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Natural Remedies for Improving Learning and Memory-Review International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Resea Najar Urfan Nabi et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2013; 3 (2): 161-165 ISSN (Online) 2249-6084 (Print) 2250-1029 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR) [Impact Factor – 0.7826] Journal Homepage: www.eijppr.com Review Article Natural Remedies for Improving Learning and Memory-Review 1* 2 3 4 Najar Urfan Nabi , Kumar Neeraj , Kant Ravi , Kothiyal Preeti 1 M.Pharm (Pharmacology), Division of Pharmaceutical Science, SGRRITS, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 2 Assistant Professor (Pharmacology), Division of Pharmaceutical Science, SGRRITS, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 3 Assistant Professor (Pharmacology), Division of Pharmaceutical Science, SGRRITS, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 4 Principal, Division of Pharmaceutical Science, SGRRITS, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Article info Abstract Dementia is a syndrome usually occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) due to Article History: disease in brain. It associate’s the impairment of memory, thinking, learning disability, orientation and Received 6 October 2013 judgement. Memory is perhaps the most vital of all aspects that differentiates human beings from other animals. Accepted 20 October 2013 However, memory can become faulty due to several reasons, and in that case the person is not able to make full use of his or her potentials. Cognitive enhancers are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals and functional foods that are purported to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, Keywords: attention and concentration. Drugs considered cognitive enhancers include dietary products and supplements, Cognition, Dementia, Memory racetams, stimulants, dopaminergics, cholinergics, GABA blockers, glutamate activators, serotonergics and enhancers, Herbs, AchE activity, hormones, etc. Not all of them are healthy or safe to use but they can still have mental benefits. In recent Free radical year’s research on medicinal plants have been studied for nootropic activity. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Evolvulus alsinoides (Shankhpushpi), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), Acorus calamus (Bach) etc., are used as a memory enhancer drugs. The abstract refers to several plants with their activity. The main aim of this article is to give up the data reviews on plants with nootropic properties. 1. INTRODUCTION are used to improve the function of various human cognitive Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, abilities such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, events, information etc., retain them over a short or long period of attention and concentration when they have become impaired in time and recall the same at a later date when needed1. Learning is some manner. Sometimes referred to as nootropics, or smart the process of acquiring knowledge about the world and memory drugs, the cognition enhancers may be used to combat health could be considered as the retention of the acquired knowledge, conditions that interfere with the process of learning, motor control which can be retrieved as and when, required. Memory function is and the maintenance of a healthy emotional state. They are mostly vulnerable to a variety of pathologic processes including neuro- used for enhancing mental concentration and increasing memory degenerative diseases, strokes, tumors, head trauma, hypoxia, capabilities and are available in various items such as prescription cardiac surgery, malnutrition, attention-deficit disorder, depression, medication, supplements and functional foods6. Through the ages, anxiety and the side effects of medication, and normal ageing1. many medicinal herbs have been used to improve memory and Memory disorders can range from mild to severe and can be cognitive function and to treat neurodegenerative diseases in progressive (neurodegenerative disease) or immediate (brain traditional medicine7. Pharmacological effects of some plants have injury). Almost all are linked with some damage to neuroanatomical also been reported8. Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine, is structures, either in part or full, which hinders acquisition (learning), gaining greater attention and popularity in many parts of the world. consolidation (storage of labile stable memory), and retrieval The disease preventive and health promotive approach of (recall) 3. A large number of studies have shown that the cholinergic ayurveda, which takes into consideration the whole body, mind and system plays an important role in learning and memory. Moreover, spirit while dealing with the maintenance of health promotions, now a loss of cholinergic neurons and reduced choline- enjoys increasing acceptability9. acetyltransferase activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are consistent with findings in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 4. In fact, 2. SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTATION OF HERBS reduced cholinergic activity in the brains of individuals with AD In traditional practices of medicine, numerous plants have been provides the rationale for the development of acetyl cholinesterase used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative (AChE) inhibitors to treat the dementia associated with AD. The diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other memory commonly prescribed AChE inhibitors, such as Donepezil®, related disorders. Various studies been undergone to identifying Rivastigmine, and Galantamine were developed on this basis4. As potential new drugs from plant sources, including those for memory memory involves many interwoven brain functions, there are disorders. There are numerous drugs available in market that have several different types of memories and virtually any type of brain been isolated from plants, e.g. alkaloids from plant sources have damage can result in one or other type of memory loss5. been investigated for their potential in AD therapy, and are now in Cognition enhancers are medications and natural supplements that clinical use. Usually herbal preparations are well tolerated but they may have harmful side-effects, including interactions with pharmaceuticals. Herbal medicines, such as, Ginkgo Biloba, *Corresponding Author: Bacopa moniera (Bramhi), Shankhpushpi etc. has been found to Urfan Nabi Najar, M. Pharm (pharmacology) 10 Division of Pharmaceutical Science, SGRRITS Dehradun, increase memory power . Uttarakhand, India. Mobile: 8171600488. Email: [email protected] 161 Najar Urfan Nabi et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2013; 3 (2): 161-165 2.1. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA (FABACEAE) with C. asiatica extract during the early postnatal developmental The roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Fabaceae)) is an stages, when the higher brain centers are maturing, can produce efficient brain tonic, it increases the circulation into the CNS system long lasting beneficial effects on the mouse brain. Beneficial effects and balances the sugar levels in the blood11. Significant action on on cognitive functions are probably mediated through their effect on memory enhancing activity in dementia disorder12. Liquorice shows cholinergic system and by influencing the neuronal morphology. significantly improved learning and memory on scopolamine Extract of C. asiatica (whole plant) has also been reported to induced dementia. The main constituent of Glycyrrhiza Glabra is increase the endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the rat brain26. glycyrrhizin. The roots have anti ulcer, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, sedative, antipyretic13, anti microbial and anxiolytic 2.5. TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (MENISPERMACEAE) activities14. Oxygen free radicals and other products of oxidative Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.F. & Thoms. (family: metabolism have been shown to neurotoxic15. The protective effect Menispermaceae) commonly known, as “Amrita” or “Guduchi” is an of liquorice extract may be attributed to its antioxidant property by important drug of Indian System of Medicines (ISM) and used in virtue of which susceptible brain cells get to less oxidative stress medicines since times immemorial27. It is distributed throughout the resulting in reduced brain damage and improved neuronal function tropical Indian subcontinent and China, ascending to an altitude of thereby enhancing the memory12. 300 m. In Hindi, the plant is commonly known as Giloe28. A large number of chemicals have been isolated from T. cordifolia, 2.2. CAESALPINIA CRISTA LINN. (CAESALPINIACEAE) belonging to different classes such as alkaloids, diterpenoid Caesalpinia crista (Lin.) synonym: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.), lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic Caesalpinia bonducella belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae and is compounds and polysaccharides. Leaves of this plant are rich in commonly known as kat-takaranja in Hindi and sagargota in protein (11.2%), calcium and phosphorus29. Four new clerodane Marathi. It is prickly shrub found throughout the hotter regions of furano diterpene glucosides (amritosides A, B, C and D) have been India and Srilanka15. isolated as their acetates from stems. Tinospora cordifolia has been The seeds of the plant contain bonducin, proteins, saponin, starch, extensively studied and reported to have potent immunostimulant sucrose, an enzyme, two phytosterols namely sitosterol and action. T. cordifolia is claimed to be useful in treating leprosy, fever, hepatsane, fattyacids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, lognoceric, asthma, anorexia, jaundice, gout, skin infections, diabetes, chronic oleic, linolenic acid. The seed kernals of the plant contain diarrhea, dysentery,
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