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Prettyprinting Prettyprinting DEREK C. OPPEN Stanford University An algorithm for prettyprinting is given. For an input stream of length n and an output device with linewidth m, the algorithm requires time O(n) and space O(m). The algorithm is described in terms of two parallel processes: the first scans the input stream to determine the space required to print logical blocks of tokens; the second uses this information to decide where to break lines of text; the two processes communicate by means of a buffer of size O(m). The algorithm does not wait for the entire stream to be input, but begins printing as soon as it has received a full line of input. The algorithm is easily implemented. Key Words and Phrases: prettyprinting, formating, paragraphing, text editing, program manipulation CR Category: 4.12 1. INTRODUCTION A prettyprinter takes as input a stream of characters and prints them with aesthetically appropriate indentations and line breaks. As an example, consider the following stream: vat x: integer; y: char; begin x := 1; y := 'a' end If our line width is 40 characters, we might want it printed as follows: vat x: integer; y: char; begin x :--- 1; y := 'a' end If our line width is 30 characters, we might want it printed as follows: vat x : integer; y: char; begin X := I; y := 'a'; end But under no circumstances do we want to see vat x: integer; y: char; begin x := 1; y := 'a'; end Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant MCS 78-02835. Author's address: Computer Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. © 1980 ACM 0164-0925/80/1000-0465 $00.75 ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 2, No. 4, October 1980, Pages 465-483. 466 • Derek C. Oppen Prettyprinters are common components of LISP environments, where trees or s-expressions are data objects which are interactively manipulated and have to be displayed on a screen or on the printed page. Since the main delimiters in LISP are parentheses and spaces, a LISP program or s-expression is visually intolerable unless prettyprinted. (See [2] or [3] for descriptions of some pretty- printers for LISP.) Prettyprinters for block-structured languages appear less commonly, perhaps because "programming environments" for such languages did not exist until recently. (See the references and bibliography for descriptions of some imple- mented prettyprinters.) Happily, this situation is changing fast. Prettyprinters are integral components of any programming environment tool. For example, editors for block-structured languages benefit enormously from a prettyprinter-- as the user interactively makes changes to his program text, the modified program is pleasingly displayed. Not only does this make it easier for the user to read his program text, but it makes it easier for him to notice such common programming errors as missing ends. Compilers should use prettyprinters to print out error messages in which program text is displayed; this would make the error much more understandable. Prettyprinters are useful in any system which prints or displays messages or other output to the user. Prettyprinters have traditionally been implemented by rather ad hoc pieces of code directed toward specific languages. We instead give a language-independent prettyprinting algorithm. The algorithm is easy to implement and quite fast. It is not, however, as sophisticated as it might be, and certainly cannot compete with typesetting systems (such as TEX [4]) for preparing text for publication. How- ever, it seems to strike a reasonable balance between sophistication and simplicity, and to be appropriate as a subcomponent of editors and the like. We do not discuss in detail the question of how to interface the prettyprinter described here with any specific language. In general, the prettyprinter requires a front-end processor, which knows the syntax of the language, to handle ques- tions about where best to break lines {that is, questions about the inherent block or indenting structure of the language) and questions such as whether blanks are redundant. We describe in Section 6 two approaches we have taken to imple- menting a preprocessor for prettyprinting. 2. BASIC NOTIONS The basic idea of how a prettyprinter works is well established in the folklore, and the algorithms of which the author is aware all provide roughly the same set of primitives, which the algorithm described here also provides. A prettyprinter expects as input a stream of characters. A character may be a printable character such as "a", "3", "&", or ",", or it may be a delimiter such as blank, carriage-return, linefeed, or formfeed. A contiguous sequence of printable characters {that is, not delimiters) is called a string. The prettyprinter may break a line between strings but not within a string. We differentiate between several types of delimiters. The first type of delimiter is the blank (carriage returns, formfeeds, and linefeeds are treated as blanks). The next two types correspond to special starting and ending delimiters for logically contiguous blocks of strings. We denote the delimiters ~ and ~, respec- ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol 2, No. 4, October 1980. Prettyprinting 467 tively. The algorithm will try to break onto different lines as few blocks as possible• For instance, suppose we wish to print f(a, b, c, d) + g(a, b, c, d) on a display which is only 20 characters wide. We might want this expression printed as f(a, b, c, d) + g(a, b, c, d) or as f(a, b, c, d) + g(a, b, c, d) but definitely not as f(a, b, c, d) + g(a, b, C~ d) We can avoid the third possibility by making f(a, b, c, d) and g(a, b, c, d) logically contiguous blocks, that is, by surrounding each by ~ and ~. In fact, since this expression undoubtedly appears within some other text, we should include logical braces around the whole expression as well: ~f(a, b, c, d)~ + ~g(a, b, c, d)~ (You might be asking at this point why the algorithm does not recognize that parentheses are delimiters and thus that g(a, b, c, d) should not be broken if possible. But the prettyprinting algorithm given here is a general-purpose algo- rithm providing primitives for prettyprinting and is not tailored to any particular language. The example could have been written just as easily with two begin •.. end blocks.) We later allow refinements to the above set of delimiters, but for the moment we describe the algorithm using just these three. We assume that the algorithm is to accept as input a "stream" of tokens, where a token is a string, a blank, or one of the delimiters [ and ~. A stream is recursively defined as follows: (1) A string is a stream. (2) If sl,..., sk are streams, then ~Sl (blank) s2 (blank) ... (blank) sk ~ is a stream. As we see later, this definition of an "allowable" stream is a little too restrictive in practice but makes it easier to describe the basic algorithm. We make one additional assumption to simplify discussion of the space and time required by the basic algorithm: No string is of length greater than the line width of the output medium. 3. AN INEFFICIENT BUT SIMPLE ALGORITHM We first describe an algorithm which uses too much storage, but which should be fairly easy to understand• The algorithm uses functions scan( ) and print(). ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol 2, No. 4, October 1980. 468 Derek C. Oppen The input to scan ( ) is the stream to be prettyprinted; scan ( ) successively adds the tokens of the stream to the right end of a buffer. Associated with each token in the buffer is an integer computed by scan ( ) as follows. Associated with each string is the space needed to print it (the length of the string). Associated with each ~ is the space needed to print the block it begins (the sum of the lengths of the strings in the block plus the number of blanks in the block). Associated with each ~ is the integer 0. Associated with each blank is the amount of space needed to print the blank and the next block in the stream (1 + the length of the next block). In order to compute these lengths, scan ( ) must "look ahead" in the stream; it uses the buffer stream to store the tokens it has already seen. When scan ( ) has computed the length 1 for the token x at the left end of the buffer, it calls print(x, l) and removes x and I from the buffer. The buffer is therefore a first-in- first-out buffer. The length information associated with each token is used by print( ) to decide how to print it. If print() receives a string, it prints it immediately. If print() receives a ~, it pushes the current indentation on a stack but prints nothing. If it receives a ], it pops the stack. If print( ) receives a blank, it checks to see if the next block can fit on the present line. If so, it prints a blank; if not, it skips to a new line and indents by the indentation stored on the top of the stack plus an arbitrary offset (in this case, 2).
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