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Conflict Resolution, Pisa, Italy GERHARD KÜMMEL SOWI, Strausberg, Germany MILITARY MISSIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS RECONSIDERED: THE AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11TH i Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development volume 2 SERIES EDITOR MANAS CHATTERJI ii Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development volume 2 MILITARY MISSIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS RECONSIDERED: THE AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11TH EDITED BY GIUSEPPE CAFORIO Armed Forces & Conflict Resolution, Pisa, Italy GERHARD KÜMMEL SOWI, Strausberg, Germany Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo iii ELSEVIER B.V. ELSEVIER Inc. ELSEVIER Ltd ELSEVIER Ltd Radarweg 29 525 B Street, Suite 1900 The Boulevard, Langford Lane 84 Theobalds Road P.O. Box 211, San Diego, Kidlington, London 1000 AE Amsterdam, CA 92101-4495 Oxford OX5 1GB WC1X 8RR The Netherlands USA UK UK © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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ISBN-10:0-444-51960-2 ISBN-13:978-0-444-51960-3 ISSN:1572-8323 (Series) The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. iv CONTENTS FOREWORD xi PART I: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Giuseppe Caforio and Gerhard Ku¨mmel 3 PART II: CONFLICT RESOLUTION MILITARY EXPENDITURE AND DEVELOPMENT Manas Chatterji 9 TRANSITIONS TO DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA: BASIC LINES Jaime Garcı´a Covarrubias 53 ‘THROUGH LITTLE STEPS y’: INFORMAL NETWORKS IN PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION Bandana Purkayastha 63 PART III: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS INTRODUCTION Giuseppe Caforio 79 v vi CONTENTS CIVIL-MILITARY GAP ISSUES AND DILEMMAS: A SHORT REVIEW Maja Garb 83 CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF CIVIL–MILITARY RELATIONS IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY: THE CASE OF BULGARIA Yantsislav Yanakiev 93 THE CULTURAL GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND THE PARENT SOCIETY: THE GERMAN CASE Sabine Collmer 115 THE CULTURAL GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND ITS PARENT SOCIETY IN ITALY Giuseppe Caforio 127 THE CULTURAL GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND THE PARENT SOCIETY IN ROMANIA Marian Zulean 151 THE CULTURAL GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND THE PARENT SOCIETY IN SLOVENIA Maja Garb and Ljubica Jelusˇicˇ 171 THE CULTURAL GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND THE PARENT SOCIETY IN SOUTH AFRICA Lindy Heinecken and Richard Gueli 193 SPAIN: AN EQUATION WITH DIFFICULT SOLUTIONS Rafael Martı´nez and Antonio M. Dı´az 213 Contents vii IS THERE A CULTURAL GAP IN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN SWEDEN? Alise Weibull 249 IS THERE A CULTURAL GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND THE PARENT SOCIETY? AN ANALYSIS OF SWITZERLAND Tibor Szvircsev Tresch, Dominik Allenspach, Michael 265 Born and Karl W. Haltiner PART IV: WOMEN, CONFLICT AND THE MILITARY WOMEN IN AN INSECURE WORLD Marie Vlachova´ 299 RAPE IN WAR: REALITIES AND REMEDIES June A. Willenz 313 CHALLENGING PSYCHOSOCIAL RESPONSES TO FEMALE CIVILIANS IN ARMED CONFLICT Pamela Bell 331 INTEGRATING THE ‘OTHER’: THE BUNDESWEHR AND WOMEN SOLDIERS Gerhard Ku¨mmel 343 FACTORS THAT LIMIT THE TRUE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN AT MILITARY ACADEMIES Heidi L. Smith and Christopher J. Luedtke 369 viii CONTENTS PART V: TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE MILITARY CARING LEADERSHIP: PREPARING LEADERS TO CARE FOR SOLDIERS AND FAMILIES Todd Woodruff 393 MULTINATIONALITY AS A CHALLENGE FOR ARMED FORCES Paul Klein and Karl W. Haltiner 403 TOTAL FORCE IN IRAQ: A FAILURE OF POLICY OR IMPLEMENTATION? Roger Thompson 415 KOREAN RESERVE FORCES: THEIR MISSION RECONSIDERED Doo-Seung Hong 425 DEFENCE TRANSFORMATION AS A LATIN AMERICAN PHENOMENON Jaime Garcia Covarrubias 431 PART VI: MOTIVATION IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS ‘WHO WANTS TO GO AGAIN?’ MOTIVATION OF GERMAN SOLDIERS FOR AND DURING PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS Maren Tomforde and Jo¨rg Keller 443 Contents ix MOTIVATION AND JOB SATISFACTION OF SLOVENIAN SOLDIERS AND POLICEMEN IN PEACE OPERATIONS Ljubica Jelusˇicˇ and Maja Garb 457 MOTIVATION AND MISSION SATISFACTION IN THE 5TH SWISSCOY CONTINGENT Jonathan Bennett, Rolf P. Boesch and Karl W. Haltiner 467 PART VII: MILITARY UNIONISM INDEPENDENT REPRESENTATION IN THE BRITISH ARMY: HAS THE TIME FINALLY ARRIVED? Richard Bartle 481 FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND THE CANADIAN FORCES: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS Kelly Farley, Rick Walker, Harry Bondy and 497 Dan Mendoza MILITARY REPRESENTATION IN THE ITALIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE TURN FROM CONSCRIPTION TO PROFESSIONAL FORMAT Eraldo Olivetta 519 SOUTH AFRICA: TEN YEARS OF MILITARY UNIONISM Lindy Heinecken 527 PART VIII: THE TURKISH MILITARY IN TRANSITION INTRODUCTION A. Kadir Varog˘lu 553 x CONTENTS THE TURKISH MILITARY ETHOS AND ITS COMPATIBILITY WITH THE NATIONAL TURKISH CULTURE A. Kadir Varog˘lu, U¨nsal Sıg˘rı and Erbil Is-ın 557 OPINIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS ON DEMOCRACY AND INTERVENTIONS OF THE MILITARY IN TURKEY Bahattin Aksit, Ayse Serdar and Bahar Tabakoglu 565 THE TURKISH MILITARY ACADEMY FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE Ceyda Kuloglu 575 A UN TYPE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: DILEMMAS OF MILITARY OBSERVER MISSIONS IN THE EXAMPLE OF UNOMIG Mesut Uyar 583 FOREWORD The definition of a nation-state has changed markedly over the last 50 years. In developing nations, the process of state formation is following a similar pattern as Europe, where several long and brutal wars preceded the creation of the modern nation-states. In particular, the dissolution of Pakistan (for- merly East and West Pakistan) in 1971, is an example of this volatile proc- ess, which is being repeated in many Asian, African, and even some European countries like Yugoslavia and the former Soviet republics. After the disintegration of Pakistan, the evolution of civilian–military relations in that nation presents an excellent case study about the civilian–military bal- ance and directed democracy. The question that arises is whether this sce- nario, which started initially in some Southeast Asian countries such as Taiwan and Korea, will continue in the emerging countries in other parts of Asia and Africa. Only time will tell whether the institutional development of these fragile new nations will someday achieve the same stability as the developed world. At the center of this inquiry is the role of the military. It was an important factor in the process of political consolidation in Europe. It played a crucial role in the First and Second World Wars and in subsequent conflicts. Today, the relationship between military and civilians in developed countries has reached a matured state. With advances in military technology, the modern war is not fought in the same way as its predecessors. As the world has become more globalized, there are fewer international wars and most violent confrontations are now fought inside the countries. Furthermore, diversity and ethnic differences in militaries themselves are more common. This trend is affecting the composition of armed forces and the motivation of the members to fight in internal wars. More and more women are also joining the military, and this creates new challenges.
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