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Van Der Schyff Marchant 2019.Pdf (2.403Mb) “Those who tell the story rule society”: Critically exploring four South African case studies (2008-2018) of online reports on ‘queercide’ and their significance for quality online news reporting through a mixed method approach Marchant van der Schyff: 214568484 Supervisor: Prof. Ruth Teer-Tomaselli Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Communication, Media and Society University of KwaZulu-Natal COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES December 2019 Declaration of authenticity I acknowledge that plagiarism is unacceptable and that the University of KwaZulu-Natal considers plagiarism a form of academic misconduct (Rule 9.28 of the Rules for Students Handbook). I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Plagiarism Policy and Procedures (Ref: CO/05/0412/09). I therefore used a recognised convention for referencing in this work (Harvard) as stipulated by the Discipline. I declare that this submission is my own original work. Where another person’s work has been used (either from a printed source, the Internet or any other source), this has been specifically acknowledged and referenced. I have checked this work to ensure that there are no instances of plagiarism contained within it. I understand that disciplinary action may be taken against me if there is evidence that I used someone else’s work without their permission and/or did not acknowledge the original source in my work. Signature: _____________________________________ Date: 23 November 2019 Supervisor: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the time, editing talent and efforts of Dr Samantha Thomas, Leigh de Wet and my incomparable research assistant, Kayley Webster. Your friendship, advice and support have been incredible – for this, I thank you. My employer, the Independent Institute of Education’s (IIE) Varsity College, my Principal, Yenusha Ramluggan, and Programme Manager of the School of Psychology and Communication, Dr Natalie Emslie, also need to be thanked for allowing me access to various resources and the time to access information. Without your assistance I would never have been able to complete this research. I also want to acknowledge the University of KwaZulu- Natal (UKZN) and especially the Centre of Communication, Media and Society (CCMS) for allowing me the opportunity to learn and to be awarded this degree by such a prestigious institution. I am tremendously passionate about the topic I investigated and it was the encouragement of this institution and the department that gave me credence to pursue it through academic inquiry. Acknowledgment also goes to my supervisor, the highly respected Prof Ruth Teer-Tomaselli, who has been my hortatory support. Finally, and certainly not least, my thanks need to go to my friends and family for their understanding and motivation. I especially wish to thank my supportive partner, Stéfan Hofmeyr (for coffee and jelly babies) and my mother, Ina Breytenbach. The journey of scaling this mountain that started with one trembling step and a prayer is now accomplished. I stand on the apex and stare into the distance − and find that there are even more hills to traverse. ABSTRACT The persecution of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) people persists despite a global climate of tolerance for diversity and inclusivity. However, liberal policies in countries like South Africa rarely protect sexual minorities against violence, abuse and rejection. One of the most violent manifestations of the response to the lifestyle of LGBTIQ people is continued oppression that has often resulted in the murder of lesbians without much credence given to this as a crime against human rights by the media in general. Moreover, limited academic research has been conducted to fully engage with the serious issue where LGBTIQ issues intersect with online reporting activity. What is expected from reporters of news if they wish to remain relevant while serving the ideals of honesty, reputable reporting and conscience? And, arguably more importantly, how do online reporters approach issues of concern that impact marginalised communities in a democratic society? Although South Africa proclaims a liberal Constitution, the policies stemming from it are seldom operationalised concerning the plight of vulnerable groups such as lesbians who suffer daily abuse as a result of a heteronormative patriarchal social context. It may even be said that the perpetrators of violence against lesbians garner more fervent coverage than the victims themselves. If this is true, the quality of online reports on ‘queercide’ deviates from what is required and this has implications for creating credibility and engaging audiences in a manner that is fair and just. Therefore, what framework for quality journalistic reporting appears or, conversely, does not appear when information on these murders is published? This study thus aimed to explore these issues using a mixed method investigation that was framed by the queer theory, the standpoint theory, the framing and representation theory, and the newsworthiness theory. These theories were employed to illuminate the technical and ideological frames that are used to report on the murders of lesbians. The sample selected comprised four case studies from the date of murder until the appearance and pleading of the alleged perpetrators. The data that had been obtained were analysed to contribute to information concerning how these cases were constructed for media publication, to establish trends in terms of similarities and differences in reporting among these cases, and to argue why these may have occurred. The findings that emerged significantly revealed how print media and online reporters approach and report the murders of lesbians as a marginalised groups. The findings have implications for gender studies, education, journalism and communication science, particularly in the advent of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Key words: ‘Queercide’, online reports, LGBTIQ issues, technical frames, ideological frames, journalism, gender based violence (GBV) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of acronyms List of Figures and Tables 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 2 1.3 Violence against the LGBTIQ community, especially lesbians 3 1.3.1 Attitudes against the LGBTIQ community 4 1.3.2 Rapes and ‘corrective rape’ cases 5 1.3.3 Discrimination against sexual minorities 6 1.3.4 Murder cases, trends and laws in South Africa concerning lesbians 8 1.3.5 The murder of LGBTIQ people: ‘Queercide’ 9 1.4 Media coverage of the LGBTIQ community 10 1.4.1 Quality media reporting: Laws, regulations, guidelines and industry recognition 12 1.4.2 Media coverage of lesbian issues 14 1.4.3 Media coverage of violence and ‘queercide’ perpetrated against lesbians 15 1.5 LGBTIQ news coverage: Influential global and South African people, events and media 17 1.6 News consumption online: Global and South African trends 19 1.6.1 Online news reporting 21 1.6.2 Quality news reports of LGBTIQ issues online: What is ‘good’? 22 1.6.3 The audience as co-creators: Media literacy as important as good news reporting 25 1.7 Purpose statement 26 1.8 Relevance of the study 27 1.9 Research problem 28 1.9.1 Circumstances of the research problem 28 1.9.2 Anchor 29 1.9.3 General research problem 30 1.9.4 Specific research problem 30 1.10 Methodologies pertaining to the research issues and research questions 30 1.10.1 Research issue 30 1.10.2 Research Questions 31 1.11 Research objectives 31 1.11.1 Quantitative descriptive objective 31 1.11.2 Research objectives 32 1.12 Research impression 32 1.12.1 What is the research argument? 32 1.12.2 Philosophical foundation 33 1.12.3 Michel Foucault 34 1.12.4 Simone De Beauvoir 34 1.12.5 Paulo Freire 35 1.12.6 Judith Butler 36 2 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 38 2.1 Framing and representation theory 38 2.1.1 Key contributors and what they contributed to the study 40 2.1.2 Criticisms of Framing and Representation Theory 42 2.1.3 Relevance of Framing and Representation Theory to the research 45 2.2 Newsworthiness 46 2.2.1 Key contributors and their contributions 48 2.2.2 Important criticisms of Galtung and Ruge’s (1965) Newsworthiness as a Twenty-First Century paradigm shift 51 2.2.3 Relevance of Newsworthiness to the research 52 2.3 Queer Theory 53 2.3.1 Relevance of Queer Theory to the research 54 2.3.2 Criticism of Queer Theory 55 2.4 Standpoint Theory 60 2.4.1 Key contributors and their contributions 61 2.4.2 Criticisms of Standpoint Theory 63 2.4.3 Relevance of Standpoint Theory to the research 65 3 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW 66 3.1 Violence and femicide 67 3.2 Framing and representation of lesbian murders in the media 72 3.3 Online reporting of news on Gender-Based Violence (GBV) 79 3.4 Standpoints and Queerness: Attitudes towards LGBTIQ people 87 3.5 Coverage of LGBTIQ in South Africa in general, and lesbians in particular 95 3.6 Online consumption of reports: Eco-chambers or fact-checkers? 99 3.7 Conceptualisation 103 3.7.1 ‘Queercide’ 103 3.7.2 Gender Based Violence (GBV) 104 3.7.3 Lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer community (LGBTIQ) 105 3.7.4 Online reporting 105 3.7.5 Frames 106 3.7.6 Social plugins 107 3.7.7 “Code driven” media in ideal writing and “user driven” media in real reporting 108 3.7.8 Perspectives from sources 108 4 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY 110 4.1
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