1 17th symposium of the Waddenacademie 8. Historiker-Treffen des Nordfriisk Instituut Husum, Germany, 1-3 December 2016 2 ABSTRACTS Organised in partnership by the Waddenacademie, Leeuwarden; Nordfriisk Instituut, Bredstedt; and the Fisheries and Maritime Museum /Centre for Maritime and Business History, Esbjerg/Odense. Moderator: Jos Bazelmans, Head of the Department of Archaeological Heritage of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands Colophon Editor Jens Enemark Graphic design BW H ontwerpers Photograpy Karsten Reise Published by Waddenacademie © Waddenacademie november 2016 www.waddenacademie.nl Organising parties Sponsoring parties & Die Stiftung Vermächtnis Johan van Wouwer 5 INDEX Thursday 1 December 2016 08 Setting the scene 10 Session 1 14 Session 2 Friday 2 December 2016 22 Session 3 28 Session 4 Saturday 3 December 2016 36 Session 5 6 Note: 7 Thursday 1 December 2016 Setting the scene Session 1 The Relationship between Natural and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region Session 2 Palaeography and Archaeology of the Wadden landscape 8 Setting the scene Meindert Schroor Waddenland is a rather new conception Waddenacademie not findable on any map at all. At first sight this is the obvious outcome of a wanting collective cultural identity Waddenland: concoction or and administrative context. The lowest reality? Defining the Waddenland common denominator being a somewhat loose, fairly undefined Frisian identity in a geographical and historic associated with the Wadden Islands context (Frisian Islands) and three-quarters of the mainland marshes. With Waddenland Meindert Schroor, Harlingen 1955, is a we apply physical-geographical criteria free-lance geographer and historian at his own to an area that at best shares some weak Bureau Varenius in Leeuwarden. Active since socio-cultural traits, but has never been a 1976 in researching and writing on landscape, political unity. Since the 1960s ecologists urban history, demography, water management have put the Wadden Sea on the map, and cartography of Fryslân and Groningen, he resulting in its designation as World has developed into the most prolific researcher Heritage property in 2009. In order to and writer on cultural history in the Northern turn this honourable assignment into Netherlands. He graduated as Ph D in 2014 a successful label, involvement of the on the demographic and economic history of population of the islands as well as the the town of Groningen and is editor-in-chief of mainland marshes is a prerequisite. But the New Encyclopaedia of Fryslân (published how? Assuming that the Wadden Sea Area 2016). He is member of the board of the is as much a man-made landscape as it is Waddenacademie on the portfolio society and a natural landscape is an essential step in cultural history (since 2014). fostering awareness. Note: 9 Hans Renes The Wadden Sea region is a typical University of Utrecht example of what is often called a ‘maritime cultural landscape’, a landscape that is shaped by the forces of nature and The Wadden Sea region as a culture and also a landscape in which the cultural landscape - history, livelihood of the population is built on the use of resources from the land as well heritage, management as from the sea. Many islands and coastal regions have a long history of combining Hans Renes studied historical geography at agriculture with fishing and seafaring, Utrecht State University and rural planning whereby the emphasis changed according at Wageningen Agricultural University. to the economic tides. In this presentation After working for many years at the Soil we will look at the complex relation Survey Institute (later Winand Staring between nature and society in the past Centre) at Wageningen, he returned to teach as well as in the present. For sustainable historical geography at Utrecht University. management of the Wadden Sea regions, Since 2001, he has also been involved in an integrated approach, combining the Master course in Heritage Studies at the developments in nature and in society, is Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Since 2011, he necessary. The artificial borders between occupies a chair in heritage studies at the Vrije nature and culture that are introduced by Universiteit Amsterdam. His publication are some ecologists and authorities (the most mainly on landscape history in the Netherlands notorious example being the inscription and Europe and on the relation between heritage of the Wadden Sea as a natural site on the and planning. World Heritage List) is a source of conflicts and complicates an integral management of the Wadden Sea region. Note: 10 Session 1 Ludwig Fischer Shallow sea and coastal plain constitute a University of Hamburg natural entity at the Wadden Sea Coast. A highly dynamic history of natural Karsten Reise processes and events as well as human Alfred Wegner Institute, Sylt intentions and interventions shaped this unique region. Today a divergent course Jens Enemark has led to a separation between sea and Waddenacademie land. This is based on a deep-rooted nature-culture divide in our mentality. However, this old dualism needs to be An urgent call for integration: overcome, foremost at a coast challenged Protecting natural and cultural by embracing globalization and sea level values of the Wadden Sea Coast rise of some meters in the Anthropocene. Keeping nature protection in the sea, in the Anthropocene coastal protection along the shore, and protection of cultural values in the Ludwig Fischer and Karsten Reise have landscape separate from each other is both retired as professors but remain deeply bound to shipwreck. Natural and cultural engaged in the future of the Wadden Sea sciences, societies and policies should join Coast. Until his retirement in 2014 Jens forces in a transdisciplinary approach, Enemark was secretary of the Trilateral Wadden developing new concepts for the protection Sea Cooperation, now affiliated with the of natural and cultural diversity and for Waddenacademie and again working on his life- coastal identity. long devotion – history. Note: The Relationship between Natural and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region 11 Jan Kolen Simon Schama states that ‘even the University of Leiden landscapes that we suppose to be most free of our culture may turn out, on closer inspection, to be its product’ (Schama, Does the natural landscape exist? 1995, p. 9). Still, we must be wary of falling into the trap of a radical Jan Kolen (1962) is Professor in Landscape constructivism, one that ultimately Archaeology and Cultural Heritage at Leiden reduces all nature to human proportions, University and director at the Centre for to the sum of our cultural notions and Global Heritage and Development from values. A constructivist view of landscape Leiden University, the Technical University that allows no room for human-nature of Delft and Erasmus University Rotterdam. interactions and for landscape as a ‘real He studied Archaeology at Leiden University world’ phenomenon is just as undesirable and in 2005 obtained his PhD (cum laude) as an essentialist nature that supposedly with his dissertation on the ‘Biography of exists entirely outside culture. For the Landscape’, a new approach to landscape this reason, this paper re-addresses the history on which he has been publishing since pragmatic division in natural, semi- the beginning of 1990s. natural and cultural landscapes made by Victor Westhoff many years ago. It is suggested that such a division may Most geographers and landscape provide useful models of differences in researchers would now agree that the biodiversity and human-environment nature/culture distinction is part and relationships, when combined with parcel of the modernist project, and that decision-making at different spatial scales this also accounts for our thinking about and taking the long-term temporalities of the landscape. In Landscape & Memory, landscapes into account. Note: 12 Session 1 Hans-Ulrich Rösner even as National Parks. The definition WWF of the latter according to German law (similar to most countries in the world) is basically that it must be a large area which Is an existing natural landscape a is almost natural or which can develop into problem for cultural landscapes? being natural, and where natural processes are allowed to proceed as undisturbed as possible. This is basically the same as the Hans-Ulrich Rösner has been working for the guiding principle for the entire Wadden protection of the Wadden Sea since 1984. He is Sea area, which has been decided upon by head of the Wadden Sea office of WWF, based the three Wadden Sea countries already in in Husum, focussing with his team on issues 1991. The protection of the Wadden Sea is such as fisheries, tourism, energy, shipping, strongly linked to this and this also what coastal defence, nature restoration and climate the World Heritage Wadden Sea is based adaptation, but also on public information and upon. education. On behalf of WWF and the Green Therefore, it is not really an issue that NGO’s Wadden Sea Team, he is also serving as the Waden Sea for the most part is almost an advisor to the trilateral Wadden Sea Board. wild nature and is also a natural landscape. However, I will show with examples where the „natural landscape“ ends and Most of the Wadden Sea of today is where the „cultural landscape“ begins. predominantly a natural landscape, I will also show that being a cultural actually one of the last of its kind in landscape does not mean the absence of Western Europe. This is not the case nature – in fact, some of these landscapes because people in the past centuries had are very rich in nature values. Therefore, loved the landscape and the nature so beyond the definition it will be more much that they protected it. The reason interesting what the linkage between the may be much more that nature forces two landscapes is and how to make the best were so strong that large parts of the out of it.