Asphyxiants: Simple and Chemical
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Traveler Information
Traveler Information QUICK LINKS Marine Hazards—TRAVELER INFORMATION • Introduction • Risk • Hazards of the Beach • Animals that Bite or Wound • Animals that Envenomate • Animals that are Poisonous to Eat • General Prevention Strategies Traveler Information MARINE HAZARDS INTRODUCTION Coastal waters around the world can be dangerous. Swimming, diving, snorkeling, wading, fishing, and beachcombing can pose hazards for the unwary marine visitor. The seas contain animals and plants that can bite, wound, or deliver venom or toxin with fangs, barbs, spines, or stinging cells. Injuries from stony coral and sea urchins and stings from jellyfish, fire coral, and sea anemones are common. Drowning can be caused by tides, strong currents, or rip tides; shark attacks; envenomation (e.g., box jellyfish, cone snails, blue-ringed octopus); or overconsumption of alcohol. Eating some types of potentially toxic fish and seafood may increase risk for seafood poisoning. RISK Risk depends on the type and location of activity, as well as the time of year, winds, currents, water temperature, and the prevalence of dangerous marine animals nearby. In general, tropical seas (especially the western Pacific Ocean) are more dangerous than temperate seas for the risk of injury and envenomation, which are common among seaside vacationers, snorkelers, swimmers, and scuba divers. Jellyfish stings are most common in warm oceans during the warmer months. The reef and the sandy sea bottom conceal many creatures with poisonous spines. The highly dangerous blue-ringed octopus and cone shells are found in rocky pools along the shore. Sea anemones and sea urchins are widely dispersed. Sea snakes are highly venomous but rarely bite. -
Dysbarism - Barotrauma
DYSBARISM - BAROTRAUMA Introduction Dysbarism is the term given to medical complications of exposure to gases at higher than normal atmospheric pressure. It includes barotrauma, decompression illness and nitrogen narcosis. Barotrauma occurs as a consequence of excessive expansion or contraction of gas within enclosed body cavities. Barotrauma principally affects the: 1. Lungs (most importantly): Lung barotrauma may result in: ● Gas embolism ● Pneumomediastinum ● Pneumothorax. 2. Eyes 3. Middle / Inner ear 4. Sinuses 5. Teeth / mandible 6. GIT (rarely) Any illness that develops during or post div.ing must be considered to be diving- related until proven otherwise. Any patient with neurological symptoms in particular needs urgent referral to a specialist in hyperbaric medicine. See also separate document on Dysbarism - Decompression Illness (in Environmental folder). Terminology The term dysbarism encompasses: ● Decompression illness And ● Barotrauma And ● Nitrogen narcosis Decompression illness (DCI) includes: 1. Decompression sickness (DCS) (or in lay terms, the “bends”): ● Type I DCS: ♥ Involves the joints or skin only ● Type II DCS: ♥ Involves all other pain, neurological injury, vestibular and pulmonary symptoms. 2. Arterial gas embolism (AGE): ● Due to pulmonary barotrauma releasing air into the circulation. Epidemiology Diving is generally a safe undertaking. Serious decompression incidents occur approximately only in 1 in 10,000 dives. However, because of high participation rates, there are about 200 - 300 cases of significant decompression illness requiring treatment in Australia each year. It is estimated that 10 times this number of divers experience less severe illness after diving. Physics Boyle’s Law: The air pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA). Alternative units used for 1 ATA include: ● 101.3 kPa (SI units) ● 1.013 Bar ● 10 meters of sea water (MSW) ● 760 mm of mercury (mm Hg) ● 14.7 pounds per square inch (PSI) For every 10 meters a diver descends in seawater, the pressure increases by 1 ATA. -
Asphyxia Neonatorum
CLINICAL REVIEW Asphyxia Neonatorum Raul C. Banagale, MD, and Steven M. Donn, MD Ann Arbor, Michigan Various biochemical and structural changes affecting the newborn’s well being develop as a result of perinatal asphyxia. Central nervous system ab normalities are frequent complications with high mortality and morbidity. Cardiac compromise may lead to dysrhythmias and cardiogenic shock. Coagulopathy in the form of disseminated intravascular coagulation or mas sive pulmonary hemorrhage are potentially lethal complications. Necrotizing enterocolitis, acute renal failure, and endocrine problems affecting fluid elec trolyte balance are likely to occur. Even the adrenal glands and pancreas are vulnerable to perinatal oxygen deprivation. The best form of management appears to be anticipation, early identification, and prevention of potential obstetrical-neonatal problems. Every effort should be made to carry out ef fective resuscitation measures on the depressed infant at the time of delivery. erinatal asphyxia produces a wide diversity of in molecules brought into the alveoli inadequately com Pjury in the newborn. Severe birth asphyxia, evi pensate for the uptake by the blood, causing decreases denced by Apgar scores of three or less at one minute, in alveolar oxygen pressure (P02), arterial P02 (Pa02) develops not only in the preterm but also in the term and arterial oxygen saturation. Correspondingly, arte and post-term infant. The knowledge encompassing rial carbon dioxide pressure (PaC02) rises because the the causes, detection, diagnosis, and management of insufficient ventilation cannot expel the volume of the clinical entities resulting from perinatal oxygen carbon dioxide that is added to the alveoli by the pul deprivation has been further enriched by investigators monary capillary blood. -
Nitrogen Narcosis
WHAT IS IT? A reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while at depth (usually noticeable around 30 meters or 100 ft) Caused by the anesthetic effect of certain gases at high pressure NITROGEN NARCOSIS Depths Beyond 100 Feet! Individual Variability Day-to-Day Variability Signs and Symptoms of N2 Narcosis Impaired performance mental/manual work Dizziness, euphoria, intoxication Overconfidence Uncontrolled laughter Overly talkative Memory loss/post-dive amnesia Perceptual narrowing Impaired sensory function Loss of consciousness > 300 ft Deep Scuba Dives Breathing Air YEAR DIVER DEPTH 1943 Dumas 203 feet 1948 Dumas 307 feet 1967 Watts 390 feet 1968 Watson 437 feet 1989 Gilliam 452 feet Prevention of Nitrogen Narcosis Restrict diving depth to less than 100 fsw If affected, return immediately to surface Plan dive beforehand − Max time to be on bottom − Any decompression required − Minimum air required for ascent − Emergency action in event of accident Breathe helium/oxygen mixture How to Beat Narcosis (Francis 2006) Be sober, no hangover and drug free Be rested and confident Use a high quality regulator Avoid task loading Be over trained Approach limits gradually Use a slate to plan dive Schedule gauge checks and buddy checks Be positive, well motivated and prudent Oxygen Characteristics: − Colorless − Odorless − Tasteless Disadvantage: − Toxic when Oxygen is the only gas excessive amounts metabolized by the human body are breathed under pressure Too much or too little oxygen is dangerous! Oxygen Toxicity -
Failure of Hypothermia As Treatment for Asphyxiated Newborn Rabbits R
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.51.7.512 on 1 July 1976. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1976, 51, 512. Failure of hypothermia as treatment for asphyxiated newborn rabbits R. K. OATES and DAVID HARVEY From the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London Oates, R. K., and Harvey, D. (1976). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 51, 512. Failure of hypothermia as treatment for asphyxiated newborn rabbits. Cooling is known to prolong survival in newborn animals when used before the onset of asphyxia. It has therefore been advocated as a treatment for birth asphyxia in humans. Since it is not possible to cool a human baby before the onset of birth asphyxia, experiments were designed to test the effect of cooling after asphyxia had already started. Newborn rabbits were asphyxiated in 100% nitrogen and were cooled either quickly (drop of 1 °C in 45 s) or slowly (drop of 1°C in 2 min) at varying intervals after asphyxia had started. When compared with controls, there was an increase in survival only when fast cooling was used early in asphyxia. This fast rate of cooling is impossible to obtain in a human baby weighing from 30 to 60 times more than a newborn rabbit. Further litters ofrabbits were asphyxiated in utero. After delivery they were placed in environmental temperatures of either 37 °C, 20 °C, or 0 °C and observed for spon- taneous recovery. The animals who were cooled survived less often than those kept at 37 'C. The results of these experiments suggest that hypothermia has little to offer in the treatment of birth asphyxia in humans. -
The Post-Mortem Appearances in Cases of Asphyxia Caused By
a U?UST 1902.1 ASPHYXIA CAUSED BY DROWNING 297 Table I. Shows the occurrence of fluid and mud in the 55 fresh bodies. ?ritfinal Jlrttclcs. Fluid. Mud. Air-passage ... .... 20 2 ? ? and stomach ... ig 6 ? ? stomach and intestine ... 7 1 ? ? and intestine X ??? Stomach ... ??? THE POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES IN Intestine ... ... 1 Stomach and intestine ... ... i CASES OF ASPHYXIA CAUSED BY DROWNING. Total 46 9 = 55 By J. B. GIBBONS, From the above table it will be seen that fluid was in the alone in 20 LIEUT.-COL., I.M.S., present air-passage cases, in the air-passage and stomach in sixteen, Lute Police-Surgeon, Calcutta, Civil Surgeon, Ilowrah. in the air-passage, stomach and intestine in seven, in the air-passage and intestine in one. As used in this table the term includes frothy and non- frothy fluid. Frothy fluid is only to be expected In the period from June 1893 to November when the has been quickly recovered from months which I body 1900, excluding three during the water in which drowning took place and cases on leave, 15/ of was privilege asphyxia examined without delay. In some of my cases were examined me in the due to drowning by it was present in a most typical form; there was For the of this Calcutta Morgue. purpose a bunch of fine lathery froth about the nostrils, all cases of death inhibition paper I exclude by and the respiratory tract down to the bronchi due to submersion and all cases of or syncope was filled with it. received after into death from injuries falling The quantity of fluid in the air-passage varies the water. -
Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Involvement in Birth Asphyxia
Academic Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatology ISSN 2474-7521 Research Article Acad J Ped Neonatol Volume 6 Issue 4 - May 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Dr Rohit Vohra DOI: 10.19080/AJPN.2018.06.555751 Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Involvement in Birth Asphyxia Rohit Vohra1*, Vivek Singh2, Minakshi Bansal3 and Divyank Pathak4 1Senior resident, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, India 2Junior Resident, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, India 3Fellow pediatrichematology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, India 4Resident, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, India Submission: December 01, 2017; Published: May 14, 2018 *Corresponding author: Dr Rohit Vohra, Senior resident, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, 22/2A Tilaknagar, New Delhi-110018, India, Tel: 9717995787; Email: Abstract Background: The healthy fetus or newborn is equipped with a range of adaptive, strategies to reduce overall oxygen consumption and protect vital organs such as the heart and brain during asphyxia. Acute injury occurs when the severity of asphyxia exceeds the capacity of the system to maintain cellular metabolism within vulnerable regions. Impairment in oxygen delivery damage all organ system including pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract. The pulmonary effects of asphyxia include increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary edema secondary to cardiac failure, and possibly failure of surfactant production with secondary hyaline membrane disease (acute respiratory distress syndrome).Gastrointestinal damage might include injury to the bowel wall, which can be mucosal or full thickness and even involve perforation Material and methods: This is a prospective observational hospital based study carried out on 152 asphyxiated neonates admitted in NICU of Rural Medical College of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra from September 2013 to August 2015. -
Perinatal Asphyxia Neonatal Therapeutic Hypothermia
PERINATAL ASPHYXIA NEONATAL THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA Sergio G. Golombek, MD, MPH, FAAP Professor of Pediatrics & Clinical Public Health – NYMC Attending Neonatologist Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital - WMC Valhalla, New York President - SIBEN ASPHYXIA From Greek [ἀσφυξία]: “A stopping of the pulse” “Loss of consciousness as a result of too little oxygen and too much CO2 in the blood: suffocation causes asphyxia” (Webster’s New World Dictionary) On the influence of abnormal parturition, difficult labours, premature birth, and asphyxia neonatorum, on the mental and physical condition of the child, especially in relation to deformities. By W. J. Little, MD (Transactions of the Obstetrical Society of London 1861;3:243-344) General spastic contraction of the lower Contracture of adductors and flexors of lower extremities. Premature birth. Asphyxia extremities. Left hand weak. Both hands awkward. neonatorum of 36 hr duration. Hands More paralytic than spastic. Born with navel-string unaffected. (Case XLVII) around neck. Asphyxia neonatorum 1 hour. (Case XLIII) Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) Associated with high neonatal mortality and severe long-term neurologic morbidity Hypothermia is rapidly becoming standard therapy for full-term neonates with moderate-to-severe HIE Occurs at a rate of about 3/1000 live-born infants in developed countries, but the rate is estimated to be higher in the developing world Intrapartum-related neonatal deaths (previously called ‘‘birth asphyxia’’) are the fifth most common cause of deaths among children under 5 years of age, accounting for an estimated 814,000 deaths each year, and also associated with significant morbidity, resulting in a burden of 42 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs). -
Outta Gas (From the 2007: Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea
2007: Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea Outta Gas FOCUS MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS Gas laws 30 GRADE LEVEL KEY WORDS 9-12 (Chemistry/Physics) Celebes Sea SCUBA diving FOCUS QUESTION Gas laws How can Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussac’s Ideal Gas Law Law, Henry’s Law, and Dalton’s Law be used to Boyle’s Law predict the behavior of gases used in SCUBA div- Charles’ Law ing? Gay-Lussac’s Law Henry’s Law LEARNING OBJECTIVES Dalton’s Law Students will define Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Pressure Gay-Lussac’s Law, Henry’s Law, and Dalton’s Law. Worksheet Mathematics Students will use Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay- Lussac’s Law, Henry’s Law, and Dalton’s Law to BACKGROUND INFORMATION solve practical problems related to SCUBA diving. Indonesia is well-known as one of Earth’s major centers of biodiversity. Although Indonesia cov- MATERIALS ers only 1.3 percent of Earth’s land surface, it “Blue Water Diving Worksheet,” one copy for includes: each student or student group • 10 percent of the world’s flowering plant species; AUDIO/VISUAL MATERIALS • 12 percent of the world’s mammal species; None • 16 percent of all reptile and amphibian species; and TEACHING TIME • 17 percent of the world’s bird species. One or two 45-minute class periods plus time for students to complete worksheet In addition, together with the Philippines and Great Barrier Reef, this region has more species SEATING ARRANGEMENT of fishes, corals, mollusks, and crustaceans than Classroom style any other location on Earth. -
Perinatal Asphyxia in the Term Newborn
www.jpnim.com Open Access eISSN: 2281-0692 Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine 2014;3(2):e030269 doi: 10.7363/030269 Received: 2014 Oct 01; accepted: 2014 Oct 14; published online: 2014 Oct 21 Review Perinatal asphyxia in the term newborn Roberto Antonucci1, Annalisa Porcella1, Maria Dolores Pilloni2 1Division of Neonatology and Pediatrics, “Nostra Signora di Bonaria” Hospital, San Gavino Monreale, Italy 2Family Planning Clinic, San Gavino Monreale, ASL 6 Sanluri (VS), Italy Proceedings Proceedings of the International Course on Perinatal Pathology (part of the 10th International Workshop on Neonatology · October 22nd-25th, 2014) Cagliari (Italy) · October 25th, 2014 The role of the clinical pathological dialogue in problem solving Guest Editors: Gavino Faa, Vassilios Fanos, Peter Van Eyken Abstract Despite the important advances in perinatal care in the past decades, asphyxia remains a severe condition leading to significant mortality and morbidity. Perinatal asphyxia has an incidence of 1 to 6 per 1,000 live full-term births, and represents the third most common cause of neonatal death (23%) after preterm birth (28%) and severe infections (26%). Many preconceptional, antepartum and intrapartum risk factors have been shown to be associated with perinatal asphyxia. The standard for defining an intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic event as sufficient to produce moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy which subsequently leads to cerebral palsy has been established in 3 Consensus statements. The cornerstone of all three statements is the presence of severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7 and base deficit ≥ 12 mmol/L) at birth in a newborn exhibiting early signs of moderate or severe encephalopathy. Perinatal asphyxia may affect virtually any organ, but hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most studied clinical condition and that is burdened with the most severe sequelae. -
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Home Cyril John Polson
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 44 | Issue 4 Article 15 1954 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Home Cyril John Polson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Cyril John Polson, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Home, 44 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 531 (1953-1954) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN THE HOME* Cyril John Poison Cyril John Polson, M.D., F.R.C.P., is a Barrister-at-Law and Professor of Legal Medicine, University of Leeds, England. This article, the second of his to be published in this Journal, is based upon a public lecture delivered in the Uni- versity of Leeds, October 24, 1952.-EDIToR. Carbon monoxide poisoning in the home has for long been a common- place. It is clear, however, that so long as accidental poisoning con- tinues to occur there is room for recurrent reminders of the dangers of carbon monoxide. The present account is based on a detailed examination of the records of over 700 fatalities which have occurred during the past twenty five years in the City of Leeds. THE DANGERS PECULIAR TO CARBON MONOXIDE It requires no reflection to appreciate that any poison which is gaseous, and at the same time colourless, non-irritant and, may be, odourless, has grave potential dangers. -
Masteringphysics: Assignmen
MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrint... Manage this Assignment: Chapter 18 Due: 12:00am on Saturday, July 3, 2010 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy A Law for Scuba Divers Description: Find the increase in the concentration of air in a scuba diver's lungs. Find the number of moles of air exhaled. Also, consider the isothermal expansion of air as a freediver diver surfaces. Identify the proper pV graph. Associated medical conditions discussed. SCUBA is an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Scuba diving has become an increasingly popular sport, but it requires training and certification owing to its many dangers. In this problem you will explore the biophysics that underlies the two main conditions that may result from diving in an incorrect or unsafe manner. While underwater, a scuba diver must breathe compressed air to compensate for the increased underwater pressure. There are a couple of reasons for this: 1. If the air were not at the same pressure as the water, the pipe carrying the air might close off or collapse under the external water pressure. 2. Compressed air is also more concentrated than the air we normally breathe, so the diver can afford to breathe more shallowly and less often. A mechanical device called a regulator dispenses air at the proper (higher than atmospheric) pressure so that the diver can inhale. Part A Suppose Gabor, a scuba diver, is at a depth of . Assume that: 1. The air pressure in his air tract is the same as the net water pressure at this depth.