Swaddywell Pit Invertebrate survey 2015 P. Kirby

report to the Langdyke Trust March 2015 Contents

Introducon 1

Methods 1

Sampling methods 1 Target groups 3 Nomenclature 4 Statuses 5 Recording areas 7 Survey metable 8

Constraints and limitaons of survey 8

Results 9

Assessment and characterisaon of invertebrate interest 19

Management consideraons 21

References 23

Appendix. Complete list of recorded species 26

2 Introducon

Swaddywell Pit has, judged on habitat character and florisc composion, substanal potenal for invertebrates. Quarried land in general is oen of substanal interest for invertebrates, at least in the early to mid-stages of succession, when there is open-structured vegetaon and bare ground in sheltered situaons, and varied topography. Open-structured vegetaon and grassland on limestone is generally a rich invertebrate habitat. The site is already known to be floriscally rich, with good populaons of some plants, and invertebrate diversity is, at least in some groups, correlated with florisc diversity. The site combines quite extensive grassland on gentle topography with more varied but smaller-scale open herbaceous habitats in the quarry itself. Perhaps most interesngly, it has valuable wetland features, with seepages from the limestone near the base of the quarry feeding wet ground, runnels, swamp and pools. The pools, fed by direct precipitaon and run-off as well as groundwater, are seasonal or greatly fluctuang, leaving expanses of exposed wet silt with varying degrees of plant colonisaon in mid- to late summer. Seepages and shallow runnels in sunny situaons, provided they remain wet for all or almost all of the year, are a parcularly valuable habitat for invertebrates. Places which are permanently wet, have a constant supply of well- oxygenated water, but are never deeply flooded provide very special condions for invertebrates with aquac or semi-aquac larvae living at or near the ground surface, and interesng specialised faunas may be associated. Good seepages are rare, because their occurrence is determined by very parcular features of landscape and geology, and they oen occupy a very limited area. They are easily damaged or lost - they may become shaded through neglect, they may be culverted or drained for convenience, they may be dug out to create ponds, or the land around them may be improved so that they suffer the effects of agricultural run-off. Seasonal pools, though they cannot provide habitat for some species associated with permanent water, are usually the more valuable for invertebrates, and seasonal drying, experienced also in the draw-down zone of fluctuang pools, prevents or slows the build-up of harmful organic material in the sediments.

It is a curious feature of the Peterborough district that the invertebrates of limestone quarries are rather poorly known. Gravel pits and clay pits are relavely well-worked, and clay pits in parcular figure high in the schedule of conserved sites. Limestone workings in nearby Leicestershire and Northamptonshire are relavely well- known. The potenal long-term interest of limestone quarrying within the Soke is well-illustrated by Barnack Hills and Holes. But substanal relavely recent workings in the area seem essenally unexamined. Swaddywell Pit therefore represents not only an interesng area of habitat at an interesng stage of succession, but also an insight into the wider interest of limestone extracon, albeit that this is one with special features that might not be widely mimicked.

A survey of the invertebrates of Swaddywell Pit and the adjoining grassland, undertaken over seven visits in the spring and summer of 2015, undertook to make some esmate of the character and value of the invertebrate fauna of the site - essenally, to see if the potenal suggested by the habitats was realised. To some extent, this exercise was one of confirming and quanfying what was already known. Limited, small-scale invertebrate sampling in previous years had demonstrated some interest in a range of groups, and in parcular had confirmed the presence of specialist species associated with the seepages and pools. The opportunity has been taken of adding these earlier records to those of the 2015 survey, to add to the data for assessment and, in some cases, to demonstrate connuity of presence over at least a small number of years.

Methods

Sampling methods

Terrestrial Invertebrates were sampled using a small range of acve methods, coupled with two types of trap.

Sweep-neng

1 Samples were taken using a net supplied by Marris House Nets, with a lightweight folding circular frame 40 cenmetres in diameter and a long and relavely open-weave bag. The net strokes were reasonably rapid, and penetrated as far into the vegetaon as was possible without the stroke being seriously slowed by its resistance. Sweeps were counted as single strokes of the net, either from le to right or right to le. A maximum of fiy sweeps was taken before examining the catch. The contents of the net were inially examined in the net, nong or capturing large, fast-moving or readily idenfied species. The contents were then sied through a 0.5 cenmetre mesh sieve onto a white tray, and the material in the tray examined for smaller and slower animals.

Beang Samples were taken from tree and shrub foliage by holding a sweep-net under the foliage and tapping the branch or branches above sharply several mes with a stout sck. Material was inially examined in the net, then emped onto a white tray for further sorng.

Sucon sampling Sucon samples were taken using a petrol-driven garden leaf-blower, modified according to the method of Stewart & Wright (1998), by taping a fine-meshed net in the inlet tube. Aer three minutes of sampling, the collected material was sied through a 0.5 cenmetre mesh sieve onto a white tray for examinaon. The coarser material was then placed on the plasc tray and sorted for any larger invertebrates.

Acve search of other key features of value for invertebrates Features of significance to invertebrates which were not sampled, or not necessarily adequately sampled, by sweeping, beang or sucon sampling were more closely invesgated by close examinaon and hand searching. Aenon was parcularly paid to: flowering plants providing an important nectar source; the undersides of stones, wood and other debris; lier piles; the undersides of plant rosees; bare wet ground.

Direct observaon A small number of relavely large and readily idenfied species, especially buerflies, dragonflies, some grasshoppers and crickets, larger hoverflies, bees and wasps, were seen without the need for specific search and either idenfied from sight or individually captured using a sweep-net.

Water traps Plasc trays, either white or painted fluorescent yellow, 40 cm by 30 across and 9cm deep, were partly filled with a non-toxic preservave, composed of equal parts of glycerol and a saturated soluon of table salt in water, with the addion of one drop of bio-degradable washing-up liquid per 100ml. and a small amount of Bitrex (in the form of commercial an-dog-chew spray) to discourage consumpon by animals. The traps were placed directly on reasonably level ground. Such traps passively capture some invertebrates, but may be aracve to others, especially some Diptera and Hymenoptera. The traps were le out between successive visits throughout the recording period.

On servicing and retrieval, the traps were emped by removing any large items of debris and filtering the contents through a fine sieve. The collected material was labelled and sealed in a polythene bag. It was preserved aer return to the laboratory by addion of 70% iso-propanol. It was later cleaned by gentle agitaon in a sieve in a bowl of water to remove mud and fine debris, then emped in small porons into a white tray and covered with a thin layer of water. The material in the tray was sorted under a bright light using a head-band magnifier of 2.5x magnificaon. Representave individuals for idenficaon were placed in 70% iso-propanol in Petri dishes for closer, microscopic, examinaon.

In all methods of acve sampling, some readily idenfied species were noted in the field. Representave examples of most species were collected for subsequent idenficaon or confirmaon. Most were collected using a pooter. A dry pooter made from a flexible polythene sample bole and a combinaon of rigid plasc and flexible polythene tubing was used to capture most insects and retain them alive; for spiders, some so-

2 bodied insects and predacious species which might do serious damage to other material if collected live into a dry pooter, a spider-pooter was used to gather up individual specimens which were then blown direct into a container of 60% propan-2-ol. Dry-pooted material was kept alive unl return to the laboratory. Here it was killed using ethyl acetate vapour, then either idenfied immediately, or layered between sheets of ssue paper and placed in a labelled plasc box for later examinaon.

Aquac invertebrates were sampled using: • a standard pond net of side twenty-four cenmetres and mesh size one millimetre in deeper water; • a plasc sieve of seventeen cenmetres diameter with a mesh size of approximately one millimetre in dense vegetaon and shallow water; • a plasc sieve ten cenmetres in diameter with a mesh size of 0.5 millimetres at water margins and to take secondary samples from areas disturbed by the larger sieve.

Representave bulk samples obtained by the larger pond net were examined in the net and large and obvious animals extracted immediately. Each sample was then spread on metal grids of mesh size five millimetres suspended over plasc trays, and acve animals were allowed to make their own way through the grid for a minimum of ten minutes while the sieves were employed in the capture of addional material from shallower areas and the pond net in a search for addional large and acve species. Material remaining on the metal grid was then sorted for less acve invertebrates, such as molluscs, and addional larger individuals unable to fit through the mesh of the grid.

Readily idenfiable species were noted immediately and released, though voucher specimens of scarce species were taken even if they could be confidently idenfied in the field. In samples poor in species and individuals, representaves of the remaining fauna were preserved in 70% propanol-2-ol for later examinaon. In larger and more varied samples, or those containing a large number of individuals requiring microscopic examinaon or dissecon for idenficaon, a poron of the sample was thinned by removal of large and easily idenfied species, concentrated by pouring through a fine-meshed sieve, and preserved whole in 70% propan-2-ol.

Further samples taken with the large net were placed in trays of water and searched for taxa prone to be overlooked by the preceding methods, parcularly small so-bodied animals, caddis larvae and some molluscs.

Target groups

The following aquac invertebrate groups were idenfied from aquac samples, or would have been if found:

Tricladida - flatworms Mollusca - water snails and mussels Hirudinea - leeches Larger Crustacea - water lice and freshwater shrimps Araneae - spiders Coleoptera - water beetles Diptera - flies – to family only except for selected groups Ephemeroptera - mayflies Hemiptera - water bugs Lepidoptera - moths Megaloptera - alder flies Neuroptera- lacewings Odonata - dragonflies Trichoptera - caddisflies.

The terrestrial survey was taxonomically wide-ranging, but concentrated on those groups considered most likely to be informave as to conservaon interest and habitat requirements. Since the survey was approached in as open-minded a way as possible, the default posion was to idenfy any group which it was thought might

3 hold interest. However, the selecon of groups, and the relave extent of idenficaon of the various groups, has been limited by experse. The following groups have been idenfied:

Mollusca snails, slugs, mussels Araneae spiders Chilopoda cenpedes Diplopoda millipedes Crustacea woodlice, water slaters, shrimps Coleoptera beetles Anthribidae, Apionidae, Bupresdae, Byrrhidae, Cantharidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, Corylophidae, Cryptophagidae (selected species), Curculionidae, Elateridae, Erirrhinidae, Hydrophilidae, Kateredae, Malachiidae, Mordellidae, Nidulidae (selected species), Oedemeridae, Phalacridae, Pnidae, Scarabaeidae, Scirdae, Scrapidae, Silphidae, Silvanidae, Staphylinidae (except most Aleocharinae), Tenebrionidae, Throscidae Dermaptera earwigs Diptera flies Anisopodidae, Asilidae, Bibionidae, Bombyliidae, Chloropidae (selected species), Conopidae, Dixidae, Dolichopodidae, Empididae, Ephydridae (selected species), Heleomyzidae, Hybodae, Limoniidae, Micropezidae, Muscidae (selected species), Opeidae, Opomyzidae, Platystomadae, Ptychopteridae, Rhagionidae, Scathophagidae, Sciomyzidae, Sepsidae, Straomyidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Tachinidae (selected species), Tephridae, Tipulidae, Ulidiidae Ephemeroptera mayflies Hemiptera bugs Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera, Psylloidea Hymenoptera bees, wasps, ants, sawflies Aculeata, occasional Symphyta Lepidoptera moths, buerflies Adult and conspicuous larval Macrolepidoptera, occasional Microlepidoptera Megaloptera alderflies Neuroptera lacewings Odonata dragonflies Orthoptera grasshoppers, crickets Trichoptera caddisflies

Idenficaon has been to species except in a small number of cases: taxa from aquac samples where idenficaon to species was not possible but where overall taxonomic richness is useful for assessment; adults within target groups which could not be idenfied to species (typically those of which only females were caught and of which only males are idenfiable, of which the only examples captured were damaged, or of taxonomically difficult genera where accurate idenficaon to species could not be guaranteed); a small number of taxa are listed as “agg.” where separaon of a group of closely related species is both difficult and unrewarding.

Nomenclature

Except for minor updang, names used here predominantly follow readily available checklists, revisions, synopses and atlases. Checklists and other sources used for names have been selected as far as possible on the basis of easy availability, broad coverage, specific reference to the Brish fauna, of being reasonably recent, and of their availability in printed form. There are few occasions when all these criteria are met. The following sources have been used:

Tricladida Ball & Reynoldson, 1981

4 Mollusca Anderson, 2005 Hirudinea Ellio & Dobson, 2015 Araneae Merre et al., 2014 Chilopoda Barber, 2009 Diplopoda Lee, 2006 Crustacea Gledhill et al., 1993; Gregory, 2009 Coleoptera Duff, 2012 Dermaptera Haes & Harding, 1997 Diptera Chandler, 2012 Ephemeroptera Ellio & Humpesch, 2010 Hemiptera-Auchenorrhyncha Biedermann & Niedringhaus, 2009 Hemiptera -Heteroptera Aukema & Rieger, 1995-2006 Hemiptera - Psylloidea hp://www.brishbugs.org.uk/systemac.html Hymenoptera Aculeata Archer, 2004 Hymenoptera Symphyta Liston & Sheppard, 2010 Lepidoptera Agassiz et al., 2013 Megaloptera Plant, 1997 Neuroptera Plant, 1997 Odonata Cham et al., 2014 Orthoptera Suon, 2015 Trichoptera Barnard & Ross, 2012

In the lists, taxonomic arrangement of a sort governs the posioning of the highest taxa, with molluscs preceding crustaceans, spiders, and insects. Otherwise, the arrangement is as far as possible alphabecal. Most records are of insects. Within this group, orders are arranged alphabecally, families alphabecally within orders, and species alphabecally within families. No groupings between family and order, or between genus and family, are used. Other invertebrates are listed under larger taxonomic groupings, usually phylum or class.

Statuses

Each species menoned in this report is assigned a status. For rarer species, these are the most recent published formal status, assigned by the Joint Nature Conservaon Commiee or their predecessor, the Nature Conservancy Council.

The giving of statuses has been somewhat complicated by the fact that some invertebrate groups have been assessed against 1994 criteria for IUCN Red List categories, whereas the statuses applied to other invertebrate groups recorded in this survey employ an earlier set of status definions.

Statuses from the older system used in this report are:

Red Data Book category 1 - Endangered (RDB1) Taxa in danger of exncon in Great Britain and whose survival is unlikely if causal factors connue operang. Included are those taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a crical level or whose habitats have been so dramacally reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of exncon. Also included are some taxa that are possibly exnct. Criteria for inclusion are: species which are known or believed to occur as only a single populaon within one hectad of the Naonal Grid; species which only occur in habitats known to be especially vulnerable; species which have shown a rapid or connuous decline over the last twenty years and are now esmated to exist in five or fewer hectads; species which are possibly exnct but have been recorded within the last century and if rediscovered would need protecon.

Red Data Book category 2 – Vulnerable (RDB2)

5 Taxa believed likely to move into the Endangered category in the near future if the causal factors connue operang. Included are taxa of which most or all of the populaons are decreasing because of over-exploitaon, extensive destrucon of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populaons that have been seriously depleted and whose ulmate security is not yet assured; and taxa with populaons that are sll abundant but are under threat from serious adverse factors throughout their range.

Red Data Book category 3 – Rare (RDB3) Taxa with small populaons in Great Britain that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable, but are at risk. These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scaered over a more extensive range. Included are species which are esmated to exist in only fieen or fewer hectads. This criterion may be relaxed where populaons are likely to exist in over fieen hectads but occupy small areas of especially vulnerable habitat.

6 Red Data Book category K – Insufficiently Known Taxa in Great Britain that are suspected, but, because of lack of informaon, not definitely known, to belong to Red Data Book category 1, 2 or 3. Included are taxa recently discovered or recognised in Great Britain, which may prove to be more widespread in the future; taxa with very few or perhaps only a single known locality but which belong to poorly recorded or taxonomically difficult groups; species known from very few localies but which occur in inaccessible habitats or habitats which are seldom sampled; and species with very few or perhaps only a single known locality and of quesonable nave status, but not clearly falling into the category of recent colonist, vagrant or introducon.

Red Data Book category Exnct (RDBX) Taxa which formerly had wild breeding populaons in Great Britain but which are now believed to have died out. Lack of records since the beginning of the tweneth century has been applied as a criterion.

Naonally Scarce category A ( Na) Taxa which do not fall within RDB categories but which are nonetheless uncommon in Great Britain and are thought to occur in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the Naonal Grid or, for less well-recorded groups, within seven or fewer vice-counes.

Naonally Scarce category B (Nb) Taxa which do not fall within RDB categories but which are nonetheless uncommon in Great Britain and are thought to occur in between 31 and 100 10km squares of the Naonal Grid or, for less well- recorded groups, between eight and twenty vice-counes.

Naonally Scarce (N) For some less well-recorded groups and species, it has not been possible to determine which of the Naonally Scarce categories (A or B) is most appropriate for scarce species. These species have been assigned to an undivided Naonally Scarce category.

A single category and sub-category from the revised IUCN criteria have been used:

Lower Risk (LR) A taxon is Lower Risk where it has been evaluated, but does not sasfy the criteria for any of the categories Crically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the LR category can be separated into four subcategories, of which only one is relevant here: 2. Near Threatened (NT). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservaon Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

At the naonal level, countries are permied to refine the definions for the non-threatened categories and to define addional ones of their own. There is some variaon between groups as to how this opon has been applied. For some, the Near Threatened category has been re defined to include species recorded from 15 or fewer hectads of the Ordnance Survey naonal grid in Great Britain; for others, a separate category, Naonally Rare (NR) has been used for this purpose. The Naonally Scarce (NS) category is defined in the same way but the species is recorded from between 16 and 100 hectads since 1980. Naonally Rare and Naonally Scarce categories have not been used in recent status reviews of buerflies or dragonflies.

Species not falling into any formal conservaon category have been assessed as either local – (l) or common – (c). Neither “local” nor “common” have precise definions, and are used in the context of this report only to disnguish between species of wide distribuon and either broad or very commonly met habitat requirements, and those which, because of more specialised habitat requirements, lesser mobility, or other cause, are of less

7 frequent occurrence. These categories have been applied according to personal experience and the opinions of standard texts, and must be considered in part subjecve.

Three convenons have been used in the text and tables in order to simplify technical terms and maintain uniformity. The first is made necessary by the fact that under the older grading system, there was a clear demarcaon between Red Data Book and Naonally Scarce species: only statuses higher than Naonally Scarce were included in the Red Data Book, and all took the form of “Red Data Book category …”). Under the newer criteria, there is no unifying RDB prefix to Red Data Book categories. For uniformity in reporng, a division is maintained between Naonally Scarce and higher statuses: all the laer are described here as Red Data Book species. The second convenon is that although in this secon a disncon is made between the Naonally Scarce species defined under the older system and those defined under the newer system, since the two categories are for all usual purposes almost idencal they are combined under the name “Naonally Scarce” in assessment and discussion. The different abbreviaons are, however, maintained in tables and lists of species, so that their origins are clear. The third convenon is that each species has been assigned a single status. The new IUCN criteria make it possible for a species to be assessed both as Near Threatened and Naonally Rare or Naonally Scarce. In such cases, the IUCN status is given precedence.

Shirt (1987) was the first publicaon to give definive Red Data Book statuses to insects. Subsequent reviews proposed many changes to these statuses. Because the revised statuses were preceded by a “p” (for proposed) and not actually published in a Red Data Book, they have not been universally used as the formal status, the Shirt (1987) status being retained. Whatever the technicalies, the retenon of a manifestly outdated status for a species where a formal published alternave exists is, for purposes of assessment, clearly unhelpful, and in this report the most recent published esmate of status is given, without the use of “p”s.

Naonally Scarce and Red Data Book statuses have been assigned to the species recorded according to the most conveniently accessible and useful summary of the most recently published statuses, as follows:

Araneae Harvey et al., 2002 Coleoptera Foster 2010; Hubble, 2014; Hyman & Parsons, 1992, 1994 Diptera Falk, 1991b; Falk & Crossley, 2005 Hemiptera Cook, 2015; Kirby, 1992 Hymenoptera Falk, 1991a Lepidoptera Fox et al. 2010; Waring & Townsend, 2003 Orthoptera Suon, 2015

For most groups, the statuses in these publicaons correspond to those provided on the JNCC website. However, the website does not currently include statuses for Lepidoptera, or statuses below Red Data Book for spiders. The stated reason for this is that the published statuses are out of date, and therefore potenally misleading. This is, however, equally true of the statuses of some groups which are included in the JNCC lisng, and since it is not acceptable for these important groups to be without statuses, the published statuses are retained here.

The list has also been checked for any species included in Secon 41 of the NERC Act 2006 ("species of principal importance for the conservaon of biodiversity in England") (S41). Such species are, however, a rather eclecc mix, and are largely irrelevant to assessment.

The abbreviaons given in bold above are those used in all subsequent tables of records in this report.

Recording areas

For recording purposes the site has been simply split into three areas, already in use for recording : the quarry, the grassland, and the car park. There are few records from the car park, these made essenally merely to establish its character, confirm that it has special features, and to establish that there seems lile of very great

8 special interest there. The quarry is very varied, and ripe for sub-division, but is sufficiently complex that any such sub-division would be difficult and would run the danger of wasng me in the pointlessly precise recording. Since sampling could capture only a fracon of the invertebrates present, and could not hope to map the distribuon of any one of them on the site, it is more useful to know the habitat requirements of the scarcer species than the exact locaon of their capture.

9 Survey metable

Date Times Weather Work undertaken 10/05/2015 13.30-16.30 Fine, warm, generally sunny, but Aquac sampling; sucon sampling windy in the quarry 06/06/2015 12.00 - 16.00 Fine, warm in sheltered areas, Sweep-neng, searching; main area alternang overcast and sunny, of grassland lile sampled because but windy in exposed areas of the wind 16/06/2015 15.00 - 19.00 Fine, warm, lile wind but Grassland sampled; sweep-neng somewhat overcast and sucon sampling 23/06/2015 16.00 - 17.30 Fine, warm and reasonably Water traps set in wetland areas; sunny, but with a breeze liming sampling of the quarry by sweep- sampling in exposed areas neng 20/07/2015 12.00 - 15.00 Warm, dry, sunny with periods Water traps serviced and moved to of overcast, but a strong breeze dry areas at the quarry margins; which confined sampling to general survey of the quarry, limited sheltered areas sampling in the grassland 03/08/2015 13.00 - 15.30 Warm, generally sunny, but with Water traps serviced; general a moderate breeze liming sweep-neng; targeted visits to recording in more exposed areas aculeate nesng areas 07/09/2015 14.00 - 16.00 Warm, intermiently sunny, Traps removed; casual recording moderate breeze

Records have also been taken from three visits to the site in earlier years: 21/06/2009, 06/07/2014, and 21/06/2014.

Constraints and limitaons of survey

Any invertebrate survey, unless of a very small area, a very simple habitat, or of very large scale, records only a fracon of the fauna of a site, and the present survey is no excepon. Every effort has been made to ensure that the fracon captured is a substanal and representave one, and that it includes parcularly good representaon of those groups likely to include uncommon species, given the character of the sites. However, the exact contents of that fracon of the fauna which has not been caught is unknown, and the assessment of interest must contain a margin of possible error. The degree of under-recording will vary according to the ecology and habits of the animals: for example, saproxylic insects, many of which spend much of their lives hidden within dead wood, are notoriously me-consuming to record at all thoroughly, and are likely to be relavely under-recorded compared to those phytophagous species which live exposed on the standing parts of plants. The recording of some ecological groups, such as those associated with carrion or fungi, is dependent on the chance finding of corpses or fruing bodies.

The survey has used only a small range of acve sampling methods and a single type of trap. Other trap types, especially piall traps, might have added considerably to the species list, but they would also have greatly increased the workload. There are many other methods which could be used to sample less accessible and more specialised species, and such species tend to include a disproporonately large fracon of the scarcer species of invertebrates, or at least a large proporon of those with formal conservaon status. The proporon of the recorded fauna composed of species with high status is therefore, best regarded as the lowest possible level of their actual representaon in the fauna of the survey area.

10 Survey work has been enrely diurnal, so nocturnal groups have been largely unrecorded, and found only when they could be disturbed from their day-me resng places. Many addional species could no doubt be added by night survey and a programme of light trapping.

The range of groups idenfied has been as wide as possible. However, it has been to some degree selecve, both because of the methods employed and through deliberate choice. The sampling methods employed are commonly used in sampling, and are able to record a very wide range of species, but they are not exhausve, and adopon of addional methods would have recorded other species.

Within the samples obtained, many species belonged either to groups which, because of their obscurity, seemed unlikely to be informave for site assessment, or to groups beyond the idenficaon skills of the surveyor. Specimens of such groups were not retained, and uncommon species might have been amongst them.

Results

The 2015 survey has produced 1539 records of 837 taxa. The addion of records from 2009 and 2014 brings the totals to 1934 records of 919 species. The full records have been prepared as a separate spreadsheet. The appendix to this report is a complete list of recorded species, with statuses. The table below summarises the distribuon of records amongst major taxonomic groups.

Scienfic name English name No. Scienfic name English name No. species. species Mollusca snails, slugs, mussels 21 Hemiptera bugs 204 Araneae spiders 30 Hymenoptera bees, wasps, ants 79 Chilopoda cenpedes 2 Lepidoptera moths, buerflies 51 Diplopoda millipedes 1 Megaloptera alderflies 1 Crustacea woodlice, shrimps 7 Neuroptera lacewings 4 Coleoptera beetles 292 Odonata dragonflies 16 Dermaptera earwigs 1 Orthoptera grasshoppers, crickets 10 Diptera flies 183 Trichoptera caddisflies 6 Ephemeroptera mayflies 1

Of the recorded species, thirteen are Red Data Book, 56 are Naonally Scarce, and 176 are considered to be at least local. The table below lists species with a formal conservaon status (Red Data Book or Naonally Scarce) and provides brief notes on their ecology, distribuon and current status.

11 Taxon Status Notes Araneae - spiders Salcidae - jumping spiders Synageles venator Na An ant-mimic, associated with reed, favouring open- structured reed with lile lier on ground which rarely if ever floods; the landward margins of reed-beds, invasive reed over seasonally damp clay, and perched reed marking subterranean water-flows are all favoured habitats. It has proved a consistent inhabitant of clay pits in the Peterborough area. Coleoptera - beetles Apionidae - seed weevils Catapion pubescens Nb A small seed weevil whose larvae develop in stem-galls in small, yellow-flowered species of clover Trifolium. It is recorded from grassland, dunes, and other open habitats. Diplapion stolidum Nb A small black seed weevil which feeds on ox-eye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare, the larvae probably mining the stems or roots. It is found where there are good populations of the host plant in dry grassland or disturbed ground. Oxystoma cerdo Nb A small dark seed weevil which feeds on vetches of the genus Vicia, the larvae feeding in the seed pods. It has been recorded from grasslands, woodland rides, fens and road verges. Protapion filirostre Nb A seed weevil which feeds on black medick Medicago lupulina growing in areas of incomplete vegetation cover on thin, often calcareous, soils on disturbed ground, quarries, grassland and field margins. Squamapion cineraceum Na A small black weevil which feeds on self-heal Prunella vulgaris, the larvae probably feeding in the roots. It has been recorded from a range of habitats where its host plant grows, chiefly but not exclusively on calcareous soils, but tends to be chiefly associated with dense concentraons of small plants in open sunny areas, restricted by grazing, trampling or hosle soils. Unl recently it was thought to have declined considerably in recent decades, but more widespread use of sucon sampling is resulng in more frequent records. Bupresdae - jewel beetles Trachys scrobiculatus Na A small dark jewel beetle which feeds on ground ivy Glechoma hederacea on well-drained, often calcareous, soil in sunny situations. The larvae mine the leaves of the host-plant. It occurs through southern England to as far north as Yorkshire. It is relatively frequent in some areas and may be under-recorded. Carabidae - ground beetles

12 Taxon Status Notes Badister dilatatus Nb A small black ground beetle found in well-vegetated lowland wetlands, usually amongst tall marginal or swamp vegetaon such as bulrushes, sedges or reeds, though occasionally found on bare mud. It is tolerant of paral shading by trees. There are records from pond and lake margins, fens, ditches, and reed-swamps. Demetrias imperialis Nb A distinctively marked wetland ground beetle found amongst tall vegetation, especially beds of Phragmites, in marshes. It is found mostly amongst the leaf litter beneath the plants, but also climb the stems. It is found not only in extensive reed-beds in fens and coastal marshes, but also in narrow wetland fringes along ditches and rivers, and at the margins of ponds and lakes. It appears to be an efficient colonist, and is often found in disused gravel workings and other sites of recent origin. Cerambycidae - longhorn beetles Phytoecia cylindrica Nb An elongate grey longhorn beetle whose larvae develop in the stems of tall umbellifers, including cow parsley Anthriscus sylvestris, hogweed Heracleum sphondylium and wild carrot Daucus carota. It is found in areas of tall grassland and herbaceous vegetaon, and is especially frequent in habitat transions and mosaics, such as wood margins, hedgerows, and the margins of scrub in grassland. Chrysomelidae - leaf beetles Donacia impressa NS A reed beetle associated chiefly with club-rushes Schoenoplectus spp., though somemes recorded on common spike-rush Eleocharis palustris; larvae feed on the roots. Longitarsus ballotae Nb Associated chiefly with black horehound Ballota nigra, this small flea beetle is extremely local, despite its host being common and widely distributed, and despite oen being found in large numbers where it occurs. It may require warmer and more exposed condions than its host plant, and is typically found in unshaded open-structured habitats. Longitarsus lycopi Nb A flea beetle which feeds on gipsywort Lycopus europaeus, favouring large stands of small plants on seasonally wet or flooded ground. It is very local, but oen common where found. Podagrica fuscipes Nb A brightly marked red and black flea beetles which feeds on mallows Malva spp., especially common mallow Malva sylvestris. It has been recorded from grassland, scrub, wood margins, disturbed ground and wood margins. It has increased considerably in frequency in recent years. Coccinellidae - ladybirds

13 Taxon Status Notes Hippodamia variegata Nb Adonis' ladybird. A distinctively marked red, black and white ladybird found in low open-structured vegetation on dry ground. It has been recorded from heathland, dry grassland, parkland, sand dunes, riverbanks, ruderal vegetation in mineral workings, derelict and the margins of arable fields. It appears to be have increased in recent years, especially on brownfield sites. The Nationally Scarce status currently applied to this species cannot be justified. Curculionidae - weevils Acalyptus carpini Nb A small greyish weevil which feeds on willows, especially grey willow Salix cinerea. It seems at one me to have been especially frequent in fens and on wet heathland, and rarely found on more scaered willows in the wider countryside or in small wetland areas, but is now a rather frequent and widespread species in the south. The formal status is in need of revision. Aulacobaris picicornis Nb A bright blue weevil which feeds on wild mignonette Reseda lutea, and also found on weld Reseda luteola in mainland Europe. Larvae develop in the stems of the host plant. It occurs, like its host plant, on disturbed ground and in grassland, but is most frequent in disturbed areas on calcareous soils. It has increased in frequency in recent years, at least in the north of its range, but remains rather local. Rhinocyllus conicus Nb A fairly large weevil associated with thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp.). Formerly a scarce southern species, it is increasing in range and frequency, and is doubully worthy of its current status. Trichosirocalus barnevillei Nb A small brown weevil with characterisc white markings, found on yarrow Achillea millefolium in grassland, disturbed ground and coastal shingle. On typical sites the host plant is abundant in short, oen well-grazed vegetaon, usually open- structured and oen with bare ground, though it may seldom flower. Plants growing in tall swards or over significant amounts of lier seem rarely to be used. Vegetaon which has developed under rabbit grazing in quarries and other post-industrial land can support very large populaons. Tychius pusillus Nb A weevil which feeds on lesser trefoil Trifolium dubium, and possibly on other yellow-flowered clovers; larvae develop in the flowerheads and pupate in the soil. It is found in short grassland and open-structured vegetaon in full sun. It is a small species, and has probably been quite frequently overlooked. Dyscidae - diving beetles Hygrotus parallelogrammus NS Almost all records are for stagnant brackish water on the coast, though there are inland records in eastern England. This species appears to be replaced by H. impressopunctatus in brackish pools in the north.

14 Taxon Status Notes Erirrhinidae - weevils Notaris scirpi Nb A weevil of wetlands, found in fens, marshes and at pond and ditch margins. It is phytophagous and has been found in association with Typha latifolia and Carex acutiformis, though it may well have other foodplants. Hydrophilidae - scavenger water beetles Enochrus quadripunctatus NS Unshaded, well-vegetated base-rich ponds and ditches, oen with exposed mineral substrate, and mesotrophic fens; a mobile species, unl recently decidedly scarce, but more frequently recorded in Cambridgeshire in recent years. Diptera - flies Conopidae Thecophora fulvipes N A rather small, greyish-black fly which is a parasite of solitary bees of the genera Lasioglossum and Halictus, larvae developing in the body of adult hosts. It is associated with reasonably open habitats on dry substrates, as are most of its potenal host species. It has a quite wide but very scaered distribuon, with a somewhat western bias. It appears to have been curiously and unusually frequent in 2015. Dolichopodidae - long-footed flies Thrypcus cuneatus NT Larvae of members of this genus are stem-miners in monocotyledenous plants in wetlands, but the foodplants of this species are not known. There are few records, but it is known from two brickpits in the Peterborough area. Thrypcus nigricauda NS Larvae are stem-miners in monocotyledenous plants in wetlands; this species appears to be especially associated with club-rushes Schoenoplectus spp. Ephydridae - shore flies Ochthera manicata RDB3 A predatory fly associated with bare wet peat or clay, in which the larvae presumably develop. Though parcularly known as a species of East Anglian fens, in recent years it has proved a quite frequent species in clay pits in the Peterborough area. It can build up large populaons where there are substanal areas of seasonally exposed ground. Opomyzidae - picture-winged flies Geomyza breviseta N A small fly which lives low down amongst tussocks of grass, in the stems of which the larvae develop. Records are rather few and scaered, not least because of past taxonomic confusion, but it appears to be especially associated with calcareous grassland, and is known from Barnack Hills and Holes.

15 Taxon Status Notes Geomyza venusta N A small orange fly with paerned wings whose larvae develop in the stems of grasses. Larvae have been recorded from Bromus, and most Brish records are from calcareous grasslands, so it is likely that Bromus erectus is at least a regular host. The formal status is open to queson. Sciomyzidae - snail-killing flies Anchaeta analis RDB3 A moderately-sized snail-killing fly of rather undisnguished appearance whose larvae are parasitoids of water snails: Galba truncatula is a known host. It is usually found in well-vegetated places, oen amongst dense tall wetland vegetaon. Recorded habitats include small pools, ditches, reed-swamp, wet meadows and dune-slacks. Records are rather scaered; this may reflect a requirement for specialised condions or long habitat connuity, but is probably largely the result of under-recording. Colobaea bifasciella N A small snail-killing fly with disncvely marked wings which is found amongst lush marginal vegetaon around ponds, ditches and lakes. The larvae develop in the respiratory chamber of aquac snails such as Lymnaea palustris agg. and Galba truncatula, selecng snails that are stranded, aesvang, or otherwise le exposed by falling water levels in summer. Colobaea punctata N A small but brightly marked snail-killing fly found amongst marginal vegetation beside ponds, lakes, rivers and ditches, especially where falling levels in summer leave extensive areas of partly-vegetated mud. The larvae are specialised parasitoids of aquatic snails, feeding on those which are stranded or aestivating. Ditaeniella grisescens N A small brownish snail-killing fly whose larvae are parasitoids of snails. Both aquac and terrestrial species have been aacked under laboratory condions, but since the fly is strongly associated with water margins, aquac species are presumed to be the usual hosts in the wild. Most records are from coastal areas, especially grazing levels, but there are scaered inland records from marshes, ditch and pond margins, and mineral extracon sites. Pherbellia dorsata N An undisnguished brown snail-killing fly whose larvae are parasitoids of water snails: the ramshorn Planorbis planorbis is a known host. It occurs in a wide range of wetland types, both inland and coastal. Pherbellia nana N A small snail-killing fly with patterned wings whose larvae are parasitoids of a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial snails. It is found in wetlands of a wide range of types, including open marshes, shaded forest pools, dune slacks, and lake margins, and both permanent and temporary water bodies. A typical location has fairly low vegetation, either incompletely covering exposed mud or bordering a gently shelving mud expanse left by receding water.

16 Taxon Status Notes Psacadina verbeckei N Found in a wide variety of wetlands, including fens, damp heaths, riversides and dune slacks; larvae are parasitoids of aquatic snails, probably at water margins; rather a frequent species through much of England, and undeserving of formal status. Sciomyza simplex N A wetland species, typically associated with fairly tall dense marginal vegetaon of ditches and ponds; larvae are parasitoids of amber snails (Succineidae). Tetanocera puncfrons N A widely distributed but seemingly decidedly local species recorded from a rather wide range of wetland situaons. The preference seems to be for sites with vegetaon of at least moderate height - though somemes open-structured - over shallow or seasonal water, such as at seepages and shallow groundwater pools. Straomyidae - soldier flies Oxycera analis RDB2 A small dark soldierfly with disncvely clouded wings usually found in somewhat shaded wetlands. There are recent records indicang a strong associaon with small spring-fed streams at woodland edges on chalk or limestone, but other records are from reasonably open damp woodlands on calcareous clays with shallow seasonal pools, typically with abundant growth of pendulous sedge Carex pendula, without obvious surface flow. The larvae appear to develop in places where there is only a thin film of water over a silty sediment. Though this is undoubtedly a very local species, it seems to occur in relavely small numbers even in suitable habitats, oen amongst fairly tall and dense vegetaon, and may be easily overlooked. Oxycera morrisii N A small and predominantly black soldier fly whose larvae develop in wet soil, moss etc., in wetland situaons including seepages and marshes. It can occur quite commonly in recently-created habitats, is apparently able to colonise such sites over a considerable distance, and may be adapted to pioneer condions on wet soils and seepages. It occurs quite regularly in disused quarries and gravel pits, as well as in older habitats such as seepages on so-rock coastal cliffs. It can somemes be common in such situaons. It also occurs, usually in smaller numbers, in more heavily vegetated habitats, including ditches with shallow water. Oxycera pygmaea N A small dark soldierfly with a very wide but very localised distribuon. It is associated chiefly with small base-rich seepages in unshaded habitats with short or sparse vegetaon. The larvae live in saturated moss and the surface layers of sediment, especially where there are tufaceous deposits.

17 Taxon Status Notes Straomys potamida N A large yellow and black soldier fly, the adults of which often sit conspicuously on umbellifer flowers. The larvae are amphibious, living mainly in shaded seepages at stream margins, in woods and on valley sides, and also in heavily vegetated ponds and ditches. It has increased considerably in frequency in recent years, and the formal status is open to question. Vanoyia tenuicornis N A small black and yellow soldierfly whose larvae develop amongst moss and decaying vegetaon at water margins or on wet ground with water films, and recorded from seepages, fens, wet meadows, pond and ditch margins. The formal status is open to queson. Tachinidae - bristle flies Cistogaster globosa RDB1 A parasic fly, the host being the grass-feeding shieldbug Aelia acuminata. Formerly a very scarce southern species, it has increased greatly in frequency and range in recent years, as has its host. It is now rather rounely encountered in Cambridgeshire, especially in brownfield sites, and moderately tall but open-structured grasslands on dry soils. Tephridae - gall-flies Merzomyia westermanni N A large gall fly with heavily and disncvely paerned wings, whose larvae live in the flowerheads of hoary and common ragworts Senecio erucifolius and S. jacobaea, and somemes fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica. Recorded habitats include grassland, coastal marshes, fens, woodland and heathland, but it seems parcularly frequent on disturbed or partly bare areas on moderately calcareous clay soils. Myopites inulaedyssentericae RDB3 A small but strongly paerned species associated with fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica, the larvae developing in the flowerheads. It has a strongly south-eastern distribuon, extending north to the Wash, and is scarce in the south-west. Though local, this is not an unduly scarce species naonally, and is doubully worthy of formal status. It may have increased in recent decades. Hemiptera - bugs Cicadellidae - leaoppers Paralimnus phragmis Nb A small pale brownish leaopper with moled wings and disncve markings, which usually feeds on reed Phragmites australis but has also been recorded from sea club-rush Bolboschoenus marimus, and may have other foodplants. When feeding on reed, it can occur both in pure stands of the plant and in mixed fen vegetaon where reed is a minor component of the vegetaon, and in both large red-beds and narrow fringes along ditches and other water margins. Coreidae - leather bugs

18 Taxon Status Notes Bathysolen nubilus Nb A crypc ground-dwelling bug which feeds on black medick Medicago lupulina, and is occasionally reported from other species of Fabaceae. It requires a well-drained soil and short, open-structured or even sparse vegetaon cover. It has been found in semi-natural habitats in unimproved grassland, dunes, and coastal shingle, but is more frequently associated with disturbed ground in quarries, gravel pits, clay pits, urban wasteland, trampled and disturbed areas beside paths and tracks. For many years this species appears to have been a considerable rarity confined to a small number of places in the south-east, but it was increasingly frequently recorded during the laer half of the tweneth century, both increasing within its historical range and spreading beyond its old boundaries. Isolated records at the fringe of its range, with long periods of apparent absence in the same areas, suggest that it may be prone to considerable spread in favourable years, followed by decline. Since the 1990s the rate of spread appears to have accelerated, and B. nubilus is now widespread, though local, in eastern England north to The Wash. Delphacidae - planthoppers Calligypona reyi RDBK Associated with Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani in shallow water or seasonally flooded marshes and pond margins Local, but seemingly commoner than in the recent past. Chloriona dorsata Nb A small pale green planthopper which feeds on reed Phragmites australis. It has been recorded from reed-beds in a wide range of situaons, including coastal and estuarine sites, fens, and freshwater pool margins. It appears to be a good colonist, having been recorded from several gravel pits. Most sites appear to have quite large reed-beds. It is possible that it occurs preferenally amongst relavely short or sparse reed growth at the edge of larger reed-beds or at invading reed fronts. Chloriona vasconica Nb A small pale green planthopper which feeds on common reed Phragmites australis. It appears to prefer relavely small and weakly growing reed, such as grows where there is some grazing pressure, where reed is at the limits of its environmental tolerance, or where reed forms an acvely invading front over damp ground. Vegetaon amongst the reed is typically short, sparse, or even absent, and it may be that adequate penetraon of sunlight is an important factor. In dense tall beds of reed it is usually replaced by commoner members of the genus. There are, however, occasional records from denser stands of reed. C. vasconica does not appear to live on reed in permanent standing water.

19 Taxon Status Notes Eurysula lurida Na A shining brown planthopper which feeds on wood small-reed Calamagross epigejos. It requires good stands of the host- plant in reasonably open condions, but seems otherwise indifferent to the details of the habitat, occurring in fenland, woodland rides and clearings, grasslands on clay soils, and secondary sites in clay pits. It appears to be an efficient colonist of newly available habitat. Populaon density appears to be greatest on dense tussocky growths of the foodplant, and lightly managed sites, or sites unmanaged except for light browsing by wild animals, support the best populaons. Lygaeidae - groundbugs Megalonotus antennatus Nb Grassy vegetaon, open structured or dense, oen on clay soils or other ground prone to winter wetness Very local but rather unpredictable in occurrence, except in mature clay pits. Miridae - capsid bugs Lygus pratensis RDB3 A rather brightly marked phytophagous plant-bug. Though polyphagous and found in a wide range of habitats in mainland Europe, most confirmed Brish records came, unl recently, from rides and clearings in ancient woodland in southern England. Now, however, L. pratensis is found abundantly amongst ruderal vegetaon over a large area of southern Britain. It deserves no formal status. Rhopalidae - glazier bugs Sctopleurus punctatonervosus X The foodplants are composites growing in at least moderately tall but open-structured vegetaon on well-drained soils. Though seemingly established in southern England in the past this species almost certainly became exnct as a Brish species in the nineteenth century. It has re-colonised in recent years, however, and over the past decade has become widespread and common in southern counes, occurring especially in brownfield sites and fallow arable land. The official status is no longer appropriate. Saldidae - shore bugs Saldula orthochila NS A species of well-drained dry substrates with sparse or very open-structured vegetaon, perhaps especially characterisc of brownfield sites in the south, but also occurring in disturbed areas on grassland, heathland fringes, and rocky sites in upland areas; the formal status is open to doubt. Saldula pallipes NS Bare mineral substrates at the margin of sll and slow-flowing fresh water; can be abundant on extensive areas of seasonally exposed sediments, and a characterisc species of recently created or acve quarry workings, gravel pits and the like; the formal status is open to queson. Hymenoptera - bees, wasps Colledae - solitary bees

20 Taxon Status Notes Hylaeus cornutus Na A small bee which nests in plant stems and seemingly feeds from a wide range of flowers. It occurs in a wide range of habitats, and it is possible that a mosaic of habitat structure is important. Widespread through south-east and south-central England, the number of records obtained in recent years indicates that the current status of this species is inappropriate. Crabronidae - digger wasps Didineis lunicornis Na An inconspicuous red and black solitary wasp which nests in burrows in clayey soils fully exposed to the sun. It is typically associated with bare or sparsely vegetated clay in which there are deep cracks, and nest entrances are placed within the fissures. Adults are elusive and low-flying, hunng leaoppers and planthoppers with which the nest is stocked, and only occasionally visit flowers. Quite small areas of suitable ground may be used, and there are records from wood edges, the margins of trampled paths, and the banked edges of woodland rides as well as from more extensive areas of habitat in quarries, clay pits, and so-rock coastal cliffs. Gorytes lacinctus RDB3 Usually associated with rough vegetaon such as brambles in open situaons, including heathland, dunes, so rock cliffs, quarries and gardens; ground-nesng in light soils; probably easily overlooked and under-recorded. Nysson trimaculatus Nb Recorded from a variety of open habitats on light soils, including heathland, dry grassland and scrub, open woodland, coastal landslips and so rock cliffs, quarries and other post- industrial sites and occasionally heavily urbanised locaons; usually observed running on sparsely-vegetated ground or low herbage; a parasite of other solitary wasps - Lesphorus bicinctus is a known host.. Halicdae - solitary bees Lasioglossum malachurum Nb Found in a range of open habitats on reasonably light soils, this solitary bee has increased considerably since its status was assigned, and is now fairly common over a wide area in the south-east. Pompilidae - spider-hunng wasps Auplopus carbonarius Nb A moderately-sized black spider-hunng wasp which lives chiefly in woodland, having a preference for areas with streams or wetlands which provide mud or wet clay for nesng materials. Nests are built in cavies in a wide range of situaons, including under bark, in beetle burrows in dead wood, in stone walls, and beneath stones. Nest cells are stocked with a wide variety of spiders, with Clubionidae the most frequent prey. Though local in distribuon, it is generally inconspicuous and may be under-recorded. Lepidoptera - moths, buerflies Hesperiidae - skippers

21 Taxon Status Notes Pyrgus malvae NT The grizzled skipper. A colonial species, found in warm, sunny, open-structured and oen sheltered habitats on neutral to calcareous substrates; the larvae feed on a range of low- growing plants, favouring especially herbaceous Rosaceae. Noctuidae - owlets Chortodes fluxa N The concolorous. The foodplants are small-reeds, Calamagross spp., and the most frequent wood small-reed C. epigejos. It is potenally found wherever its foodplants grow in good quanty. Tradionally, this has been in the drier areas of fens and in woodland clearings on clay, but in recent years it has proved to occur in clay pits and other brownfield sites. Nymphalidae - browns, frillaries Coenonympha pamphilus NT The small heath. A colonial, grass-feeding species, found in unshaded dry grassland with a short to moderate sward on a range of soils; it has shown a steep decline in numbers in recent years, but remains frequent, and is a good colonist of newly suitable habitat. Sesiidae - clearwings Bembecia ichneumoniformis Nb The six-belted clearwing. A small moth, with largely transparent wings and a black and yellow banded body. The larvae feed in roots of bird’s-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus and kidney vetch Anthyllis vulneraria, especially in short vegetaon on calcareous soils, in places such as quarries, chalk and limestone grassland, and sea-cliffs. It is easily overlooked, and its current status is open to queson. Odonata - dragonflies Coenagriidae - damselflies Coenagrion pulchellum NT The variable damselfly. It is associated with well-vegetated ponds with good water quality. Though scarce on the site, this species was recorded in both 2009 and 2015, suggesng an established presence on the site rather than merely the occasional stray. Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets Tetrigidae - groundhoppers Tetrix ceperoi NS Cepero's groundhopper. A species of open, damp habitats with bare ground; especially a species of southern, coastal counes, this species has been known for some me from brickpits in the Peterborough area. This is the first record from a limestone quarry in the area, and the most northerly Brish record to date - though only by approximately one kilometre.

Three addional species, amongst the merely locals, are worthy of highlighng.

22 The leaopper Arthaldeus arenarius (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) may acquire a formal status in me. It has only recently been recognised in Britain, and its status has not yet been the subject of formal review. It is a lile early as yet to determine its rarity and distribuon with any confidence, but on current evidence it appears to be rather geographically restricted, recorded from Cambridgeshire (including the vice counes of Northamptonshire, Hunngdonshire and Cambridgeshire), Suffolk, and Bedfordshire, and to be found in sites with large populaons of Calamagross epigeios. In these characteriscs it is similar to the planthopper Eurysula lurida and the mere wainscot Chortedes fluxa, both also recorded during the survey and both Naonally Scarce.

The two ruby-tailed wasps Chrysis ruddii and Pseudospinolia neglecta are an interesng pair. Though neither is sufficiently scarce naonally to have qualified for formal status, both have probably declined and both are decidedly uncommon in this area. Recent distribuon maps suggest that C. ruddii is more frequent in the north and west, with a large gap in recent records in the midlands and East Anglia. P. neglecta has a similar lacuna in records, but a predominantly southern distribuon. The Swaddywell records appear to be unusual outliers for both.

23 Assessment and characterisaon of invertebrate interest

The overall fauna is undoubtedly a rich and important one The capture of thirteen Red Data Book and 56 Naonally Scarce species in a fairly modest amount of recording me is enough to demonstrate this, even allowing for a proporon of undeserved statuses amongst these species. At the county level, the value is indicated by comparison with County Wildlife Site guidelines. For general lists of invertebrates, there is a threshold value of interest based on the Invertebrate Index. This is calculated by scoring 50 for each Naonally Scarce species, 100 for each Red Data Book species, and summing the total for the site. The threshold value for CWS status is 500. For Swaddywell Pit, based on the records in this report, the Invertebrate Index is 4100. Even allowing for some eventual demoons, the margin is a substanal one. The quality of the fauna is further indicated by the proporon of the overall fauna composed of species with a formal status. Though a very rough-and-ready method of assessment, this proporon, in a general survey, can be a useful indicaon of interest. Proporons in excess of 10% are very rare, and such faunas can be considered exceponal. A fairly arbitrary figure of 5% can usefully be considered as a threshold for high quality. At 7.51% of the recorded fauna composed of Red Data Book and Naonally Scarce species, the quality of the Swaddywell fauna seems assured.

The interest of the fauna is swelled by having individual species of parcular interest. The grizzled skipper Pyrgus malvae is an obvious species of individual value, and is sufficiently well known both as a species and at this site to need no further comment. Variable damselfly Coenagrion pulchellum, Cepero's groundhopper Tetrix ceperoi and the fly Ochthera manicata are all interesng as outliers of species well-known from clay pits and former fenland a lile to the east. The wasps Chrysis ruddii and Pseudspinolia neglecta are interesng as apparent outliers at the naonal scale of the main areas of distribuon. What is not enrely clear in any of these cases is how far Swaddywell Pit is truly exceponal in providing suitable condions, and how far the records from here indicate the likely presence of these species in other sites in the vicinity - for example, in other, recent or acve, limestone quarries.

Many of the species recorded have quite specialised habitat requirements, and any simple ecological classificaon runs the risk of being unhelpful. Nonetheless, the table below subdivides the Naonally Scarce and Red Data Book species recorded into the simplest possible set of categories which could usefully be devised, of wetland, grassland/open habitats, and scrub/trees, a classificaon which, on this site, leaves relavely lile scope for grey areas and which provides a basis for discussion, and also records their distribuon between sampling areas.

Quarry Grassland Car Park Total Wetland/aquac 35 35 Dry open habitats/grassland 28 10 3 33 Scrub/trees 1 1 Total 64 10 3

On this basis, woody vegetaon on the site can be regarded as of slight, and at most very secondary, significance as a primary source of invertebrate conservaon interest. This oversimplifies: there may be more interest associated with woody vegetaon than has been recorded; some woody vegetaon may provide valuable nectar sources; scrub may be a useful overwintering site; scrub and trees may provide valuable shelter in exposed areas and important foraging space for mobile predators; and interest is not absolutely confined to species with a formal status. Nonetheless, to a first approximaon it can be said that scrub is minor contributor to overall invertebrate interest, and should be regarded as malleable; when it comes to considering management needs, there need be lile concern over inadvertent damage to its fauna.

On the basis of simple counts of species with formal status, wetland and open dry habitats are surprisingly equally represented. It is likely, though, that the wetland fauna is more fully recorded. Wetland areas on the

24 site are relavely small, quite clearly delineated, and for the most part easily accessible. Dry habitats occupy a miscellany of slopes, cliffs, boulders, bramble tangles and a substanal area of grassland of which only a small fracon could possibly be closely examined. In the quarry, for example, solitary bees and wasps are likely to be parcularly under-recorded. Significant interest was recorded from this group, but these species are me- consuming to records at all fully, and require good weather for good survey results. The list obtained is lacking in a number of reasonably frequent species which would be expected here, and is clearly very incomplete. Ground beetles are certainly also under-recorded, largely because piall traps were not used in the drier areas, and these, and other ground-acve groups, could hold significant unrecorded interest.

Even allowing for this inequality in the level of recording, on current evidence the wetland fauna seems somewhat the more special. In part this is because wetland areas on limestone are themselves relavely scarce, or at least occupy a very limited area, compared to grassland and dry open habitats. In this case, they also present a quite unusual combinaon of special features - permanent surface flows and trickles combined with seasonal or largely seasonal pools and large areas of seasonally exposed sediments - relavely uncluered by permanent deeper water. But also, whereas the fauna of open dry habitats is largely what might be expected from what is known of the fauna of, for example, Castor Hanglands and Barnack Hills and Holes, the wetland fauna has a rather more individual character. Some elements have much in common with assemblages recorded from the Peterborough brickpits. This is not unduly surprising: they are nearby, share a predominantly mineral substrate on relavely recently established wetland and pools, and have water with high conducvity and a substanal calcium level. It is nonetheless interesng to see species which have appeared to be rather important brickpit specialies - notably the shore-fly Ochthera manicata and Cepero's groundhopper Tetrix ceperoi - appearing by limestone pools. The variable damselfly Coenagrion pulchellum could almost be placed in the same category, since it is a frequent species in the brickpits as well as in the older fens and some drains, but in this case it is interesng to note that it was, in the not too distant past, also recorded from Castor Hanglands NNR. The long-footed fly Thrypcus cuneatus has very few records naonally, but has been found in two of the Peterborough brickpits. Perhaps the most intriguing of the species shared with the brickpits, though, is the diving beetle Hygrotus parallelogrammus. This has been consistently recorded from Swaddywell over a number of years, so would seem definively established. It is one of a number of predominantly coastal species which have been known for some me from the brickpits, where, inially at least, its presence was ascribed to the influence of brackish water seeping from the underlying Kellaways Bed. Foster et al. (2016) say that "it is almost certain that the only correct inland records are from sites receiving salt water", a certainty which the Swaddywell populaon would seem to undermine.

Though emphasis was placed, in the introducon, on the likely value of seepages in supporng invertebrate interest, in pracce it is difficult to separate out seepage-dependent species from the wider wetland assemblage. Soldier-flies (Diptera, Straomyidae) are a group which tend to feature rather strongly in assemblages from unshaded seepages, and Oxycera pygmaea is perhaps the most definively seepage- associated species recorded.

The recorded interest in the fauna of open dry habitats is concentrated in the quarry. This is almost certainly genuinely the case: the structural variety and shelter in the quarry is far greater than that in the grassland, so the range of niches is greater, and the range of foodplants with good populaons is large. The grassland has the advantage of a much larger area of habitat, and is in fact quite varied in character, but lile evidence was found that these characteriscs were sufficient to generate a great deal of interest, and almost none to suggest that such interest as it holds is not also present in the quarry. As usual, this simple observaon almost certainly over-simplifies. The grassland was more difficult to record precisely because it is large and established; it is also relavely exposed, and though this is a possible limitaon on its invertebrate interest, it is certainly a limitaon one on the ease with which it can be recorded. The 2015 survey was parcularly plagued by cool winds blowing over the grassland on days selected for survey, liming the records obtained, while the sheltered quarry produced samples of high invertebrate diversity. The relavely poor list from the grassland may therefore reflect at least in part poor collecng condions or low invertebrate acvity as well as an intrinsically poorer fauna. The list from the quarry is also swelled by records from past years, when the grassland was not, or very lile, sampled.

25 It is in part the variety of dry habitat character in the quarry that determines the amount of invertebrate interest it possesses. The range of aspects, slopes, substrates and vegetaon structure is considerable. All are, however, not equal in interest. South-facing slopes with open-structured vegetaon which is so enough to dig into but firm enough to maintain the shape of a burrow are important for a wide range of invertebrates, and perhaps especially for ground-nesng bees and wasps. Some bees and wasps favour steep slopes or vercal faces, a preference which is less widely held in other invertebrate groups, and concentraons of burrows can be seen in soer layers in the otherwise un-diggable cliff at the west end, for example. Bees and wasps also benefit from having plenful flowers, though the importance of very large populaons of flowering plants is oen exaggerated. A diversity of flowers is good, because many bees are specialists, but umbellifers are especially valuable in appealing to a wide range of generalists as well as specialists. At Swaddywell, as at many sites on calcareous soils, wild carrot Daucus carota is of parcular importance as a late summer nectar source.

Management consideraons

The three recording areas used are also convenient demarcaons for considering management. The car park and the grassland are relavely simple, and can be considered first, and in that order.

Lile recording was undertaken in the car park, and the level of recorded interest is low. The few species that appear, on current records, to be special to the area are associated with very open condions with short or sparse vegetaon on well-drained soils, not an unduly surprising find. Compacted ground and roune erosion here are useful, if minor, contribuons to the overall diversity of the site. Most important to maintaining this interest on and around the parking area itself will be ensuring that fringing vegetaon is managed, perhaps best by rotaonal cung, to keep it reasonable low and herbaceous, and that woody vegetaon is not allowed to grow sufficiently extensively, densely or tall to choke or shade the herbaceous vegetaon and open ground.

The default preference for the maintenance of grassland for invertebrates is grazing coupled with rabbit acvity. The combinaon has worked so far at Swaddywell, where the grassland structure could not easily be faulted. If anything, the preference would be for sll more open condions, but areas of short sparse vegetaon and bare ground are far more frequent than in many grasslands, and the area is balanced by the very open condions in parts of the quarry. Winter grazing, allowing unmolested flowering for the summer, is a common management paern in such calcareous grasslands. This is acceptable to invertebrates, and should be beneficial to the populaons of flower-vising species, but it is less certain whether, overall, invertebrates would be beer catered for by this paern or by year-round grazing at lower pressure. Either way, the important thing is to maintain varied structure. Natural variaons in topography and ferlity seem to assist in providing such variety at Swaddywell. The contribuon of rabbits should not be under-esmated in providing such variety, however. It is rare for there to be too many rabbits on a grassland. The current level of scrub is good; if anything, a few more scaered outposts of scrub would be at least acceptable if not somewhat beneficial, but need not be sought. In the long-term, a management regime which maintains a reasonably constant structure and enables the build-up of populaons and assemblages is far easier to establish on the gentle topography of the grassland than in the complex structure of the quarry.

In both wet and dry habitats in the quarry, in the absence of grazing the chief aim of management must be to prevent, or in places reverse, successional change which will damage the interest or potenal. In a site which is changing as a result of succession, the ideal is to choose a point in the succession which seems likely, in the long run, to hold greatest interest and to aempt to hold the site in approximately that state in perpetuity. Choosing the perfect state, and the method by which it is to be maintained, is not necessarily easy, however. Quarries, or other land undergoing succession from bare ground, tend to develop substanal invertebrate interest quite early in succession. This interest stems in part from the very fact that they are not, at this stage, being managed: succession provides that rather special condion in which plants can grow, flower, seed and die without any interference but nonetheless be in an open sunny habitat on ground with no lier build-up nor high organic content. This cannot usually last, and there is always likely to be a degree of compromise once

26 management becomes necessary. There is also a danger of recorder bias in the selecon of the perfect state. Almost any point from very early to late-mid-succession in a quarry site is likely to hold significant invertebrate interest, and it always tempng, therefore, to suggest holding condions in whatever state they happen to be when the site is first surveyed, which may be neither the easiest to manage nor the best for invertebrates. It is especially difficult and unwise to aempt maintenance of relavely late points in succession: a site may connue to hold substanal interest unl it is effecvely impossible to maintain it.

Woody vegetaon has been dismissed as of limited interest, with the caveat that it may serve some useful purposes. The spread of woody vegetaon is undoubtedly, overall, a threat, not a benefit. A reducon in the amount of woody vegetaon is strongly desirable. The removal of most of it would be enrely acceptable. This need not be rapid, and indeed very rapid change is oen undesirable, but reducing woody vegetaon will require that management should be frequent, relentless and unforgiving. Not all scrub should be removed, even if this were feasible. The following guidelines indicate some of the preferences for retenon and removal to benefit invertebrate interests.

• Scaered dense patches of flowering bramble are good. They should not, however, be allowed to spread in an unruly manner or to occupy more than a very small proporon of south-facing slopes • Scaered bushes of flowering willows are a beneficial feature in, or around, wetland areas. They should not be allowed to clump to form connuous scrub, or to shade seepages or runnels, or to grow large and shading. They must, however, flower in every year. Large species of willows should be avoided. • Scaered scrub of hawthorn and rose on slopes and amongst rubble will be beneficial, but bushes should be few and isolated, never allowed to form connuous scrub. • Tall scrub and trees cast considerable shade, occupy a great deal of space, and should be avoided: if it is possible to walk under it, it is a bad thing. • Any scrub or trees shading south-facing slopes should be removed.

Important features for the wetland invertebrate fauna are: • unshaded seepages and runnels with moss and tufa; • unshaded, well-vegetated shallow seasonal pools; • an extensive drawdown zone with seasonally exposed sediments; • good beds of Schoenoplectus and Eleocharis.

Catastrophic damage to key features and the invertebrate fauna could result from: • complete coverage of tall emergent and wetland vegetaon; • scrub invasion; • deepening of pond basins to increase the area of permanent water; • reducon in seepage and groundwater resulng in seepages and runnels being completely dry for substanal periods; • build-up of plant lier on, or organic material in, the sediments; • channelling of superficial surface flow.

Loss of, or reducon in, the currently extensive areas of bare or very sparsely vegetated mud exposed by seasonal draw-down as a result of plant colonisaon would also bring damage. On current evidence, the loss would be of rather few species, though these would be likely to include the Red Data Book shore-fly Ochthera manicata. However, it may be difficult to prevent further colonisaon of these sediments without draconian intervenon, and the plant communies which established would themselves be of value for invertebrates, so such a decline is seen as regreable but not necessarily one worth fighng.

At present, the amount of tall emergent and wetland vegetaon is higher than ideal, especially towards the eastern end of the wetland. Reed Phragmites australis is a major culprit here, and is perhaps the most ambiguous plant on the site so far as management is concerned. Several uncommon invertebrate species associated with Phragmites have been recorded here. Phragmites is an important invertebrate foodplant, and

27 Phragmites beds can support a rich invertebrate fauna, but a reed-bed seems a poor use of high-quality flowing water in a county where the habitat is easy to come by, and Phragmites can be a worryingly aggressive invader of more diverse plant communies. It is suggested that reed is retained, but reduced in area. The most important areas for the fauna recorded are peripheral ones in relavely dry condions, where Phragmites is towards the edge of its comfort zone, so substanal removal from weer areas, and from pools where it casts shade, should enable the retenon of the specialist fauna while improving habitat quality. Relentless and repeated cung in the summer growth period is the best way to achieve this. The current pracce of cung and removing Schoenoplectus in the western pool is a useful one to maintain open condions. It will be important, though, always to leave a proporon uncut; some of the associated invertebrates overwinter in the dead stems.

In the drier areas of the quarry, there is relavely lile to add to the basic requirement of ensuring good scrub management. The other, correlated, requirement is to maintain open condions. Instability of the steeper slopes, hoslity to colonisaon of bare rock surfaces, the acvies of rabbits, and erosion resulng from scrub management and visitors will all help to maintain suitable condions. As far as possible, management should be le to these relavely benign and constant factors. It may be necessary or desirable, though, especially in the medium to long term when vegetaon cover is likely to be denser, to assist the processes by ground disturbance. This may be especially the case if the rabbit populaon is dramacally reduced by disease for any great length of me. It is worth nong that the relavely friable substrate which favours invertebrate interest also favours both plant growth and rabbit scraping.

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30 Appendix Complete list of recorded species

Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Mollusca - snails, slugs, mussels Arionidae Arion ater common x Arion hortensis common x Clausiliidae Clausilia bidentata common x Cochlicopidae Cochlicopa lubricella common x Discidae Discus rotundatus common x Enidae Merdigera obscura local x Cepaea nemoralis common x x Cornu aspersum common x Hygromiidae Candidula intersecta common x Monacha canana common x x Trochulus striolatus common x Limacidae Limax maximus common x Lymnaeidae Galba truncatula common x Lymnaea stagnalis common x Radix balthica common x Planorbidae Planorbarius corneus common x Pupillidae Pupilla muscorum local x Sphaeriidae Musculium lacustre common x Valloniidae

31 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Vallonia costata common x Vallonia excentrica common x x Verginidae Vergo pygmaea local x x Araneae - spiders Agelenidae Agelena labyrinthica common x Araneidae Agelenatea redii local x Hypsosinga pygmaea local x x Larinioides cornutus common x Clubionidae Clubiona phragmidis common x Cybaeidae Argyroneta aquaca local x Dictynidae Dictyna arundinacea common x Gnaphosidae Drassyllus pusillus local x x Hahniidae Hahnia nava common x Linyphiidae Gnathonarium dentatum common x Lycosidae Pardosa palustris common x Pirata hygrophilus common x Pirata piracus common x Mimedae Ero cambridgei common x Philodromidae Tibellus oblongus common x Pisauridae Pisaura mirabilis common x Salcidae

32 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Heliophanus cupreus common x Salcus scenicus common x Synageles venator Na x Talavera aequipes local x Tetragnathidae Pachygnatha clercki common x Pachygnatha degeeri common x Theridiidae Anelosimus viatus common x Enoplognatha ovata common x Episinus angulatus common x Robertus lividus common x Thomisidae Misumena vaa local x x Ozypla brevipes local x Ozypla sanctuaria local x Xyscus cristatus common x Chilopoda - cenpedes Cryptopsidae Cryptops hortensis common x Lithobiidae Lithobius forficatus common x Diplopoda - millipedes Julidae Proteroiulus fuscus common x Crustacea - woodlice, water-lice, shrimps Armadillidiidae Armadillidium vulgare common x Asellidae Asellus aquacus common x Crangonycdae Crangonyx pseudogracilis common x Oniscidae Oniscus asellus common x

33 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Philosciidae Philoscia muscorum common x x Porcellionidae Porcellio scaber common x Trichoniscidae Trichoniscus pusillus common x Coleoptera - beetles Anthribidae Bruchela rufipes local x Apionidae Apion frumentarium common x Aspidapion aeneum common x x Catapion pubescens Nb x Ceratapion gibbirostre common x Ceratapion onopordi common x x Diplapion stolidum Nb x Eutrichapion viciae local x x Holotrichapion aethiops common x x Ischnopterapion lo common x x Ischnopterapion virens common x x Malvapion malvae common x x Oxystoma cerdo Nb x Oxystoma pomonae common x Perapion violaceum common x Protapion apricans common x x Protapion assimile common x Protapion filirostre Nb x x x Protapion fulvipes common x Protapion nigritarse common x x Protapion trifolii common x x Pseudapion rufirostre common x Squamapion cineraceum Na x x Stenopterapion tenue common x x Bupresdae

34 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Trachys scrobiculatus Na x Byrrhidae Simplocaria semistriata local x Byturus tomentosus common x x Cantharidae Cantharis crypca common x Cantharis decipiens common x Cantharis lateralis common x Cantharis livida common x Cantharis nigra common x Cantharis nigricans common x x Cantharis rufa common x Cantharis rusca common x x Cantharis thoracica local x Malthodes minimus common x Rhagonycha fulva common x x Rhagonycha lignosa common x Rhagonycha limbata common x Silis ruficollis local x Carabidae Abax parallelepipedus common x Acupalpus dubius common x Agonum emarginatum common x Agonum fuliginosum common x Agonum marginatum local x Agonum micans common x Agonum muelleri local x Amara aenea common x x Amara bialis common x Badister dilatatus Nb x Bembidion arculatum common x Bembidion biguatum common x Bembidion illigeri common x Bembidion lampros common x

35 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Bembidion lunulatum common x Bembidion mannerheimii common x Bembidion quadrimaculatum common x Bembidion tetracolum common x Calathus fuscipes common x Calathus melanocephalus common x Carabus violaceus common x Chlaenius vestus local x Curtonotus aulicus common x Demetrias atricapillus common x Demetrias imperialis Nb x Dyschirius luedersi local x Harpalus affinis common x Harpalus rubripes common x Leistus fulvibarbis common x Leistus rufescens common x Loricera pilicornis common x Microlestes maurus common x x x Nebria brevicollis common x Noophilus germinyi common x Noophilus substriatus common x Oxypselaphus obscurus common x Paradromius linearis common x x Philorhizus melanocephalus common x Poecilus cupreus common x Pteroschus madidus common x Stenolophus mixtus common x Stomis pumicatus common x Syntomus foveatus common x x Syntomus truncatellus common x Trechus quadristriatus common x Cerambycidae Agapanthia villosoviridescens local x Grammoptera ruficornis common x x

36 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Phytoecia cylindrica Nb x Stenurella melanura common x Chrysomelidae Aphthona euphorbiae common x Bruchidius lo common x x Bruchus rufimanus common x x Cassida rubiginosa common x x Cassida vibex common x x Cassida viridis local x Chaetocnema hortensis common x Chrysolina hyperici local x Crepidodera aurata common x Crepidodera fulvicornis common x Cryptocephalus fulvus local x x Cryptocephalus labiatus common x Cryptocephalus moraei local x x x Cryptocephalus pusillus common x Donacia clavipes local x Donacia impressa NS x Epitrix pubescens local x Longitarsus ballotae Nb x Longitarsus dorsalis local x Longitarsus luridus common x Longitarsus lycopi Nb x Longitarsus melanocephalus common x Longitarsus pratensis common x Neocrepidodera ferruginea common x x Neocrepidodera transversa common x x Oulema melanopus agg. common x Phaedon armoraciae common x Phaedon tumidulus common x Phyllotreta nigripes common x Phyllotreta nodicornis local x Phyllotreta nodicornis common x

37 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Phyllotreta viula common x Podagrica fuscipes Nb x Psylliodes affinis common x Psylliodes chrysocephala common x Psylliodes dulcamarae common x Sphaeroderma rubidum common x x Sphaeroderma testaceum common x Cleridae Necrobia violacea local x Coccinellidae Adalia bipunctata common x Adalia decempunctata common x Anisoscta novemdecimpunctata local x Coccidula rufa common x Coccidula scutellata local x Coccinella septempunctata common x x Harmonia axyridis common x Hippodamia variegata Nb x Nephus redtenbacheri common x x Propylea quauordecimpunctata common x x Psyllobora viginduopunctata common x Rhyzobius litura common x x Scymnus frontalis local x x Subcoccinella viginquauorpunctata common x x Tyhaspis sedecimpunctata common x x Corylophidae Corylophus cassidoides local x Cryptophagidae Telmatophilus typhae common x Curculionidae Acalyptus carpini Nb x Anthonomus rubi common x x Archarius salicivorus common x Aulacobaris picicornis Nb x

38 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Barypeithes pellucidus common x Ceutorhynchus assimilis common x Ceutorhynchus obstrictus common x Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus common x Cionus hortulanus common x Cionus scrophulariae common x Datonychus melanosctus common x Dorytomus taeniatus common x Glocianus disnctus common x Gymnetron pascuorum common x Hadroplontus litura common x Hypera nigrirostris common x Hypera plantaginis common x Hypera posca common x x Mecinus pascuorum common x x Mecinus pyraster common x x Mogulones asperifoliarum local x Nedyus quadrimaculatus common x Phyllobius pyri common x Phyllobius roboretanus common x x Rhamphus pulicarius common x Rhinocyllus conicus Na x x Sitona hispidulus common x x Sitona humeralis common x x x Sitona lepidus common x Sitona lineatus common x x Trichosirocalus barnevillei Nb x Trichosirocalus troglodytes common x x Tychius junceus common x x Tychius picirostris common x x Tychius pusillus Nb x x Tychius stephensi common x Dryopidae Dryops luridus common x

39 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Dyscidae Agabus bipustulatus common x Agabus nebulosus local x Colymbetes fuscus common x Dyscus marginalis common x Graptodytes pictus common x Hydroglyphus geminus local x Hydroporus memnonius common x Hydroporus palustris common x Hydroporus planus common x Hydroporus pubescens common x Hydroporus tessellatus common x Hygrotus impressopunctatus common x Hygrotus inaequalis common x Hygrotus parallelogrammus NS x Hyphydrus ovatus common x Ilybius ater common x Laccophilus minutus common x Liopterus haemorrhoidalis common x Elateridae Adrastus pallens common x Agriotes lineatus common x x Agriotes sputator common x x Athous bicolor common x Hemicrepidius hirtus common x Erirrhinidae Notaris acridulus common x Notaris scirpi Nb x Gyrinidae Gyrinus substriatus common x Haliplidae Haliplus lineatocollis common x Haliplus obliquus local x Haliplus ruficollis common x

40 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Helophoridae Helophorus grandis common x Helophorus minutus common x Hydraenidae Limnebius nidus local x Ochthebius minimus common x Hydrophilidae Anacaena bipustulata local x Anacaena limbata common x Berosus affinis local x Berosus signacollis local x Cercyon convexiusculus local x Cercyon triss local x Cymbiodyta marginella common x Enochrus quadripunctatus NS x Enochrus testaceus common x Helochares lividus local x Hydrobius fuscipes common x Laccobius bipunctatus common x Laccobius colon local x Laccobius sinuatus local x Hygrobiidae Hygrobia hermanni local x Kateredae Brachypterus urcae common x Kateretes rufilabris common x Malachiidae Anthocomus rufus local x Cordylepherus viridis common x Malachius bipustulatus common x Mordellidae Mordellistena pumila local x Nidulidae Glischrochilus hortensis common x

41 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Meligethes aeneus common x Meligethes carinulatus common x Pria dulcamarae local x Noteridae Noterus clavicornis common x Oedemeridae Oedemera lurida common x x Oedemera nobilis common x x Phalacridae Olibrus aeneus common x Slbus oblongus common x Pnidae Anobium fulvicorne common x Scarabaeidae Amphimallon solsalis local x Hoplia philanthus local x Scirdae Cyphon coarctatus common x Cyphon laevipennis common x Cyphon padi common x Microcara testacea common x Scirtes hemisphaericus local x Scrapidae Anaspis frontalis common x Anaspis maculata common x x Anaspis pulicarius common x Anaspis regimbar common x Silphidae Silpha laevigata local x Silpha triss common x Silvanidae Psammoecus bipunctatus local x Staphylinidae Anotylus rugosus common x

42 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Astenus lyonessius common x x Drusilla canaliculata common x Gabrius breviventer common x Metopsia clypeata common x x Philonthus cognatus common x Philonthus micans common x Platydracus stercorarius local x Quedius boops common x Quedius mesomelinus common x Quedius semiobscurus common x x Rybaxis longicornis common x Stenus bimaculatus common x Stenus brunnipes common x x Stenus clavicornis common x Stenus comma common x Stenus flavipes common x Stenus impressus common x x Stenus juno common x Stenus nidiusculus common x Stenus ossium common x Stenus providus common x x Tachinus pallipes local x Tachinus signatus common x Tachyporus hypnorum common x Tachyporus nidulus common x Xantholinus linearis common x x Tenebrionidae Lagria hirta common x Throscidae Trixagus dermestoides common x Dermaptera - earwigs Forficulidae Forficula auricularia common x Diptera - flies

43 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Anisopodidae Sylvicola cinctus common x Asilidae Dioctria rufipes common x Leptogaster cylindrica common x x Machimus atricapillus common x x Bibionidae Bibio marci common x Dilophus febrilis common x Bombyliidae Bombylius major common x Chloropidae Lipara lucens common x Conopidae Myopa testacea local x Sicus ferrugineus common x Thecophora atra local x x Thecophora fulvipes N x Dixidae Dixella autumnalis common x Dixella marnii common x Dolichopodidae Campsicnemus curvipes common x Campsicnemus piccornis local x Chrysotus cilipes common x Chrysotus gramineus common x Dolichopus brevipennis common x Dolichopus campestris local x Dolichopus fesvus common x x Dolichopus griseipennis common x Dolichopus lalimbatus local x Dolichopus plumipes common x Dolichopus ungulatus common x Erithomyia chalybea local x

44 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Hydrophorus litoreus common x Micromorphus albipes local x Neurigona quadrifasciata common x Poecilobothrus nobilitatus common x Rhaphium caliginosum common x Scellus notatus local x x Sciapus contristans local x x Sciapus platypterus common x Sympycnus desoueri common x Syntormon denculatus common x Syntormon pallipes common x Syntormon pumilus local x Tachytrechus consobrinus local x Teucophorus spinigerellus local x Thrypcus cuneatus NT x Thrypcus nigricauda NS x Empididae Empis livida common x x Empis stercorea common x Empis tessellata common x Hilara maura common x Ephydridae Ochthera manicata RDB3 x Heleomyzidae Suillia variegata common x Hybodae Platypalpus pallidicornis common x Platypalpus pallidiventris common x Platypalpus ruficornis local x Platypalpus stabilis local x Limoniidae Dicranomyia modesta common x Dicranomyia morio common x Dicranophragma nemorale common x

45 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Eloeophila maculata common x Ellipteroides lateralis local x Helius flavus common x Helius longirostris common x Ilisia maculata common x Molophilus griseus common x Molophilus obscurus common x Molophilus pleuralis local x Phylidorea ferruginea common x Pilaria scutellata local x Pseudolimnophila sepium common x Symplecta hybrida local x Symplecta scca common x Micropezidae Neria cibaria local x Muscidae Musca autumnalis common x Opeidae Opea nigra common x Opomyzidae Geomyza breviseta N x Geomyza tripunctata common x x Geomyza venusta N x Opomyza florum common x x Opomyza germinaonis common x x Platystomadae Rivellia syngenesiae local x Ptychopteridae Ptychoptera albimana common x Ptychoptera contaminata common x Rhagionidae Chrysopilus asiliformis common x Chrysopilus cristatus common x Rhagio lineola common x

46 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Rhagio scolopacea common x Scathophagidae Scathophaga stercoraria common x Sciomyzidae Anchaeta analis RDB3 x Colobaea bifasciella N x Colobaea punctata N x Coremacera marginata local x x Ditaeniella grisescens N x Hydromyia dorsalis common x Ilione albiseta common x Limnia paludicola common x Pherbellia cinerella common x x Pherbellia dorsata N x Pherbellia nana N x Pherbellia ventralis local x Psacadina verbeckei N x Sciomyza simplex N x Sepedon sphegea common x Tetanocera arrogans common x Tetanocera ferruginea common x Tetanocera puncfrons N x Trypetoptera punctulata common x Sepsidae Themira annulipes common x Themira pusilla common x Straomyidae Beris vallata common x Chloromyia formosa common x x Chorisops bialis common x Microchrysa flavicornis common x Microchrysa polita common x Nemotelus nigrinus local x Nemotelus pantherinus local x

47 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Oplodontha viridula local x Oxycera analis RDB2 x Oxycera morrisii N x Oxycera nigricornis local x Oxycera pygmaea N x Oxycera trilineata local x Pachygaster atra common x Pachygaster leachii common x Straomys potamida N x Vanoyia tenuicornis N x Syrphidae Anasimyia contracta local x Cheilosia lafrons local x Cheilosia proxima common x Cheilosia soror local x Chrysotoxum bicinctum local x Episyrphus balteatus common x x Eristalis arbustorum common x Eristalis horcola common x Eristalis interruptus common x Eristalis tenax common x Eumerus funeralis common x Eupeodes corollae common x x Eupeodes luniger common x x Helophilus pendulus common x Lejogaster metallina common x Melangyna compositarum/ umbellatarum common x Melanogaster hirtella common x Melanostoma mellinum common x Myathropa florea common x Neoascia tenur common x Orthonevra splendens common x Paragus haemorrhous common x

48 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Pipizella viduata common x x Platycheirus albimanus common x Platycheirus angustatus common x Platycheirus clypeatus common x Platycheirus peltatus common x Ripponensia splendens common x Scaeva pyrastri common x x Sphaerophoria scripta common x x Syria pipiens common x x Syrphus ribesii common x x Tropidia scita local x Volucella bombylans common x Volucella zonaria common x Xanthadrus comtus local x Xanthogramma pedissequum local x x Xylota segnis common x Tabanidae Chrysops caecuens common x Haematopota crassicornis common x Haematopota pluvialis common x Tabanus autumnalis local x Tabanus bromius local x Tachinidae Cistogaster globosa RDB1 x Eriothrix rufomaculatus common x x Exorista larvarum common x Tachina fera common x Tephridae Chaetorellia jaceae common x Chaetostomella cylindrica common x x Merzomyia westermanni N x Myopites inulaedyssentericae RDB3 x Oxyna pariena common x Sphenella marginata common x

49 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Terellia ruficauda common x x Terellia serratulae common x Terellia tussilaginis common x Urophora cardui common x x Urophora jaceana common x x Urophora quadrifasciata common x x Urophora stylata common x x Xyphosia miliaria common x x Tipulidae Nephrotoma flavescens common x Nephrotoma quadrifarea common x Tipula fulvonervosa local x Tipula lateralis common x Tipula maxima local x Tipula oleracea common x Tipula vernalis common x Ulidiidae Herina germinaonis local x Herina lugubris local x Melieria omissa local x Ephemeroptera - mayflies Baedae Cloeon dipterum common x Hemiptera - bugs Anthocoridae Anthocoris nemoralis common x Anthocoris nemorum common x Orius niger common x Orius vicinus common x Aphrophoridae Aphrophora alni common x Aphrophora salicina common x Neophilaenus campestris local x x Neophilaenus lineatus common x x

50 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Philaenus spumarius common x x Berydae Berynus crassipes local x Berynus monvagus local x Berynus signore common x x Gampsocoris puncpes local x x Cicadellidae Agallia consobrina common x x Anaceratagallia ribau common x x Anoscopus albifrons common x x Anoscopus serratulae common x x Aphrodes albifrons common x Aphrodes bicincta local x x Aphrodes makarovi common x x Arboridia parvula local x Arthaldeus arenarius ? x x Arthaldeus pascuellus common x x Cicadula quadrinotata common x Conosanus obsoletus common x Deltocephalus pulicaris common x Doratura stylata common x Eupelix cuspidata common x Eupteryx atropunctata local x Eupteryx aurata common x Eupteryx melissae common x Eupteryx notata local x Eupteryx origani local x Eupteryx urcae common x Euscelis incisus common x x Evacanthus interruptus common x Graphocraerus ventralis local x x Idiocerus lituratus common x Idiocerus sgmacalis common x Kybos butleri common x

51 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Kybos rufescens common x Kybos strigilifer common x Limotex striola local x Linnavuoriana sexmaculata common x Macropsis albae common x Macropsis cerea common x Macropsis fuscula common x Macropsis prasina common x Macropsis sco common x Macrosteles horvathi common x Macrosteles laevis common x x Macrosteles sexnotatus common x Macrosteles viridigriseus common x Megophthalmus scabripennis common x x Mediocerus rulans common x Mocydia crocea common x x Mocydiopsis aenuata local x x Oncopsis flavicollis common x Paralimnus phragmis Nb x Populicerus confusus common x Psammotex confinis common x x Ribauana cruciata common x Ribauana debilis common x Ribauana tenerrima common x Thamnotex diluor common x Zygina hyperici local x Zyginidia scutellaris common x x Cixiidae Cixius nervosus common x Coreidae Bathysolen nubilus Nb x Coreus marginatus common x x Coriomeris denculatus common x Corixidae

52 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Corixa punctata common x Cymaa bonsdorffi local x Hesperocorixa linnaei common x Cydnidae Sehirus luctuosus local x Delphacidae Calligypona reyi RDBK x Chloriona dorsata Nb x Chloriona glaucescens common x Chloriona smaragdula common x Chloriona unicolor common x Chloriona vasconica Nb x Conomelus anceps common x Criomorphus albomarginatus common x Delphax pulchellus local x Dicranotropis hamata common x Euides brevilinea local x Eurysula lurida Na x x Florodelphax leptosoma local x Hyledelphax elegantulus common x Javesella pellucida common x x Kelisia occirega local x Stenocranus minutus common x x Gerridae Gerris lacustris common x Gerris odontogaster common x Gerris thoracicus common x Hebridae Hebrus ruficeps local x Hydrometridae Hydrometra stagnorum common x Liviidae Livia juncorum common x Lygaeidae

53 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Chilacis typhae common x Cymus glandicolor common x Cymus melanocephalus common x Drymus sylvacus common x Heterogaster urcae common x Ischnodemus sabule common x x Kleidocerys resedae common x Megalonotus antennatus Nb x Megalonotus chiragra local x Nysius huoni common x Scolopostethus affinis common x Scolopostethus puberulus local x Scolopostethus thomsoni common x Stygnocoris fuligineus common x x Stygnocoris ruscus local x Stygnocoris sabulosus common x Miridae Adelphocoris lineolatus common x x Amblytylus nasutus common x x Apolygus lucorum common x Apolygus spinolae common x Blepharidopterus angulatus common x Calocoris roseomaculatus local x x Campyloneura virgula common x Capsus ater common x x Chlamydatus pullus local x Closterotomus norwegicus common x x Compsidolon salicellus common x Deraeocoris flavilinea common x Deraeocoris ruber common x x Dicyphus annulatus local x Dicyphus epilobii common x Dicyphus errans common x Europiella artemisiae common x

54 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Halcus luteicollis local x Heterotoma planicornis common x Leptopterna dolabrata common x x Leptopterna ferrugata common x x Liocoris tripustulatus common x x Lygocoris pabulinus common x Lygus pratensis RDB3 x x Lygus rugulipennis common x x Macrotylus horvathi local x Macrotylus paykulli local x Malacocoris chlorizans common x Megaloceroea reccornis common x x Notosra elongata common x x Oncotylus viridiflavus local x Orthocephalus saltator common x Orthonotus rufifrons common x Orthops campestris common x Orthops kalmii common x x Orthotylus marginalis common x Orthotylus ochrotrichus common x Phytocoris longipennis common x Phytocoris varipes common x Pilophorus clavatus local x Pithanus maerkeli common x Plagiognathus arbustorum common x x Plagiognathus chrysanthemi common x x Poymerus nigritus local x Psallus haematodes common x Psallus varians common x Stenodema calcarata common x Stenodema laevigata common x x Stenotus binotatus common x x Teratocoris antennatus local x Trigonotylus coelesalium common x

55 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Tyhus pygmaeus local x Nabidae Himacerus apterus common x Himacerus boops local x Himacerus major common x Himacerus mirmicoides common x x Nabis ferus common x x Nabis flavomarginatus common x x Nabis limbatus common x Nabis rugosus common x x Naucoridae Ilyocoris cimicoides common x Nepidae Nepa cinerea common x Notonecdae Notonecta glauca common x Notonecta maculata local x Notonecta viridis local x Pentatomidae Aelia acuminata common x x Dolycoris baccarum local x x Eysarcoris venusssimus common x Palomena prasina common x Pentatoma rufipes common x Picromerus bidens local x Podops inuncta common x x Zicrona caerulea local x Pleidae Plea minussima common x Rhopalidae Myrmus miriformis local x x Rhopalus subrufus local x x Sctopleurus punctatonervosus X x x Saldidae

56 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Chartoscirta cincta common x Saldula orthochila NS x Saldula pallipes NS x Saldula saltatoria common x Scutelleridae Eurygaster testudinaria local x Tingidae Acalypta parvula common x x Derephysia foliacea local x Kalama tricornis local x x Tingis ampliata common x x Tingis cardui common x x Veliidae Microvelia reculata common x Hymenoptera - bees, wasps, ants, sawflies Andrenidae Andrena cineraria local x Andrena flavipes common x Andrena haemorrhoa common x Andrena minutula common x Apidae Apis mellifera common x x Bombus campestris common x Bombus hortorum common x Bombus lapidarius common x x Bombus lucorum/terrestris common x x Bombus pascuorum common x x Bombus pratorum common x x Bombus rupestris common x Bombus terrestris common x Bombus vestalis common x Nomada flavoguata common x Nomada ruficornis common x Chrysididae

57 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Chrysis ruddii rare x Pseudospinolia neglecta rare x Trichrysis cyanea common x Colledae Colletes daviesanus local x Hylaeus annularis common x Hylaeus brevicornis common x Hylaeus communis common x Hylaeus confusus common x Hylaeus cornutus Na x Hylaeus dilatatus common x Hylaeus hyalinatus common x Crabronidae Cerceris rybyensis local x Crossocerus megacephalus common x Crossocerus ovalis common x Crossocerus podagricus common x Crossocerus quadrimaculatus common x Didineis lunicornis Na x Ectemnius rubicola local x Entomognathus brevis common x Gorytes lacinctus RDB3 x Mellinus arvensis local x Nysson trimaculatus Nb x Passaloecus singularis common x Pemphredon lugubris common x Tachysphex pompiliformis local x Trypoxylon aenuatum common x Trypoxylon clavicerum common x Formicidae Formica fusca common x Lasius flavus common x x Lasius niger common x Myrmica ruginodis common x

58 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Myrmica scabrinodis common x Halicdae Halictus tumulorum common x Lasioglossum albipes common x x Lasioglossum calceatum common x Lasioglossum malachurum Nb x Lasioglossum morio common x Sphecodes ephippium common x Sphecodes hyalinatus local x Sphecodes monilicornis local x Megachilidae Megachile centuncularis common x Megachile ligniseca local x Megachile versicolor common x Megachile willughbiella common x Osmia spinulosa local x x Mullidae Myrmosa atra local x Pompilidae Agenioideus cinctellus local x Anoplius caviventris local x Anoplius concinnus local x Anoplius nigerrimus common x Arachnospila anceps local x Auplopus carbonarius Nb x Caliadurgus fasciatellus local x Evagetes crassicornis local x Priocnemis agilis local x Tenthredinidae Macrophya duodecimpunctata common x Tiphiidae Tiphia femorata local x Vespidae Ancistrocerus nigricornis common x

59 Recording area Taxon Status quarry grassland car park Ancistrocerus oviventris common x Gymnomerus laevipes common x Symmorphus gracilis local x Vespula germanica common x Vespula vulgaris common x Lepidoptera - moths & buerflies Crambidae Agriphila tristella common x Crambus pascuella common x Myelois cribrella common x Erebidae Callistege mi Mother shipton local x x Rivula sericealis Straw Dot common x Tyria jacobaeae Cinnabar common x x Geometridae

Cabera pusaria common white wave common x Camptogramma bilineata Yellow shell common x Idaea dimidiate single doed wave common x Lomaspilis marginata clouded border common x Scotopteryx chenopodiata shaded broad bar common x Hesperiidae Ochlodes Sylvanus Large skipper common x Pyrgus malvae Grizzled skipper NT x Thymelicus lineola Essex skipper common x x Thymelicus sylvestris Small skipper common x x Lasiocampidae Euthrix potatoria The Drinker common x Lycaenidae Celastrina argiolus Holly blue common x Lycaena phlaeas Small copper local x Maniola jurna common x Polyommatus Icarus Common blue local x x Lymantriidae

60 Orgyia anqua Vapourer common x Autographa gamma Silver Y common x x Chortodes fluxa Mere wainscot N x Eremobia ochroleuca common x Mythimna impure Smoky wainscot common x Mythimna straminea common x Noctua pronuba Large yellow underwing common x Oligia fasciuncula common x Oligia strigilis Marbled minor common x Notodondae Cerura vinula common x Notodonta ziczac Pebble prominent common x Nymphalidae Aglais io Peacock common x x Aglais urcae small tortoiseshll common x x Aphantopus hyperantus Ringlet common x Coenonympha pamphilus Small heath NT x x Maniola jurna Meadow brown common x x Pararge aegeria Speckled wood common x Polygonia c-album Comma common x Pyronia thonus Gatekeeper common x x Vanessa atalanta Red admiral common x Vanessa cardui Painted lady common x Pieridae Anthocharis cardamines Orange p common x Colias croceus Clouded yellow vagrant x Gonepteryx rhamni Brimstone common x Pieris brassicae Large white common x Pieris napi Green veined white common x x Pieris rapae small white common x Sesiidae Bembecia ichneumoniformis six belted clearwing Nb x Sesia bembeciformis Lunar hornet moth local x Sphingidae

61 Laothoe populi Poplar hawk moth common x Zygaenidae Zygaea filipendulae 6 spot burnet local x Megaloptera - alder-flies Sialidae Sialis lutaria common x Neuroptera - lacewings Chrysopidae Chrysopa perla common x Chrysoperla carnea common x Hemerobiidae Micromus variegatus common x x Psectra diptera local x x Odonata - dragonflies Aeshnidae Aeshna cyanea common x Aeshna grandis common x Anax imperator local x Brachytron pratense local x Coenagriidae Coenagrion puella common x Coenagrion pulchellum NT x Enallagma cyathigerum common x Erythromma viridulum common x Ischnura elegans common x Pyrrhosoma nymphula common x Lesdae Lestes sponsa common x Libellulidae Libellula depressa local x Libellula quadrimaculata local x Orthetrum cancellatum common x Sympetrum sanguineum local x Sympetrum striolatum common x Orthoptera - grasshoppers and crickets Acrididae

62 Chorthippus albomarginatus common x x Chorthippus brunneus common x x Chorthippus parallelus common x x Tetrigidae Tetrix ceperoi Nb x Tetrix subulata common x Tetrix undulata common x Tegoniidae Conocephalus fuscus common x Leptophyes punctassima common x x Metrioptera roeselii common x Pholidoptera griseoaptera common x Trichoptera - caddisflies Beraeidae Beraea pullata common x Leptoceridae Athripsodes aterrimus common x Limnephilidae Limnephilus centralis common x Limnephilus lunatus common x Limnephilus viatus common x Polycentropidae Holocentropus dubius common x

63