'Thematisch Ambtsbericht Over De Positie Van Ahmadi's En Christenen

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'Thematisch Ambtsbericht Over De Positie Van Ahmadi's En Christenen Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi’s en christenen in Pakistan 2017-2020 Datum December 2020 Colofon Plaats: Den Haag Directie Afrika, Cluster AmbtsBerichten (CAB) Pagina 1 van 125 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2017-2020 | december 2020 Inleiding In dit thematisch ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Pakistan beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van ahmadi’s en christenen afkomstig uit Pakistan, en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Pakistaanse ahmadi’s en christenen. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere berichten over de positie van ahmadi’s en christenen in Pakistan, laatstelijk het bericht van april 2017, in de tekst kortheidshalve “het vorige ambtsbericht” genoemd. Dit thematisch ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van 1 maart 2017 tot 1 september 2020. Dit ambtsbericht betreft een feitelijke, zoveel mogelijk neutrale en objectieve weergave van de bevindingen gedurende de onderzochte periode en biedt geen beleidsaanbevelingen. Het bericht is opgesteld aan de hand van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen waarbij gebruik is gemaakt van zorgvuldig geselecteerde, geanalyseerde en gecontroleerde informatie. Gebruik van een bron betekent niet dat het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken de opinie van een bron deelt. Numerieke gegevens, beschrijvingen en duidingen van specifieke gebeurtenissen en omstandigheden kunnen uiteenlopen, afhankelijk van de geraadpleegde bron, resulterend in een zekere bandbreedte die ook in dit ambtsbericht kan worden aangetroffen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties (ngo’s), buitenlandse overheden waaronder de Pakistaanse overheid, kennisinstituten, Youtube, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de Pakistaanse en internationale media. Ook liggen vertrouwelijke rapportages van onder andere de Nederlandse ambassade in Islamabad aan dit thematisch ambtsbericht ten grondslag. Publicaties in het Urdu zijn niet geraadpleegd. Van 30 sept. t/m 4 oktober 2019 vond een fact finding missie in Islamabad en Lahore plaats, waarbij diverse (internationale) ngo’s, kerkelijke- en mensenrechtenorganisaties en vertegenwoordigers van westerse ambassades zijn geraadpleegd. De hoofdstuk- en paragraafindeling volgt zo exact mogelijk die van de Terms of Reference, incl. de aldaar gebruikte nummering (zoals vervat in de brief -zonder kenmerk- van de IND, Team Onderzoek en Expertise Land en Taal, aan het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken dd. 3 juli 2019). Op verzoek van de IND is een verlengde paragraaf over de situatie van vrouwen in Pakistan toegevoegd (§ 2.3.4.10). Aan het einde zijn nog vier bijlagen toegevoegd met wetsteksten, rechterlijke uitspraken, afkortingen, incl. enkele door Pakistani af te leggen non-ahmadi-verklaringen. Pagina 3 van 125 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2017-2020 | december 2020 Inhoudsopgave 1 Landeninformatie 1.1 Basisgegevens 1.1.1 Land en volk 1.1.1.1 Religieuze groepen - Christenen - Ahmadi's 1.1.1.2 Woonplaatsen van christenen en ahmadi’s - Rabwah/Chenab Nagar 1.1.1.3 Essentie van de ahmadi geloofsovertuiging 1.1.1.4. Wettelijke status van ahmadi’s 1.1.2. Staatsinrichting 1.1.2.1. Vertegenwoordiging van christenen in ahmadi’s in verkozen functies 1.2. Politieke ontwikkelingen 1.3. Veiligheidssituatie 1.3.1. Relevante veiligheidsontwikkelingen voor christenen en ahmadi’s 1.3.2. Geweldsincidenten tegen christenen en ahmadi’s 1.3.2.1. Typering van geweldsincidenten tegen christenen en ahmadi’s 1.3.2.2. Risico van geweldsincidenten naar regio 1.3.2.3. Daders van geweldsincidenten tegen christenen en ahmadi’s Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) 1.3.2.4. Gerichte moordoproepen tegen ahmadi’s 1.3.2.5. Bescherming van christenen en ahmadi’s door de overheid 1.3.3. Veiligheidssituatie van ahmadi’s in Rabwah 1.3.4. Mogelijkheden voor christenen en ahmadi’s zich te onttrekken aan geweld 1.3.5. Sektarische partijen en groeperingen - Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) - Tehreek-e-Tahfuz-e-Islam Pakistan (TTIP) - Aalmi Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat (AMTKN of MTKN) - Islamitische Staat Khorasan Provincie (IS-KP) - Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) 1.4. Maatschappelijk leven 1.4.1. Publieke attitude t.a.v. christenen en ahmadi’s - Ahmadi’s - Christenen 1.4.2. Discriminatie van christenen en ahmadi’s 1.4.3. Houding van de media t.a.v. christenen en ahmadi’s 1.4.4. Problemen van christenen en ahmadi’s bij werk en studie 1.5. Documenten 2. Mensenrechten 2.1. Juridische context 2.1.1. Overige nationale wetgeving 2.1.1.1. Wijzigingen in de blasfemiewetgeving sinds 2017 2.1.1.2. Andere wetswijzigingen sinds 2017 2.1.1.3. Verschil in positie tussen geboren en bekeerde ahmadi’s 2.2. Toezicht en rechtsbescherming 2.2.1. Mogelijkheden voor christenen/ahmadi’s om aangifte te doen van misdrijven 2.2.1.5. Bescherming door andere (hogere) autoriteiten 2.2.2. Toezicht op naleving mensenrechten in Pakistan; effectiviteit v/h toezicht Pagina 4 van 125 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2017-2020 | december 2020 2.2.3. Mensenrechtenorganisaties ten behoeve van christenen/ahmadi’s 2.3. Naleving en schending mensenrechten 2.3.1. Vrijheid van meningsuiting 2.3.1.3. Collectieve aanklacht van blasfemie tegen ahmadi’s in Rabwah 2.3.2. Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 2.3.2.1. Relevante ontwikkelingen voor christenen en ahmadis’s 2.3.3. Vrijheid van godsdienst en overtuiging 2.3.3.1. Wijzigingen in de toepassing van blasfemiewetgeving sinds 2017 2.3.3.2. Relevante ontwikkelingen t.a.v. de godsdienstvrijheid voor christenen en ahmadi’s 2.3.3.3. Vrijheid van christenen en ahmadi’s hun geloof te belijden en gebedshuizen te openen. 2.3.3.4. Recente ontwikkelingen m.b.t. religieuze intolerantie; relevante actoren 2.3.3.5. Aanvallen op gebedshuizen van christenen en ahmadi’s 2.3.3.6. Gedwongen bekeringen van christenen en ahmadi’s tot de islam 2.3.3.7. Registratie van geloofsovertuiging door de autoriteiten 2.3.3.8. Strafbaarheid van bekering tot christendom of ahmadi-geloof 2.3.3.9. Maatschappelijke visie op bekeringen tot christendom of ahmadi-geloof 2.3.4. Bewegingsvrijheid 2.3.4.1. Bewegingsvrijheid van christenen en ahmadi’s 2.3.4.2. - 2.3.4.4. Bekeringsactiviteiten, wetgeving en praktijk 2.3.4.5. Maatschappelijke visie op anti-islamitische activiteiten 2.3.4.6. Maatschappelijke visie op belediging van de profeet Mohammed 2.3.4.7. Bekeringsvrijheid van tot christen of ahmadi bekeerde moslims 2.3.4.8. Overheidsoptreden tegen militante jihadisten en salafi’s 2.3.4.9. Vrijheid van huwelijkspartnerkeuze 2.3.4.10. Vrouwen in Pakistan; gender gerelateerd geweld; bescherming 2.3.4.11. Discriminatie van christenen en ahmadi’s bij werk en studie 2.3.4.12. Positie van kinderen van bekeerde moslimouders 2.3.5. Rechtsgang 2.3.5.1. Onafhankelijkheid van rechtspraak in blasfemiezaken 2.3.6. Arrestaties en detenties 2.3.6.1. Arrestaties en detenties van christenen en ahmadi’s sinds 2017 2.3.6.1.1. – 2.3.6.1.4. Arrestaties, straffen en detenties voor christenen en ahmadi’s m.b.t. religieuze delicten inclusief blasfemie 2.3.6.1.5. Strafvervolging van christenen en ahmadi’s bij ‘gewone’ delicten 2.3.6.1.6. Valse blasfemie-aangiftes tegen christenen en/of ahmadi’s 2.3.7. Mishandeling en marteling 2.3.7.1. en 2.3.7.2. Martelingen van christenen en ahmadi’s sinds 2017 2.3.8. Verdwijningen 2.3.8.1. Verdwijningen van christenen en ahmadi’s sinds 2017 2.3.8.2. Omstandigheden rond verdwijningen van christenen en ahmadi’s 2.3.9. Doodstraf (sinds 2017) 2.3.9.1. Doodstraf voor christenen en ahmadi’s vanwege blasfemie en andere misdrijven 2.3.9.2. Doodstraf voor tot christen of ahmadi bekeerde moslims 3. Migratie 3.1. M.b.t. uitreis 3.1.1. Uitreisproblemen voor christenen en/of ahmadi’s 3.1.2. Uitreisvisa; problemen m.b.t. geldigheidsduur 3.2. M.b.t. terugkeer 3.2.1. Religie-gerelateerde terugkeerproblemen voor christenen en ahmadi’s 3.2.2. Terugkeerproblemen voor christen- en ahmadi-asielzoekers Pagina 5 van 125 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2017-2020 | december 2020 1 Landeninformatie Basisgegevens 1.1.1 Land en volk De Islamitische Republiek Pakistan is een democratische federale parlementaire republiek in Zuid-Azië en werd onafhankelijk in 1947. Het land is 26x zo groot als Nederland en is verdeeld in vier provincies, twee autonome gebieden, en een hoofdstedelijk (federaal) gebied, als volgt: - Beloetsjistan, een provincie in het zuidwesten, grenzend aan Afghanistan, Iran, en de Arabische Zee, met als hoofdstad Quetta; - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (hierna te noemen: KP), een provincie in het noordwesten, deels grenzend aan Afghanistan, met als hoofdstad Pesjawar. - Punjab, een provincie in het oosten, grenzend aan India, met als hoofdstad Lahore; - Sind, een provincie in het zuidoosten, grenzend aan India en de Arabische Zee, met als hoofdstad Karachi. - Azad Jammu & Kasjmir, een autonoom (zelfbestuurd) gebied in het noorden met als hoofdstad Muzaffarabad; - Gilgit-Baltistan, een autonoom (zelfbestuurd) gebied in het hoge noorden, grenzend aan Afghanistan en China (Xinjiang), met als hoofdstad Gilgit. Azad Jammu & Kasjmir en Gilgit-Baltistan zijn grondwettelijk bezien geen deel van Pakistan en hebben geen vertegenwoordigers in het parlement in Islamabad. Zij vormen samen het door Pakistan bestuurde deel van het geografisch grotere Kasjmir, waarvan ook delen door India en China worden bestuurd en geclaimd. Azad Jammu & Kasjmir en Gilgit-Baltistan grenzen beiden, langs de zgn. line of control, aan het door India bestuurde deel van Kasjmir. - Islamabad federaal gebied, het hoofdstedelijke gebied rond Islamabad, vergelijkbaar met Canberra in Australië of Washington DC in de VS. Islamabad is een kunstmatige stad, die in de jaren ’60 werd ontworpen en gebouwd.
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