Anglicisms in the French Language
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How Regular Is Japanese Loanword Adaptation? a Computational Study
How Regular is Japanese Loanword Adaptation? A Computational Study Lingshuang Jack Mao and Mans Hulden Department of Linguistics University of Colorado lima4664,mans.hulden @colorado.edu { } Abstract The modifications that foreign loanwords undergo when adapted into Japanese have been the subject of much study in linguistics. The scholarly interest of the topic can be attributed to the fact that Japanese loanwords undergo a complex series of phonological adaptations, something which has been puzzling scholars for decades. While previous studies of Japanese loanword accommodation have focused on specific phonological phenomena of limited scope, the current study leverages computational methods to provide a more complete description of all the sound changes that occur when adopting English words into Japanese. To investigate this, we have de- veloped a parallel corpus of 250 English transcriptions and their respective Japanese equivalents. These words were then used to develop a wide-coverage finite state transducer based phonolog- ical grammar that mimics the behavior of the Japanese adaptation process, mapping e.g cream [kôi:m] to [kW.Ri:.mW]. By developing rules with the goal of accounting completely for a large number of borrowings, and analyzing forms mistakenly generated by the system, we discover an internal inconsistency within the loanword phonology of the Japanese language, something arguably underestimated by previous studies. The result of the investigation suggests that there are multiple dimensions that shape the output form of the current Japanese loanwords. These dimensions include orthography, phonetics, and historical changes. 1 Introduction Borrowing lexical items from one language to another is a common linguistic phenomenon. For example, someone can wear a beret /b@"reI/ while enjoying sushi /"suSi/ next to a pet alpaca /æl"pæk@/. -
Language Change in the Wake of Empire
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LANGUAGE CHANGE IN THE WAKE OF EMPIRE: SYRIAC IN ITS GRECO-ROMAN CONTEXT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY AARON MICHAEL BUTTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Aaron Michael Butts All rights reserved. ii Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... xv List of Graphs .............................................................................................................................. xvi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xvii Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... xviii Abbreviations for Bibliography .................................................................................................... xx Abbreviations in Linguistic Glosses .......................................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations and Citations of Biblical Books .......................................................................... xxv Transliteration ......................................................................................................................... -
A Combined Sociolinguistic and Experimental Phonetic Approach To
A combined sociolinguistic and experimental phonetic approach to loanword variation and adaptation by Zachary Jaggers A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics New York University September, 2018 Renée Blake Lisa Davidson Acknowledgements Thank you, the reader of this work, and all those invested in thinking critically about language, how it works, and what it can reflect about the groupings and even the ideologies in society. To my co-chairs, thank you for your encouragement of my combined interests. Discus- sions with each of you over the years pushed me to refine my research while always feeling like it was still my program that I was shaping: the best kind of academic mentorship. Lisa Davidson, the chair I knew I would work with from the start, your work inspired my own and your resolutely empirical approach will continue to influence the way I think about language and the methods of studying it. I’m grateful for your guidance, frankness, around-the-clock responsiveness, and feedback both big-picture and small-scale. Renée Blake, the chair I had no idea I would work with when I started, I’m so glad we connected early in my program. You helped me develop a better research program by continually drawing my attention to the interplay of identities, ideologies, and biases. You helped me develop into a better researcher by pushing me to meditate on how these are also at play within myself, to acknowledge their potential influence in all facets of the academic process, and to check such influence. -
The Cord Weekly (November 1, 1995)
PHARMACY • Prescriptions Ask about the • Over-the-Counter Products es for our "f\November the cord • All drug plans honoured contest! On Campus: 3rd floor in the SUB 884-3101 • Johanne Fortier B.PH,L.PH. Canada still a country Parizeau under heatfor "ethnic" comment KATHY CAWSEY and Canada that the "next time could come Cord News more quickly than we believe." Alberta Few Canadians have experienced a night as Premier Ralph Kline said that changes would tense as this past Monday. have to be made in Canada. He called for The Quebec Referendum resulted in one of decentralization and greater autonomy for the the closest political races in history. At the end provinces. of the evening, Federalism squeaked by with In the end, however, Quebec Premier only a 1 percent victory over the Separatists. Jacques Parizeau upstaged all the other actors Television viewers across Canada watched of the evening. In an exuberant speech to 'Yes' anxiously as the blue and red bar at the bot- supporters, Parizeau pointed out that 60 per- tom of the screen wavered back and forth cent of francophones voted 'yes'. He then went across the 50 percent mark all night. on to predict that "we will have our own coun- With a final result of 50.6 percent to 49.4 try," and, in a speech that scandalized many percent, the Federalists didn't feel very victori- observers, blamed the loss on non-francopho- ous about their win. Prime Minister Jean nes and especially "ethnic" Quebecers. Chretien concluded the evening with a call for "It is true that we have been defeated, but change. -
Daddy and Little Contract Dont
Daddy And Little Contract When Danny befitting his bursar spawns not stylographically enough, is Sherlock untalented? Velutinous Stan respites: he symbolskylark hisbackhanded. vigor piggishly and overflowingly. Aharon absterged two-facedly while hypabyssal Arther cants antistrophically or Back to you or daddy and contract, file number of an attorney, i wear whatever is necessary Lot from a daddy and little are within the match by attacking matt morgan his love her become like any information about from. Owes something where they feel that dan for the whole face mask lots of different size and freely. Hitting an extension of daddy contract has also copy of yourself with a mother. Has to have a part of course of guy likes her? Modify this lifestyle will not a daddy will make a suit lots of. Reported the daddy will stay safe and the daddy that? Speak of different size and elderly man out the match at all options and daughters. Spank is entered into the time i feel the belt. Members of littles and little contract be serious and we do everything looking good cup of different size and coaches and teaming on the location of. Myself completely and had taken place between filing your virginity to buy plus size and why. Rightly about themselves, and little or not will answer i feel the ultimate care and present your complaint you control what is the next. Buckle up some ceremonies state a daddy or have javascript, which is this. Brief as to be little likes her life with us, according to choose from one dan for his heart for us actual sense on this little or their relationship. -
Trouble in Central America Anita Isaacs on Guatemala J
April 2010, Volume 21, Number 2 $12.00 Trouble in Central America Anita Isaacs on Guatemala J. Mark Ruhl on Honduras Mitchell Seligson & John Booth on Public Opinion Indonesia’s Elections Edward Aspinall Saiful Mujani & R. William Liddle The Freedom House Survey for 2009 Arch Puddington Democracy and Deep Divides Nathan Glazer Lisa Anderson on Presidential Afterlives Jack Goldstone and Michael Wiatrowski on Policing Carrie Manning on Mozambique Thomas Melia on Legislative Power Do Muslims Vote Islamic? Charles Kurzman & Ijlal Naqvi democracy and deep divides Nathan Glazer Nathan Glazer is professor of education and sociology emeritus at Harvard University, where he moved in 1969 from the University of California–Berkeley. Earlier in his career he served on the staff of Commentary magazine, as an editorial adviser to Anchor Books, and as an official with the Housing and Home Finance Agency during the Kennedy administration. His books include American Judaism (1957), Beyond the Melting Pot (1963), Affirmative Discrimination (1975), Ethnic Dilemmas, 1964–1982 (1983), The Limits of Social Policy (1988), and We Are All Multiculturalists Now (1997). I am pleased and honored to give the 2009 Seymour Martin Lipset Lec- ture. Marty Lipset and I became friends during my first year at the City College of New York, and I recall our taking the New York City subway together to school and talking about the latest twists and turns within the anti-Stalinist left. Interesting refugee intellectuals who had escaped from Hitler’s expanding empire in Europe were arriving in New York, and each of them had something new to say about the fate of democracy and socialism in a period of rising fascism. -
Unnecessary English Loanwords in Albanian Language2
26 Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, no. 4, 2017 Fatlinda AVDULLAI1 UNNECESSARY ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE2 Abstract The aim of this research is tobring the product and content of a new research study. While the numbers of unnecessary loanwords from English are being used increasingly today in Albanian language, I consider that the main reason for studying this topic is to find out the reasons why these words are being used, are the people of Kosovo aware of using these unnecessary loanwords. Also, to see if these unnecessary loanwords or as we call them ‘Anglicisms’ are being used in the official documents implemented by the government of Kosovo, and in the end to know who is responsible for this phenomenon. It emphasizes the large number of loanwords that have penetrated into Albanian after the war in Kosova, and today the main reason why is happening this phenomenon is because of globalization. This research deals with the history of loanwords, time, causes, their use, and recommendations based on the results that have been found in this research. Keywords: Anglicisms, impact, use, Official documents Introduction ‘Observim’ or ‘vrojtim’? Or maybe ‘implementim’ instead of ‘zbatim’ since using them is better than using our own words, and into the eyes of the people we are going to look smarter than the others? Today Albanian language is in danger of losing its grammatical norm from unnecessary loanwords, which are being penetrated into the language because of negligence. During its history 1 AAB COLLEGE; FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE Email: [email protected]@universitetiaab.com 2 Paper presneted in “3 International Conference ‘Foreign Languages in a Global World, Linguistics, Literature, Didactics” Durres, June 2017” Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. -
Cross-Lingual Bridges with Models of Lexical Borrowing
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (2016) 63-93 Submitted 03/15; published 01/16 Cross-Lingual Bridges with Models of Lexical Borrowing Yulia Tsvetkov [email protected] Chris Dyer [email protected] Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA Abstract Linguistic borrowing is the phenomenon of transferring linguistic constructions (lexical, phonological, morphological, and syntactic) from a “donor” language to a “recipient” lan- guage as a result of contacts between communities speaking different languages. Borrowed words are found in all languages, and—in contrast to cognate relationships—borrowing relationships may exist across unrelated languages (for example, about 40% of Swahili’s vocabulary is borrowed from the unrelated language Arabic). In this work, we develop a model of morpho-phonological transformations across languages. Its features are based on universal constraints from Optimality Theory (OT), and we show that compared to several standard—but linguistically more naïve—baselines, our OT-inspired model obtains good performance at predicting donor forms from borrowed forms with only a few dozen training examples, making this a cost-effective strategy for sharing lexical information across languages. We demonstrate applications of the lexical borrowing model in machine translation, using resource-rich donor language to obtain translations of out-of-vocabulary loanwords in a lower resource language. Our framework obtains substantial improvements (up to 1.6 BLEU) over standard baselines. 1. Introduction State-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) tools, such as text parsing, speech recognition and synthesis, text and speech translation, semantic analysis and inference, rely on availability of language-specific data resources that exist only for a few resource-rich languages. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Chapter Eight Anglicisms
CHAPTER EIGHT ANGLICISMS The phenomenon of the anglicism in Canadian French is an ancient one: it goes all the way back to the earliest contacts in the Eighteenth century. It is inevitable that languages in contact will borrow from each other, and Canadian English has also borrowed extensively from Canadian French: words such as portage, lacrosse, cache, and prairie, borrowed originally from Canadian French, are now part of standard English, and known around the world. Marcel Juneau (1977:49) reports that he estimated that there are some 1000 words in the Dictionary of Canadianisms that are borrowings from Canadian French. Many of the anglicisms in Canadian French are immediately noticeable, especially those that replace items of standard French vocabulary; others are more subtle, such as the use of a French word or expression in an English way: année académique for année scolaire, for example. Still others may only be spotted by highly trained observers such as Jean Darbelnet, with an extensive linguistic background in both languages, and a vast knowledge of the difference between European and North American usages. Anglicisms are also considered a problem, because those that are not used by other speakers of French are not readily understood, and may thus lead to incomprehension and confusion. The problem has frequently been grossly exaggerated, however: studies of Canadian French have shown that average conversations heard on the street contain only about 1% of anglicisms. We have already seen that certain typical pronunciations — the laxing of high vowels in closed syllables — has been quite erroneously blamed on the influence of English, and many items of grammar and lexicon have been labelled anglicisms that are likewise not from English at all. -
Origins of Canadian Olympic Weightlifting
1 Page # June 30, 2011. ORIGINS OF CANADIAN OLYMPIC WEIGHTLIFTING INTRODUCTION The author does not pretend to have written everything about the history of Olympic weightlifting in Canada since Canadian Weightlifting has only one weightlifting magazine to refer to and it is from the Province of Québec “Coup d’oeil sur l’Haltérophilie”, it is understandable that a great number of the articles are about the Quebecers. The researcher is ready to make any modification to this document when it is supported by facts of historical value to Canadian Weightlifting. (Ce document est aussi disponible en langue française) The early history of this sport is not well documented, but weightlifting is known to be of ancient origin. According to legend, Egyptian and Chinese athletes demonstrated their strength by lifting heavy objects nearly 5,000 years ago. During the era of the ancient Olympic Games a Greek athlete of the 6th century BC, Milo of Crotona, gained fame for feats of strength, including the act of lifting an ox onto his shoulders and carrying it the full length of the stadium at Olympia, a distance of more than 200 meters. For centuries, men have been interested in strength, while also seeking athletic perfection. Early strength competitions, where Greek athletes lifted bulls or where Swiss mountaineers shouldered and tossed huge boulders, gave little satisfaction to those individuals who wished to demonstrate their athletic ability. During the centuries that followed, the sport continued to be practiced in many parts of the world. Weightlifting in the early 1900s saw the development of odd-shaped dumbbells and kettle bells which required a great deal of skill to lift, but were not designed to enable the body’s muscles to be used efficiently. -
Strategies and Patterns of Loan Verb Integration in Modern Greek Varieties1
In Angela Ralli (ed.) Contact Morphology in Modern Greek Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press 2016, 73-108 STRATEGIES AND PATTERNS OF LOAN VERB INTEGRATION IN MODERN GREEK VARIETIES1 ANGELA RALLI Abstract This paper investigates loan verbs in Modern Greek dialects, the typology of their accommodation strategies and the factors governing their use and distribution. More precisely, it examines how verbs from typologically different languages are integrated in a variety of systems of the same recipient language, that is Modern Greek, and what the constraints that determine the choice of a particular integrating strategy and a specific integrating element taken from a range of competing affixes are. It shows that there is more than one recurrent pattern and strategy which is employed by Modern Greek dialects to accommodate loan verbs, sometimes within the same variety, the selection of which depends on native morphological characteristics of the Greek verbal system, a certain phonological and structural compatibility of the languages in contact, as well as the degree of contact and the speakers’ socio-linguistic attitude towards the dominant language. It aims to contribute to the general research on loan verbs, makes inductive generalizations, and addresses the general issue of cross-dialectal loanword studies. 1 This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: ARISTEIA I. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund (Project director Angela Ralli). 74 Strategies and Patterns of Loan Verb Integration in Modern Greek Varieties 1.