Pulling the Reins on Animal Cruelty ALDF Helps to Rescue Horses from Severe Neglect

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In the Courts, ALDF Helps Bob Barker, 28.2 Coast to Secure a Safe a Lifetime SUMM ER 2009 3 Coast 4 Home for Max 8 Helping Animals Bones protruding, Raven was in an advanced

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Pulling the Reins On Animal Cruelty ALDF helps to rescue horses from severe neglect

Seven horses once so starved that they County, N.C., responded to reports that resorted to eating bark off of trees are now the Keatings’ horses were in extreme dis- safe and healthy, thanks to the Animal tress. Ferris arrived at the property on Legal Defense Fund, the United States December 17 accompanied by law enforce- Equine Rescue League (USERL), and a ment officers, animal control officers, North Carolina animal cruelty investiga- members of USERL, and vet students from tor. Diva, Groucho, Lacy, Raven, River, the North Carolina State University Shadow, and Twister were found suffering College of Veterinary Medicine. “We deter- from severe neglect in a Willow Springs, mined that the horses were suffering from N.C. field rented by the horses’ owners, severe starvation that was a direct result of Michael Keating, his ex-wife Judy Keating, the type of long-term neglect that consti- and their daughter Gayle. The Keatings are tutes animal cruelty,” says Ferris. now defendants in a lawsuit filed by ALDF. Among the cruelties Ferris noted—a The drama began to unfold last horse named Rain, the mother of River, was December, when Kelli Ferris, DVM, an animal cruelty investigator in Wake continued on page 5 A NE WSL ETTER F OR SUPP ORTER S O THE AN IM L E G DE the way I do.” didn’t love him gone this far if I “I wouldn’t have R For the court whentheyruledthat in abattleforhiscustody. ALDF filedanamicusbrief New Jerseystateappeals her dogDexter’s valueto her mustbeconsidered ecord who wonavictoryin — DoreenHouseman, on herbehalf.

P2 AGE Newsletter Design Stephen FarleyDesign Contributing Writer Mark Hawthorne Lisa FranzettaEditor NEWSLETTER STA FF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR LETTER FROMTHE What’ www.aldf.org/youtub his for grateful areWe point. this at issue,commitment.this on pageof Bob 8 watchand life Check onlinewith it at outmy interview his in play animals role the up sums nicely which Northwestern,UCLA, Stanford andtheUniversityDuke, of Virginia. Columbia, Harvard, at schools law the to law animal of study the support to grants million better,$1 a given has animals.Hesafer,for place humane more world the making tokeyand,particular, the animals lawforin cateas the see to came whyhe and Miss Universe refused pageantsthey when to stop using fur. USA Miss the of host as lucrativegig a gavethat.up Healso than deeper much goes mitment com - his But neutered!” or spayed pets your have problem, overpopulation pet the control asked “You’re here to see Bob Barker?” There was Bob, parodyingjokingly himself! inward it was impossible to see in the darker interior. But a voice, as familiar as my own mother’s, swung door the as and home Revival Spanish lovely this to door the on knocked I Angeles. It decades of animal advocacy — Bob closed every episode of of Bob’sepisode every closed advocacyBob animal — of decades of account fascinating a also It’stelevision. and radio in career incredibleBob’s from Right is Price The on up grew who kid a As Stephen are we how about cruelty. thecaseagainst want winning you information the you get us help will that questions of handful Wells How do you like to interact with ALDF online? Please visit visit Please online? ALDF with interact to newsletter? like you do the How of features favorite your are What opinions. your share to readers Advocate allow to designed survey short very a developedeasy, we’ve it To supporters.make animals. Wetoyou, important most and memberstois know our want morewhat also about w During the interview, in Bob’s living room, he lets his rescued dog, Jesse, steal the show — showJesse,dog, the rescued interview,stealBob’s his the in lets room, During he living I Inwas able tothe interview ask Bob about his path toward becoming an outspoken advo - memoir,new his about him interview to home his at Bob visiting was I Thanks inadvanceThanks your for sharing opinion! Every day at ALDF we are looking for new opportunities to advance the laws that protect that laws the advance to opportunities new for looking are we ALDF at day Every as s bright YO U R opi n the in Director Executive Wells Stephen n C i on? ommitment ommitment in Los Los day in the of middle e. Priceless BOARD OF DIRECTORS Tracy A. Miller•Dean G.C.Vanech Marilyn Forbes •PaulR.Leonard Directors Katie M.Brophy Vice Chair Joshua K.Marquis Chair on TV, the book is a treasure trove of vignettes vignettes of trove treasure a is book TV,the on Treasurer Jim Rockenbach Secretary Sarah H.Luick Bob Bob Barker Stephen with For the animals, Price www.aldf.org/surve with this famous line:famous this with “Help T for for trademark information. see “copyright” link on aldf.org or call (707) 795-2533. Please back, email us at [email protected], address, write to the address on or wish to notify us of a change of our work, are interested in joining, would like more information about deductible contributions. If you almost entirely by individual, tax- a nonprofit organization funded he A , Executive Director , Executive nimal Legal . Memories Priceless to answer a answer to y D efense Fund is Animals’ Litigation Updates Whether we’re defending the interests of a small dog or challenging the special interests of industrial agribusiness, ALDF is always seeking justice for animals. Two recent cases, on opposite sides of the country, exemplify this commitment. P A G E 3

Liebman notes there is cause for hope: The Divvying up the Dogs? court included a caveat in its rejection of the In March, a New Jersey appeals court ruled standard proffered by ALDF. “It suggested that that judges can consider the human-animal bond the best-interests standard might apply in cases in deciding who gets custody of companion ani- involving animal cruelty,’” he says. “This means mals when couples separate. This precedent-set- that if one of the parties to a custody dispute is ting case centers on a seven-year-old pug named likely to abuse or neglect the animal in a way Dexter, who was purchased by Doreen that amounts to cruelty under state law, their Houseman and Eric Dare in 2003. The engaged property right to the animal could be overrid- couple subsequently broke up, dividing their den, and the animal could be placed with the belongings, and it was orally agreed that party who would best provide for the animal’s Houseman would keep Dexter. But things got interest. This qualification reflects the court’s complicated when Houseman went on vacation implicit recognition that animals do in fact and left Dexter with Dare, who refused to relin- have interests and should be treated as more quish the dog upon his ex-fiancé’s return. than inanimate property under the law.” Houseman took Dare to court, and a judge awarded her the $1,500 value of Dexter, but Shameful Slaughter refused to enforce the terms of the couple’s agree- Meanwhile, ALDF has combined forces with ment that would have given her custody of him. the Humane Society of the United States, Farm Houseman appealed, and ALDF filed an Sanctuary, and the Humane Farming amicus curiae brief, arguing that the court Association to intervene in a meat industry The question should consider Dexter’s interests in reaching lawsuit that seeks to overturn key provisions of would not be its final decision. In reversing the trial court, California’s newly upgraded law banning the the appeals court concluded that a pet has use of sick and disabled animals in the food “Who has a valid “special subjective value” that cannot be com- supply. In 2008, California Penal Code Section pensated by money alone. The decision gives 599f was strengthened to prohibit slaughter- claim to own or Houseman a chance to regain her beloved pug. houses from buying, selling, or receiving non- “This case is a mixed blessing,” explains ambulatory (“downed”) animals for human possess Dexter?,” ALDF staff attorney Matthew Liebman. “On consumption. Since 1994, the law had required but “Which the one hand, the court acknowledged the sig- that any downed animal at any point in the nificant bond that guardians have with their process from transport to slaughterhouse be guardian will companion animals. It recognized and consid- euthanized immediately or removed from the ered the sentimental attachment that Ms. process. In response, the National Meat best provide for Houseman had to Dexter. That is certainly a Association (NMA), which represents major step forward. At the same time, however, the meat-packing and slaughter-plant companies, Dexter’s court refused to adopt the ‘best interests of the obtained a preliminary injunction to prevent interests?” animal’ standard that ALDF advocated in our the State of California from enforcing the new amicus brief.” Under that standard, companion law. Another industry group, the American animals would be treated as sentient beings Meat Institute, has joined NMA in their suit. with interests that are independent of those of Section 599f was amended last year follow- their owners. “The question would not be ing the Humane Society’s infamous undercov- ‘Who has a valid claim to own or possess er investigation at Chino, California’s Dexter?’ but ‘Which guardian will best provide Hallmark/Westland slaughterhouse, a major for Dexter’s interests?’ The court expressed its supplier to the National School Lunch doubt about whether courts could manage that Program. Video from the investigation shows determination. But an animal’s interests are no slaughterhouse employees repeatedly shocking more difficult to ascertain than those of a child animals, prodding them in the eyes, dragging or an elderly relative, and determining which them with chains, and ramming them with party can best provide for those interests forklifts. “That exposé demonstrated that the should be fairly easy to figure out.” continued on page 7 Max Max in his safe new home common one. an all too violence is sadly of domestic dysfunctional cycle in thehighly animals trapped outcome for ensuring a safe T he issue of

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ALDF helpsprosecutorinanimal/domesticabusecase Justice totheMax mal cruelty, and the trial court banned him banned court trial the and cruelty, mal Max ani- wanted of countstwo and assault domestic degree third- to girlfriend contest no Teahon pleaded returned. defendant’s the against case challenge: another with faced criminal was Teahon,she the on working was County, Bluff Scotts for Division Law Family woman’s parents to adopt him. shelter,localpermittingeven thea not in him would place him in danger—so the court placed thatallowingremain Maxtoguardianhiswith reconciled.Butthistimeauthorities recognized later couple the cases, domestic-violence many afterdayTeahon head.thein struckAsin him a died Diddy, who named kitten 10-week-old a animals, her of another abused also had he that revealed and her contacting Teahonfrom ring The bar Teahon. order protection a obtained with even woman relationship her ended possibleneurological trauma, and the girlfriend stairs.sustainedMaxflightof a down Max cat Nebraska, assaulted his girlfriend and kicked her for future casesinvolving companion animals. precedenta set may that ruling courtneering pio- a to led has ordeal his but safe, only not is Max Fund, Defense Legal Animal the from prosecutor,aggressivean judge, tireless someandhelp a to Thanks rights. animal for stone mile- a surely is cat the Max of case the marks, every If As Tiffany Wasserburger, chief deputy the of Bluff, Scotts Teahonof Dustin January, Last march for social victim (the girlfriend). releasethetoto backMax would oppose any attempt state the together, living again were girlfriend his the to defendant, and that he and applicable ban d a h consideringthe possession that r court e g the r u informed b r e s s Wa animals. possessing from position. the hersubstantiate and issue research to chance trial judgegave the Wasserburger a Nevertheless, objection. the state’s overrule be to would forced likely it that adding victim, the over jurisdiction probably have didn’t it said court has its land- its has justice

The - odds areodds thathewould alive notbe today.”home, original his to returned been had he so am If Max’slife. I save to able were case. we that grateful this in raised the issues on multiple well-informed obviously and aging on encour decision.very his Hegrounds was restto which several had judge the so ments argu- alternative several develop me helped and authority legal andresearch fordirection right the in the me pointedHe training. of for state out was he when even questions, for available always Wasserburger.was adds “He case,” this in me helped ALDF through tance adopted ourreasoning on theissue.” this case, and I am delighted that the trial judge in role a playhelped have It to heart my warms prosecutor. motivated and skilled highly a of work excellent the to thanks outcome, good a had kitten the Max animals, panion commonone,” saysHeiser. too “Unlike all manycom - an sadly is violence domestic of cycle dysfunctional highly the in trapped animals that Max adopted hasbeen into home. aloving reports also She animals.” and women bothprotect to efforts our in step big a tence sen- this consider Teahon.Mr.I of hands the at suffered also animals these that recognizes victim,which thinkI honors eachthem of and each for sentence separate a received He tim. - vic the hurt to attempt an hostage’in animals “Heeven described Mr. Teahon as ‘holdingthe abuse,” animal domestic Wasserburger.saysand abuse between correlation the recognized judge the that appreciateorder. “I protection a violating for months three and cruelty, mal assault, five months each for twoani- counts of domesticformonthsmonths: nine 22 of total Max’s interest.” best was case this in factor deciding the ership, - own regardlessthat position our toof support resourceinformation, of law,case tonsarguments and me emailed days several next the overthensuggestions and with me called “He great,”says. was she cases.“Scott abuse animal difficult with country the throughout cutors prose- assists which Program,Justice Criminal ALDF’sHeiser,Scott of director emailed ately - immedi Wasserburger,rights,” who says ship owner victim’s the terminate to authority the withcase law or statutory authority giving him “I can’t“I even express how much Scott’s assis- for outcome safe a ensuring of issue “The JudgeJamesWorden sentenced Teahon a to ready be to needed I me told judge “The - - care of them,” says Liebman, who represented Horse Rescue ALDF at the February cost-of-care hearing. continued from page 1 “The Keatings proved they could not take care found in a state of chronic malnutrition and of the horses, first by neglecting them and then died of starvation before she could be rescued. by showing they could not afford their care. Rain died in active colic, a gastrointestinal condi- Those six horses belong to ALDF and USERL tion that causes agonizing pain when left because the Keatings failed to pay the bond.” untreated (the Keatings could provide no evi- In addition to the six pregnant or nursing dence of veterinary care for any of the horses at horses, rescuers had found a male horse named any time). River, just four months old, was also Groucho, who was deemed to be in better con- suffering from intestinal cramping; veterinarians dition than the others. At the February hearing, P A G E 5 ranked her pain level at 9 out of a possible 10. ALDF discovered that the Keatings were claim- Diva, a chestnut mare, was examined by a veteri- ing they had sold Groucho to Joel Simpson, one narian and had a very low body score (an indica- of Gayle’s friends, for $1. USERL has since tion of a horse’s overall health) and had been taken possession of Groucho, and ALDF filed a neglected for months. Twister, developmentally, second lawsuit against Simpson for continuing medically, and nutritionally handicapped by the to neglect the horse. ALDF has petitioned the Keatings’ failure to feed him, was suffering much Johnston County District Court to order like River and appeared much smaller than he Simpson to pay the costs of care for Groucho should have been for his age of five to six during the lawsuit. A hearing on the petition months. Raven, a black mare, was found with will take place as this newsletter goes to print. her hipbones, backbones, and ribs protruding Check aldf.org for updates. beneath her skin, indicating advanced starvation. Along with recouping USERL’s expenses Lacy, an Arabian mare, was found lying on the associated with properly caring for the seven cold, wet ground; pregnant and close to death horses seized, ALDF has requested that the court from colic and the burden of carrying a foal with issue a permanent injunction preventing the no food or nutritional support, she was rushed Keatings from owning or caring for any animals to the North Carolina State University College of for a period of ten years, according to Liebman. Veterinary Medicine for critical care. ALDF is thankful for the caring organiza- Moreover, adds Ferris, there were no signs tions and individuals who have been involved of edible hay anywhere on the property, and no in this case and grateful to North Carolina, the grain other than a portion Gayle Keating had only state in the country with a Chapter 19A brought out to Rain the night before the mare provision. “Every state should have a law like died of starvation; the grass in the horses’ 19A, because wherever you are, there are many enclosure had been eaten down to the ground. more instances of animal cruelty than there are All the horses were nursing or pregnant, and resources to criminally prosecute that cruelty,” the condition of all of the seized horses indi- says Liebman. “Having a civil option takes the cated progressive states of malnutrition and burden off the state to spend resources to starvation, making it clear that the Keatings investigate and prosecute these cases. If you’ve The young colt Shadow had been neglecting them continuously for an got a group like ALDF that will spend its own was still nursing but extended period of time. resources to pursue these cases civilly, it’s really malnourished; his stomach In January, ALDF filed a lawsuit against the a win-win situation. was distended by starvation Keatings seeking permanent custody of the seized horses, who were rescued swiftly after the December investigation and are now in the care of USERL. The lawsuit was filed under the state’s Civil Remedy for Protection of Animals statute — Chapter 19A — a law unique to North Carolina that allows a private citizen or organization like ALDF to file suit on behalf of abused animals. In February, Matthew Liebman, ALDF staff attorney, and ALDF’s Chief Outside Litigation Counsel Bruce Wagman traveled to North Carolina to urge the Wake County District Court to compel the Keatings to pay the costs of caring for the horses since the seizure and during the lawsuit. Judge Vince Rozier granted ALDF’s request and ordered the Keatings to pay $8,372. “The North Carolina law requires defendants to pay the costs of care or forfeit their animals because they cannot afford to take Lupe, Lupe, Bob giving cookies to arlos, Carlos, and Juan

PAGE 6 and their money to find homes for these cats cats these for homes find to money their and energy, their time, their devote that zations - organi and people, of thousands and sands thou- country, the across people are There homes. have to all them for States United the in born dogs and cats many too just are There overpopulation. is think, I lems, prob- animal tragic most Barker.the of “One them,”says of all against fight the in could I what todo forms, manyI’ve in and ugly tried comes exploitation “Animal population. pet the icon’scontrolling TV heart: the to closest this.”with pleased are they sure I’m and lovers, animal in died who Jo, both were mother,Tillie. his “They and 1981, Dorothy years, 37 Bob’s of for wife named is Foundation DJ&T The says.States,” he United the over all dogs for spay/neuters subsidizes which Foundation, DJ&T the to go will everything profits, make to happen should it if that, is book the about continued from page8 continued Bob Barker Wells asks Barker about one of the issues the of one about Barker asks Wells right!” remindeveryoneandpriceyouisbuyitthe to says,heurge bookwouldliketonew “Ihis Of scenes. the behind and camera the of front the could great,” be hesays. lawyers-to-be.the fordoingIt are funds ment endow- law the what students undergraduate the for do could September. “That in begin will course The animals. directly of lives the that affect issues about students educate will Ethics,” “Animal titled Drury, at course initial The Rights. Animal of Study the for Missouri, for the Bob Barker Endowment Fund Springfield, in University Drury mater, alma his endowmentmillionat $1 a uprecently set also by profession.” thelegal it—but love activists—they rights animal the by applauded been only not have up set I’ve endowmentthesethatsayhappythattofunds I’m animals. help really can they there and legislation, with dealing they’re level, national the on or level state the on or level local the on politics, into go they if legal and backgrounds, have legislators our of many valuable: most the maybebackground.But, little a had he’sdecision, if right the makehe’llhopefully to position make a decisions possibly in involving he’s animals, and then judge, a becomes information.moreforhe go If wheretoknow he’ll backgroundhave leastsomeof animal, sortatwilland an involving case a has he and law, practices and lawyer a becomes a graduate “If States. United the in schools law finest the of some at up set he’s funds endowment elaboratesexplainingby importancethethe of books.”Barker the on have already we laws stringentenforcementneedalsothe we But of legislation. more need Welaws. stronger need legislation.reallyweiswhatneedthatsion We activism?,”animal rights asks Wells. decideto choose animal law as a focus for your you made country.“What the in schools law top the of some to grants providing by effort that to boost enormous an given has Barker schools. law major in taught law animal get Legal Defense Fund both feel an urgent need to or neutered.’” spayed have your pets population: pet the trol showevery by reminding people to con‘help - answer, is spay and neuter. That’s obvious why I closed the answer, only the And not exist. do homes the to because doomed are disappointment, people these and dogs, and youtub visiting by Barker Bob with view You Stephen Wells’of highlights watch can inter Barker is rightly proud of his work both in bothwork his of proudrightly isBarker schools,lawBarkereight the additionto In conclu- the to came “Well,”Barker,“I says Animal the and Barker explains, Wells As e . www.aldf.org/

- family members. saythat their companion animals are definitely Americans. two every for one nearly – homes American panion animals. According to recent surveys: most in obvious how is their own Americans comview - it and have, they yes, is answer Our Americans’ attitudes towards animals changed?” “Havereporters: news professional from hear frequently we that question a you with share inga question from our members, I thought I’d D island. deserted a on stranded were they if human a to cat a or dog a prefer would guardians vacation. their animals. wouldbe “verylikely” theirrisktolives saveto sumersare spending approximately $36 billion takers buy for their dogs. birthday gifts care- dog all of 25% and canines, their for ties lives indanger to save their animals. own their put likely”to “somewhatbe would continued from page3 continued Litigation Updates eased, they are euthanized rather than prolong- than rather euthanized are eased,they dis - or pain in are they if that requires it “but Wagman,farms,”says factory the of out them keep not year.does every“It goats sheep,and pigs, cows, of thousands of hundreds of fering counsel.side litigation out- chief Wagman,ALDF’s Bruce 599f,”says Section amending by safety food and welfare the by state,which then attempted oversight toimprove animal additional needed and job slaughterhouses,theitsdoing in not sight was USDA,overresponsiblefor primarily is which ear ear u u u answer of Joyce,instead Ask of issue this In u u u Another recent survey revealed that con - that revealed survey recent Another u Section 599f prevents extended extreme suf- extreme extended prevents 599f Section 9% of dog guardians throw birthday par birthday throwguardians dog of 9%

70% of those surveyed with dogs or cats or dogssurveyed thosewith of 70% 45% of dog guardians take their pets on petsguardianstheir takedog of 45% 124 million companion animals live in in live animals companion million 124 More than half of companion animal companion of half than More 50% of companion animal guardians guardians animal companion of 50% R Another 33% percent indicated they they indicated percent 33% Another eader: JOYCE A SK - - - ate society. compassion- and just more far a create ALDF foradditional actions that you can take to help local newspaper. Check our website, our Check newspaper. local your of vote lettersand of to the editor inyour wallet,yourindustry. for powerof wall Usethe the on writing more is California in calves) for crates veal and pigs for crates gestation hens,for cages battery (banning Prop2 of sage pas - the And decade. next the over farms sow out gestation crates phase at all of itswill company it owned that announced recently ducer, that coincidence no Smithfield Foods, the nation’s is pro largest pork - It laws. protection animal pass that legislatures federal and state boththe industries that utilize animals and the influence to potential growing and combined ourmembers.figures topointand factsThese our sharewith towant somethingI thatmore is there But homes. their share who cats and dogs the to have Americans many that ment according to theU.S. Census Bureau. year, same the in candy or jewelry, ware, hard- on spent economy,dollars the exceedingU.S. the of sectors largest the of one industry services” and products “pet the made has companionanimalson spent billion $36 That billion). ($17 earlier years ten spent amount productsandservices, morethan doubling the animal companion on basis annual an on receive advice specific to receive specific youradvice jurisdiction. pleaseconsultlocalattorneyassurea to that you rulesprocedures,andeachcountyownits has so eral only.information Each state and, in some cases, to questions. all - gen answers This column provides 94931.CA We are we topublish unablethat regret Fund,Legal Defense 170 East Cotati Avenue, Cotati, [email protected], or write to “Ask Joyce,” Animal Tischler, at: counsel, general ALDF’sand founder in If you have a question you would like to see answered involving the meat industry. case our and issues custody pet on information Be sure to visit surevisit to Be weuntil hearfrom the Ninth Circuit.” dormant is case theappeal, the forexcept So, court. district in continue will case answer,the their of Regardless summer. late be will ing NinthCircuitrules,the until we’re“which hop- all litigationholdtheon of rest theput have agreedto parties the Wagman, to According Circuit. Ninth the for Appeals of Court eral fed- the to injunction preliminary the appealed potentially contaminating supply.” thefood and agony their exacerbating line, slaughter the into them dragging and torture their ing The The Animals’ Advocate This increaseThis in reflectsspending the attach - ALDF and our fellow defendants have have defendants fellow our and ALDF

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family members. definitely animals are companion say that their dogs orcats surveyed with 70% of those PAGE 7 Nonprofit Org. U.S. Postage Paid Tucson, AZ Permit No. 3341

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printed on recycled paper INSIDE Bob Barker: The Price of Rights ALDF’s Stephen Wells Chats with the Game Show Host and Longtime Animal Advocate Most people know Bob Barker as the host of television’s The Price Is Right, the Emmy-winning game show now in its 36th season. But Barker, who retired in 2007, is also a dedicated animal advocate. He has established endowments at such law schools as Columbia, Duke, Georgetown, Harvard, Northwestern, Stanford, UCLA, and the University of Virginia—all to fund the study of animal law. In recognition of Barker’s work, ALDF honored him Talk to us! with our first-ever Lifetime Achievement Award at the Take Our Online Future of Animal Law conference at Harvard Law School in 2007. Little did we know that Barker was busy work- Survey 2 ing on his memoir, Priceless Memories, in which he writes, “As proud as I may be of my nineteen Emmys and my fifty years on television, I really feel that some of the most valuable things I may do in my life may be things I have yet to do. And I suspect it will be in the area of animal rights.” As the autobiography was hitting bookstores, ALDF Executive Director Stephen Wells sat down with Barker to talk about the importance of animal legislation and the star’s generous contributions to law schools across the country. Relaxing with one of his rescued dogs, Jesse, by his side, Barker is clearly pleased to have finished work on Ask Joyce: Priceless Memories. “I think the most important thing Americans 5 and Animals continued on page 6