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Identifying Indicator Species for Post-Release Monitoring of Genetically Modified, Herbicide Resistant Crops

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Identifying Indicator Species for Post-Release Monitoring of Genetically Modified, Herbicide Resistant Crops Research Collection Journal Article Identifying indicator species for post-release monitoring of genetically modified, herbicide resistant crops Author(s): Hilbeck, Angelika; Meier, Matthias; Benzler, Armin Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000013202 Originally published in: Euphytica 164(3), http://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9666-9 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Euphytica (2008) 164:903–912 DOI 10.1007/s10681-008-9666-9 Identifying indicator species for post-release monitoring of genetically modiWed, herbicide resistant crops Angelika Hilbeck · Matthias Meier · Armin Benzler Received: 30 March 2007 / Accepted: 6 February 2008 / Published online: 28 February 2008 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract In Europe, regulations for release and conjunction with the cultivation of GM HR crops. placing-on-the-market of genetically modiWed (GM) Since the ‘Farm-scale Evaluations’, it is clear that crops require post-release monitoring of their impact consequences for farmland biodiversity can be on the environment. Monitoring potential adverse expected. The objective of this project was to identify eVects of GM crops includes direct eVects as well as relevant indicator species for the long-term impact of indirect eVects, e.g. GM crop speciWc changes in land GM HR maize cultivation and the application of their and pest management. Currently, there is a gap in the corresponding non-selective herbicides, glyphosate pre-release risk assessments conducted for regulatory and glufosinate. In this article, we describe the out- approval of GM herbicide resistant (HR) crops. Since come of a modiWed Event Tree Analysis, essentially a the relevant non-selective herbicides have been regis- funnel-like procedure allowing to reduce the large tered many years ago, in current dossiers requesting number of potentially aVected non-target species to regulatory approval of GM HR crops, the environ- those with greatest ecological relevance and highest mental impacts of the corresponding non-selective risk to be adversely aVected based on a number of herbicides are either entirely omitted or the applicant ecological criteria. This procedure allowed us to iden- simply refers to the eco-toxicological safety assess- tify a total of 21 weed-Lepidoptera associations that ments conducted for its original pesticide approval we proposed for post release monitoring of GM HR that do not address environmental issues arising in maize in Germany. Keywords Indicator species · Non-selective herbicides · Non-target species · Transgenic crops A. Hilbeck (&) Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich and EcoStrat GmbH, Hottingerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland Introduction e-mail: [email protected] In Europe, regulations for release and placing-on-the- M. Meier Kompetenzzentrum für Sicherheit und Risikoprävention market of genetically modiWed (GM) crops require (KSR), ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, post-release monitoring of their impact on human Jägerstrasse 2, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland health and the environment. A monitoring plan under the Directive 2001/18/EC (Annex VII) foresees ‘case- A. Benzler I 1.3 Monitoring, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, speciWc’ monitoring and ‘general surveillance’. Case- Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany speciWc monitoring aims to refute or conWrm risks 123 904 Euphytica (2008) 164:903–912 identiWed in the required pre-release environmental GM HR crops. Since the relevant non-selective herbi- risk assessment. General surveillance aims to detect cides have been registered many years ago, in current unanticipated adverse eVects and long-term cumula- dossiers requesting regulatory approval of GM HR tive eVects that could not be detected in pre-release crops, the environmental impacts of the correspond- testing and escaped the pre-release risk assessment. ing non-selective herbicides are either entirely omit- Monitoring possible adverse eVects of GM crops ted or the applicant simply refers to the eco- includes direct eVects as well as indirect eVects, e.g. toxicological safety assessments conducted for its GM crop speciWc changes in land management (see original pesticide approval that, for one, can be a long also Council Decision 2002/811/EC, which supple- time ago but, more importantly, do not address and ments Annex VII to Directive 2001/18/EC by detailed investigate environmental issues arising in conjunc- guidance notes). However, while both are meant to be tion with the cultivation of GM HR crops. Before the complementary, in practice, they are diYcult to sepa- advent of GM HR crops, non-selective herbicides rate and the discussion is controversial as reporting were not routinely used within arable Welds during the responsibilities among diVerent authorities and Wnan- cultivation period of the crops as they would kill the cial consequences are tied to it. crops as well. The possible impact of the cultivation In contrast to most existing environmental moni- of GM HR crops through the application of the corre- toring programs that were typically invoked by docu- sponding non-selective herbicides on farmland biodi- mented damage (e.g., loss of certain species) as a re- versity has long been recognized and, in fact, sparked active instrument, the monitoring of GM crops in the largest Weld trials ever conducted with herbicide Europe is largely a pro-active, precautionary measure. resistant GM crops, the ‘Farm-scale Evaluations’ Since there is no large scale GM crop production in (FSE). The FSE largely conWrmed previous predic- Europe yet, little experience exists to date with tions that at least for oilseed rape and sugar beet an regional monitoring and long-term ecosystem impacts additional loss of farmland biodiversity can be of GM crops. Reports on environmental eVects from expected beyond and above current conventional elsewhere are contradicting and certainly controver- practices. Fields were ‘cleaner’ due to more eVective sial (Brookes and Barfoot 2006; Garcia and Altieri weed control, hence, less weeds left less food for their 2005; Friends of the Earth 2007). In fact, when look- associated wildlife. For maize there did not seem to ing closer into this issue, one Wnds that reliable and be an additional loss and some species even occurred independent data on long-term and larger scale envi- at higher densities than in conventionally treated Weld, ronmental impacts of the cultivation of GM crops are at least as long as the chosen herbicide was atrazine scarce to non-existent globally. Over 95% of all GM (Hawes et al. 2003). That herbicide, however, is crops are grown on a signiWcant scale only in six banned in Europe today and with other herbicides it countries in the world. Of these six countries, 53.5% was challenged whether the same Wndings would hold are grown in the US, 17.6% in Argentina, 11.3% Bra- (Burke 2005; Perry et al. 2004). zil, 6.0% Canada, 3.7% India and 3.4% in China While recognizing, for one, the lack of data and the (James 2006). In Argentina, almost all soybeans pro- current controversial nature of the discussion on how duced today are GM HR soybean involving the appli- to close this signiWcant gap in pre-release risk assess- cation of enormous amounts of glyphosate. None of ments for GM HR crops and, secondly, recognizing the above listed countries, however, has regional the fact that the few data and reports existing to date monitoring programs in place that systematically sur- give reason to believe that long-term eVects on farm- vey and collect data on the impact of these non-selec- land biodiversity and ecological functions must be tive herbicides for instance on farmland biodiversity expected with increasing cultivation of GM HR crops, and ecosystem functioning, nor the development of the German Agency for Nature Conservation as part resistant weeds (Heap 2007). of the national regulatory body had to take action in Hence, only few data exist to date that stem from order to fulWl its legal mandate and responsibility to coordinated scientiWc research and monitoring on the protect the biodiversity in Germany. The Agency long-term environmental impact of GM HR crops. launched a research and development project and This is largely due to a gap in the current pre-release tasked us to identify indicator species that would risk assessments conducted for regulatory approval of allow to systematically monitor the long-term, 123 Euphytica (2008) 164:903–912 905 regional impact of the cultivation of GM HR crops Fault trees are ‘top-down’ risk analysis tools where arising through the application of their corresponding the analyst speciWes a failure event (i.e. ‘top-event’) non-selective herbicides in the agro-ecosystem. The and then by combining logical functions such as ‘and’ focus was on insect indicator species. This choice was and ‘or’, identiWes all events that can or must contrib- also based on the FSE Wndings that conWrmed that ute to the speciWed failure (Hayes et al. 2004). An larger animals such as birds and small mammals Event Tree is the complementary ‘bottom-up’ while often being a target for conservation eVorts, are approach where an analyst speciWes an ‘initiating quite diYcult to monitor due to their habitat require- event’ and lays out the logical chain of events that can ments largely exceeded crop Weld sizes. But they all occur and lead to a number of possible consequences. are reliant either on certain farmland plants or arthro- Both tools yield more or less complex tree-like charts pods associated with these farmland plants for food. where each event chain forms one branch of the tree. Following the argument of the FSE, if indicator spe- They do graphically model all of the parallel and cies at that level can be identiWed, it is expected that sequential combinations of events that can lead to a this can be extrapolated to higher trophic level organ- particular ‘top event’ or arise from a particular ‘initi- isms and indicate potential eVects at the top end ating event’.
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