Low-Flow Characteristics of Streams in Ohio Through Water Year 1997
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In cooperation with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Low-Flow Characteristics of Streams in Ohio through Water Year 1997 Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4140 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Scioto River north of Bellepoint, Ohio (view to the north, from Ostrander Road bridge; photo by R.P. Frehs, U.S. Geological Survey) U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Low-Flow Characteristics of Streams in Ohio through Water Year 1997 By David E. Straub Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4140 In cooperation with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water U.S. Department of the Interior GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 6480 Doubletree Avenue Columbus, OH 43229-1111 Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S.Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225-0286 Or call: 1-888-ASK-USGS Columbus, Ohio 2000 CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and scope ......................................................................................................................... 2 Previous studies ............................................................................................................................. 2 Low-flow characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 2 Long-term continuous-record gaging stations ............................................................................... 3 Frequency analysis............................................................................................................ 4 Duration analysis ............................................................................................................. 7 Harmonic mean flow ....................................................................................................... 7 Low-flow partial-record gaging stations ....................................................................................... 8 Considerations for use of low-flow characteristics ....................................................................... 8 References cited...................................................................................................................................... 9 Appendixes ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Figures 1. Map showing location of long-term continuous record streamflow-gaging stations in Ohio............. 3 2. Map showing location of low-flow partial record streamflow-gaging stations in Ohio ......................4 3-6. Graphs showing: 3. Part of the annual hydrograph showing lowest 7-day daily streamflow for the 1988 climatic year for Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio................................................................................5 4. Annual minimum 7-day average streamflow for the period 1917–97 for Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio ........................................................................................................................5 5. Log-Pearson Type III frequency distributions for each N-day analysis for Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio, for period of record 1917–97........................................................................6 6. Flow-duration curve for Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio, for streamflow data from 1917–97............................................................................................................................................7 7. Data and technique used to estimate low-flow characteristics at a partial-record station from known flow characteristics of an index station in Ohio............................................................................... 8 Contents III CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND DEFINITIONS Multiply By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second Other abbreviations used in this report: LFPR Low-flow partial record LTCR Long-term continuous record USGS U.S. Geological Survey Climatic year. The climatic year is a continuous 12-month period from April 1 to March 31 and is designated by the calendar year during which most of the 12 months occur. Water year. In USGS reports dealing with surface-water supply, the water year is the 12-month period October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1980, is called water year 1980. IV Low-Flow Characteristics of Streams in Ohio through Water Year 1997 Low-Flow Characteristics of Streams in Ohio through Water Year 1997 By David E. Straub Abstract tures, to determine the availability of water for indus- trial or municipal supply, to establish waste-disposal This report presents selected low-flow and flow- limitations, and to assess aquatic habitats. Most duration characteristics for 386 sites throughout hydraulic structures are designed with an emphasis on Ohio. These sites include 195 long-term continu- high-flow characteristics, because these structures ous-record stations with streamflow data through need to be able to accommodate high-magnitude flows. In terms of water supply, waste disposal, and water year 1997 (October 1 to September 30) and aquatic habitats, low-flow characteristics are needed. for 191 low-flow partial-record stations with mea- The amount of streamflow is a critical element for surements into water year 1999. The characteris- making decisions about water resources and prevent- tics presented for the long-term continuous-record ing actions harmful to water quality and aquatic life. stations are minimum daily streamflow; average Many agencies use low-flow characteristics such as daily streamflow; harmonic mean flow; 1-, 7-, the minimum 7-day average streamflow with a 10- 30-, and 90-day minimum average low flow with year recurrence interval (7Q10), or the harmonic mean 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, and 50-year recurrence intervals; flow as target conditions or thresholds for making reg- and 98-, 95-, 90-, 85-, 80-, 75-, 70-, 60-, 50-, 40-, ulatory decisions. 30-, 20-, and 10-percent daily duration flows. The Streamflow characteristics usually are computed characteristics presented for the low-flow partial- from statistical analyses of daily streamflow data. The record stations are minimum observed stream- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with flow; estimated 1-, 7-, 30-, and 90-day minimum other agencies, has collected daily streamflow data in average low flow with 2-, 10-, and 20-year recur- Ohio since 1898. The last compilation of low-flow characteristics published for Ohio contained statistics rence intervals; and estimated 98-, 95-, 90-, 85- on streamflow data collected through water year 1978 and 80-percent daily duration flows. The low- (Johnson and Metzker, 1981). A considerable amount flow frequency and duration analyses were done of additional streamflow data has been collected in the for three seasonal periods (warm weather, May 1 interim period (streamflow data from water years to November 30; winter, December 1 to February 1978–97), including data for sites not listed in the last 28/29; and autumn, September 1 to November compilation. Changes in assessment practices have 30), plus the annual period based on the climatic resulted in a shift from the routinely computed low- year (April 1 to March 31). flow characteristics. The 90-day low flow and the har- monic mean flow are two characteristics that were not included in the last compilation but have become Introduction important to the water-resources community. In order to take advantage of the expanded data Streamflow characteristics are used by engineers and base and to address the needs for a slightly different water-resource managers to design hydraulic struc- set of low-flow characteristics, the USGS, in coopera- Abstract 1 tion with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Koltun and Schwartz (1986) developed multiple- Division of Water, updated Ohio’s low-flow character- regression equations, based primarily on 132 sites istics. Additional streamflow data were collected at from the Johnson and Metzker (1981) report, for esti- previously listed sites (as much as 19 years of data) mating low flows at ungaged sites. States surrounding and some new sites that have been established since Ohio, such as Indiana (Fowler and Wilson, 1996) and 1978. The additional years of data should increase the Pennsylvannia (Schreffler, 1998), also have similar reliability of the long-term statistics for the sites. low-flow reports. Purpose and scope Low-flow characteristics The purpose of this report is to provide a concise, up- to-date source of low-flow characteristics commonly Low-flow characteristics commonly used by water- used by the water-resources