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For Developing Pedestrian & Bicycle Performance FOR DEVELOPING PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLE PERFORMANCE MEASURES MARCH 2016 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FORM APPROVED OMB NO. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND March 2016 DATES Final Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. PROJECT ID NUMBER Guidebook for Developing Pedestrian and Bicycle Performance Measures 6. AUTHOR(S) Conor Semler, Adam Vest, Karla Kingsley, Susan Mah, Wayne Kittelson, Carl Sundstrom, Kristen Brookshire 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING UNC Highway Safety Research Center, 730 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, ORGANIZATION Suite 300, Campus Box 3430, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3430 REPORT NUMBER Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 610 SW Alder Street, Suite 700, Portland, OR 97205 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/ U.S. Department of Transportation MONITORING AGENCY Federal Highway Administration REPORT NUMBER Office of Human Environment FHWA-HEP-16-037 1200 New Jersey Ave SE Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION This document is available to the public on the FHWA website at: CODE http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This guidebook is intended to help communities develop performance measures that can fully integrate pedestrian and bicycle planning in ongoing performance management activities. It highlights a broad range of ways that walking and bicycling investments, activity, and impacts can be measured and documents how these measures relate to goals identified in a community’s planning process. It discusses how the measures can be tracked and what data are required, while also identifying examples of communities that are currently using the respective measures in their planning process. This report highlights resources for developing measures to facilitate high quality performance based planning. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Pedestrian, bicycle, bike, performance measures, active transportation, 100 nonmotorized 16. ACCOUNTING DATA 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT THIS PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified 2 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PROJECT CONTEXT 5 CHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE MEASURES The Need for Pedestrian and Bicycle Performance TOOLBOX 33 Measures 6 Goals 34 National Policy Context 7 Context 35 Access to Community Destinations 38 CHAPTER 2 HOW ARE PEDESTRIAN Access to Jobs 40 AND BICYCLE PERFORMANCE MEASURES Adherence to Accessibility Laws 42 ORGANIZED? 11 Adherence to Traffic Laws 44 Core Challenges 12 Average Travel Time 46 Organizing Structure 12 Average Trip Length 48 Community Goals 14 Connectivity Index 50 Pedestrian and Bicycle Performance Measures 20 Crashes 52 Crossing Opportunities 54 CHAPTER 3 HOW ARE PERFORMANCE Delay 56 MEASURES APPLIED IN PRACTICE? 23 Density of Destinations 58 Applications of Performance Measures 24 Facility Maintenance 60 Geography 27 Job Creation 62 Land Use 31 Land Consumption 64 Land Value 66 Level of Service 68 Miles of Pedestrian/Bicycle Facilities 70 Mode Split 72 Network Completeness 74 Pedestrian Space 76 Person Throughput 78 Physical Activity and Health 80 Population Served by Walk/Bike/Transit 82 Retail Impacts 84 Route Directness 86 Street Trees 88 Transportation-Disadvantaged Population Served 90 User Perceptions 92 Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Impacts 94 Volume 96 Toolbox References 98 3 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. This document was prepared for the Federal Highway Administration by the University of North Carolina (UNC) Highway Safety Research Center and Kittelson & Associates, Inc. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person or operate to bind the public. Images in the report are intended to serve as examples of the range of real world existing conditions; they are not limited to best practices or approved designs or behaviors and in some cases may reflect conditions that are not recommended. Project Number FHWA-HEP-16-037 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Guide was prepared for the Federal Highway Administration (Task Order DTFH61-11-D-0035/5002) by the University of North Carolina (UNC) Highway Safety Research Center and Kittelson & Associates, Inc. FHWA Project Managers Dan Goodman | Federal Highway Administration Christopher Douwes | Federal Highway Administration FHWA Pedestrian and Bicycle Work Group The Pedestrian and Bicycle Work Group includes representatives from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Federal Transit Administration (FTA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the Office of the Secretary (OST). Consultant Team Kittelson & Associates, Inc. | Conor Semler, Adam Vest, Karla Kingsley, Susan Mah, Wayne Kittelson UNC Highway Safety Research Center | Carl Sundstrom, Kristen Brookshire Technical Work Group Lauren Blackburn | North Carolina DOT Sheila Lyons | Oregon DOT Byron Rushing | Atlanta Regional Commission (GA) James Wagner | Indian Nations COG (Tulsa, OK) Amy Weymouth | Greater Buffalo-Niagara Regional Transportation Council Dongho Chang | City of Seattle, WA Sean Quinn | New York City, NY Kate Sylvester | Maryland DOT PROJECT CONTEXT THE NEED FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE PERFORMANCE MEASURES As more agencies plan, fund, and implement transportation projects that enhance walking and bicycling, they are seeking methods to aid in objectively planning and prioritizing their investments. In a constrained funding environment, it is critical to be able to identify PROJECT the projects and investments that will provide the highest level of benefit. More agencies are using CONTEXT multiple transportation performance measures to track progress, develop effective solutions to needs, and prioritize needs and investments. Transportation agencies use performance measures Performance management techniques promote to assess the effectiveness of a wide range of informed decisionmaking by relating community activities, and all are fundamentally oriented goals to the measurable effects of transportation toward understanding how a transportation investments. Key steps in performance system works and impacts users. No single management are to decide what to measure in measure can fully describe the nuances of order to capture the current state of the system, to transportation experience across all travel modes, set targets to improve those measures, and to use so many agencies consider multiple measures the measures to evaluate and compare the effects throughout the transportation planning process. of proposed projects and policies. This guidebook is intended to help communities develop Performance measures can be used in a variety performance measures that can fully integrate of applications and at a variety of scales. pedestrian and bicycle planning in ongoing Some performance measures are targeted at performance management activities. prioritization. For example, a local jurisdiction could use bicycle level of service to identify It highlights a broad range of ways that walking the designated bicycle routes with the greatest and bicycling investments, activity, and impacts need for improvements. State agencies may use can be measured and documents how these performance measures to benchmark annual measures relate to goals identified in a community’s progress towards statewide policies and goals. planning process. It discusses how the measures For example, “pedestrian fatalities” are often can be tracked and what data are required, while monitored annually to determine whether statewide also identifying examples of communities that policies are improving pedestrian safety. are currently using the respective measures in This guidebook is intended for practitioners and is their planning process. This report highlights designed to help local, regional, and State agencies resources for developing measures to facilitate select and apply performance measures for a high quality performance based planning. variety of purposes. Many of the transportation The purpose is to highlight the “universe performance measures included are useful of possibility” for pedestrian and bicycle for tracking and measuring progress towards performance
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