DOCSLIB.ORG

Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 15 Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 15 Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore S REVieWS IN EConomiC Geology Volume 15 BANDED IRON FORMATION-RELATED HIGH-GRADE IRON ORE Editors S. Hagemann, C. Rosière, J. Gutzmer, and N.J. Beukes SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 15 Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore S. Hagemann, C. Rosière, J. Gutzmer, and N.J. Beukes, Editors Additional copies of this publication can be obtained from Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127 www.segweb.org ISBN: 978-1-629495-73-6 Review15 FrtMatter 6/11/08 7:40 AM Page iii SPONSORS The Society of Economic Geologists Publications Board thanks the following sponsors for their generous financial support of this volume. TIER 1 RIO TINTO EXPLORATION Rio Tinto Exploration Pty. Ltd. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Vale) TIER 2 Kumba Iron Ore ASSMANG TIER 3 Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET), Paleoproterozoic Mineralization University of Western Australia Research Group (PPM Group), University of Johannesburg Review15 FrtMatter 6/11/08 7:40 AM Page v CONTENTS Sponsors iii Author Biographies vii Introduction: Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore Steffen Hagemann, Carlos Rosière, Jens Gutzmer, and Nicolas J. Beukes 1 Part I — Origin of Banded Iron Formations Chapter 1: Origin and Paleoenvironmental Significance of Major Iron Formations at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic Boundary Nicolas J. Beukes and Jens Gutzmer 5 Part II — Constraints on the Genesis of Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore Mineral Systems Chapter 2: Origin and Timing of Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Hard Hematite Deposits—A Paleomagnetic Approach M. O. de Kock, D. A. D. Evans, J. Gutzmer, N. J. Beukes, and H. C. Dorland 49 Chapter 3: Structural Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores Hosted by Banded Iron Formation: A Global Perspective Hilke J. Dalstra and Carlos A. Rosière 73 Chapter 4: Hypogene Alteration Associated with High-Grade Banded Iron Formation-Related Iron Ore Lydia Maria Lobato, Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva, Steffen Hagemann, Warren Thorne, and Má rcia Zucchetti 107 Chapter 5: Mineralogical and Microchemical Methods for the Characterization of High-Grade Banded Iron Formation-Derived Iron Ore Erick Ramanaidou, Martin Wells, David Belton, Michael Verrall, and Chris Ryan 129 Chapter 6: The Geochemistry of Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Hematite-Martite Iron Ores J. Gutzmer, Benny C. Chisonga, Nicolas J. Beukes, and Joydip Mukhopadhyay 157 Chapter 7: Application of Numerical Modeling to Extension, Heat, and Fluid Flow in the Genesis of Giant Banded Iron Formation-Hosted Hematite Ore Deposits John G. McLellan and Nicholas H. S. Oliver 185 Part III — Regional Studies of Iron Ore Provinces and Deposits Chapter 8: Banded Iron Formation-Related Iron Ore Deposits of the Hamersley Province, Western Australia Warren Thorne, Steffen Hagemann, Adam Webb, and John Clout 197 v Review15 FrtMatter 6/11/08 7:40 AM Page vi Chapter 9: The Itabirites of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero and Related High-Grade Iron Ore Deposits: An Overview Carlos A. Rosière, Carlos A. Spier, Francisco Javier Rios, and Viktor E. Suckau 223 Chapter 10: A Hydrothermal Origin for the Jaspilite-Hosted, Giant Serra Norte Iron Ore Deposits in the Carajás Mineral Province, Pará State, Brazil Rosaline Figueiredo e Silva, Lydia Maria Lobato, Carlos Alberto Rosière, Steffen Hagemann, Márcia Zucchetti, Franciscus Jacobus Baars, Roberta Morais, and Ivan Andrade 255 Chapter 11: Geology and Genesis of the Major Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Iron Ore Deposits of India Joydip Mukhopadhyay, Jens Gutzmer, N. J. Beukes, and Harendra Nath Bhattacharya 291 Chapter 12: An Integrated Exploration Approach to the Sishen South Iron Ore Deposit, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, and Its Implication for Developing a Structural and/or Resource Model for These Deposits Dennis Alchin, Vanessa Lickfold, Pieter J. Mienie, Deon Nel, and Marius Strydom 317 Chapter 13: Genesis of the Pic de Fon Iron Oxide Deposit, Simandou Range, Republic of Guinea, West Africa I. L. Cope, J. J. Wilkinson, A. J. Boyce, J. B. Chapman, R. J. Herrington, and C. J. Harris 339 Chapter 14: Brief History of High-Grade Iron Ore Mining in North America (1848-2008) Philip E. Brown 361 Part IV — Developments in Iron Ore Exploration Chapter 15: Advances in Geophysics Applied to the Search for Banded Iron Formation-Related, High-Grade Hematite Iron Ore Marcus Flis 381 Chapter 16: High-Grade Iron Ore Exploration in an Increasingly Steel-Hungry World: The Past, Current, and Future Role of Exploration Models and Technological Advances Hilke Dalstra and Marcus Flis 393 Part V — Glossary 411 vi Review15 FrtMatter 6/11/08 7:40 AM Page vii AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES DENNIS J. ALCHIN is a senior exploration geologist with his work on depositional environments in the Paleoprotero- Kumba Iron Ore (Pty) Ltd and currently manages the Sibelo zoic. His biggest strength remains field geology and sedimen- iron ore exploration project in the Northern Cape province of tary basin analyses. He is recipient of the Jubilee Medal and South Africa. He completed his B.Sc. (Hons) degree in 1980 Draper Award of the Geological Society of South Africa and at the University of Stellenbosch and earned his M.Sc. degree Honorary Fellow of the Geological Society of America. In from the same institution in 1993, with a thesis study investi- 2005 he was selected as SEG Regional VP Lecturer for 2006. gating the structural and stratigraphic setting of the Rosh Pinah zinc deposit in the Gariep belt in Namibia. He has au- HARENDRANATH BHATTACHARYA graduated from the Ja- thored and co-authored several papers on the Gariep belt and davpur University, Kolkata. He obtained his Ph.D. degree Rosh Pinah zinc deposit, as well as on the Sishen South iron from the same university. His main area of interest is ore ge- ore deposit in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. ology and sedimentology. He has taught geology for more than 30 years and currently he is the head of the geology de- FRANCISCUS JACOBUS BAARS is a South African born and ed- partment, Presidency College, Kolkata. ucated Dutch geologist and permanent resident of Brazil with an M.Sc. degree in metamorphic geology, under Dr. John ADRIAN J. BOYCE received a B.Sc. degree in geology from the Moore, from the University of Cape Town. He has performed University of Glasgow in 1980, and a Ph.D. degree in applied geologic cartography of four sheets at a 1:100,000 scale in the geology from the University of Strathclyde, in 1990, for his re- Espinhaço Range and has worked widely in Brazil and shield search into the origin of Irish-type Zn-Pb-Ba deposits. Since South America, mainly on exploration geology for De Beers 1985 he has worked at the Scottish Universities Environmen- Consolidated, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Vale), and as an tal Research Centre, where he has published widely on the independent consultant for, among others, the Brazilian Geo- application of stable isotope analyses to the understanding of logical Survey-Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais, a large variety of ore deposits, through collaboration with col- Pan Brazilian, Minmet, Caraíba Metais, Gold Fields, Eldo- leagues in the UK and across the world. He is currently a rado Gold Corp., Lara Exploration, IMS-Jaguar Resources, member of Council of the Society for Geology Applied to EBX, GME4-Global Minerals Exploration, ERM-Engen- Mineral Deposits (SGA), and on the editorial board of Min- haria de Recursos Minerais, MMX, Fundação Gorceix, Kin- eralium Deposita. He is a Fellow of the SEG, for which he ross, BHP-Billiton Metals, Anglogold Ashanti, Mineração has recently completed a stint on the Fellowship Committee. Santa Blandina, and Amarillo Gold, on a broad range of com- He maintains a strong commitment to applying the principles modities, including gold, diamonds, iron, manganese, alu- and practice of stable isotope analyses to genetic modeling of mina, base metals, PGM, Ni, rutile, Ti, kaolin, phosphate, and ore deposits, particularly through postgraduate training and potash. At the Survey, Baars coordinated the conceptual GIS development. plan and the mineral resource compilation, as a key fourth au- thor for the 1:2,500,000 geologic, mineral resources, and ge- PHILIP E. BROWN received a B.A. degree from Carleton Col- otectonic map of Brazil, published in 4 sheets and in DVD- lege (1974) and M.S. (1976) and Ph.D. (1980) degrees in eco- GIS format with some 210 co-authors. He has authored a nomic geology from the University of Michigan. Since 1981, chapter on the São Francisco craton in the 1995 Oxford Uni- he has taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where versity Press volume on greenstone belts and has co-authored he is professor of economic geology and teaches a range of a number of peer-reviewed papers, most particularly focusing undergraduate and graduate classes, many with a significant on the metallogenic evolution of the Carajás mineral province. field component. He has undertaken research projects on several continents and has focused on fluid inclusions and DAVID BELTON completed his B.Sc. (Hons) at James Cook gold deposits for the past 20 years. Present research interests University North Queensland. He was a senior research sci- include magnetic studies of layered mafic intrusions, entist with CSIRO Exploration and Mining in Melbourne, Phanerozoic vein and disseminated gold in Nevada, and char- Victoria, until 2007. acterizing the fluids involved with the development of the his- toric iron districts of North America. NICOLAS J. BEUKES was born and raised in Harrismith, South Africa. He studied at the University of the Orange Free State JOHN B. CHAPMAN is a postdoctoral fellow in the Mineral and the Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg, where he Deposits Division of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models
    Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5157 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER View of the abandoned Chrome Concentrating Company mill, opened in 1917, near the No. 5 chromite mine in Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus County, California (USGS photograph by Dan Mosier, 1972). Insets show (upper right) specimen of massive chromite ore from the Pillikin mine, El Dorado County, California, and (lower left) specimen showing disseminated layers of chromite in dunite from the No. 5 mine, Stanislaus County, California (USGS photographs by Dan Mosier, 2012). Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models By Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, Barry C. Moring, and John P. Galloway Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5157 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 This report and any updates to it are available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5157/ For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Galloway, J.P., 2012, Podiform chromite deposits—database and grade and tonnage models: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficient Improvement of Original Magnetite in Iron Ore Reduction
    minerals Article The Efficient Improvement of Original Magnetite in Iron Ore Reduction Reaction in Magnetization Roasting Process and Mechanism Analysis by In Situ and Continuous Image Capture Bing Zhao 1,2, Peng Gao 1,2,*, Zhidong Tang 1,2 and Wuzhi Zhang 1,2 1 School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; [email protected] (B.Z.); [email protected] (Z.T.); [email protected] (W.Z.) 2 National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Exploitation Technology for Refractory Iron Ore Resources, Shenyang 110819, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-024-8368-8920 Abstract: Magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is considered an effective method for recovering iron minerals. As hematite and magnetite are the main concomitant constituents in iron ores, the separation index after the magnetization roasting will be more optimized than with only hematite. In this research, the mechanism of the original magnetite improving iron ore reduction during the magnetization roasting process was explored using ore fines and lump ore samples. Under optimum roasting conditions, the iron grade increased from 62.17% to 65.22%, and iron recovery increased from 84.02% to 92.02% after separation, when Fe in the original magnetite content increased from 0.31% to 8.09%, although the Fe masses in each sample were equal. For lump ores with magnetite and hematite intergrowth, the method of in situ and continuous image capture Citation: Zhao, B.; Gao, P.; Tang, Z.; for microcrack generation and the evolution of the magnetization roasting process was innovatively Zhang, W.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery of Magnetite-Hematite Concentrate from Iron Ore Tailings
    E3S Web of Conferences 247, 01042 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701042 ICEPP-2021 Recovery of magnetite-hematite concentrate from iron ore tailings Mikhail Khokhulya1,*, Alexander Fomin1, and Svetlana Alekseeva1 1Mining Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209, Russia Abstract. The research is aimed at study of the probable recovery of iron from the tailings of the Olcon mining company located in the north-western Arctic zone of Russia. Material composition of a sample from a tailings dump was analysed. The authors have developed a separation production technology to recover magnetite-hematite concentrate from the tailings. A processing flowsheet includes magnetic separation, milling and gravity concentration methods. The separation technology provides for production of iron ore concentrate with total iron content of 65.9% and recovers 91.0% of magnetite and 80.5% of hematite from the tailings containing 20.4% of total iron. The proposed technology will increase production of the concentrate at a dressing plant and reduce environmental impact. 1 Introduction The mineral processing plant of the Olcon JSC, located at the Murmansk region, produces magnetite- At present, there is an important problem worldwide in hematite concentrate. The processing technology the disposal of waste generated during the mineral includes several magnetic separation stages to produce production and processing. Tailings dumps occupy huge magnetite concentrate and two jigging stages to produce areas and pollute the environment. However, waste hematite concentrate from a non-magnetic fraction of material contains some valuable components that can be magnetic separation [13]. used in various industries. In the initial period of plant operation (since 1955) In Russia, mining-induced waste occupies more than iron ore tailings were stored in the Southern Bay of 300 thousand hectares of lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Banded Iron Formations
    Banded Iron Formations Cover Slide 1 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures Kalmina gorge banded iron (Gypsy Denise 2013, Creative Commons) BIFs were deposited in shallow marine troughs or basins. Deposits are tens of km long, several km wide and 150 – 600 m thick. Photo is of Kalmina gorge in the Pilbara (Karijini National Park, Hamersley Ranges) 2 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock Iron rich bands: hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). Iron poor bands: chert (fine‐grained quartz) and low iron oxide levels Rock sample from a BIF (Woudloper 2009, Creative Commons 1.0) Iron rich bands are composed of hematitie (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). The iron poor bands contain chert (fine‐grained quartz) with lesser amounts of iron oxide. 3 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock • Archaean and Proterozoic in age BIF formation through time (KG Budge 2020, public domain) BIFs were deposited for 2 billion years during the Archaean and Proterozoic. There was another short time of deposition during a Snowball Earth event. 4 Why are BIFs important? • Iron ore exports are Australia’s top earner, worth $61 billion in 2017‐2018 • Iron ore comes from enriched BIF deposits Rio Tinto iron ore shiploader in the Pilbara (C Hargrave, CSIRO Science Image) Australia is consistently the leading iron ore exporter in the world. We have large deposits where the iron‐poor chert bands have been leached away, leaving 40%‐60% iron.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGY THEME STUDY Page 1
    NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS Dr. Harry A. Butowsky GEOLOGY THEME STUDY Page 1 Geology National Historic Landmark Theme Study (Draft 1990) Introduction by Dr. Harry A. Butowsky Historian, History Division National Park Service, Washington, DC The Geology National Historic Landmark Theme Study represents the second phase of the National Park Service's thematic study of the history of American science. Phase one of this study, Astronomy and Astrophysics: A National Historic Landmark Theme Study was completed in l989. Subsequent phases of the science theme study will include the disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics and other related sciences. The Science Theme Study is being completed by the National Historic Landmarks Survey of the National Park Service in compliance with the requirements of the Historic Sites Act of l935. The Historic Sites Act established "a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings and objects of national significance for the inspiration and benefit of the American people." Under the terms of the Act, the service is required to survey, study, protect, preserve, maintain, or operate nationally significant historic buildings, sites & objects. The National Historic Landmarks Survey of the National Park Service is charged with the responsibility of identifying America's nationally significant historic property. The survey meets this obligation through a comprehensive process involving thematic study of the facets of American History. In recent years, the survey has completed National Historic Landmark theme studies on topics as diverse as the American space program, World War II in the Pacific, the US Constitution, recreation in the United States and architecture in the National Parks.
    [Show full text]
  • CARBONATE and MAGNETITE PARAGENESES AS MONITORS of CARBON DIOXIDE and OXYGEN FUGACITY Andrea M
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI 1424.pdf CARBONATE AND MAGNETITE PARAGENESES AS MONITORS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN FUGACITY Andrea M. Koziol, Department of Geology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2364 USA; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction: A geologist or meteoriticist magnetite grains, led Brearley to suggest that a may have before them an assemblage of miner- later reheating event caused the carbonate to als that together record a history of the tem- decompose. The CO2 evolved would produce perature, pressure, and fluid composition that the small voids. The siderite component of the the rock has experienced. Certain key minerals carbonate would preferentially break down, do record water, CO2, and O2 fugacities. forming magnetite [5]. Siderite, FeCO3, is one of those key miner- als. The stable coexistence of siderite with an- Alternatively, an increase in oxygen fugac- other key mineral, such as graphite or magnet- ity would promote magnetite formation by ite (Fe3O4), is only possible under certain re- strictive conditions. If other variables are 3 FeCO3 + 1/2 (O2) = Fe3O4 + 3 CO2. (1) known, the activity or fugacity of CO2 or O2 in the fluid phase once present in the rock can Oxygen fugacity could change as pore fluid often be estimated. This is an oxybarometer: a changes, or as certain mineral reactions pro- way of estimating oxygen fugacity (fO2) from gress. The oxygen may not be present in a gas mineral assemblages. The results can be used to phase, but may be dissolved in a fluid or supplied understand parageneses of iron-rich carbonate by a mineral.
    [Show full text]
  • Porphyry Deposits
    PORPHYRY DEPOSITS W.D. SINCLAIR Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8 E-mail: [email protected] Definition Au (±Ag, Cu, Mo) Mo (±W, Sn) Porphyry deposits are large, low- to medium-grade W-Mo (±Bi, Sn) deposits in which primary (hypogene) ore minerals are dom- Sn (±W, Mo, Ag, Bi, Cu, Zn, In) inantly structurally controlled and which are spatially and Sn-Ag (±W, Cu, Zn, Mo, Bi) genetically related to felsic to intermediate porphyritic intru- Ag (±Au, Zn, Pb) sions (Kirkham, 1972). The large size and structural control (e.g., veins, vein sets, stockworks, fractures, 'crackled zones' For deposits with currently subeconomic grades and and breccia pipes) serve to distinguish porphyry deposits tonnages, subtypes are based on probable coproduct and from a variety of deposits that may be peripherally associat- byproduct metals, assuming that the deposits were econom- ed, including skarns, high-temperature mantos, breccia ic. pipes, peripheral mesothermal veins, and epithermal pre- Geographical Distribution cious-metal deposits. Secondary minerals may be developed in supergene-enriched zones in porphyry Cu deposits by weathering of primary sulphides. Such zones typically have Porphyry deposits occur throughout the world in a series significantly higher Cu grades, thereby enhancing the poten- of extensive, relatively narrow, linear metallogenic tial for economic exploitation. provinces (Fig. 1). They are predominantly associated with The following subtypes of porphyry deposits are Mesozoic to Cenozoic orogenic belts in western North and defined according to the metals that are essential to the eco- South America and around the western margin of the Pacific nomics of the deposit (metals that are byproducts or poten- Basin, particularly within the South East Asian Archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • Rock and Mineral Identification for Engineers
    Rock and Mineral Identification for Engineers November 1991 r~ u.s. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration acid bottle 8 granite ~~_k_nife _) v / muscovite 8 magnify~in_g . lens~ 0 09<2) Some common rocks, minerals, and identification aids (see text). Rock And Mineral Identification for Engineers TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Minerals ...................................................................................... 2 Rocks ........................................................................................... 6 Mineral Identification Procedure ............................................ 8 Rock Identification Procedure ............................................... 22 Engineering Properties of Rock Types ................................. 42 Summary ................................................................................... 49 Appendix: References ............................................................. 50 FIGURES 1. Moh's Hardness Scale ......................................................... 10 2. The Mineral Chert ............................................................... 16 3. The Mineral Quartz ............................................................. 16 4. The Mineral Plagioclase ...................................................... 17 5. The Minerals Orthoclase ..................................................... 17 6. The Mineral Hornblende ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 20
    REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Volume 20 DIVERSITY OF CARLIN-STYLE GOLD DEPOSITS Editor John L. Muntean Ralph J. Roberts Center for Research in Economic Geology Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology University of Nevada Reno SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4617793/edocrev20fm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Published by the Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127, USA Website: segweb.org E-mail: [email protected] Printed by: robinprint 9457 S. University Blvd., #807 Highlands Ranch, CO 80126-4976 Email: [email protected] ISSN 0741–0123 (Print) 2374–443X (PDF) ISBN 978–1–629492–22–3 (Print) 978–1–629495–78–1 (PDF) Reviews in Economic Geology is a series publication of the Society of Economic Geolo- gists designed to accompany the Society’s Short Course series. Like the Short Courses, each volume provides comprehensive updates on various applied and academic topics for practicing economic geologists and geochemists in exploration, development, research, and teaching. Volumes are produced in conjunction with each new Short Course, first serving as a textbook for that course and subsequently made available to SEG members and others at a modest cost. On the cover: Map showing locations of Carlin-style gold deposits discussed in this volume: Great Basin, Nevada; Dian- Qian-Gui “Golden Triangle,” SW China; Nadaleen trend, Yukon, Canada; Bau district, Sarawak, Malaysia; Agdarreh and Zarshouran deposits, NW Iran; and Allchar deposit, Republic of Macedonia. Inset shows possible interrelationships between various sources of ore fluid and types of Carlin-style deposits, described in the introduction by Muntean in this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Metals and Society: an Introduction to Economic Geology
    Metals and Society: an Introduction to Economic Geology . Nicholas Arndt l Cle´ment Ganino Metals and Society: an Introduction to Economic Geology Nicholas Arndt Cle´ment Ganino University of Grenoble University of Nice Grenoble Nice 38031 06103 France France [email protected] [email protected] Nicholas T. Arndt, Cle´ment Ganino: Ressources mine´rales: Cours et exercices corrige´s Originally published: # Dunod, Paris, 2010 ISBN 978-3- 642-22995-4 e-ISBN 978-3- 642-22996-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-22996-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942416 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Thousands of years ago European’s were transporting tin from Cornwall in southwest England to Crete in the eastern Mediterranean to create bronze by alloying tin and copper to create a new and more useful metal allow.
    [Show full text]
  • (Kızıldağ, Hatay and Islahiye, Antep) and Tauric Ophiolite Belt (Pozantı-Karsantı, Adana), Turkey
    The Mineralogy and Chemistry of the Chromite Deposits of Southern (Kızıldağ, Hatay and Islahiye, Antep) and Tauric Ophiolite Belt (Pozantı-Karsantı, Adana), Turkey M. Zeki Billor1 and Fergus Gibb2 1 Visiting researcher, Department of Geoscience The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242, USA (Permanent address: Çukurova University, Department of Geology, 01330 Adana, Turkey) 2 Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK e-mail: [email protected] Introduction recognized in Turkey are: a) the southern (peri- The Tethyan ophiolite belt is one of the Arabic) ophiolite belt, b) the Tauric (median) longest ophiolite belts in the world, extending from ophiolite belt, and c) the northern ophiolite belt. Spain to the Himalayas. The geochemistry, genesis In this study, chromite deposits from the and geological time scale of the ophiolite belt southern and Tauric ophiolite belts have been varies from west to east. It shows its maximum studied. In the study area, the Southern and Tauric development in Turkey. The tectonic setting of the ophiolites have more than 2000 individual chromite Turkish ophiolite belt is a direct result of the deposits throughout the ophiolite; geographically, closure of the Tethyan Sea. the chromite pods are clustered in four locations: Ophiolites in Turkey are widespread from the Karsantı and Gerdibi-Cataltepe districts in the west to east and show tectonically complex Tauric ophiolite belt and the Hatay and Islahiye structures and relationships with other formations area in
    [Show full text]
  • The Magnetite-Series and Ilmenite-Series Granitoids in Chile
    MINING GEOLOGY,30(3),183•`190,1980 The Magnetite-series and Ilmenite-series Granitoids in Chile Shunso ISHIHARA*and Carlos E. ULRIKSEN** Abstract: Paleozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic granitoids of the Chilean Andes were studied magnetically in the area between Latitude 22-35•KS. The Paleozoic granitoids are found to be composed of the ilmenite-series and weakly magnetic magnetite-series, whereas all the Mesozoic-Cenozoic ones appear to be the magnetite-series. Lack of significant sulfide deposits in the Paleozoic terrains may have been resulted from the reducing nature of the granitic magmatism. Within the magnetite-series terrains of Mesozoic-Cenozoic age, magnetic susceptibility of the granitoids seems to increase continentward. Granitoids related to porphyry copper deposits in the Andean Cordillera have higher magnetic susceptibility than those occurring in the Coast Range which could be genetically associated with manto-type deposits. The different styles of mineralization may possibly be in consequence of the different oxidation status of the granitic magmatism. areas are shown in Figure 1. Introduction Granitoids in Chile Granitoids in the Chilean Andes are dis- tributed continuously from the Peruvian coast Granitoids of Chile occupy about 30 percent batholiths (18•KS) to the southern tip of South of the total land area and occur as large America (54•KS) for more than 4,000 km. These batholiths to small intrusive plugs which may granitoids range in composition, from quartz have brought the effusive equivalents to the diorite to granite, and show different mode of surface along the Andean orogenic belt. Their occurrence, from catazonal to epizonal. Some exposure is seen in two lanes in the northern of the epizonal granitoids are associated with half (18-38•KS); one along the coast while the well-known prophyry copper and manto-type other in the Andean Cordillera.
    [Show full text]