Kwandebele Renosterkop Marble Hall.Docx May 2011 I RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO

CONTRACT WP 9711 DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

GREATER SEKHUKHUNE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY AND GREATER MARBLE HALL LOCAL MUNICIPALITY:

FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP/MARBLE HALL (MOUTSE) WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

Witfontein S/Holdings, Toitskraal, Driefontein, Uitvlugt, Keerom, Doornlaagte, Zamenkomst, Makeepsvley, Spitspunt, Leeuwkuil, and Kwamatabane

DRAFT VERSION 1.3

May 2011

Prepared by Prepared for: SRK Consulting Department of Water Affairs PO Box 35290 Directorate: National Water Resources Planning MENLOPARK Private Bag X313 0102 PRETORIA, Tel: +27 (0) 12 361 9821 0001 E-mail: [email protected]

RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP/MARBLEHALL WATER SUPPLY SCHEME EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The rudimentary strategy objectives and methodology are presented in a separate report titled “ Starter document: Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ” and must be read in conjunction with this document. Location and Background Information The focus of this document includes the settlements of Witfontein S/Holdings, Toitskraal/Matlala B, Driefontein, Uitvlugt, Keerom, Doornlaagte, Zamenkomst, Makeepsvley/Rathoke, Spitspunt, Leeuwkuil, and Kwamatabane in the western part of the Greater Marble Hall Local Municipality.

It was reported in the 2005/2006 IDP that the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster receives its supply from different sources including the Elands River, boreholes and fountains/wells. Some of the settlements receive non constant 24 hour inadequate supply through water tankers. Ikangala Water is the Water Service Providers.

Water supply to the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall Water Scheme area is completely insufficient. The challenges facing this Water Supply Area are listed below: • Infrastructure exists, but no purified water supply available.

• In some of the settlements the source is sufficient only when it rains.

• No reservoirs, steel tanks.

• Water tankers – not constant 24 h supply.

• Lack of maintenance of bulk infrastructure

Water Resource Availability and Requirements

The groundwater consumption was estimated by the groundwater specialists, WSM Leshika for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall Cluster and this consumption is quoted in the GSDM Water Services Development Plan as 0.131 Million m 3/a for the year 2005. The current water requirement for the cluster was calculated as 1.705 Million m 3/a, using benchmark consumption values for the estimated base population of 2007. This current requirement is projected to increase to 2.512 million m 3/a by the year 2030 based on the high growth scenario. The surface water from Mkhombo (Renosterkop Dam) is estimated at 1.53 Million m 3/a. The confidence in this estimate is very low and the actual surface water supply for this cluster should be confirmed. Groundwater use is estimated at 0.075 Million m 3/a from

X:\G\Proj 1\Proj\390778_DWAF North\7REPORTS\Strategies\All Strategies_19Dec2011\Limpopo\Greater Sekhukhune DM \Greater Marble Hall LM\Kwandebele Renosterkop_Marble Hall.docx May 2011 i RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1} the available DWA Water Services borehole information. The available groundwater resource that could be used to expand the available supply is estimated using the DWA Water Services borehole information at 0.5 Million m 3/a. The groundwater availability and sustainability should be confirmed. Groundwater resources are not sufficient to augment the water supply up to 2030. Water balance with reconciliation options The cluster appears to be in deficit based on the current groundwater supply against the current and future water requirement. The current surface water supply is estimated at 1.53 Million m 3/a. The groundwater use is estimated at 0.075. The conjunctive use of both surface and groundwater is not sufficient to meet current and future demands. The groundwater potential of 0.5 Million m 3/a, is available for further development. The available groundwater resource was used to augment the current water supply.

Water Conservation and Water Demand Management measures must be implemented in order to reduce the losses in the distribution system and to ensure the minimization of wasteful water. It is essential that all abstracted water must be metered and continually monitored in order for the implementation of management measures and the ensured effectiveness thereof.

Augmentation options and/or implementation of WC/WDM requirements

2.5

Currentlevel of service 2

20% growth in

Mm³/annum 1.5 house connection by 2025 5% growth in house connection by 1 2015

0.5

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Year

Augmentation Measures (Groundwater) Surface Water Supply Groundwater Supply Estimated Future Requirements (Low growth scenario) Estimated Future Requirements (High growth scenario) WC/WDM Measures (Low growth scenario) WC/WDM Measures (High growth scenario)

Confidence level of Information available for the study area The confidence level for the information in this area is very low as there are no existing records of actual flows for water provided. Actual surface water supply should be confirmed. Groundwater supply also needs to be metered and monitored.

Priority rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy:

This cluster is considered to have a Priority4 (high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as the cluster does not have sufficient water supply and cannot meet current and future water demands. Water allocations must be registered. Conclusions • The present water requirements for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster was calculated as 1.705 Million m 3/a, using the estimate base population of 2007. This requirement is projected to increase to 2.512 Million m 3/a by year 2030 based on the high growth scenario. • The surface water available from the Mkhombo Dam is estimated at 1.53 Million m 3/a. Groundwater use is estimated at 0.075 million m 3/a. • Groundwater (0.5 Mm 3/a) is available to augment the available water supplies. The available surface water (1.53 Million m 3/a) and the combined sustainable yield of the production boreholes is insufficient to meet the projected water requirements for the cluster for the year 2030. However, a detailed hydro geological assessment and borehole census for the region is required to confirm the groundwater availability.

• Based on the consumption analysis, the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall Cluster scheme is considered to have a Priority 4 (high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as the cluster is insufficiently supplied. Strategy/Recommendations • Confirm the allocation from the Mkhombo Dam to the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster to determine if indeed the combined water resources are inadequate. • Developing, implementing and monitoring of the Water Conservation and Water Demand Management strategy is urgently required. • Limit wasteful water use in order to control water consumption and utilise the available surface water and groundwater to its full potential. • Groundwater availability should be confirmed and a detailed hydro geological investigation and groundwater reserve determination be done followed by formalised development of well field with appropriate metering and monitoring for emergency supply, as required.

Signature This is a strategy for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster and it has been accepted and signed by Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality, Greater Marble Hall Local Municipality, DWA Limpopo Regional Office and the DWA Head Office as follows:

Town WMA DM WSA WSDP Status

Kwandebele / Olifants Greater Ikangala Draft Renosterkop Sekhukhune District Municipality

Names:………………………………………. Names:……………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………… Signature:……………………………………

Date:………………………………………… Date:…………………………………………

Position:…………………...... Greater Position:…………………………… Greater Marble Hall LM Sekhukhune DM

Names:………………………………………. Names:……………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………… Signature:……………………………………

Date:………………………………………… Date:…………………………………………

Position:…………………………………DWA Position:………………………………DWA D: Regional Office National Water Resource Planning

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS ...... III

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Overview ...... 1

1.2 Study area ...... 1

1.3 Regional Setting ...... 1

1.4 Economic Drivers ...... 3

1.5 Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area ...... 3

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 3

3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS ...... 3

3.1 Present Water Requirements and historical water use ...... 3

3.2 Level of services ...... 4

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS TILL 2030 ...... 4

4.1 Future water requirements ...... 4

5 WATER RESOURCES ...... 5

5.1 Surface water resources ...... 5

5.1.1 Water allocation/s ...... 5

5.1.2 Other water users from the same source ...... 6

5.1.3 Quality ...... 6

5.2 Groundwater ...... 6

5.2.1 Water allocation/s ...... 7

5.2.2 Quality ...... 7

5.3 Water Re-use ...... 7

6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 8

6.1 Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster ...... 8

6.2 Priority to develop a water supply reconciliation strategy ...... 10

7 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 10

7.1 Water treatment plants ...... 10

7.2 Distribution network and reservoirs ...... 10

8 EXISTING SANITATION ...... 11

8.1 Level of services ...... 11

8.2 Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW) ...... 11

8.2.1 Return flows ...... 11

8.2.2 State of WWTW ...... 11

9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 11

9.1 WC/WDM ...... 11

9.2 Rain water harvesting ...... 12

9.3 Ground water ...... 12

9.4 Re-use ...... 12

9.5 Surface water ...... 12

9.6 Augmentation Options ...... 12

9.7 Buy-out of water allocations/rights ...... 13

10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 13

11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 15

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15

13 REFERENCES ...... 16

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Locality Plan ...... 2

Figure 6-1: Future water requirements (Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall Cluster) 9

Figure 10-1: Augmentation options and/or implementation of WC/WDM measures ..... 14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1: Current service levels ...... 4

Table 4-1: Water Requirement projections...... 5

Table 5-1: Other water users dependent on the water resource \ ...... 7

Table 6-1: Current Status and Requirement Projections (Million m 3/a) ...... 8

Table 6-2: Current abstracted, registered and available volume (Million m 3/a) ...... 8

Table 8-1: Current service levels ...... 11

Table 10-1: Water Balance with Reconciliation Measures (Million m 3/a) ...... 13

ABBREVIATIONS

AADD Average Annual Daily Demand ALC Active Leakage Control CBD Central Business Districts CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research D: NWRP Directorate: National Water Resource Planning DM District Municipality DMA District Meter Area DWA Department of Water Affairs DPLG Department of Provincial and Local government FC Fibre Cement IDP Integrated Development Plan IRP Integrated Resource Planning LOS Level of Service LM Local Municipality MDG Millennium Development Goals Mm 3/a Million cubic meters/ annum NRW Non Revenue Water NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective NGDB National Groundwater Database PRV Pressure Reducing Valve RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SA South Africa SDI Spatial Development Initiative SDF Spatial Development Framework UFW Unaccounted for Water

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viii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

WARMS Water Use Registering and Licensing Management System WC/WDM Water Conservation and Water Demand Management WMA Water Management Area WRC Water Research Commission WRSM2005 Water Resources Simulation Model 2005 WSA Water Services Authority WSDP Water Services Development Plan WSNIS Water Services National Information System WSP Water Services Provider WTW Water Treatment Works WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works

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ix RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be abstracted

Allocation A water allocation is an authority to take water in areas covered by a resource operations plan

Catchment The land area drained by a river and its tributaries

Demand/ A measure of the need for a portion of the supply of water requirement

Demand Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand reduction and improve water use efficiency: for example, water restrictions

Entitlement A water entitlement is the general term used to describe water authorities granted under the Water Act, 1998 . This can be either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence

Non Revenue This is the difference between the volume of water into a system and the Water billed authorised consumption for the area being supply by the system

Reliable yield The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from a supply source or supply option with a specified degree of certainty and predictability, which is determined through analysis.

Reliability of The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given supply operating conditions for a specified period of time

Supply The quantity of water available for meeting a demand

Supply option A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change to water availability, infrastructure or reliable take that will result in the total available supply being increased.

Water balance The differential of demand and supply baseline.

Yield The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or supply option to meet a specified demand at a specified service level. Yield is always associated with some measure of probability of occurrence, whether that is reliability or probability of achieving a level of service. That is, yield is the volume of water drawn to meet demands in a sustainable sense

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x RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The Department of Water Affairs have initiated a study for the development of reconciliation strategies for the towns in the Northern Region in order to ensure effective and efficient management of water resources now and into the future.

The study area comprises the water management areas of Limpopo, Luvuvhu and Letaba, Crocodile (West) and Marico, and Olifants and encompasses the Limpopo and portions of Gauteng, North West and Mpumalanga provinces.

This report should be read in conjunction with a separate report titled “ Starter document: Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study – Northern Region ”.

1.2 Study area

This study area includes the settlements of Witfontein S/Holdings, Toitskraal/Matlala B, Driefontein, Uitvlugt, Keerom, Doornlaagte, Zamenkomst, Makeepsvley/Rathoke, Spitspunt, Leeuwkuil, and Kwamatabane situated on the west of Greater Marble Hall Local Municipality in Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality.

The locality map is presented in Figure 1-1.

1.3 Regional Setting Kwandebele/Marble Hall cluster occupies the western portion of Greater Marble Local Municipality.

Greater Marble Hall Municipality is situated across the border of the Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces. This Municipality forms part of the five local municipalities (Greater Marble Hall, Elias Motsoaledi, Makhuduthamaga, Greater Tubatse and Fetakgomo Local Municipalities) these together make up the Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality. It is approximately 160km from Pretoria and less than 260km from Johannesburg. Greater Marble Hal Local Municipality borders with Mookgopong LM on the north, JS Moroka LM on the west, Elias Motsoaledi on the South and Makhuduthamaga on the east.

The Greater Marble Hall Municipal Area comprises a land area of approximately 1793km² with ±807km² of land area demarcated in the Northern Province and ±986km² of land area in the Mpumalanga Province. The amalgamation of parts of 8 former Transitional Local Council resulted in the establishment of the Greater Marble Hall Municipal area.

The N11 National Road, transverses the municipal area and links up with the Botswana Border Post and the N1 National Road at Pietersburg in the north. The N11 also link up in the south with the N4 that leads to Gauteng (west) and Komatiepoort at the Mozambique Border Post.

Water is very scares in the Kwandebele/Marble Hall cluster. This cluster is supplied with water from Mkhombo Dam. Boreholes and fountains form part of the water supply for this cluster

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1 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

Figure 1-1 Locality Plan

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2 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

1.4 Economic Drivers The following were observed regarding socio-economic factors in the Greater Marble Hall Local Municipality

• The area lacks economic diversity • Neighboring centers tend to attract the local buying power Economic development is hampered by high service costs, long distances to and from markets and lack of proper marketing of the area. Capacities of existing agro-industries are not utilized optimally, mainly due to lack in raw materials. The possibility of processing alternative products can be considered for optimal utilization. Large percentage of population (56,45%) is unemployed and Majority of population (72,1%) earns less than R2500 per month. Relative high levels of population illiteracy exist in the municipality.

The economic sectors providing the highest percentages of employment (both formal and informal), are:

• Agricultural sector (28%), • Community Services sector (27%), and • Trade and Catering (21%). Loskop Valley, Flag Boshielo Dam and Schuinsdraai Nature Reserve areas, provide opportunities for local tourism sector. Economic sectors showing the healthiest growth rates, are Finance and Real Estate (3,5%), Electricity and Water(3,3%) and Transport and Communication(2,4%).

1.5 Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area

The confidence level for the information in this area is very low as there are no existing records of actual flows for water provided. Actual surface water supply should be confirmed. Groundwater supply also needs to be metered and monitored. 2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population data for the cluster is included below in Table 2.1. Various demographics and geographical spatial information data sources were utilised to obtain population data. The methodology is explained in the separate document, “ Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ”. Two scenarios have been analysed, one being a high growth, while the other a low growth projection.

Both the low and high growth scenarios for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster were assessed as having a positive growth potential; here the population is anticipated to increase from the 2007 figure of 48787 to 56437 in 2030. 3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Present Water Requirements and historical water use

3 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1} current water requirement for the cluster was calculated as 1.705 Million m 3/a, using benchmark consumption values for the estimated base population of 2007. This current requirement is projected to increase to 2.512 million m3/a by the year 2030 based on the high growth scenario.

3.2 Level of services

Level of Hardship (LOH) is used to evaluate the standard of water services provided to the communities based on the RDP criteria.

The 2005/2006 IDP reports that for the Settlements of KwaMatabane, Spitspunt and Driefontein, water is provided with water tanker. Rathoke and Uitvlugt have RDP standpipes every 200m, there is no bulk water and water is also provided with tank. Leeuwkuil, Doornlaagte and Keerom also have RDP standard standpipes every 200m with water tanker partial supply. Toitskraal area has metered house connections and receives water from a borehole, river and a fountain/well.

Table 3-1: Current service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP

Service level Communal Communal House Yard None/ own resources/ supply(<200 supply connection connection supply (>500m) m) (>200m)

WSNIS, 2007 20 15 6 18 41

From the tabled information it can be calculated that the Level of Hardship (LOH) for water is relatively high with 59% of the households below RDP water service.

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS TILL 2030

4.1 Future water requirements

The future water requirements until 2030 are presented in Table 4-1. The assumptions used for the generation of these calculations are summarised as follows: • Population projections: The projections are calculated using high growth and low growth population estimates, as indicated in Table 4-1. • Current level of service (LOS) estimates: The current LOS is estimated as 10% of the population in the cluster supplied below RDP standard for the villages of Kwa Matabane, Driefontein and Spitspunt [10]. • Future requirements : For planning purposes, the future requirements are projected using “Scenario 3” i.e. LOS assumed to be at a minimum of a Yard Connection by 2015, with a 5% growth in house connections by 2015 and a further 15% growth in house connections by 2020 (total growth in house connections of 20%). RDP is assumed to increase from 25 l/p/d (current situation) to 40 l/p/d by 2015.

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4 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

Table 4-1: Water Requirement projections

Population figures Population figures Water Water used in the used in the Requirements Requirements Year calculation (Low calculation (High (Low Growth) (High Growth) Growth) Growth) Mm 3/a Mm 3/a

(1) Actual 48787 48787 1.705 1.705

2010 49902 50554 1.764 1.787

2015 50785 52557 1.897 1.963

2020 51074 53966 2.152 2.273

2025 51332 54760 2.285 2.438

2030 51858 56437 2.309 2.512

Note: (1) Base population is provided for 2007. The water requirements are estimated from 2003 data.

5 WATER RESOURCES

5.1 Surface water resources

The Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster is located within the Olifants River catchment. The natural surface mean annual runoff (MAR) for the Olifants catchment is approximately 2400 Million m 3/a with return flows from the existing irrigation, mining and urbanised areas mostly reused within the catchment. The towns of Witfontein S/Holdings, Toitskraal/Matlala B, Driefontein, Uitvlugt, Keerom, Doornlaagte, Zamenkomst, Makeepsvley/Rathoke, Spitspunt, Leeuwkuil, and Kwamatabane are located in the quaternary catchments B31F, B31J and B31H.

Water Supply to the KwaNdebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall scheme is primarily from Renosterkop/Mkhombo dam, which is located on the Elands River in the Dr JS Moroka LM, and was constructed to provide potable water for domestic use and for irrigation and industrial water supplies to the Siyabuswa cluster in Dr JS Moroka LM, it also supplies water to Kwaggafontein cluster in Thembisile LM. The historical firm yield is quoted in the GSDM Water Services Development plan as 11.25 Million m 3/a. The total abstraction from the Mkhombo Dam is quoted as 22 Million m 3/a. 6.67 Million m 3/a of the 22 Million m3/a is allocated to the Elias Motsoaledi and Thembisile Local Municipalities. The Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster also receives surface water supply from the Mkhombo Dam. The quantity of water allocated to Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall was calculated to be 1.53 Million m 3/a.

5.1.1 Water allocation/s

From the 6.6 Million m3/a which is supplied to Elias Motsoaledi and Thembisile Hani Local Municipalities, 3.69 is reported by the Greater Sekhukhune Water Master Plan Million m 3/a as the allocation to Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality. The remainder 2.89 Million m3/a is

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5 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1} assumed to be shared between Kwaggafontein in Thembisile Local Municipality and the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster. The %population of the two was used to spilt the 2.89 Million m3/a between the two water users. 1.53 Million m 3/a was calculated for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster.

5.1.2 Other water users from the same source

The Mkhombo Dam has a historical firm yield of 11.25 Million m 3/a .The Mkhombo dam is situated in Dr J.S. Moroka Local Municipality and supplies Siyabuswa and Thembisile Local Municipalities. The allowable abstraction from this dam is 8.48 Million m 3/a) [11]. Elias Motsoaledi and Thembisile Local Municipalities receive 6.67 Million m 3/a from the Mkhombo dam via the Weltevreden Weir. 3.69 Million m 3/a is quoted in the GSDM Water Services Development Plan as surface water supply from Mkhombo dam to the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Elias Motsoaledi cluster. The remaining 2.98 Million m 3/a is assumed to be shared between the Thembisile Local Municipality and the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster situated in the greater Marble Hall Local Municipality. The total water use taking into account commercial, residential and others adds up to 11 Million m3/a, which exceeds the allowable abstraction from the dam.

5.1.3 Quality

The Mkhombo Dam water quality for the year 2005 was reported to be of very good quality and suitable for domestic use as well as for sustaining the aquatic ecosystems. The dam however shows increasing trends in the concentrations due to evaporation [12].

5.2 Groundwater

The 1:500 000 General Hydro geological map for South Africa published by DWAF (2000), 1:250 000 Geological map series and GRAII data have been used to describe the geology and hydrogeology for the area. The villages on the west of the scheme area are situated on intercalated arenaceous and argillaceous strata, acid and intermediate extrusives occupy the center of the scheme area while the acid and intermediate lavas are located on a small area on the east of the scheme area

The groundwater resources are widespread but really limited. The regional hydro geological maps of South Africa indicate that the groundwater potential varies from 0.1 – 0.5 l/s with localised areas of higher occurrence of 2.0 – 5.0 l/s. The groundwater occurrence around settlement of Makeepsvley is lower, at 0.1 - 0.5 l/ s. The regional aquifer is classified as a minor aquifer system. The groundwater availability is very limited by the low occurrence and poor quality. There is very limited borehole data. The Water Services database shows that there are 55 boreholes in the catchment with only 9 of these boreholes with borehole yields but unknown state of borehole equipment. The yields of these boreholes add up to 0.075 Million m 3/a. This total borehole yield was used as the groundwater use in the cluster. Borehole depth is available for 35 boreholes ranging from a minimum of 16 mbgl to 162 mbgl and an average of 84 mbgl. Water levels range from 5.17 mbgl to maximum of 22.8 mbgl and mean of 15.9 mbgl. The scheme area is occupied by the quaternary catchments B31F, B31H and B31J. The current supply based on the available borehole yields was assumed to be 0.075 Million m 3/a (based on DWA Water Services borehole yields). The actual borehole supply and sustainability of

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6 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1} the supply should be metered and monitored to confirm the groundwater use and 3 sustainability in the long term. The UGEP dry for the catchment is 1.46 Million m /a, leaving an available resource of 0.5 Million m 3/a.

5.2.1 Water allocation/s

Borehole records indicate that there are 55 boreholes located in the area of which 9 have yield data without equipment information. The total yield of the boreholes was used as the groundwater usage estimate for this cluster. The Water Services borehole information provides a very low confidence indication of the potential existing groundwater abstraction which may not be registered. Extensive use for irrigation is indicated by the registered use documented in WARMS of 0.682 Million m 3/a (4 boreholes). An additional 0.119 Million m 3/a is registered for water supply from a borehole near KwaMatabane village. The groundwater availability 1 is estimated as 0.5 Million m 3/a based on an estimated area of around 325 km 2, but this number has a very low confidence since pump testing information is not available for boreholes drilled in the area.

Table 5-1: Other water users dependent on the water resource \

There is a water use of 0.199 Million m 3/a registered on WARMS for domestic water supply. 0.682 Million m 3/a is also registered on WARMS for agricultural purpose.

Licensed abstraction (Mm 3/a) Name Domestic Mining Irrigation Industry Other

Boreholes 0.199 0.682

5.2.2 Quality

The groundwater quality based on the 5 boreholes with quality data on the Grip database is generally bad and not suitable for domestic use. 1 Borehole is quoted as comprising Class 2 water, 2 are Class 3 and 2 are Class 4 signifying dangerous water quality totally unsuitable for human consumption

5.3 Water Re-use

None.

1 Groundwater availability is estimated from recharge (dry periods) prepared during the Groundwater Resource Assessment Phase 2 (GRA2) project. These estimates are indicative only and should be confirmed and verified through a detailed hydro geological study to confirm the sustainability of the aquifer in the long term.

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7 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

The current and future water balances for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster are summarised in Table 6-1 and graphically indicated in Figure 6-1.

The current abstracted and registered volumes and quality of the water provided to the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster are summarised in Table 6-2, where the information is available.

6.1 Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster

Table 6-1: Current Status and Requirement Projections (Million m 3/a)

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Groundwater 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075

Surface Available Supply water 1.530 1.530 1.530 1.530 1.530 1.530

Total Available Supply 1.605 1.605 1.605 1.605 1.605 1.605

Low Growth 1.705 1.764 1.897 2.152 2.285 2.309 Demand Requirement (no reconciliation options High Growth 1.705 1.787 1.963 2.273 2.438 2.512

- Low Growth -0.100 -0.159 -0.292 -0.547 0.680 -0.704

- Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth -0.100 -0.182 -0.358 -0.668 0.833 -0.907

Table 6-2: Current abstracted, registered and available volume (Million m 3/a)

Description Source Quantity Comment

Surface Water 0.199 Registered Use Groundwater

Surface Water Actual Abstraction Groundwater 0.075 Estimated from existing information

Surface Water Available Yield Groundwater 0.5 Estimated from existing information

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8 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

3.000

2.500

Current level of service

2.000

20% growth in house connection by 2025

Mm³/annum 1.500 5% growth in house connection by 2015 1.000

0.500

- 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Year

Surface Water Supply Groundwater Supply Estimated Future Requirements (Low growth scenario) Estimated Future Requirements (High growth scenario) Linear (Surface Water Supply)

Figure 6-1: Future water requirements (Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall Cluster)

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9 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

6.2 Priority to develop a water supply reconciliation strategy

This cluster is considered to have a Priority 4(high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as the cluster is currently in deficit, water allocations must be registered.

The level of data supporting this estimate can be improved through the validation and confirmation of existing surface and groundwater use. 7 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

The 2005/2006 Greater Marble Hall IDP reports that the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall (Moutse) cluster is served with surface water from Mkhombo(Renosterkop dam via the Weltevreden Water Purification Plant. Most of the villages were being served by water tankers (Spitspunt, Driefontein, Uitvlugt) twice a week while some of the settlements (Toitskraal) receive supply from the bulk water supply system in combination with fountain and boreholes. Groundwater plays an important role in this cluster with some of the settlements receiving groundwater from boreholes and fountains/well. The situation is expected to have improved drastically by now since the municipality was planning to implement a bulk water supply system in this area (Moutse West Bulk Water Supply).

7.1 Water treatment plants

Rhenosterkop Dam /Weltevreden Regional WTW: is situated outside Sekhukhune in Dr JS Moroko Municipality on the Elands River .It supplies water to Tweefontein, Dennilton, Witfontein area in the Southwest of the district. It has a design capacity of 21.9 Million m3/a. This plant also supplies settlements in the Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality. Water supply from this plant to the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall (Moutse) cluster has been estimated at ±1.5 Million m3/a. The actual allocation should be confirmed as this estimate was calculated using the %population in Moutse which will not give a 100% true picture of what is being supplied to this cluster since not the entire Moutse population receives this surface water supply.

7.2 Distribution network and reservoirs

The Greater Marble Hall IDP reports that infrastructure exists in Moutse but there is no purified water supply. Some of the settlements (Spitspunt, Driefontein and Malebitsa) have no reservoirs and reticulation infrastructure and receive water from water tankers. Uitvlught has water distribution reticulation but no water supply. Keerom, Doornlaagte and Leeuwkuil are reported to be without reservoirs and steel tanks. Toitskraal has water distribution infrastructure with water distributed to RDP standard stand pipes at 200m. Toitskraal has water storage infrastructure and water is distributed to households with house connections [4]. The situation has possibly improved since the water infrastructure stated was the water distribution and reservoirs information as of March 2005.

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10 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

8 EXISTING SANITATION

The Greater Marble Hall IDP reports that the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall (Moutse) cluster receives mostly below RDP standard sanitation level via non-ventilated pit latrines with a few VIPs and very few houses connected to waterborne sewer system.

8.1 Level of services

Almost all the settlements in this cluster are equipped with non-ventilated pit latrines, except for Toitskraal which is served with VIPs, waterborne sewer system for each farm house and below RDP pit latrines (Marble Hall IDP, 2005/2006). The sanitation status has improved slightly as indicated by Table 8.1 below.

The current level of service is indicated in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1: Current service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP

Septic tanks, digester, Flush toilet Pit latrine Service level desludger, None, chemical, (connected to with effluent bucket or pit latrine sewerage ventilation discharge to an without ventilation system) (VIP) oxidation pond, etc

WSNIS, 2008 20 3 15 62

From the above tabled information it can be calculated that the LOH for sanitation services is high with 62% of households below minimum RDP sanitation levels of service.

8.2 Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW)

The Marble Hall IDP, 2005/2006 reports that there is a purification plant at Doornlaagte. There are no details on this plant. It is not clear whether this is water purification plant or a waste water purification plant. The existence of this plant should be confirmed.

8.2.1 Return flows

No return flows reported.

8.2.2 State of WWTW

The state of the Doornlaagte plant is unknown. 9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

9.1 WC/WDM

There is no Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WCWDM implemented for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster. There are currently no programs for reducing unaccounted for water, leak and meter repair, and consumer education. The entire Greater Sekhukhune District under which Greater Marble Hall Municipality falls is a dry semi-

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11 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1} arid area without any plantations or evidence of major infestation with exotic species and this District Municipality does not have any Working for Water projects.

Water Resources Management Interventions that were proposed for the entire Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality include targets to reduce unaccounted for water and water inefficiencies in urban areas by 10% and by 15% in rural areas by 2008, leaks to be detected and repaired and bulk meters installed on reservoir outlets, private and institutional water meters to be checked and replaced if necessary especially in the few Sekhukhune District urban areas, Public Awareness Campaigns to be organised as part of the Water Demand Management of schemes.

For reconciliation purposes it has been assumed that the water conservation and water demand management (WCWDM) is assumed to reduce requirements by 1% per annum from 2010 to 2013 and 2% per annum from 2013 to 2018. This is presented on Figure 10-1.

9.2 Rain water harvesting

Rain water is being utilised in the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster. The level of rain water harvesting is however unknown. The Marble Hall IDP reports that settlements of Keerom, Doornlaagte and Leeukuil receive sufficient water supply when it rains.

9.3 Ground water

There is very limited information on groundwater use in the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster. Exploitable groundwater potential, based on the existing information is likely to be over utilised. Estimated groundwater use is based on 9 out of 55 boreholes with yield data and no information on borehole equipment.

An estimated 0.5 Million m 3/a of groundwater is available to further augment the surface water supply. This yield is however highly insufficient to augment the future water supply.

9.4 Re-use

Not applicable.

9.5 Surface water

Surface water is supplied to this cluster from the Mkhombo Dam by the Ikangala Water Board. The current supply is estimated at 1.53 Million m 3/a. It is imperative to confirm the actual allocation from the Mkhombo dam to this cluster since actual the level of hardship of water service in this cluster appears to be high. The estimated supply (1.53 Million m 3/a) is possibly overestimated since the water shortages in this area indicates that the settlements are possibly receiving much less than this estimated Mkhombo dam supply. The Mkhombo/Renosterkop dam is over utilised and as a result increases the risk of supply failure beyond the accepted 98% level of assurance. Additional water resources from the dam alone are therefore not considered sufficient to meet future requirements.

9.6 Augmentation Options

The estimated surface water supply (1.5 Million m 3/a) is used conjunctively with the estimated current groundwater use (0.075 Million m 3/a) to supply this cluster. Available groundwater to be used to augment the current supply is estimated at (0.5 Million m3/a).

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12 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

Surface water supply information for this cluster is lacking. The 1.5 Million m 3/a is just a calculated estimate, the actual surface water supply should be investigated and confirmed. Groundwater availability should also be confirmed.

9.7 Buy-out of water allocations/rights

Not applicable.water balance with reconciliation options 10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

10.1 Estimated Water Requirements and Water availability

Water use allocation and registration is viewed as an important aspect in drawing a water balance and developing reconciliation options. Perspectives are provided with respect to the extent of used and/or unused resources where information is available and is summarised in Table 10-1 and illustrated graphically in Figure 10-1 for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster.

Table 10-1: Water Balance with Reconciliation Measures (Million m 3/a)

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Groundwater 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075

Surface Available Supply water 1.530 1.530 1.530 1.530 1.530 1.530

Groundwater 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500

Surface Augmentation Measures water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total Available Supply 2.105 2.105 2.105 2.105 2.105 2.105

Low Growth 1.705 1.764 1.897 2.152 2.285 2.309 Demand Requirement (no reconciliation options High Growth 1.705 1.787 1.963 2.273 2.438 2.512

Low Growth 0.000 0.018 0.171 0.280 0.297 0.300

WC/WDM measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.018 0.177 0.296 0.317 0.327

Low Growth 0.400 0.359 0.379 0.233 0.117 0.097

- Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.400 0.336 0.319 0.127 0.016 -0.081

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2.5

Currentlevel of service 2

20% growth in

Mm³/annum 1.5 house connection by 2025 5% growth in house connection by 1 2015

0.5

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Year

Figure 10-1: Augmentation options and/or implementation of WC/WDM measures

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14 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

11 CONCLUSIONS • The present water requirements for the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster was calculated as 1.705 Million m 3/a, using the estimate base population of 2007. This requirement is projected to increase to 2.512 Million m 3/a by year 2030 based on the high growth scenario. • The surface water available from the Mkhombo Dam is estimated at 1.53 Million m 3/a. Groundwater use is estimated at 0.075 million m 3/a. • Groundwater (0.5 Mm 3/a) is available to augment the available water supplies. The available surface water (1.53 Million m 3/a) and the combined sustainable yield of the production boreholes is insufficient to meet the projected water requirements for the cluster for the year 2030. However, a detailed hydro geological assessment and borehole census for the region is required to confirm the groundwater availability.

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS • Confirm the allocation from the Mkhombo Dam to the Kwandebele/Renosterkop/Marble Hall cluster to determine if indeed the combined water resources are inadequate. • Developing, implementing and monitoring of the Water Conservation and Water Demand Management strategy is urgently required. • Limit wasteful water use in order to control water consumption and utilise the available surface water and groundwater to its full potential. • Groundwater availability should be confirmed and a detailed hydro geological investigation and groundwater reserve determination be done followed by formalised development of well field with appropriate metering and monitoring for emergency supply, as required.

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15 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY: KWANDEBELE/RENOSTERKOP REPORT NO. {1}

13 REFERENCES [1] GSDM. Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality IDP. (2006-2011)

[2] GSDM. Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality Water Supplies Master Plan. (2007)) April 2007

[3] GSDM. Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality Working WSDP-Draft, (2009)) 2007/2008

[4] GMLM Greater Marble Hall IDP, 2005/2006

[5] LNW Lepelle Northern water, Personal Communication

2010

[6] Marble Hall Marble Hall Water Treatment Plant, Personal Communication WTP

[7] 1:250 000 Regional Geological Map Series. 2429

[8] GRA2 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (2005), Groundwater Resource Assessment Phase 2. Pretoria

[9] Olifants River Groundwater Reserve Determination for the Olifants River Catchment, Catchment SRK Consulting, Final Report, March 2009.

[10] GSDM Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality Regional Strategy and (2003) Infrastructure Plan, Phase 1 Report, March 2003 – BKS (Pty) Ltd

[11] Nkangala DM Nkangala District Municipality. Water Master Plan. Prepared by Lulu (2008) Gwagwa Development Consultants Consortium. March 2008 [12] DWAF, 2003 Olifants WMA, Water Resource Situation Assessment, July 2003

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