpretation At the study area, 50% houses have borewell and still 46% useopen well and 4% use hand pump as source of the groundwater.

6.1.2 Depth Depth Well/Borewell/Handpump Percentage

Below 50 feet 45.6% 51-100 feet 38.4%

101-150 feet 16%

151-200 feet 0%

Above 200 feet 0% www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 2826

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

Interpretation At the study area, 46% have a depth of50 feet and below to reach the ground water supply; 38% have 51 to 100 feet and 16% have 101 to 150 feet.

6.1.3 Groundwater Usage Groundwater Usage Percentage Drinking 25.2% Washing 36.8% Cooking 100% Others 94.4 Interpretation At the study area,25% houses use ground water for drinking; 37% for cooking; almost 100% for washing and 94% for other purposes.

Purifier 96% of the houses use purifiers for ground water.

6.1.4 Groundwater Availability

Groundwater Availability Percentage

Yes 78%

No 10%

Depends on Rainfall 12%

Interpretation Though 80% have said that the ground water has gone down in the recent past, 78% has said that they have ground water availability throughout the year. This area has 100% of RWH plant Installed. Though, it has not been maintained properly.

6.2Water usage 6.2.1 Alternative Water Usage

Alternate source for drinking water Percentage

Corporation Water 84%

Can water 62.4%

Lorry Water 86%

Others 87.2%

Interpretation At the study area, 84% samples use corporation water as their alternative water source and 86% samples use lorry water as their alternative water source other than groundwater. 86% samples use can water for drinking purpose in this area and 87% use other sources especially pond water other than ground water.

6.2.2 Water Disbursement

Interval of Corporation Water Monsoon Summer

Respondents % Respondents % www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 2827

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

Once in 2 days 34 13.6% 0 0%

Once in a week 216 86.4% 44 17.6%

Once in 2 weeks 0 0% 196 78.4%

Once in a month 0 0% 10 4%

Interpretation At the study area, 86% receive corporation water once in a week during monsoon season while 78 % have responded that they receive corporation water once intwo weeks during summer. While 14% receive once in two days during monsoon season and 18% receive water for once in a week during summer.

6.2.3 AlternativeWater Usage (Drinking Water) Alternate source for drinking water Percentage Corporation Water 83.6% Can water 98.4% Lorry Water 33.6% Ground Water 26.8% Interpretation At the study area,27% use ground water for drinking purpose. In which, 98% respondents use can water for drinking purpose during non-availability of groundwaterthe rates of can water is been fixed according to the demand from Rs.25 to Rs.35. And, people who regularly use can water with family members with 4 to 6 persons have to buy 4 to 5 cans per week; 84% uses corporation water and 34% use lorry water.

6.3Water Perception Hypothesis

H01 – Opinions regarding Water perception is equal to average level. t test for Specified value (Average = 3) of Statements on Environmental Perceptions of Employees

Factors of Water Perception Mean SD t p Value Value Water Pollution 3.24 .909 4.176 .000** Hardness of Water 3.19 1.026 2.897 .004** Corporation Water 3.18 .929 3.064 .002** Note: ** denotes significant at 1% level

Interpretation From the table above, it is evident that all the statements regarding water perception is above average level. Since the p value is less that 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Though the values are above average level, the mean value shows that there is no significant difference between the Factors of Water Perception. Opinion regarding Water Pollution is significantly greater as the t value (4.176) is large compared to the other Factors of Water Perception.

VII. RESULTS AND FINDINGS This Study, finds out that,

• Distribution of water sources is, uneven in the study area.

• According to WHO, on an average a human should drink 3.7 liters of water per day and 15 liters for household use. Thus, on an Average, Cowl Bazaar needs 1030 liters/day for dinking purpose and 41760 liters/day for household uses. The issues related with water to the consuming population is the uneven distribution of water supply with regards with the family size and the usages which are linked with the agricultural practices in this region. www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 2828

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

• Alandur Taluk in total has 12065 liters of storage capacity in it according to the census of 2011.

• Rivers flowing here do not supply any potable water. Surface water supply is mainly, seasonal through Poondi, Sholavaram, Red Hills and Chembarambakkam lakes. Water supply in summer is mainly through the open wells and tube wells.

• The water crisis forces people to gather in crowds to get their share of water near the public water supply sources.This keeps away the norms of the pandemic situation mainly social distancing. Health takes a back seat when the need for fetching water leads the priority in the current situation.

• Due to insufficient supply, sizeable portion of a day is spent for fetching water.

• Alandur Taluk in total has 12065 liters of storage capacity in it according to the census of 2011. And, this study clearly shows that, this study area has high demand for its consumers and the need for water is high and yet, the water supply is low as this region does not have a water over head storage tank specifically for them. Due to insufficient supply, sizeable portion of a day is spent for fetching water. Among the basic infrastructure, water supply is the facility which is yet to meet the needs.

• Development cannot subsist upon a deteriorating environmental resource base; the environment cannot be protected when growth leaves out of account the costs of environmental destruction.

VIII. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study concludes with the following suggestions, the study finds that, the groundwater in the study area is quite polluted. Though this region has good ground water levels, its not meant to feel safe. So, the ground water is supposed to be managed efficiently and swiftly through new scientific planning and through using new technology and scientists. Though 100% of houses have rainwater harvest plant, it must be ensured that the existing plants are been well maintained.

Encouraging the locals to use water purifiers for groundwater could be quite useful for people who depend on groundwater for drinking purpose.

Regularizing the interval of corporation water could be beneficial in this area. And, make sure everyone equally get water from the corporation equally in regular intervals and not just few areas getting water regularly. And the suggestion in this area is, the meters fixed could be made for the number of people staying in the house rather than timing.

The government, from time to time has stated that ground water needs to be managed as a community resource. However, Section 7(g) of the Easement Act, 1882 states that every owner of land has the right to collect and dispose within his own limits all water under the land and on its surface which does not pass in a defined channel. The legal consequence of this law is that the owner of the land can dig wells in his land and extract water based on availability and his discretion. Additionally, landowners are not legally liable for any damage caused to the water resources as a result of over extraction. The lack of regulation for over-extraction of this resource further worsens the situation and has made private ownership of ground water common in most urban and rural areas. The CGWB identifies over-exploited and critical areas within states.However, the Board does not have the power to stop ground water extraction in such areas and can only notify the owners.Additionally, because of a very large number of small users, it becomes increasingly difficult for the Board to identify and penalize the offenders.

Preserving the pond in the study area through cleaning the siltation and the grown plants to meet the water scarcity (Ref. Map No: 2.5). Without stopping from there, saving the pond from encroachment is also to be mainly concentrated to safeguard and manage the groundwater resource in the study area. Stopping the over exploitation of groundwater through bore wells by the agricultural practices. Controlling the Real estate mafia as well as the real estate builders who are the most crucial players in encroaching the water bodies and in corrupting the government officials, could do a better job in saving our water resource.

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Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X

Thestudy area is quite a hub for settlementand the population in this particular region is rapidly increasing. Few planning and regulations in settlement too could be put forth. An extensive planning is to be made by the government to preserve, manage and improve ground water resource without corruption.

Development cannot subsist upon a deteriorating environmental resource base; the environment cannot be protected when growth leaves out of account the costs of environmental destruction. These problems cannot be treated separately by fragmented institutions and policies. They are linked in a complex system of cause and effect.

Creating awareness to be responsible towards our natural resources especially towards the groundwater resource is to be focused among the locals.Giving awareness by concentrating on School children and the non workers can work for long run.

The concept of sustainable development provides a framework for the integration of environment policies and development strategies - the term 'development' being used here in its broadest sense.Where ground-water use exceeds the recharge capacity of local aquifers, regulatory or fiscal controls become essential. The combined use of ground and surface water can improve the timing of water availability and stretch limited supplies.

Water being the main source to live is to be managed well with advanced technology, responsibility, truthfulness towards Mother Nature without over exploitation and proper methodology to use it. That too ground water is more precious as in the recent days the groundwater level is going down.

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