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Primate Biogeography, Diversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of the Coastal Forests of Kenya

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Primate Biogeography, Diversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of the Coastal Forests of Kenya Primate Biogeography, Diversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of the Coastal Forests of Kenya Yvonne A. de Jong Thomas M. Butynski Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program Report to the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund March, 2009 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. Primate Biogeography, Diversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of the Coastal Forests of Kenya. Yvonne A. de Jong & Thomas M. Butynski Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya. Report to the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund March, 2009. Yvonne A. de Jong & Thomas M. Butynski Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program P.O. Box 149, 10400 Nanyuki, Kenya [email protected] & tbutynski&aol.com www.wildsolutions.nl Cover photos Left: Adult male Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti, west of Malindi, Kenya. Right: Galagoides cocos, Manda Island, Kenya. Citation: De Jong, Y.A. & Butynski, T.M. 2009. Primate Biogeography, Diversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of the Coastal Forests of Kenya. Report to the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya. Primates of the coastal forests of Kenya. 2 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. CONTENTS Executive summary 8 1. Introduction 11 2. Study area 13 3. Methods 15 3.1 Preparations 15 3.2 Field surveys 15 3.2.1 Diurnal primate surveys 15 3.2.2 Nocturnal primate surveys 18 3.2.3 Nocturnal listening survey 18 3.3 Data analysis 19 3.3.1 Galago vocalization analysis 19 3.3.2 Distribution mapping 19 3.4 Primate Photographic Maps 19 3.5 Definitions 21 4. Results 22 4.1 Survey site details, primate encounters and conservation 23 4.1.1 North Coast of Kenya 23 A. Lamu Archipelago 23 B. Kipini Conservancy and Witu Forest Reserve 25 C. Tana River Primate National Reserve 28 4.1.2 South Coast of Kenya 30 A. Kaya Rabai (Chijembeni), Mazeras 30 B. Diani 31 C. Mrima Hill Forest 32 D. Kaya Sega 33 4.1.3 Outside the coastal forests of Kenya 34 A. Mwea National Reserve 34 B. Kiboko Camp, Makindu 35 C. Tsavo West National Park 35 D. Tsavo East National Park 36 E. North Kilimangodo 37 4.2 Primates species of the coastal forests of Kenya 38 4.2.1 Otolemur garnettii lasiotis 38 4.2.2 Galago senegalensis braccatus 43 4.2.3 Galagoides cocos 46 4.2.4 Cercopithecus mitis albogularis 50 4.2.5 Cercopithecus mitis albotorquatus 57 4.2.6 Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti 63 4.2.7 Chlorocebus pygerythrus excubitor 68 4.2.8 Papio cynocephalus ibeanus 71 4.2.9 Colobus angolensis palliates 77 4.2.10 Procolobus rufomitratus rufomitratus 80 4.2.11 Cercocebus galeritus 82 4.2.12 Hybrid, Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti x 84 Cercopithecus mitis albogularis 5. Discussion 87 Acknowledgements 89 References 90 Primates of the coastal forests of Kenya. 3 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. Appendix 1. Distinguishing character tables (draft) of Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus, Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Cercopithecus mitis, Colobus angolensis, Colobus guereza and their subspecies, in Kenya and Tanzania. 2. Primate groups/individuals encountered inside and outside the coastal forests of Kenya. 3. Diurnal road surveys conducted at the north coast of Kenya. 4. Diurnal road surveys conducted at the south coast of Kenya. 5. Diurnal road surveys, outside the coastal forests of Kenya. 6. Butynski, T.M., De Jong, Y.A., Perkin, A.W., Bearder, S.K. & Honess, P.E. 2006. Taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status of three species of dwarf galagos (Galagoides) in eastern Africa. Primate Conservation 21: 63-79. 7. Culverwell, J., Feely, J., Bell-Cross, S., De Jong, Y.A. & Butynski, T. M. 2008. A new pig for Tsavo. Swara 31: 50-52. 8. De Jong, Y.A. Culverwell, J. & Butynski, T.M. 2009. Desert warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus found in Tsavo East National Park and Tsavo West National Park, southern Kenya. Suiform Soundings 8: 4-6. Primates of the coastal forests of Kenya. 4 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. Tables 1 Primate species and subspecies occurring in the coastal forest of Kenya, 22 number of encounters, population trend, current IUCN Red List degree of threat category, and abundance in the coastal forest of Kenya. 2 Rates of encounter with Otolemur garnettii lasiotis from 2005 – 2008 in the 39 coastal forests of Kenya. 3 Rates of encounter with Galagoides cocos during 2005 – 2008 in the coastal 47 forests of Kenya. 4 Encounter rates of Cercopithecus mitis albogularis during 2005 – 2008 in 52 the coastal forests of Kenya and outside the Hotspot. 5 Field descriptions of C. m. albogularis Unguja Island, Tanzania, C. m. 53 albogularis Usa River, Tanzania, C. m. albogularis Mrima Hill, Kenya, Cercopithecus mitis albogularis Diani, Kenya and C. m. albogularis Gedi Ruins, Kenya. 6 Encounter rates of Cercopithecus mitis albotorquatus during 2005 – 2008 in 59 the Coastal Forests Kenya and while driving to the Hotspot. 7 Field descriptions of C. m. albogularis, Gedi Ruins, Kenya, C. m. 60 albotorquatus, Witu Forest Reserve, Kenya and C. m. albogularis, Unguja Island, Tanzania. 8 Encounter rates (groups/hour and groups/km) of Chlorocebus pygerythrus 65 hilgerti during 2005 – 2008 in the coastal forests of Kenya and travelling to the coastal area. 9 Field descriptions of Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti obtained from the 66 extremes of the coastal forests of Kenya (i.e., Diani and Mpeketoni) and from Shaba National Reserve in central Kenya. 10 Encounter rates of Papio cynocephalus ibeanus during 2005 – 2008 in the 73 Kenya coastal forest Hotspot and while driving to the Hotspot. 11 Field descriptions of adult male P. c. ibeanus obtained from Manda Toto 76 Island, Lamu Archipelago (close to the type locality of P. c. ibeanus), Tana River Primate National Reserve, Diani Beach (S coast). 12 Encounter rates (groups/hour and groups/km) of Colobus angolensis 78 palliatus during 2005 – 2008 in the coastal forests of Kenya. 13 Phenotypic comparison of the Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti x 85 Cercopithecus mitis albogularis hybrid, Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti and Cercopithecus mitis albogularis using field descriptions and photographs obtained at Diani Beach, Kenya. Primates of the coastal forests of Kenya. 5 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. Figures 1 Transects along which primate surveys were conducted from August 2005 through 16 July 2008 in the coastal forests of Kenya, and along roads leading to these forests. 2 Transects along which primate surveys were conducted from August 2005 through 17 July 2008 in Kipini Conservancy, Witu Forest Reserve, and the Lamu Archipelago, northeast Kenya, and along roads leading to these sites. 3 Transects along which primate surveys were conducted from August 2005 through 18 July 2008 in the coastal forests of southeast of the coastal forests of Kenya, and along roads leading to these sites. 4 Photo map for Chlorocebus pygerythrus. 20 5 Manda Toto Island. 25 6 Cercopithecus mitis albotorquatus in Witu Forest Reserve. 26 7 Otolemur garnettii lasiotis, Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya. 38 8 Approximate geographic distribution of Otolemur garnettii lasiotis in Kenya 38 9 Sonogram and oscillogram of the trailing advertising call of Otolemur garnettii 39 lasiotis from Diani Beach. 10 Colour of the tip of the tail of Otolemur garnettii lasiotis on the coast of Kenya. 41 11 Captive adult male Otolemur garnettii in Malindi, Kenya. 41 12 Galago senegalensis braccatus, Isiolo, central Kenya. 43 13 Approximate geographic distribution of Galago senegalensis braccatus in the 44 coastal area of Kenya. 14 Galagoides cocos, Takwa Ruins, Manda Island, Kenya. 46 15 Known distribution and encounters (2003-2008) with Galagoides cocos in Kenya. 47 16 Cercopithecus mitis albogularis, Diani, Kenya. 50 17 Approximate geographic distribution of Cercopithecus mitis albogularis in the 51 coastal area of Kenya. 18 Adult male C. m. albogularis at Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, Unguja Island, 55 Tanzania. 19 Adult male C. m. albogularis at Gedi Ruins, Kenya. 55 20 Cercopithecus mitis albotorquatus male from Witu Forest, Kenya. 57 21 Known distribution and encounters (2003-2008) with Cercopithecus mitis 58 albotorquatus. 22 Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti male at Diani Beach, Kenya. 63 23 Approximate geographic distribution of Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti in the 64 coastal area of Kenya. 24 Suspected geographic distribution and evidence for Chlorocebus pygerythrus 68 excubitor. 25 Adult male Papio cynocephalus ibeanus foraging on the beach of Manda Toto 71 Island, Lamu Archipelago, Kenya. 26 Approximate geographic distribution of Papio cynocephalus ibeanus over the coast 72 of Kenya. 27 Adult male Colobus angolensis palliatus at Mrima Hill, south coast of Kenya. 77 28 Known distribution and encounters (2003-2008) with Colobus angolensis palliatus 77 in the coastal forests of Kenya. 29 Cercocebus galeritus at Mchelelo Research Station, Tana River Primate National 82 Reserve, Kenya. 30 Adult male Chlorocebus pygerythrus hilgerti x Cercopithecus mitis albogularis 84 hybrid, Diani, Kenya. 31 Encounter site of C. p. hilgerti x C. m. albogularis hybrid. Diani, Kenya. 84 Primates of the coastal forests of Kenya. 6 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. 32 Dzombo Hill Forest Reserve, surrounded by degraded bushland, agriculture and human settlements. Primates of the coastal forests of Kenya. 7 Y.A. de Jong & T.M. Butynski, 2009. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Although primates represent one of the best-known taxonomic groups found in the “Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya Biodiversity Hotspot” (EACF Hotspot), numerous important questions remain concerning taxonomy, distribution, abundance, conservation status, and priorities for conservation actions. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the distribution, diversity, and taxonomy of the primate fauna in the coastal forests of Kenya, to 2) determine the conservation (Red List Degree of Threat) status of all taxa of primates in the coastal forests of Kenya, and to 3) determine the primary threats to all taxa of primates in the coastal forests of Kenya.
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