1
17th symposium of the Waddenacademie 8. Historiker-Treffen des Nordfriisk Instituut Husum, Germany, 1-3 December 2016 2 ABSTRACTS
Organised in partnership by the Waddenacademie, Leeuwarden; Nordfriisk Instituut, Bredstedt; and the Fisheries and Maritime Museum /Centre for Maritime and Business History, Esbjerg/Odense.
Moderator: Jos Bazelmans, Head of the Department of Archaeological Heritage of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands Colophon
Editor Jens Enemark
Graphic design BW H ontwerpers
Photograpy Karsten Reise
Published by Waddenacademie © Waddenacademie november 2016 www.waddenacademie.nl
Organising parties
Sponsoring parties
& Die Stiftung Vermächtnis Johan van Wouwer 5
INDEX
Thursday 1 December 2016 08 Setting the scene 10 Session 1 14 Session 2
Friday 2 December 2016 22 Session 3 28 Session 4
Saturday 3 December 2016 36 Session 5 6
Note: 7
Thursday 1 December 2016 Setting the scene
Session 1 The Relationship between Natural and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region
Session 2 Palaeography and Archaeology of the Wadden landscape 8 Setting the scene
Meindert Schroor Waddenland is a rather new conception Waddenacademie not findable on any map at all. At first sight this is the obvious outcome of a wanting collective cultural identity Waddenland: concoction or and administrative context. The lowest reality? Defining the Waddenland common denominator being a somewhat loose, fairly undefined Frisian identity in a geographical and historic associated with the Wadden Islands context (Frisian Islands) and three-quarters of the mainland marshes. With Waddenland Meindert Schroor, Harlingen 1955, is a we apply physical-geographical criteria free-lance geographer and historian at his own to an area that at best shares some weak Bureau Varenius in Leeuwarden. Active since socio-cultural traits, but has never been a 1976 in researching and writing on landscape, political unity. Since the 1960s ecologists urban history, demography, water management have put the Wadden Sea on the map, and cartography of Fryslân and Groningen, he resulting in its designation as World has developed into the most prolific researcher Heritage property in 2009. In order to and writer on cultural history in the Northern turn this honourable assignment into Netherlands. He graduated as Ph D in 2014 a successful label, involvement of the on the demographic and economic history of population of the islands as well as the the town of Groningen and is editor-in-chief of mainland marshes is a prerequisite. But the New Encyclopaedia of Fryslân (published how? Assuming that the Wadden Sea Area 2016). He is member of the board of the is as much a man-made landscape as it is Waddenacademie on the portfolio society and a natural landscape is an essential step in cultural history (since 2014). fostering awareness.
Note: 9
Hans Renes The Wadden Sea region is a typical University of Utrecht example of what is often called a ‘maritime cultural landscape’, a landscape that is shaped by the forces of nature and The Wadden Sea region as a culture and also a landscape in which the cultural landscape - history, livelihood of the population is built on the use of resources from the land as well heritage, management as from the sea. Many islands and coastal regions have a long history of combining Hans Renes studied historical geography at agriculture with fishing and seafaring, Utrecht State University and rural planning whereby the emphasis changed according at Wageningen Agricultural University. to the economic tides. In this presentation After working for many years at the Soil we will look at the complex relation Survey Institute (later Winand Staring between nature and society in the past Centre) at Wageningen, he returned to teach as well as in the present. For sustainable historical geography at Utrecht University. management of the Wadden Sea regions, Since 2001, he has also been involved in an integrated approach, combining the Master course in Heritage Studies at the developments in nature and in society, is Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Since 2011, he necessary. The artificial borders between occupies a chair in heritage studies at the Vrije nature and culture that are introduced by Universiteit Amsterdam. His publication are some ecologists and authorities (the most mainly on landscape history in the Netherlands notorious example being the inscription and Europe and on the relation between heritage of the Wadden Sea as a natural site on the and planning. World Heritage List) is a source of conflicts and complicates an integral management of the Wadden Sea region.
Note: 10 Session 1
Ludwig Fischer Shallow sea and coastal plain constitute a University of Hamburg natural entity at the Wadden Sea Coast. A highly dynamic history of natural
Karsten Reise processes and events as well as human Alfred Wegner Institute, Sylt intentions and interventions shaped this unique region. Today a divergent course Jens Enemark has led to a separation between sea and Waddenacademie land. This is based on a deep-rooted nature-culture divide in our mentality. However, this old dualism needs to be An urgent call for integration: overcome, foremost at a coast challenged Protecting natural and cultural by embracing globalization and sea level values of the Wadden Sea Coast rise of some meters in the Anthropocene. Keeping nature protection in the sea, in the Anthropocene coastal protection along the shore, and protection of cultural values in the Ludwig Fischer and Karsten Reise have landscape separate from each other is both retired as professors but remain deeply bound to shipwreck. Natural and cultural engaged in the future of the Wadden Sea sciences, societies and policies should join Coast. Until his retirement in 2014 Jens forces in a transdisciplinary approach, Enemark was secretary of the Trilateral Wadden developing new concepts for the protection Sea Cooperation, now affiliated with the of natural and cultural diversity and for Waddenacademie and again working on his life- coastal identity. long devotion – history.
Note: The Relationship between Natural and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region 11
Jan Kolen Simon Schama states that ‘even the University of Leiden landscapes that we suppose to be most free of our culture may turn out, on closer inspection, to be its product’ (Schama, Does the natural landscape exist? 1995, p. 9). Still, we must be wary of falling into the trap of a radical Jan Kolen (1962) is Professor in Landscape constructivism, one that ultimately Archaeology and Cultural Heritage at Leiden reduces all nature to human proportions, University and director at the Centre for to the sum of our cultural notions and Global Heritage and Development from values. A constructivist view of landscape Leiden University, the Technical University that allows no room for human-nature of Delft and Erasmus University Rotterdam. interactions and for landscape as a ‘real He studied Archaeology at Leiden University world’ phenomenon is just as undesirable and in 2005 obtained his PhD (cum laude) as an essentialist nature that supposedly with his dissertation on the ‘Biography of exists entirely outside culture. For the Landscape’, a new approach to landscape this reason, this paper re-addresses the history on which he has been publishing since pragmatic division in natural, semi- the beginning of 1990s. natural and cultural landscapes made by Victor Westhoff many years ago. It is suggested that such a division may Most geographers and landscape provide useful models of differences in researchers would now agree that the biodiversity and human-environment nature/culture distinction is part and relationships, when combined with parcel of the modernist project, and that decision-making at different spatial scales this also accounts for our thinking about and taking the long-term temporalities of the landscape. In Landscape & Memory, landscapes into account.
Note: 12 Session 1
Hans-Ulrich Rösner even as National Parks. The definition WWF of the latter according to German law (similar to most countries in the world) is basically that it must be a large area which Is an existing natural landscape a is almost natural or which can develop into problem for cultural landscapes? being natural, and where natural processes are allowed to proceed as undisturbed as possible. This is basically the same as the Hans-Ulrich Rösner has been working for the guiding principle for the entire Wadden protection of the Wadden Sea since 1984. He is Sea area, which has been decided upon by head of the Wadden Sea office of WWF, based the three Wadden Sea countries already in in Husum, focussing with his team on issues 1991. The protection of the Wadden Sea is such as fisheries, tourism, energy, shipping, strongly linked to this and this also what coastal defence, nature restoration and climate the World Heritage Wadden Sea is based adaptation, but also on public information and upon. education. On behalf of WWF and the Green Therefore, it is not really an issue that NGO’s Wadden Sea Team, he is also serving as the Waden Sea for the most part is almost an advisor to the trilateral Wadden Sea Board. wild nature and is also a natural landscape. However, I will show with examples where the „natural landscape“ ends and Most of the Wadden Sea of today is where the „cultural landscape“ begins. predominantly a natural landscape, I will also show that being a cultural actually one of the last of its kind in landscape does not mean the absence of Western Europe. This is not the case nature – in fact, some of these landscapes because people in the past centuries had are very rich in nature values. Therefore, loved the landscape and the nature so beyond the definition it will be more much that they protected it. The reason interesting what the linkage between the may be much more that nature forces two landscapes is and how to make the best were so strong that large parts of the out of it. The „Waddenland“ approach may Wadden Sea could not be transformed well contribute to this, if the Waddenland into a cultural landscape before it was comprise both the Wadden Sea proper „too late“, i.e. before protection of and the adjacent and embedded cultural nature became an important asset for our landscapes, if the coexistence of the two is society. This social change resulted in fully accepted, and if the goal is to further the Wadden Sea being protected for its the mutual benefits. unique nature and landscape, most of it The Relationship between Natural and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region 13
Note: 14 Session 2
Gilles de Langen one hand on submerged prehistoric landscapes University of Groningen/Fryske and sites on the European continental shelf and Akademy on the other on trade and exchange systems of the coastal regions along the North Sea and the Hauke Jöns Baltic Sea coasts in the 1st millennium AD. Lower Saxon Institute for Historic Coastal Research There are few areas in Europe where through the ages habitation has been so Research and management of interrelated with changes in the natural the archaeological heritage of the landscape as in the Wadden Sea area. However the coastal zone of the North Wadden Sea - on both sides of Sea was occupied and settled whenever the dike (Key note) it was possible as numerous artefacts, building remains and graves of different age are proving. Due to the waterlogged Gilles de Langen is the provincial archaeologist sediments shaping the area these remains of the province of Friesland (task: heritage are mostly extraordinary well preserved management), researcher at the Fryske and of high scientific value. This makes the Akademy (medieval archaeology) and professor Wadden Sea area a high resolution archive by special appointment at the Groningen of human activities and of environment Institute of Archaeology, University of and climate change during the entire Groningen (terp archaeology). Holocene as well. Since the Middle Ages dike systems are separating the tidal Hauke Jöns is archaeologist. From 2000 flats outside the dikes from the valuable to 2006 he was responsible for the heritage farmland behind the dikes. In both management of the federal state of Mecklenburg- landscapes archaeological research as well Western Pomerania. Since 2007 he is director as heritage management are sophisticated at the Lower Saxony Institute for historical challenges requiring a special technical and Coastal Research in Wilhelmshaven and methodological approach. In the session Professor for Archaeology at Rostock University. this will be demonstrated on the example In the last decade his research focused on the of a small number of current projects.
Note: Palaeography and Archaeology of the Wadden landscape 15
Martina Karle The project “Settlement and cultural history of the Wadden Sea area in Lower & Felix Bittmann Saxony” aimed to document the cultural Lower Saxon Institute for Historic heritage of the Lower Saxonian Wadden Coastal Research Sea. By analysing geological data of the Holocene coastal sediments, geographical Discover the traces of the past in changes of the modern coastal area have been reconstructed. The results are the Wadden Sea - Presentation depicted in palaeogeographical maps in of two consecutive joint-venture order to identify areas where human traces projects have potentially been preserved during distinct time intervals. The presented results from the Wadden Sea project afford Felix Bittmann is head of the natural science an opportunity of reconstructing former department of the NIhK. As a botanist he is land surfaces which represent stages in the dealing with subfossil plant remains (pollen, development of settlement, environment macroremains, charcoal) preserved in natural as , sea level and climate change as well as well as anthropogenic sediments. human strategies of adaption. Within the project WASA (“The Wadden Martina Karle is a geologist with a research Sea Archive”) funded by Lower Saxony focus on the interaction of coastal processes and the VW foundation, that will be and their sedimentological traces. Holocene introduced in the presentation, experts landscape development due to sea level rise in from the research fields of sedimentology, a geoarchaeological context is her recent field of geophysics, geochemistry, palaeobiology, research at the NIhK in Wilhelmshaven. archaeology and offshore engineering indentify and evaluate terrestrial archives of the East Frisian Wadden Sea in order to reconstruct the Holocene development of landscape, environment and settlement in greater detail.
Note: 16 Session 2
Hanna Hadler where extreme storm surges caused major land losses, cultural remains of the once & Andreas Vött cultivated marshland are restricted to the University of Mainz Wadden Sea. Geoarchaeological investigations aimed Drowned by the Grote at (i) evaluating the impact of storm Mandränke in 1362 AD - new surges on the medieval marshland by identifying traces of such events in the geo-archaeological research on Wadden Sea, (ii) reconstructing the the late medieval trading centre historical landscape around sunken Rungholt (North Frisia) Rungholt and (iii) deciphering the complex interactions between man and Hanna Hadler (post doc researcher) & Andreas environment. Vött (full professor, University of Mainz) Multi-proxy analysis of sediment cores from the Wadden Sea helped to identify a late medieval palaeosol associated with the From the 12th to 14th cent. AD, the former marshland and, for the first time tidal flats around Hallig Südfall (North for North Frisia, to provide geological Frisia) represented intensively managed evidence of the Grote Mandrenke in 1362 marshland, belonging to the historical AD. Altogether, the Wadden Sea turned Edomsharde district and its main out to be a promising archive for geo- settlement Rungholt. In those areas archaeological prospection.
Note: Palaeography and Archaeology of the Wadden landscape 17
Mans Schepers A nuanced view of the former landscape University of Groningen is of utmost importance for understanding the possibilities the landscape offered. At the same time, in modern salt marsh Why all the rush? How terp management, it might inspire us not to be too afraid to seek a balance between archaeology will benefit from a people and nature. nuanced view of past landscapes Ecologically, the best analogy is irrefutably and peoples role therein the present salt marsh, despite being only a relic of what once was. It is by all means far from an exact match to the terps Mans Schepers is an archaeologist with a landscape. Nonetheless, the relatively small strong botanical research focus on the interaction present salt marsh landscape is diverse, between people and their environment. and contains the full spectrum of very This includes many forms of influencing the ‘natural’ areas to areas almost completely landscape, such as grazing, hay cutting, sod shaped by people. The tendency to focus cutting, and ditching. His present NWO- on the more ‘natural’ areas, such as de funded post-doc project at Groningen University Slufter on Texel and the Oosterkwelder targets crop cultivation, in particular food crops, on Schiermonnikoog, for reconstructions in the past. of terp-period environments often implies the categorical denial of the fact that humans were present, maybe even more Despite broad consensus that the in the past than they are now. After all: interaction between people inhabiting they actually lived there. This synanthropic terps and their landscape was intense and salt marsh should be the starting point complex, little of what is known about the when trying to understand past human exact nature of the former landscape has behavior, and could at the same time make found its way to general archaeological us reconsider our present relation with this reflections and reconstructions. delicate landscape.
Note: 18 Session 2
Marco Bakker During the Iron Age and Roman Period University of Groningen besides the Frisian salt marsh also the adjacent fringes of the peat area were reclaimed and exploited. Recent research Exploitation and settlement on these early peat reclamations in Friesland made evident that the fringes of dynamics of the Frisian coastal the peat area were settled intensively and peat zone during the Iron Age that the reclamations started even earlier and Roman period than previously thought. The research also provided new insights in the local environmental circumstances in which Marco Bakker has a PhD-position at the the settlements were founded, the shapes Groningen Institute for Archaeology (GIA) these settlements took and the way they of the University of Groningen since June functioned in a changing landscape. 2013. His research is focussed on the early Although increasing problems with the peat reclamations in Frisia, which took place local water table eventually forced the during the Iron Age and Roman Period. settlers to leave their settlements and to The PhD-position is financed by University settle on new stretches of reclaimed peat Campus Fryslân (UCF), with support of land, this move did not necessarily mean the Waddenacademie. For his PhD he has the end for the old sites. After some time conducted multiple fieldwork campaigns in these sites were often reused for habitation Friesland which were financed by the Province or other activities. In the Late Roman of Friesland and the University of Groningen. Period these peat reclamations stop and, like a large part of the Frisian salt marsh, the man created transition zone between peat and clay gets abandoned.
Note: Palaeography and Archaeology of the Wadden landscape 19
Johan Nicolay of Willibrord and Charlemagne, but University of Groningen especially the 5th to 7th centuries – the so-called Migration and Merovingian periods – should be seen as the formative Early-medieval kingship around phase in the early-medieval history of Northwestern Europe. the southern North Sea On the basis of archaeological sources, the history of the southern North Sea area can be reconstructed in a more detailed Johan Nicolay is lecturer and researcher at the way. I will try to present this history by Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University describing the socio-political developments of Groningen. He is especially interested in for the Dutch-German coastal area, on the the history of the coastal area of the northern basis of gold and silver finds. In the 5th and Netherlands, within the wider context of the 6th centuries, after dramatic changes in North Sea area. He is currently working on population numbers along the Dutch coast several books about the results of excavations in and the migration of the ‘Anglo-Saxons, the peat area of northern Drenthe and in the all along the southern North Sea the rise salt-marsh area of Friesland. of small, regional kingdoms can be seen. These gradually developed into supra- regional kingdoms during the late 6th In two ‘canons’ that show the (Medieval) century – before their integration into the history of the Netherlands in 50 ‘windows’ Carolingian empire under Charles Martel little or no attention is paid to the period and his successors (719-804 AD). between 400 and 700 AD. As a transitional When we return to the ‘canons’ about the phase between the Roman Empire and history of the Netherlands, at least two the Carolingian kingdom, however, ‘windows’ should be added for the 5th these ‘dark ages’ are highly relevant for to 7th centuries: one about the Anglo- understanding the origin of early medieval Saxon migration, and a second about the peoples, like the Frisians, the Saxons and formation of new coastal peoples and the the Anglo-Saxons. Not only the ages elite networks that they were part of.
Note: 20 Session 2
Martin Segschneider The Wadden Sea region is known for its Lower Saxon Institute for Historic intense trade activities in the middle ages. Coastal Research Places like Elisenhof and Ribe are well- known key sites within this trade network, Morten Søvsø but ongoing research also reveals a much Museum of Southwest Jutland more complex system of newly discovered trade-places with their harbours. The coastal population along the Wadden Between Groothusen and Ribe. Sea was obviously taking advantage by Key sites of early-medieval adapting to the different natural landscapes like marshes, rivers and islands. Frisian Wadden sea trade in the light of trade networks influenced the early history current research of all the “Waddenland”, and their traces are still present, even though well hidden. Martin Segschneider is senior researcher and head of the Department for Coastal and Maritime Research at the Lower Saxony Institute for historical Coastal Research, in Wilhelmshaven.
Morten Søvsø is senior researcher and Head of the Archaeological Unit at the Southwest Jutland Museums in the Esbjerg community.
Note: 21
Friday 2 December 2016
Session 3 The Immaterial Heritage
Session 4 The History of Waddenland in a political, social-economic and cultural context 22 Session 3
Ludwig Fischer the sea and the drainage of big lakes and University of Hamburg moors. Dutch diking- and draining- technics were exported to many European countries. The Netherlands became a goal Victory over the sea. Dutch for well-educated and ambitious people diking technics in the 17th - not only from neigh-boring nations, and 18th century and the impact on in their reports from the journeys they often praise the marshlands as a “miracle” Europe´s history of mentality and a “paradise”. (Key note) The impact of the Dutch “victory over the sea” on Western thought, especially on the concepts of the attitude to nature, almost Ludwig Fisher was Ord. Prof. in literary cannot be overestimated. Strange enough, science and media culture at the University of there is little research about it up till now. Hamburg1978-2004; since many years engaged The trace of the leading mental frames and in the history, culture and development of the the metaphorical modelling of a “struggle Wadden Sea Region; member of the Lancewad against the sea” can be followed up to Project Group; edited several books on modern times, when famous scientists landscape and culture of the region; many essays declare the “subjection of nature” in a on landscape and nature theory and perception, kind of war against its “violence” to be nature protection and on social history in the a mission for mankind. Thus, to remove marshlands. an area of fertile land from the waves and to defend it successfully could be described as the accomplishment of man’s During the “Golden Age”, the endeavour. To be aware of such deep Netherlands achieved enormous success in rooted dispositions in our theoretical and economics, technics, building, sciences, practical relation to nature is one of the arts. Among the greatest achievements stipulations for a changed understanding were the securing of fertile land against of the Wadden Sea Region.
Note: The Immaterial Heritage 23
Nina Hinrichs In the time of National Socialism art was University of Paderborn an instrument of propaganda. Paintings depicting the Wadden Sea were interpreted as an expression of the racist ideology The Wadden Sea in visual art as of “blood and soil”. Diking and gaining projection platform for ideologies land were conceived as a fight against the in national socialism sea. The land reclamation of the Adolf- Hitler-Koog became a propaganda event. Frisians who lived under harsh conditions PD Dr. Nina Hinrichs, (1980), 2006 near the Sea were regarded as “Aryans”. First state examination (subjects: Arts, Furthermore, concerns of warfare were German, Mathematics), 2006-2009 doctoral chosen as subjects of paintings, especially scholarship, since 2008 lecturer at different the naval port Wilhelmshaven. On the universities, 2009 Doctor of Philosophy other hand artists, who were defamed by (History of Arts), 2009-2011 educational the National Socialists, expressed the fear internship, 2011 Second state examination, and insecurity they experienced at that 2011-2014 postdoctoral scholarship, 2014 time in their paintings. lecturer at different universities and teacher, 2016 “Habilitation”- postdoctoral lecture qualification (History of Arts, Didactics of Arts), since then private lecturer at the university of Paderborn
Note: 24 Session 3
Anne Marie Overgaard In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Museum South Jutland marsh areas of the Tøndermarsk and Gotteskoog was drained due to the wish of making the amphibian land more Living with water in the coastal suited for agriculture. This changed the marsh areas of the Tøndermarsk landscape behind the dikes completely. Around 1970 the memories of people, who and Gotteskoog grew up in the Tøndermarsk and in the Gotteskoog and experienced the change Anne Marie Overgaard (1975), MA history and in the landscape, were collected. Based on German Syddansk Universitet, Odense, 2006. this material, the focus of this speech will Curator Dansk Sygeplejehistorisk Museum be on how the presence of water shaped 2006-2008. Curator Museum Sønderjylland – the living conditions and how ‘marshians’ Kulturhistorie Tønder since 2008. experienced the change of the landscape.
Note: The Immaterial Heritage 25
Otto Knottnerus it, came into existence since the 1970s, (Haren) as previous ways of exploiting, managing and defining the coastal area began to wear off. Over time, the human factor The Invention of the Wadden Sea was redefined as a negative force that had to be reduced beyond the area’s fringes. Otto S. Knottnerus (1959), independent Managing nature became an highly researcher and external PhD-student at the politicised issue. University of Groningen. Sociologist, publishes In redefining the Wadden Sea, moreover, since the 1980s on the social and cultural history conservationists as well as state-officials of the Wadden Sea Region. unwittingly reverted to 19th- and early 20th-century ideas of nature as part of the national identity. The districts Statement: nature protection schemes surrounding the protected area came to hardly ever reach their goals the way they be seen as the cultural embedment of the intend to, as long as the human factor area’s natural reserves. These nostalgic inherent in them is largely disregarded. ideas were largely forged by the heritage of German Romanticism and the rhetoric of As a rule, it is assumed that nature delayed state formation. On a deeper level, protection schemes in the Wadden Sea are they harked back to myths of common the direct result of the recognition of the Frisian descent, and, additionally, either area’s outstanding natural values. In fact, to a nostalgic longing for the days of the it may have been the other way around. Dutch Zuiderzee culture, or the heroism Environmental concerns, mass tourism, of Denmark’s more distant past. As a and electoral strategies created a demand result, conflicts were played down in the for conservationist regimes, which could name of national history, or, conversely, most easily be met on publicly owned fought out in terms of a populist rhetoric terrains. The Wadden Sea, as we know using historical terms.
Note: 26 Session 3
Goffe Jensma also sharing an original home territory University of Groningen along the southern North Sea coast, they tickled the historical imagination of many generations of insiders and outsiders. The Frisian myth and reality more accurate question here, however, is /when/ exactly did the Frisians start turning their mere existence into such a Prof Goffe Jensma holds the chair in Frisian mythical past? And posing this question Language and Culture at the University of immediately evokes another one: what Groningen and also is the director of studies are the historical dynamics behind the of BA and MA programs on Minorities and imagery of the Frisians. In my lecture I Multilingualism. His centerfield of expertise will compare and relate two prominent is Frisian cultural history and literature from forms of Frisian image-building: the 19th 1500 onwards. and 20th century nation-building discourse of a self-representational imagined community of Frisians; and the 21^st The Frisians clearly are among the most century presentation of (Magna) Frisia, salient myth-making peoples in Western which at present turns (elements from) Europe. Allegedly sharing a history and a this same Frisian myth into a touristic language that reaches back into Antiquity, commodity. What has become of Frisian or at least into the early Middle Ages, and myth in 21st century reality?
Note: The Immaterial Heritage 27
Norbert Fischer Numerous places and objects refer to University of Hamburg maritime catastrophes in the coastal landscape of the North Sea and the Islands: monuments and reliefs, flood Death, Landscape and Memory. marks and old wrecks. This is based on the Case Studies on the Wadden Sea historical experience of extreme nature, Coast and the Islands characterized by storm and tidal currents and the experience of catastrophes, e.g. floods and shipwreck. The beginnings Norbert Fischer is professor at the Institute of this phenomenon can be found in the Cultural Anthropology, University of nineteenth century, but extend to the Hamburg; research on maritime culture and present. It is the result of social processes society; memory culture; history of death; spatial on the one hand, regional specifics on the change. Last publications: “Von Seedeichen other hand, which together have shaped und Sturmfluten – Zur Geschichte der Deiche the expressive forms of collective memory in Cuxhaven und auf der Insel Neuwerk” on the North Sea coast. As a result, the (2016); “Gedächtnislandschaften in Geschichte places of remembrance are a maritime und Gegenwart – Kulturwissenschaftliche memory landscape. Through such public Studien” (2016) sites history of the coast is inscribed into the landscape. The objects of the maritime memory landscape represent both cultural heritage and regional identity.
Note: 28 Session 4
Meindert Schroor 2016). He is member of the board of the Waddenacademie Waddenacademie on the portfolio society and cultural history (since 2014). Waddenland: Insular society and precursor of the European In studying the cultural history of the Waddenland some basic recurrent economic and socio-cultural crisis socio-economic themes stand out. As (Key note) such, characteristics like insularity, individualism, high mobility, Meindert Schroor, Harlingen 1955, is a decentralisation and marginalization free-lance geographer and historian at his own are often cited, but are they valid at all Bureau Varenius in Leeuwarden. Active since and if so, to what extent? Only in the 1976 in researching and writing on landscape, southwestern parts of the Wadden Sea urban history, demography, water management area, or do they apply in the same way to and cartography of Fryslân and Groningen, he the north-eastern parts? I will elaborate on has developed into the most prolific researcher these characteristics as potential subjects and writer on cultural history in the Northern for further research, among which some Netherlands. He graduated as Ph D in 2014 themes even seem to show similarities to on the demographic and economic history of the contemporary ecological and socio- the town of Groningen and is editor-in-chief of cultural crises in Europe and the western the New Encyclopaedia of Fryslân (published world in general.
Note: The History of Waddenland in a political, social-economic and cultural context 29
Mette Guldberg In the 17th and 18th centuries, the coastal Fisheries and Maritime Museum communities of the northernmost part Esbjerg of the Wadden Sea were focused on Amsterdam. They were relatively poor communities that delivered work power, Contacts along the Wadden raw materials and coarsely manufactured Sea Coast (1600-1800) – Local products to the metropole, getting a.o. exotic spices and second hand goods in communities and regional return. The local skippers and merchants economies with a global touch functioned as a link between the communities and the world market. In the Mette Guldberg historian and ethnologist, latter part of the period, Hamburg took PhD. Head of Research & Collections, over as the dominant city. Considering the Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg and Wadden Sea as a highway of contact gives Senior Researcher at CME (sdu.dk/cme) Has new insight in historic everyday life in the dealt with the cultural history of the Wadden Wadden Sea Region and contributes to Sea Area since 1994, a.o. in the Wadcult/ qualifying the interpretation of the present Lancewad-projects. 2015-18 leader of the cultural landscape. research project “Trade and Social Life” on Danish-Dutch contacts 17th and 18th centuries.
Note: 30 Session 4
Martin Rheinheimer In early modern times, seafaring was very University of Southern Denmark important for the Wadden Sea region. Seafarers were travelling to the big ports in the region (Amsterdam, Hamburg, Altona) Maritime traffic and local and were hired there on ships. The lecture societies in the Wadden Sea will focus on the importance of theses ports for the region, the local networks the Region (1600-1900) seafarers established at home and in the ports, and how seafarers were recruited. Martin Rheinheimer is professor in maritime On the other hand I will focus on the local and regional history at the University of communities and discuss the impact of Southern Denmark since 1999, first at the seafaring on them. How did people live campus at Esbjerg, since 2013 at Odense. Since in the periphery? Which economic, social 2016 head of the department of history at SDU. and cultural impact did the big ports have on the local communities?
Note: The History of Waddenland in a political, social-economic and cultural context 31
Jan Oberg societies by using an ethnological, actor- University of Bremen oriented approach. The ethno-historic view of Bremen’s everyday life suggests that maritime culture in Bremen was Was there a maritime culture complex, often contradictory, speckled in Bremen in the 19th century? with certain cultural representations and varied significantly from ideas of Ethno-historical notes on coastal cultural homogeneity and cultural societies interconnectedness, which frequently are prevalent in the concept of coastal Jan Oberg is cultural anthropologist and societies. In Bremen, the quality of ethnologist. Research interests are maritime dealing and exchanging with foreign ethnology and the anthropology of the people and cultures was characterized uncanny and the monstrous. Member of the by forms of domination, questions of Bremen Institute for Cultural Research (bik), economic profitability and social and currently works as a lecturer in the department cultural practices of distinction and of anthropology and cultural research at the exclusion. In 19th century Bremen university of Bremen. contrasting cultural stereotypes of cosmopolitan Hanseats and strange sailors emerged, and the construct of a cultivated In the first half of the 19th century, merchant town with a vulgar harbour the North German trading city of colony arose, which is part of Bremen’s Bremen experienced an unprecedented self-image until today. Thus the idea of boom in the maritime economy. In my coastal society, as expressed in the concept contribution, I retrace the cultural effects of the North Sea, can also be interpreted of this development and examine the as a mental map and a product of national thesis of the particular character of coastal and global/local historiographies.
Note: 32 Session 4
Carsten Porskrog The Wadden Sea Regions of the Duchy of Schleswig contained remarkably Rasmussen different social models. On the geest University of Aarhus further east peasants lived in regulated open-field villages, and the farm became Capitalists, peasants and a largely indivisible unit. The social landless. The different social order consisted of clearly separated but relatively homogenous groups of farmers, models of the early modern rural cottagers and labourers. In the deep societies in the Waddenland parts marshes, on the other hand, a fully liberal of Schleswig and individual property rights system prevailed with huge social differences as a consequence. Where marsh and geest Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (1960), Ph.D. met, complicated combinations prevailed. history Aarhus 1990, dr.phil.(habil) 2003. A new development came on the island of Researcher at Institut for grænseregionsforskning, Nordstrand after 1634 where a system of Aabenraa 1987-95, assistant professor/associate absentee landlords, large capitalist tenants professor Aarhus University 1995-2013, head and landless labourers came to exist. The curator Museum Sønderjylland – Sønderborg talk will present the different property Slot since 2013, honorary professor, Aarhus rights regimes and the different social University since 2015. models that was the consequence.
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Anna-Katharina In the early 20th century the Wadden Sea coast witnessed the arrival of Wöbse new stakeholders: Nature lovers and University of Giessen ornithologists started to be concerned about the status and vulnerability of the Reinterpreting nature: The regional avifauna. This was just the start history of conservation in the for an expanding network of scientists and activists which was to become one of the Wadden Sea Region driving forces behind the debate of how to frame the Wadden Sea – as a region Anna-Katharina Wöbs is an environmental to be developed or as the ‘last European historian and research associate at the University wilderness’? Now, at the beginning of of Gießen. She has extensively published the 21st century and considering the on animal-human relations, visual history, joint World Heritage site it seems clear, the history of transnational environmental who eventually ‘won’: Over the last movements and environmental diplomacy. four decades, issues surrounding the Currently, she is involved in a multidisciplinary unique nature values of the Wadden research project exploring the transnational Sea have gained widespread public and history of wetlands. political awareness. The paper explores the trilateral history of conservation in order to explain the cultural dimension of the environmental discourse in the ‘age of ecology’ and its role in the process of separating the Wadden Sea from the Waddenland.
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Saturday 3 December 2016
Session 5 Political, economic and social challenges for the handling of the cultural heritage in the Waddenland 1
1 Text in indent in some of the abstracts are explicitly meant as contributions to the Forum discussion following the presentations 36 Session 5 Political, economic and social challenges for the handling of the cultural heritage in the Waddenland
Manfred Vollmer management and sustainable use of the Wadden Sea Forum heritage have been elaborated. Following, LancewadPlan delivered an integrated strategy to preserve and maintain the Learning from the Lancewad cultural heritage and an analysis on projects. Challenges and the the potentials and vulnerabilities of the regional approaches in a trans- cultural landscapes. The challenge was and still is to boundary context acknowledge the regional specifics on the one hand and to use the similarities Manfred Vollmer is director of the Wadden Sea of the cultural historic development on Forum and project coordinator of the Lancewad the other hand for a trilateral political projects 2000-2008. approach to highlight the uniqueness of the cultural heritage in the Wadden Sea Region in a transboundary and In the early 2000s, two cultural landscape European context. After LancewadPlan, projects, Lancewad and LancewadPlan, several attempts have been undertaken to were carried out under the responsibility integrate the management of the cultural of the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat heritage in the trilateral agenda, which with the aims of creating more awareness was recognized and acknowledged by of the cultural historic values and setting the Sylt Declaration in 2010. Still, we need a cornerstone for an integration of nature more commitment of the competent authorities conservation and cultural heritage. and the scientific community to conceive trans- In Lancewad, the cultural landscapes boundary collaboration as benefit, leading to have been characterized, also through a better integration of the cultural and natural time, and criteria for the conservation, landscape heritage.
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Ulf Ickerodt multifunctionality are only a snapshot of the underlying pressure for change, & Matthias Maluck which the State Archaeology has to State Archaeological Authority cope with on a conceptual and practical Schleswig-Holstein level. This brief outline of the present operational framework for archaeological Energy Transition, a challenge monuments protection already indicates for the management of the the multi-faceted and heterogenic fields of interaction and interdependence with landscape heritage regard to the Integrierten Energie- und Klimakonzepts für Schleswig-Holstein(i.e. Dr. Ulf Ickerodt M.A. is a trained field integrated energy and climate concept archaeologist. After a long period of rescue for Schleswig-Holstein) issued in 2011. excavations, he shifted to archaeological How can this process be sustainably heritage respectively cultural heritage landscape controlled? The answer to this question management. Since 2010 he is deputy head of has to be extraordinarily complex, as the the archaeological state service. State Department is only one stakeholder Matthias Maluck M.A. studied prehistoric amongst many. This also raises the archaeology in Kiel and Gallway. His research question of the remits of archaeological interest is historic landscape management. At stewardship and how to deal with different present he is head of department for planning and narratives of the past, thereby placing international projects at the State Archaeological a greater emphasis on public outreach. Department of Schleswig-Holstein and site These issues are addressed in Schleswig- manager for Hedeby and Danevirke. Holstein within the framework of the REGIOBRANDING project, carried out by the State Archaeological Department Renewable energies, as well as wind in collaboration with the district of power, biogas and solar plants are the Steinburg. In a pilot project the historic principal challenges for archaeological structures of the cultural landscape monuments protection in Schleswig- are evaluated in order to formulate Holstein. Factors such as the and designate objectives. These shall increasing pressure to utilise resources, be implemented by using the tools of growing spatial demands and spatial landscape and land-use planning.
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Jacobus Hofstede Anthropogenic climate change and Schleswig-Holstein Ministry accelerated sea level rise (SLR) may constitute the main long-term challenges of Energy, Agriculture, the for the world-wide unique natural and Environment and Rural Areas cultural assets of the Wadden Sea. In the last IPCC-report, global yearly SLR- Climate change adaptation in rates of more than 5 mm are projected for the Schleswig-Holstein sector of the second half of this century, even for the Wadden Sea: The scientific the moderate scenarios. In comparison, SLR amounted to about 1.5 mm/y over basis of an integrated State the last century. In order to maintain Governmental strategy present structures and functions of the Wadden Sea, Schleswig-Holstein State Government adopted a climate change Jacobus Hofstede born in 1962 in The adaptation Strategy. Within the context of Netherlands where he studied physical the strategy, a State Government program geography in Utrecht. He conducted a PhD to maintain the habitability of the so study on coastal geomorphology in Berlin, after called Halligen in times of climate and which he went to Schleswig-Holstein in various demographic change was adopted. For the positions in public administration. As Scientific strategy, morphodynamical modelling was Director, he now is deputy head of the division conducted to investigate the reaction of “coastal protection, flood defence and harbours” the structures under higher SLR-rates. In in the Ministry of the Environment. His main synthesis, the main statement from the strategy focus is on concepts and strategies for coastal risk may be formulated as follows: “sediment is the management in times of climate change. problem, the challenge and, possibly, the answer”.
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Peter Südbeck and work just around the area and another Wadden Sea National Park Authority 3 to 4 mill. visit the area on vacation each Lower Saxony year. Bringing regional development more and more on a sustainable way is of high importance for the sustainability of the The Lower Saxon Biosphere region and a promise for the future of the Reserve Programme. Engaging World Heritage Site. with inhabitants and stakeholders To support this general aims, the Minister for the Environment of Lower Saxony for a sustainable development has invited the municipalities along the National Park border on voluntary basis Peter Südbeck (1963) is director of the National to take part in the establishment of a Park Authority, biologist, esp. ornithology, bird developmental zone of the UNESCO conservation agency in federal state of Lower Biosphere Reserve Wadden Sea Saxony 1992-2004 (head since 1998), director Lower Saxony in 2014. The Biosphere of the National Park and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve was founded in 1993 within Reserve Authority since 2005. the same delineation as the National Park was defined back then. Due to historical reasons more or less there is The value of nature in the Wadden Sea no developmental zone up to now, but of Lower Saxony is – as in the other parts the core and buffer zone are functioning of this ecosystem – highly appreciated quite well. Joint projects are on the way and well-known, especially through the to promote this process and to promote inscription of the site into the World sustainability in the whole coastal areas: Heritage List of UNESCO. The Wadden This means, partner projects with Sea National Park in Lower Saxony businesses, educational projects, research was founded in 1986 and has since that activities and so on. The combination time evolved as a sound basis of nature of cultural values with the nature conservation, Wadden Sea preservation, conservation approach is an integral part research and management, education and in this process. The whole process needs information throughout the whole area an intense involvement and engagement of of about 350.000 ha. In the National Park local and regional people, institutions and all essential coastal habitats are included, organizations. In the talk the procedure, only built-up areas are not integrated in the running projects and activities for the protected area. But 1 mill. people live stakeholder involvement will be presented.
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Beate Ratter Inhabitants of coastal regions in the Wadden Sea have been living with and & Martin Döring struggling against the sea for centuries. Helmholtz Zentrum, Geesthacht/ This relationship has been portrayed in University of Hamburg the still relevant motto “God created the sea, the Frisians the coast” depicting Sense of place in the Wadden an emotional nexus and a sense of place with the coastal landscape and the sea Sea area – Local consciousness permeated with historical features, and knowledge for place-based intangible traditions, social relations and sustainable development local knowledge(s) about the flora and fauna. This kind of local consciousness and knowledge is often conflicting with Beate M.W. Ratter is professor of Integrative the well-established and evidence-based Geography and Coastal Research at the planning cultures of zoning different users’ University of Hamburg and jointly holds the interests, protecting habitats and as well position as head of the Department Human with the emerging new ideas of coastal Dimensions of Coastal Areas, Institute of protection in times of a materialising Costal Research, at the Helmholtz-Zentrum climate change. Geesthacht, Germany. Martin Döring is a postdoctoral research fellow Against this background, the challenge at the Institute for Geography, University is not only about how to acknowledge local of Hamburg. He investigates the regional consciousness and local knowledge but any more framing of climate change in North Germany, how it could be used to develop awareness among especially the Wadden Sea area including the policy makers and environmental managers for islands and holms. establishing place-based development strategies to be integrated into the cultural and natural landscape heritage of the Wadden Sea.
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Karsten Reise Global warming will inevitably entail a Alfred Wegner Institute Helmholtz- sea level rise of some meters. Therefore, it is recommended to supplement Zentrum for Polar and Marine fortification strategies by measures Research, Sylt reversing land subsidence with tidal accretion processes behind dikes. In front Climate change: Accommodating of dikes, a gradual transition between more water at the Wadden Sea land and sea should be maintained with coast ample sand nourishments. For the coastal plain the aim is growing with sea level rise. More water in the embanked areas could Karsten Reise is a retired coastal ecologist from not only raise the land surface and ecological Alfred Wegener Institute, living on the island of diversity, but may also facilitate economic Sylt, with mud at his feet, sand in his heart and pluralism and cultural identity in a unique and a deep desire for water. spectacular water land.
Note: 42 Session 5 Political, economic and social challenges for the handling of the cultural heritage in the Waddenland
Linde Egberts Strategy for the Wadden area (Structuurvisie Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Waddenzee), which is still operational. Its aims were mainly of conservative kind, in order to preserve geomorphology, flora and A Future for cultural history of fauna. Landscape qualities as openness and the Dutch Wadden Region: darkness were also included, archaeological Challenges and policies in a heritage and cultural historical values were mentioned as an addition of minor maritime cultural landscape importance (VROM, 2006). In the course of 2015 and 2016 this policy Linde Egberts is cultural historian and document was evaluated, anticipating a geographer, specialized in the role of heritage new policy strategy under the Environment in regional identities in contemporary Europe. & Planning Act, taking effect in 2018. She works as a lecturer and postdoctoral During the exploration process for the researcher Heritage Studies at Vrije Universiteit new policy strategy, it appeared that it Amsterdam, coordinator of the Research Group that cultural heritage has been addressed Heritage & Environment of the Centre for in provincial policy documents, but Global Heritage and Development and guest hardly in national ones (Rho, 2016, 23- researcher at Delft University of Technology. 24). Moreover, it seems that heritage has gained a more prominent position as one Currently, the Dutch National government of six or seven factors in an integral future prepares a new national policy document vision for the Dutch Wadden Sea. The for the Dutch part of the Wadden Region. opposition in thought between nature and This paper aims to clarify how cultural culture however remains dominant in this heritage is integrated in this process, ‘authorised discourse.’ Cultural history and compared to earlier national policy heritage are embedded carefully in the future development. In 2007 Dutch National policy of the Dutch national government for the government established a National Policy Wadden Sea area.
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Anne-Mette Hjalager society. This also accounts for Wadden University of Southern Denmark Sea Region. Scientists and authorities, for example, establish information from research, monitoring, planning etc. Big nature, big data: Digital Users – citizens, enterprises, leisure and alignment of leisure and tourism visitors - produce amounts of conservation digital footprints, which may become accessible through telephone systems, Anne-Mette Hjalager is professor at University aerial photographs, social media etc. of Southern Denmark, works with innovative With an emphasis on cultural heritage prospects in tourism and rural development. potentials, this presentation discusses the possibilities for cross-sectoral co-creation The digital revolution implies that of conservation benefits and recreational large amounts of data are generated on value by an enhanced utilization of such a perpetual base and in every corner of Big Data.
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Contact email addresses of speakers
Mr. Bakker Marco [email protected]
Dr. Bittmann Felix [email protected]
Prof. Dr. de Langen Gilles [email protected]
Dr. Döring Martin [email protected]
Dr. Egberts Linde [email protected]
Mr. Enemark Jens [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Fischer Ludwig [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Fischer Norbert [email protected]
Dr. Guldberg Mette [email protected]
Dr. Hanna Hadler [email protected]
Dr. Hinrichs Nina [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hjalager Anne-Mette [email protected]
Mr. Ickerodt Ulf [email protected]
Prof. Dr Jensma Goffe [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Jöns Hauke [email protected]
Dr. Karle Martina [email protected]
Mr. Knottnerus Otto S. [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Kolen Jan [email protected] 45
Mr. Maluck Matthias [email protected]
Dr. Nicolay Johan [email protected]
Dr. Oberg Jan C. [email protected]
Ms. Overgaard Anne Marie [email protected]
Porskrog Dr. Carsten [email protected] Rasmussen
Prof. Dr. Ratter Beate [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Reise Karsten [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Renes Hans [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Rheinheimer Martin [email protected]
Dr. Rösner Hans-Ulrich [email protected]
Dr. Schepers Mans [email protected]
Dr. Schroor Meindert [email protected]
Dr. Segschneider Martin [email protected]
Mr. Søvsø Morten [email protected]
Dr. Südbeck Peter [email protected]
Mr. Vollmer Manfred [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Vött Andreas [email protected] 46
Note: 47 48
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