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E Pluribus Urbes: Interest Group Organization's Effect University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Martin School of Public Policy and Administration Administration 2012 E PLURIBUS URBES: INTEREST GROUP ORGANIZATION’S EFFECT ON THE FRAGMENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN URBAN AREAS Matthew L. Howell University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Howell, Matthew L., "E PLURIBUS URBES: INTEREST GROUP ORGANIZATION’S EFFECT ON THE FRAGMENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN URBAN AREAS" (2012). Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Administration. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/1 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Martin School of Public Policy and Administration at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Administration by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The nivU ersity of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s dissertation including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Matthew L. Howell, Student Dr. Edward T. Jennings, Major Professor Dr. Edward T. Jennings, Director of Graduate Studies ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Matthew L Howell Martin School of Public Policy & Administration University of Kentucky 2012 E PLURIBUS URBES: INTEREST GROUP ORGANIZATION’S EFFECT ON THE FRAGMENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN URBAN AREAS ___________________________ ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ___________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Martin School of Public Policy & Administration at the University of Kentucky By Matthew L Howell Lexington, KY Director: Dr. Edward T. Jennings, Professor of Public Administration and Political Science Lexington, KY 2012 Copyright © Matthew L Howell ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION E PLURIBUS URBES: INTEREST GROUP ORGANIZATION’S EFFECT THE FRAGMENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN URBAN AREAS American cities have proliferated in the post-War era. More than 2,000 new cities were founded between 1950 and 2000. While the history of the local government boom has been documented, research into urban fragmentation has explored why there is no consolidation of metropolitan areas rather than exploring why Americans chose fragmentation initially. This dissertation proposes that individuals create new jurisdictions because individuals prefer to have governments which give them the services individuals desire, even if they could have similar (but not perfect) services cheaper in a larger jurisdiction. Individuals, however, must balance the benefit they get from better fitting cities with the price they must pay to live within the small cities. In the first part of the dissertation, I synthesize the literatures on urban governance and fragmentation with the literature on interest groups. This synthesis builds the argument for conceiving cities as interest groups and contributes a theory of urban behavior as the behavior of organized interest groups. I argue that urban fragmentation should exist anywhere there are urban areas –not only metropolises –and that fragmentation is produced by diversity in the population and constrained by the resources available for the formation of cities. In the second part of the dissertation, I analyze the fragmentation of both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas to determine what drives fragmentation. I use Poisson regression on 2-period panel data from 1992 and 2002 collected from various public sources. I find that there are differences in the forms of fragmentation in the metropolis and the non-metropolis. In both types of urban settlement, fragmentation is driven by political and population diversity and available resources for forming cities. Legal authority and intergovernmental revenue are particularly important. Finally, I turn my attention to cities’ interactions with each other. I use a survey of Kentucky mayors, fielded with the Kentucky League of Cities, to determine why mayors of different cities to communicate with each other. Using specialized network methods I find that mayor-to-mayor contact is not based on goal and interest similarities as expected, but rather depends on sharing an organization which encourages communication –an Area Development District. KEYWORDS: City, Metropolitan Consolidation, Fragmentation, Intergovernmental Cooperation, Social Networks Matthew L Howell 12 January 2012 E PLURIBUS URBES: INTEREST GROUP ORGANIZATION’S EFFECT THE FRAGMENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN URBAN AREAS By Matthew L Howell Edward Jennings, PhD Director of Dissertation Edward Jennings, PhD Director of Graduate Studies 12 January 2012 Date RULES FOR THE USE OF DISSERTATIONS Unpublished dissertations submitted for the Doctor’s degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as a rule open for inspection, but are not to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. Bibliographical references may be noted, but quotations or summaries of parts may be published only with the permission of the author, and with the usual scholarly acknowledgments. Extensive copying or publication of the dissertation in whole or in part also requires consent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky. A library that borrows this dissertation for use by its patrons is expected to secure the signature of each user. Name Date DISSERTATION Matthew L Howell The Martin School of Public Policy & Administration University of Kentucky 2012 E PLURIBUS URBES: INTEREST GROUP ORGANIZATION’S EFFECT ON THE FRAGMENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN URBAN AREAS ___________________________ DISSERTATION ___________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Martin School of Public Policy & Administration at the University of Kentucky By Matthew L Howell Lexington, KY Director: Dr. Edward T. Jennings, Professor of Public Administration and Political Science Lexington, KY 2012 Copyright © Matthew L Howell Dedicated to Nathan Dunne 1985-2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Large projects are rarely the sole work of the person whose name is on the title page, and this project is no exception. I have been helped along the way by many friends, family, and colleagues. Thank you, all. I owe particular thanks to my advisor, Dr. Edward T. Jennings, who has been a source of support, criticism, direction, and inspiration whenever needed. It was his questions and criticisms of my early work, his suggested books, and his advice which helped me narrow my focus to the subject of this dissertation. His comments since have also given me many ideas for where to go next. I will be using his guidance for many years after I have left his office. I have similar thanks for Dr. Eugenia Toma. I was originally interested in this subject in her policy economics class and she provided the first article which (the Glaeser and Tobio one cited so frequently within) which spurred my interest in local government organization. She has been an invaluable resource for refining my thinking and expanding my ideas. I thank the other members of my committee for their time, support, ideas, and help. Dr. Giuseppe (Joe) LaBianca was instrumental in my collecting, organizing, and analyzing the network data which makes up Chapter 6, and suggested additional forms of diversity which could affect my fragmentation results (and he was right –they did). Dr. Richard Waterman has also been supportive of the process, providing insightful comments early on and sparking interesting debate within the committee which helped clarify my own thinking. iii This work would not be as good as it is without the assistance also of Dr. J.S. Butler, who provided assistance in solving empirical puzzles and explaining how Poisson regression worked and what the distributional difference meant, Dr. Glenn Blomquist who helped with the creation of my survey of Kentucky mayors, and the rest of the faculty in the Martin School. The Martin School staff –Sarah Lee, Tammy Revel, and Donna
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