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Bab 1 Pengenalan BAB 1 PENGENALAN 1.1 PENDAHULUAN Alat pengasah mata pisau dan parang pada masa kini telah banyak dihasilkan, berbeza dari segi rupa bentuk dan kegunaannya. Ada sesetengah alat yang harganya mencecah sehingga ratusan ringgit, namun masih lagi kurang dari segi faktor keselamatannya. Oleh itu, kami merancang untuk melakukan sedikit perubahan terhadap alat tersebut supaya ia lebih kondusif dan selamat digunakan. Alat ini menggunakan tenaga eletrik untuk beroperasi dan digerakkan secara automatik. Jadi, ia dapat mengurangkan kebarangkalian untuk berlaku kecederaan terhadap pengguna alat ini. 1.2 PENYATAAN MASALAH Apabila seorang pekebun menebas semak dikawasan kebunnya, dia mangambil masa yang lama untuk menebas kawasan tersebut, jika mata parang yang digunakan tidak cukup tajam. Selain itu, pekebun tersebut mungkin mengalami kecederaan dalam jangka masa panjang ketika mengasah parang yang digunakan akibat dari proses mengasah parang. 1 1.3 OBJEKTIF Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk merekabentuk dan mensaiz sebuah alat pengasah pisau dan parang. Berikut disenaraikan objektif yang terlibat: i. Mencipta alat pengasah pisau dan parang semi-automatik. ii. Pengujian keberkesanan alat tersebut oleh pengguna pisau dan parang. 1.4 SKOP Skop bagi kajian ini adalah: i. Alat ini cuma berfungsi untuk mengasah pisau dan parang berasaskan logam sahaja. ii. Boleh digunakan oleh orang dewasa sahaja atas sebab keselamatan. 2 BAB 2 KAJIAN LITERATUR 2.1 PENGENALAN Literasi ini adalah ulasan tentang alat pengasah pisau dan parang. Alat pengasah ini juga mempunyai jenis batu asah yang berbeza berdasarkan jenis batu tersebut. Selain itu juga, alat pengasah yang sedia ada dipasaran agak kurang mesra pengguna dan menyebabkan pembaziran pengunaan tenaga manusia yang banyak. 2.2 KAJIAN YANG PERNAH DIJALANKAN OLEH PENYELIDIK TERDAHULU Dapatan kami bagi kajian terdahulu ialah kepentingan sudut asahan dan juga kegunaan serta kekerasan dan keliatan pisau dan parang yang hendak digunakan diatas tujuan yang tertentu. Bagi faktor kekerasan serta keliatan pisau dan parang, ramai orang mengemari pisau dan parang yang mempunyai kualiti serta besi yang baik. Tanpa mengira jenis besi, faktor kekerasan besi masih wujud. Kekerasan besi sangat mudah untuk difahami dan diukur pada skala yang bernama Rockwell C scale. Nama lain bagi keliatan adalah, kebolehan untuk menahan keretakan. Contohnya, seperti kaca. Hal ini seperti pisau yang di keraskan secara lebih akan mengurangkan keliatannya. Pembuat pisau dan parang mesti mengimbangi antara kekerasan dan keliatan. Terlalu keras ia akan mudah patah manakala terlalu lembut ia akan mudah tumpul. Selain itu, sudut bagi bawah 10 darjah digunakan untuk memotong barang-barang yang lebih lembut. Bagi sudut ini, ia tidak digunakan bagi tujuan yang kasar untuk mengekalkan sudut tanpa merosakkannya. Sudut ini sering digunakan pada pisau cukur. 3 Sudut ini diasah secara kasanya pada 7 - 8 darjah. Bilah ini mempunyai sudut yang lemah dan mudah rosak. Pada penggunaan yang betul, bilah jenis ini tidak akan digunakan pada bahan yang boleh merosakkannya. Seterusnya, bagi sudut 10 – 17 darjah pula masih rendah bagi sesetengah pisau. Dengan darjah keseluruhan dari 20 – 34, sudut ini masih dikira sebagai halus. Kebiasaannya sudut ini terlalu lemah untuk sebarang pisau yang kegunaannya adalah untuk mencincang. Antara perbuatan yang sesuai bagi sudut ini ialah menghiris daging dan memotong bahan yang lembut. Disamping itu, sudut bagi 17 – 20 darjah pula banyak terdapat pada pisau dapur. Kebiasaanya kita akan mengasah pisau dapur pada sudut 15 - 20 darjah yang boleh memotong dengan baik dan masih tahan. Ketahanan sudut ini masih tidak tinggi, ini kerana sudut keseluruhan 40 darjah dan kebawah tidak akan bertindakbalas dengan baik pada perbuatan yang kasar dan bahan yang keras. Selanjutnya, bagi sudut 22 – 30 darjah adalah lebih tahan berbanding 22 darjah dan kebawah. Pisau memburu tidak dapat dielakkan sekiranya mata bilah tersebut tidak kelihatan rosak walaupun digunakan secara kasar tetapi kegunaan utamanya adalah untuk menghiris dan memotong bahan yang lebih lembut. Akhir sekali, bagi sudut asahan yang lebih daripada 30 darjah ia lebih tahan akan tetapi keupayaan memotongnya lebih kurang berbanding sudut 30 darjah dan kebawah. Daya tahan ini mempunyai kelebihan kerana kita boleh memotong dengan menggunakan daya yang lebih. Sudut ini tidak berguna pada pisau akan tetapi ia bagus digunakan pada alat seperti kapak, sabit dan parang panjang kerana alat ini perlukan daya yang tinggi untuk melakukan kerja. 4 2.3 TEORI Kebanyakan orang mengalami masalah untuk mengasah dan sukar untuk mendapatkan sudut mata pisau dan parang yang dikehendakinya. Sebahagian yang lain boleh mengasah pisau dan parang tanpa masalah. Selain itu, perbezaannya ialah orang yang boleh mengasah mempunyai kefahaman teori berkaitan mengasah dengan baik dan faham serta berkemampuan untuk membayangkan apa yang berlaku kepada mata pisau dan parang sehingga peringkat micro pada setiap asahan yang berjaya. Seorang pengasa h yang mahir mempunyai kefahaman yang baik tentang apa yang cuba dicapai dan dapat mengetahui tanda-tanda yang menunjukkan dia telah mencapai apa yang diperlukan pada peringkat asahan yang tertentu. Apabila dia menyentuh mata pisau dengan jarinya, dia mengetahui apa yang dirasainya dan apabila dia melihat secara teliti akan mata pisau tersebut, dia mengetahui apa yang dilihat olehnya. Selain itu, dia mempunyai asas teori berkaitan cara mengasah dan juga menjadi mahir melalui latihan, pengalaman, dan pengetahuan yang diperlukan. Tanpa pengetahuan asas cara mengasah dia juga tidak mampu untuk mengasah walau melakukan latihan yang banyak Mengasah sebenarnya tidak terlalu rumit, Cuma terdapat beberapa arahan asas yang perlu dipatuhi, serta terdapat ruang untuk variasi dan cara tersendiri. Walaubagaimanapun, sebelum kita boleh mengasah apapun, kita mesti mempunyai kefahaman yang menyeluruh tentang apa yang sedang berlaku kepada bilah secara terperinci pada setiap peringkat asahan. 5 2.3.1 Rumus i. Kelajuan potongan(Cs) Kelajuan potongan,Cs= pi,π x diameter,d x putaran dalam seminit,n/1000 m/min ii. Putaran dalam seminit(n) Putaran dalam seminit,n= 1000 x kecepatan potongan,Cs / pi,π x diameter,d rpm iii. Daya(f) Daya,f= jisim,m x gravity,g iv. Daya kilas (τ) Daya kilas,τ= daya,f x diamater,d 6 2.4 KAJIAN SPESIFIKASI REKABENTUK DI PASARAN Antara jenis pengasah pisau yang terdapat di pasaran ialah; i. Knife sharpener scissors grinder (kleva sharp) Rajah 2.1: Knife sharpener scissors grinder Sumber: aliexpress.com 2015 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan Knife sharpener scissors grinder yang berjisim 0.8kg. Alat ini berukuran 6.2 cm x 6.2 cm x 6.5 cm dan sesuai digunakan pada pisau dan gunting sahaja. ii. Knife sharpener (surmene) Rajah 2.2: Knife sharpener (surmene) Sumber: aliexpress.com 2012 7 Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan Knife sharpener yang berjisim 0.4kg. Alat ini berukuran 30cm panjang, 15cm lebar dan boleh digunakan untuk mengasah pisau jenis masakan sahaja. iii. Electric knife sharpener (swifty sharp) Rajah 2.3: Electric knife sharpener Sumber: aliexpress.com 2016 Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan Electric knife sharpener yang berjisim 0.2kg. Alat ini berukuran 18.5cm panjang, 3.5cm lebar dan 3cm tinggi dan boleh digunakan untuk pisau jenis masakan dan gunting. 2.5 KAJIAN KOMPONEN YANG AKAN DIGUNAKAN 2.5.1 Batu asah Batu asah adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengasah pisau atau parang. 8 i. Jenis batu asah Terdapat pelbagai jenis batu asah yang terdapat dipasaran. Batu asah juga mempunyai tahap mereka tersendiri. Grid batu asah jepun tidak sama dengan grid batu asah buatan Amerika atau Eropah dan lain-lain. Jenis batu asah juga memainkan peranan yang berbeza. Antaranya, batu asah kasar, batu asah sederhana kasar dan batu asah halus. Batu asah kasar adalah digunakan untuk membuang serpihan canai, sumbing di mata pisau atau mengasah bilah pisau yang sangat tumpul. Manakala batu asah sederhana kasar pula digunakan untuk menajamkan mata pisau selepas membuat kerja. Batu asah halus digunakan cuma menambahkan lagi ketajaman pisau atau parang tersebut dan digunakan hanya untuk mendapatkan ketajaman tanpa mengasah pisau atau parang secara berlebihan. Batu asah kasar (grit 120) adalah digunakan untuk membuang, canai serpihan, sumbing di mata pisau atau bila bilah pisau sangat tumpul. Manakala batu asah sederhana kasar (grit 220-grit 700) pula digunakan untuk menajamkan mata pisau selepas membuat kerja. Batu asah halus (grit 800 – grit 1200) digunakan cuma untuk nak menambahkan lagi ketajaman pisau atau parang tersebut. Digunakan hanya untuk mendapatkan ketajaman tanpa mengasah pisau atau parang secara berlebihan. Batu asah yang bergrit atas 2000 digunakan sebagai finishing dalam pengasahan pisau. Tetapi tiada had grit yang menjadi tanda aras untuk finishing asahan. Grit yang disarankan untuk finishing adalah grit 8000. Tetapi untuk amatur atau pengguna biasa grit 3000 hingga grit 6000 sebagai finishing asahan juga sudah memadai untuk menghasilkan pisau yang sangat tajam. Jadi secara prinsipnya, seseorang memerlukan 3 jenis batu asah iaitu untuk batu asah kasar atau canai untuk menajamkan dan untuk mengilap (Rajah 2.4). 9 Rajah 2.4: Contoh batu pengasah Sumber: aliexpress.com 2010 ii. Jenis roda pencanai a) Norton White Aluminum Oxide Grinding Wheel Rajah 2.5 : Norton White Aluminum Oxide Grinding Wheel Sumber: SharpeningSupplies.com 2011 10 Menurut (sharpeningsupplies.com), Norton White Aluminum Oxide Grinding Wheel adalah biasa untuk proses mencanai alat seperti chisels and plane irons. Tidak sama
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