Outdoor Education Education and Skills
Adventurous Activities (Reference Document)
Safety guidance for working with children and young people
Version: one Effective from: April 2016 Next review date: April 2019
Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016
Contents Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Safety on Land 9 2.1 Archery 9 2.2 Bushcraft / Forest Schools 12 2.3 Caving & Mine exploration 16 2.4 Climbing & Mountaineering 19 2.5 Coasteering & Sea level traversing 22 2.6 Cycling (including Mountaining Biking) 23 2.7 High Ropes 25 2.8 Horse Riding & Pony trekking 27 2.9 Low Ropes & Assault Courses 28 2.10 Open Country & Fell Walking 29 2.11 Orienteering 34 2.12 Shooting 36 2.13 Snowsports / Skiing & Snowboarding 39 2.14 War Games / paintballing 41
3. Safety on Water 42
3.1 Water Safety General 42 3.2 Angling 43 3.3 Canoeing (inc. Stand Up Paddleboarding) 45 3.4 Dragon Boating 53 3.5 Powerboating 54 3.6 Rafting 56 3.7 Rowing & Boating 57 3.8 Sailing - dinghies 58 3.9 Sailing – Open Sea Cruising 61 3.10 Sub-Aqua & Snorkelling 62 3.11 Surfing 65 3.12 Swimming (other than in swimming pools) 65 3.13 Water Skiing 68 3.14 Windsurfing 69 3.15 Notes on Hypothermia 69
4. Airborne Activities 73
5. Overseas Expeditions 74
National Governing Body contact details 84
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1. Introduction
This document supports the West Sussex County Council Policy for Educational Visits: “Regulations & Notes of Guidance for Off-Site Educational Visits and Related Activities with ‘EVOLVE’ 2015 and the National Guidance which provide the current requirements. It is a reference document and the relevant National Governing Body (NGB) or the West Sussex Outdoor Education Adviser can provide further information as necessary.
The individual sections in this document set out additional advice, guidance and interpretation of NGB guidance, related to certain adventurous and associated activities. It is not comprehensive but covers the most popular activities. The information is primarily aimed at groups operating in the context of school-led activities.
The standards outlined use National Governing Body and technical adviser information. As such, they also represent the standards to be applied by staff/employees of West Sussex County Council when working with groups of children and young people.
There are a variety of ways of accessing or implementing the activities listed in this document:
The majority of school visits will simply use an external provider (outdoor centre, company or instructor) that has been ‘checked’ by the Local Authority. They will have suitable safety management systems/operational procedures in place. For self-led ventures that are simple or straightforward in nature (e.g. field work or curriculum activity in ‘open country’), these guidelines may be used to prepare a standard risk-benefit assessment. This would also be true of mixed contexts, such as a school ski trip or multi-activities residential, where some activity is instructor-led but the rest of the management is led by the school’s staff/leaders. For leaders who wish to self-lead more adventurous activity and recognised pursuits, such as climbing, mountain walking, canoeing or sailing, the guidance given from the relevant National Governing Body must be followed. This document provides further interpretation by WSCC and employees must follow this guidance. In all cases, this guidance can be used for monitoring external providers or sessions, including the quality of the provision, as well as raising awareness for all those concerned. It is stressed that activity leaders are expected to maintain the currency of their qualifications and skills in whatever way is determined by the relevant National Governing Body (NGB) or awarding body. Such currency should be capable of being evidenced in an appropriate and transparent fashion through use of the EVOLVE website. Copies of certificates should be scanned and attached to the relevant personal profile on the site. It is expected that due diligence is paid to the principle of progression when programmes of activities are being developed and offered, taking into account the age, experience, competence and understanding of the young people involved.
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Underpinning this is a desire to create progressive challenge that encourages young people to take on newer and more robust challenge in line with careful development of their technical skills and emotional wellbeing, rather than putting them off such activities though fear of risk or failure caused by too early an exposure to overly challenging activities or situations.
These generic safety control measures are to be used with the addition of a site- specific and/or venture-specific risk and benefit assessment, in order to create the required operational procedures that the group and context(s) require.
The following activities are regarded as ‘adventurous’ and require local authority approval (through EVOLVE):
All activities in ‘open country’ or ‘wild country’ (see* below) • Swimming (all forms, excluding publicly lifeguarded swimming pools) • Camping • Canoeing / kayaking • Sailing / windsurfing / kite surfing • Rafting or improvised rafting • Use of powered safety/rescue craft • All other forms of boating (excluding commercial transport) • Water skiing • Snorkelling and sub-aqua activities • Hill walking and mountaineering • Rock climbing (including indoor climbing walls) • Abseiling • River/gorge walking or scrambling • Coasteering/coastal scrambling/sea level traversing • Underground exploration/caving • Shooting and archery • Snowsports (skiing, snowboarding, and related activities), including artificial slopes • Airborne activities (excluding commercial flights) • Horse riding • Motor sport – all forms • High level ropes courses (N.B. certain elements not recommended for primary aged children) • Off road cycling • ‘Extreme’ sports • Other activities (eg. initiative exercises) involving skills inherent in any of the above
*‘Open country’ or ‘Wild Country’ is defined as being mountainous country where a group will be dependent on themselves and remote from any immediate help. It is any place which is moorland (open uncultivated land at any height above sea level) or on a mountain above 600 metres and from which it would take more than 30 minutes travelling time to walk back to an accessible road (an Ambulance could use it at the time of year proposed) or refuge (telephone plus shelter).
Wild country can be found in: Dartmoor, Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains, Mid and North Wales Mountains, Peak District, Isle of Man, Pennines and Cheviots, Yorkshire Dales, Lake District, North Yorkshire Moors, Sperrin Mountains, North Antrim Hills, Mourne Mountains, Galloway Hills, Central,
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Western and Northern Highlands, Isles of Syke, Arran, Harris and Lewis.
However, this is an arbitrary boundary and there may be occasions where this definition is inappropriate. Please contact the Outdoor Education Adviser (0330 222 3844) if you think this might apply. For level of competence required to lead in wild /open country see the WSCC Regulations & Notes of Guidance for Off-Site Educational Visits and Related Activities with ‘EVOLVE’ 2015.
Please contact the Outdoor Education Adviser (0330 222 8344) if there is uncertainty over whether a particular activity is considered to be ‘adventurous’ and requiring West Sussex approval. Any instructor/leader of an adventurous activity listed above, or a person wishing to lead a group on an expedition involving one of these activities, must possess the appropriate qualification as detailed in this document.
Anyone wishing to appoint a person to take charge of any activity not listed, that may involve danger, or who has any query regarding qualifications, should consult the Outdoor Education Adviser (0330 222 8344) far in advance as possible.
It is impossible to be specific about what constitutes a higher risk environment. In general terms a preliminary visit will enable a risk/benefit assessment to be carried out and further guidance can be sought from the Outdoor Education Adviser.
1.1 Qualifications in Outdoor Activities
For the purpose of this document the following definitions are used.
Organisers - are those who plan outdoor/off-site opportunities.
Leaders - are those individuals/teachers or youth workers who are in overall charge of the children and young people (in 'loco parentis').
Instructors - are those with 'technical competence', in immediate control of a group out of doors.
Recognition of qualification for a WSCC employee (or volunteer) to instruct groups is in two parts:- a) Confirmation on an EVOLVE form, by the Head of Establishment and Educational Visits Coordinator, that the person in question is a fit and trustworthy person to be given the care of young people in potentially hazardous adventurous activity. b) The Local Authority’s approval of an EVOLVE form that names the person in question as the instructor of an adventurous activity, their personal profile on EVOLVE contains the evidence of their qualifications and their previous experience permits them to be deemed technically qualified.
In all activities, the safety precautions which are recommended in the training courses for Leaders and Instructors, and the relevant National Governing Body must be observed when the activities are being planned and are being undertaken.
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1.2 Staff Ratios
National Governing Body ratios for staffing are expected and are quoted for each activity where applicable. The maximum number in a group participating in any adventurous activity, led by a member of WSCC staff must not exceed 12. Commercial and external providers should be encouraged to achieve this wherever possible.
The ratios indicate a maximum number of participants to the instructor/leader of the specific activity. They should be such as to ensure adequate control and safe conduct throughout the activity. It is recommended that suitably trained assistants are frequently used to help maintain an acceptable framework of safety. These assistants may also be required to have qualifications (see specific activity criteria).
The Educational Visits Co-ordinator, or the Headteacher, must consider the following when assessing the competence of the teacher/group leader accompanying a group choosing to participate in a hazardous or adventurous activity: a) the personal level of skill or experience in the activity b) the personal level of fitness and experience of supervising participants of the age range concerned c) the experience of the situation or environment concerned d) the organising ability, sense of responsibility and motivation
When the accompanying teacher/group leader is also the instructor, the ratios and qualifications, prior experience, training and assessed competence must be checked. See also the National Guidance for basic information on supervision.
1.3 General principles
These principles are applicable to ALL activities, they indicate the responsibilities of the teacher/ instructor or group leader.
The activity pages that are contained in this document offer regulations and guidance that represent the control measures for the risks that have been identified and assessed by WSCC. It is stressed that this cannot be exhaustive and the quality and experience of leadership is paramount in ensuring safety, learning and enjoyment. This document is inadequate without the process of risk/benefit assessment by all leaders, teachers, instructors and Heads of Establishment. (See National Guidance and the WSCC document for educational visits and EVOLVE 2015). Additionally the following must apply:- a) The providers or employer's Health & Safety policy is understood by both the group's leader and instructor and adhered to throughout (this is an obligation under Health & Safety at Work Act). b) The instructor/leader must hold a current, valid first aid qualification (acceptable to the relevant National Governing Body) and carry a first aid kit (when practicable) when leading an activity. There must be someone
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present who holds a valid, up to date, qualification in First Aid. c) The ratio between participants and instructor/leader (staffing ratio) is such as to ensure adequate control and safe conduct of the activity. No adventurous activity group led by a WSCC employee should exceed 12 participants. d) All equipment used is safe, well maintained and appropriate for the task. Such equipment must be subject to frequent checks and the results of such checks properly recorded. Appropriately qualified staff should be given the responsibility of ensuring that unsafe equipment is withdrawn and properly disposed of. e) Participants should be suitably clothed for the activity and wear and use equipment as directed. f) The activity is conducted in suitable conditions taking into consideration the location, seasonal variation, weather, timing and other operational safety principles. g) Groups, including unaccompanied groups, must be supervised at all times, e.g. by remote supervision, shadowing or similar monitoring process. h) Due regard is given to the care of the environment and appropriate information and guidance is provided. i) Participants' attention is drawn to the relevant codes of conduct for the activity and the particular environmental circumstances. j) Maintain good relations with landowners and show awareness of access agreements, gaining permission where necessary. k) In the event of any serious incident or accident, the WSCC emergency response procedures must be followed. l) The weather forecast should be obtained and given due consideration appropriate to the activity. m) No instructor/leader should take a novice group on an activity that the leader would find extending or at the limit of their personal ability. n) The ‘challenge by choice’ principle is required for all young people undertaking an adventurous activity.
The Group Leader or Organiser must ensure that:- a) There is a competent leader/instructor or person in charge of the proposed activity, appropriately qualified, fit and trustworthy. b) Members of the Group must have had adequate preliminary theoretical and practical preparation to meet the demands made by the activity, including those arising from potential emergencies. c) In their judgement, participants are of an age and maturity appropriate to the activity. d) Parents or guardians of people under the age of 18 years are fully aware of the nature of the activity. They must have given their written consent, which must include a statement that, to the best knowledge of the parent or guardian, the young person is fit and healthy for the purposes of the activity. The informing of parents, carers and guardians must be done by
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means of a written description and where appropriate there should also be a meeting with them. e) Those members over 18 have declared themselves fit for the activity in question. f) Insurance arrangements, both those made by the County Council or any alternative ones made by or for the leaders or the group members, are comprehensive and fully understood by those participating and by the parents or guardians (where children are involved), and that personal accident cover for all participants has been arranged. g) The initial programme, which could be for one outing or for a series of outings, or an expedition, has used the EVOLVE website planning tool to obtain the approval of the Local Authority. It should be submitted not less than one month before the programme starts and before any monies have been paid that cannot be recovered. A note can be attached to a draft EVOLVE visit form to acquire an indication of approval in principle. On no account should a programme involving a high risk adventurous activity be undertaken without prior approval of the Local Authority. h) For all Duke of Edinburgh's Award work, group leaders must also follow the procedures laid down by the County Duke of Edinburgh's Award Manager. i) In the event of an accident or 'near miss' during an activity, the on-line (Capita/WSCC) accident reporting system must be completed.
1.4 Adventure Activities Licensing Regulations
The Activity Centres (Young Persons' Safety) Act 1995 created a law that providers of certain activities to young people under 18 for a fee, must hold a licence.
The activities within scope of the scheme are:
CAVING (underground exploration in natural caves and mines including potholing, cave diving and mine exploration) CLIMBING (roped climbing, traversing, bouldering, abseiling and scrambling activities except on purpose-designed climbing walls or abseiling towers) TREKKING (walking, running, pony trekking, mountain biking, off-piste skiing and related activities when done in moor or mountain country which is remote i.e. over 30 minutes travelling time from the nearest road or refuge) WATERSPORTS (canoeing, kayaking, rafting, sailing and related activities when done on the sea, tidal waters or larger non-placid inland waters)
N.B. Climbing on purpose built artificial walls and watersports on calm inland waters less than 50m from a bank are exempt from licensing.
An external provider will require a licence if the activities are offered in return for payment. (There are certain exceptions to this regarding voluntary organisations.) Note: Schools offering activities to their own pupils (named on the school roll) do not need to be licensed. A copy of the licence, indicating the activities being licensed, must be produced
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If in doubt whether a centre or provider you are wishing to use should be licensed, please contact the Outdoor Education Adviser (0330 222 8344)
West Sussex County Council has acquired a licence for their operations where applicable. In effect this means that any WSCC education establishment wishing to undertake licensable adventurous activities will be covered by the authority's licence provided that they have followed the WSCC procedures for monitoring (using the EVOLVE system).
Contact the Adventure Activities Licensing Service for further information: 44 Lambourne Crescent, Llanishen, Cardiff CF14 5GG Tel: 029 2075 5715 Web-Site: www.hse.gov.uk/aala/index.htm Back to contents
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2. Safety on Land
2.1. Archery
2.1.1 Qualifications
An instructor must hold the Leader's Award or Coaches Award of the old Grand National Archery Society (GNAS) or Archery GB as a minimum qualification.
Note: ‘Arrows’ is an initiative by Archery GB for primary schools to improve archery. It has been designed to be delivered by teachers and sports co-ordinators using specialist equipment and is not relevant to the following guidance.
2.1.2 Staffing ratio a) The ratio of instructors to pupils/students must not exceed 1:12. b) A maximum of two persons may shoot at a target at any one time. c) Normally an instructor will only allow a maximum of four novices to shoot at the same time.
2.1.3 Equipment a) Only fibre glass or take down composite bows may be used for introducing archery to beginners. Solid wood or metal bows are not permissible at any time. Strings should be free from knots and frays. b) Only metal alloy arrows may be used. Arrows 3" longer than the natural draw length must be used when teaching beginners. When pupils/students with some experience have established consistent draw length, they may be permitted to use arrows of a more appropriate length. Use of arrows made of any other material should not be used. c) Crossbows must not be used. d) Established archers may be permitted to use their own composite bow in a 'club' situation providing rule 2.1.7(e) is complied with. e) Only Archery GB design approved stands and properly constructed bosses may be used. Bosses must be securely attached to the stand and to the ground for outdoor ranges. f) Arm guards should be used, along with a proper technique, they are essential for the prevention of injury. g) Hair should be tied back and close fitting clothing worn.
2.1.4 Leader’s responsibilities a) The leader should check the equipment before and at the end of each shooting session. b) The range must be laid out and all shooting must be organised and supervised in accordance with the Archery GB Rules. c) No other activity will be permitted in the vicinity of the range or in the
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sports hall or gymnasium when archery is taking place. Exceptions to this will need approval by the West Sussex County Council, Outdoor Education Adviser. d) Only target archery is permitted. e) The safety requirements shown in the Archery GB Rules of shooting and in the Archery GB Leaders Manual must be enforced at all times. f) No fire door should be locked to facilitate archery.
2.1.5 Shooting control and safety a) The instructor must use a formal method of shooting control by means of clear verbal instructions or an audible signal. Often a whistle is the best method of control, especially for outdoor ranges. b) The Instructor must control and give clear signals to start and cease shooting, and then to collect arrows. c) There must be a clearly displayed list of safety rules for all participants. These must be enforced at all times. Transgressors must be required to leave. d) Any spectators or non participants must be behind the waiting line. e) When drawing arrows from the target, participants must take care that the rear end of the arrow does not injure anyone behind them. f) Do not load or draw a bow except when standing on the shooting line and facing in the direction of the target and not until told to do so by the instructor. g) No shooting may commence until everybody is back behind the shooting line with non participants behind the waiting line.
2.1.6 Regulations for Indoor Range a) The shooting line must be at least 5m from the end of the wall. b) The waiting line must be a minimum 3m from the shooting line, 5 metres where space permits. c) A maximum of four targets are to be used in a sports hall or gymnasium range. d) All doors must be locked to prevent unexpected access whilst shooting is in progress (except fire doors). e) There must be restricted entrance to the sports hall or gymnasium when the range is in use. f) In a sports hall or gymnasium with a mid-way entrance only two targets can be used and the range must be limited to provide 7m clearance on the entrance side. g) The backstop netting should be free hanging, approved for archery use and hung a minimum distance of 1m from the end wall. Backstop netting must never be used to protect people, it is for the protection of walls and arrows only.
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2.1.7 Regulations for Outdoor Range a) The range must have a minimum side clearance of 20m with any site boundary, building or field entrance. b) The range must have a minimum side clearance of 30m with any building or field entrance. c) There must be a minimum side clearance of 50m between the range and any other activity area. d) The minimum overshoot distance behind the target line must be 50m providing a 3m high arching net is placed behind the target. e) The minimum range length, including the overshoot distance, must be 100m. f) The distance between the shooting line and waiting line must be a minimum of 5m. g) The area must be roped off on grounds where there is access by anyone other than the specific archery group. h) The area to be roped shall ensure that no one can pass within 15m behind the shooting line.
Useful Address: Archery GB, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Newport, Shropshire TF10 9AT Tel: 01952 677 888 Website: www.archerygb.org Back to contents
2.2. Bushcraft and Forest Schools, including use of tools and fire on school sites
Many activities can be loosely included under this title - e.g. Wilderness courses and Survival training, as well as Bushcraft and Forest Schools - so groups need to take care that their activity is focused on those promoting educational objectives and group development.
Bushcraft and Forest Schools activities should focus on developing a variety of skills and knowledge in using natural resources, in order to:
create safe shelters and bedding, and stay dry. provide warmth and the ability to cook via fire-lighting skills. provide food sources (leaves, plants, berries and wild animals*). use tools safely and effectively (in particular sharp-edged knives etc). purify and filter water effectively. * Wild animals in this context are only those caught and prepared by a recognised practitioner/qualified person.
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N.B. for using gardening/conservation tools or having fires on school sites, it may not be necessary to hold all of the qualifications listed below, please see the sections on the use of tools and bonfires and fire lighting at the end of this chapter.
2.2.1 Instructor qualifications
All external providers of Bushcraft, Forest Schools or related courses must be ‘checked’ through the completion of an OE2 form and include evidence of public liability insurance cover for a minimum of £5million. Instructors must hold an award from a nationally recognised organisation, for example:
the Institute for Outdoor Learning – Foundation Bushcraft Competency Certificate Woodcraft School – NCFE Levels 2 and 3 courses Forest Schools – Level 3 practitioner. A valid first-aid certificate must be held. It is essential that these qualifications/experience are current and directly relate to the activities offered. The matrix grid for Forest Schools activities, available on the EVOLVE site in the resources section, provides a useful explanation of which qualifications are relevant to which types of activity.
2.2.2 The Venue
The venue must be pre-visited and risk assessed by the qualified instructor to ensure that it is fit for purpose. The land owner needs to have provided evidence of their insurance cover for this type of use.
2.2.3 Staffing levels and activity ratios a) It is essential that the accompanying adult/teacher with the pastoral care of the group is in attendance at all times. b) For straightforward bushcraft activities, such as at an outdoor centre or close to support, one qualified instructor to a maximum of 12 participants is required. c) For more remote bushcraft and wilderness experiences, including overnight, a ratio of 2:12 is required. The pastoral leader can only be considered as the second responsible adult/instructor if they actually have the competence to lead the group in that context/terrain.
2.2.4 Equipment a) All specialist equipment (compasses, knives, hooks, basha and camping equipment etc.) must be checked before use. N.B. A clear policy must be in place and used for all equipment, including specific detail for key items such as knives and secure storage. b) All equipment must be checked and accounted for at the end of each session, and action taken if repair or replacement is needed.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 13 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 c) All novel and specialist equipment must have very clear operating procedures (eg Kelly kettles, fire lighting, carving wood etc.). d) Fires need to be appropriately managed and supervised (please see the Bonfires and fire lighting section at the end of this section). 2.2.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE) a) A choice of flexible and layered clothing suitable for the activity, terrain and temperature must be worn or available, and checked. b) Treaded footwear suitable for the conditions must be worn. c) Overnight stays or inclement weather must have managed and checked equipment in place, for example the correct quality of sleeping bag. d) A full waterproof shell will be required for remote or overnight sessions (or predicted wet/cold weather anywhere). e) Protection from the sun must be considered for long periods outside.
Instructors must carry a full first-aid kit suitable for the activity and terrain.
2.2.6 The use of tools a) The tools chosen must be considered appropriate to the age and known, not assumed, experience of the group. b) Clear and progressive operational procedures must be in place and instructors must observe their successful use by individual participants (eg space requirements, direction of use, different parts and use, using and applying pressure or force, working position). c) Operating procedures must include receiving, carrying and storing tools, as well as their use.
Operating practice
2.2.7 Before the activity:
Clear aims and expectations for the activity and group must be set and understood. The medical background and special needs of the group are known and suitable action taken. Participants are briefed on all the operating procedures they require at this stage (e.g. use of tools – carrying and storing). This may require a simulated practice. Personal clothing must be checked and, where there is wilderness or remote activity, an introduction to personal hygiene etc must be given. A list of participants and staff must be left with a base contact. Suitable research must be carried out: weather forecast, condition of location etc. and their implications planned for. Incident and emergency plans must be put into place, as well as simple Plan Bs.
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2.2.8 During the activity:
External factors must be continuously monitored: weather, ground conditions etc. A careful note must be taken of group engagement and motivation, with instructors and pastoral staff responding accordingly. Activities must be progressively introduced and responding to group knowledge, experience and response.
2.2.9 After the activity
The session must be reviewed and its value and impact highlighted. All equipment must be checked and returned. Any incidents must be recorded as needed.
2.2.10 The use of tools outdoors (eg. conservation and gardening)
These activities can vary from simple gardening through to advanced coppicing or clearing land using potentially high risk tools and equipment.
Leaders must be able to provide evidence of experience and/or training in the activity and use of all tools concerned.
Straightforward activity, such as basic gardening, would simply require a policy or set of operating procedures that set out the aims and expectations, as well as guidance on the use of tools or specific activity. This can be consistently followed by everyone concerned. It will often be an extension of existing procedures for using tools in the classroom e.g. for Design and Technology.
More specialist activity, such as aspects of conservation, land management or working in or by water, must be led by a qualified person, approved provider or centre. This is particularly true where power tools, sharp-edged or pointed implements/tools are used. Clarification of issues and approval for such activity must be via the Outdoor Education Adviser (0330 22 8344).
2.2.11 Bonfires and fire lighting
Fires can be an exciting and valuable educational tool, but it is essential that they are carefully supervised and managed. The leader must have very clear operating procedures for lighting fires, including the following elements: a) one experienced member of staff is placed in overall charge of the fire arrangements and supervision, and retains the final call on all stages of its use. b) appropriate first aid and a qualified first aider must be immediately available. c) establish a clear code of conduct for behaviour around fire. d) ensure that a suitable section-off area is available with a clear fire pit, fire ring or fire bowl, and ensure that you are in open ground (i.e. away from any hanging branches or cables etc).
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 15 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 e) ensure that any seating is at a suitable and sensible distance from the fire. Exit, incident evacuation routes and areas should be shown and demonstrated, alongside an agreed signal to evacuate the area and where to re-group. f) the appropriate methods for lighting fires/creating sparks (matches, fire steels, friction etc.), as well as a good knowledge of what tinder and kindling to use and where to set the fire. g) ensure that the wood source is suitable for fires – it needs to be dry and not ‘spit’. h) ensure that there are no traces of any additional flammable materials in the area or on the wood. i) construction needs care, building from the lighting source – tinder, small twigs etc. – and built so that it collapses in on itself. j) additional materials need to be stored a sensible distance from the fire, in their own area, and outside of any spark or ignition risk. k) additional materials should be placed on the fire by responsible adults when deemed appropriate by the person in charge. Nothing should be thrown or dropped. l) water buckets, a fire extinguisher or a tested hose should be within immediate reach of the responsible adult. m) lighting the fire must be carried out by one responsible adult, using matches, fire steels or tapers (lighters must be tested beforehand if used).
Note: Young people’s involvement in fire lighting can only be as part of a recognised activity, e.g. Bushcraft or Forest Schools, and where relevant training and supervision are in place.
Only the person in charge can sanction using the fire for activity such as toasting marshmallows when appropriate resources are available (long sticks etc.) and the group control and response are suitable.
Note: cooking on fires is a specialist activity and can only occur as part of a specialist course, e.g. Bushcraft or Forest Schools.
Fires must be carefully and fully extinguished, and once cooled the ground must be left as close to how it was found as is realistic.
2.3. Cave and Mine Exploration
2.3.1 Qualifications and Ratios a) Man-made caving/artificial underground systems
Qualification: Leader - site specific trained and assessed by holder of Local Cave Leader Award Level II
Staffing Ratio: 2:10
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Remit: Undertake limited caving objectives, site specific b) Caving without vertical pitches
Qualification: Instructor/ Leader - Local Cave Leader Award, Level 1 Assistant Local Cave Leader Award, Level 1, or experienced caver, or has undergone some appropriate training.
Staffing Ratio: 2:10
Remit: Undertaking limited caving objectives in a single region. Site specific. c) Mine Exploration (without vertical pitches)
Qualification: Instructor/ Leader - Local Mine Leader Award, Level 1 Assistant Local Mine Leader Award, Level 1, or experienced mine leader, or has undergone some appropriate training.
Staffing Ratio: 2:10
Remit: Undertaking limited mine exploration objectives in a single region. Site specific. All mine venues must be approved as safe by the Mines Inspectorate. d) Caving with vertical systems, with pitches up to 18m (60')
Qualification: Instructor/Leader - Local Cave Leader Award, Level 2 Assistant - Local Cave Leader Award, Level 2 or Local Cave Leader Award Level 1, or experienced caver, or has undergone some appropriate training.
Staffing Ratio: 2:6
Remit: Undertaking limited caving objectives in a single region, site specific, using ladders to descend and ascend pitches up to 18m. Endorsement available where leaders wish to undertake abseiling for their group members and for the leader to descend/ascend pitches using S.R.T. e) Mine Exploration with vertical systems, pitches up to 18m (60')
Qualification: Instructor/ Leader - Local Mine Leader Award, Level 2 Assistant - Local Mine Leader Award, Level 2 or experienced mine leader, or has undergone appropriate training. Staffing Ratio: 2:6
Remit: As '3' (above), but exchange caving for mine exploration. All mine venues must be approved as safe by the Mines Inspectorate.
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Qualification: Cave Instructor Certificate
Staffing Ratio: Where Single Rope Techniques are used in training or in systems with pitches greater than 18m. The CIC holder would work with a maximum ratio of 1:4 when underground.
2.3.2 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Consider the local weather forecast when interpreting existing water levels and the susceptibility to flooding of the cave. b) Provision is made for ensuring that, in the event of an emergency, the party is able to safely evacuate the cave or mine, if necessary, by the assistant leader. c) Provide practical training on the surface prior to going underground (when appropriate). d) Leaders should always be familiar with a cave or mine system before entering with novices. e) Group members should be briefed as appropriate on all relevant safety information and conservation precautions. f) The caves to be explored must be appropriate considering the age fitness and experience of all members of the group. Because the cave environment can be stressful to newcomers it is important to provide a gentle introduction, monitoring their psychological state where possible. g) Every participant must have equipment that affords sufficient protection to be warm enough, according to the conditions likely to be encountered. Efficient lighting (e.g. KSE Cap Lamps or similar not carbide), suitable helmet CE marked, conforming to EN397 and EN112492, belay belt and footwear with a firm, substantial tread are particularly important for all participants. h) Emergency equipment should be carried, or closely available, including spare lighting, First Aid kit, survival bag, emergency food and warm hat are all recommended. i) Ensure the front and rear of the party, maintain contact. j) Before entering a cave the leader should have ensured any local access conditions will be adhered to. k) Before descent, equipment of the group should be checked for fit, and to ensure it is worn correctly. l) Information of the group's intentions (including the name of the cave(s) and the particular part(s) of the cave system the group intend to explore) and estimated time out must be left with a competent person who can call Cave Rescue if the group is overdue. m) The Leader should warn the party of any hazards encountered. n) Where the risk of a major fall is significant, lifelines should be used. o) Move at sufficiently steady pace to protect against careless injury.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 18 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 p) All pitches should be lifelined and hook-lacing boots must not be used. q) Maximum group size: Many sites have conservation/access rules limiting maximum members. These must be adhered to in order to achieve a high quality experience for young people.
Useful Address:
British Caving Association The Old Methodist Chapel, Great Hacklow, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 8RG Website: www.british-caving.org.uk Back to contents
2.4. Climbing and Mountaineering
See also 2.5 Coasteering and Sea Level Traversing where relevant a) Bouldering on artificial structures or natural features Note: These must be a clear line to indicate where junior climbers should not put their feet above. The teacher/instructor need to consider the safe height for primary aged children.
Qualification: The instructor/teacher/leader in charge must have successfully completed an induction course, delivered by an approved provider, for this site specific recognition. Note: In-house induction training and assessment must be carried out by a qualified Mountain Instructor's Award (MIA) holder, or above.
Remit: Only applies to structures or features specified at the time of training. (for example: a named school climbing wall) NB: refer to Mountaining Training England (MTE) guidance for climbing walls. Max height 3 metres. b) Climbing, abseiling or scrambling on artificial structures or natural features
Qualification: Climbing Wall Award (CWA) or an in-house qualification that follows MTE guidance and includes training/assessment that has been carried out by a qualified Mountain Instructor's Award (MIA) holder, or above
Staffing Ratio: A maximum of 2 'live' ropes, active at any one time, is recommended per qualified leader in charge and there must be a maximum of 12 student participants. There needs to be adequate supervision of the remainder of the group. However, if the leader holds a higher qualification (SPA, MIA, etc) they may decide to alter this in light of the competence of the assistant leader, purpose of the session and the experience of the participants.
For lead climbing, whether it is on bolted routes or with leader-placed protection, the ratio whilst climbing must be
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one instructor to one active rope during early progressions. A maximum of two active ropes may be used for competent climbers at the discretion of the instructor.
Remit: This only applies to structures or features specified at the time of training (for example: a named school climbing wall) NB: refer to MTE guidance for climbing walls. c) Rock climbing - single pitch, top roped - Southern Sandstone outcrops
Qualification: Instructor/ Leader - must hold a qualification described below or hold the Southern Sandstone Award endorsed by an Outdoor Education Adviser from a South East County.
Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (qualified Instructor/Leader plus competent assistant). However the leader may decide in the light of the purpose of the session and the experience of the participants.
Remit: The supervision of top roped rock climbing, valid only on sandstone outcrops in the immediate locality of West Sussex (including Harrison's Rocks, Bowles Rocks, Bulls Hollow rocks, High rocks and Stone Farm rocks), not involving lead climbing, abseiling or the arrangement of natural forms of rock anchors. d) Rock climbing - single pitch - UK
Qualification: Instructor/ Leader - As below or Single Pitch Award (County Grade B)
Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (qualified Instructor/Leader plus competent assistant). However the leader may decide in the light of the purpose of the session and the experience of the participants.
Remit: The supervision of single pitch rock climbing and abseiling. For the purposes of this document a single pitch rock climb is one which:
(i) is climbed without intermediate stances (ii) is described as a single pitch in the guidebook (iii) allows students to be lowered to the ground at all times (iv) is not subject to tides (v) is non serious and has little objective danger (vi) presents no difficulties on approach or retreat, such as route finding, scrambling or navigating.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 20 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 e) Ghyll scrambling or gorge walking - UK
Qualification: Instructor/Leader - As below or County assessed stating the level of activity.
Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (qualified leader plus competent assistant)
Remit: The leadership of groups along suitable and reasonable adventurous and routes f) Rock climbing - multipitch - UK
Qualification: Instructor/ Leader - As below or Mountain Instructors' Award (M.I.A.)
Staffing Ratio: 1:4
Remit: The instruction of mountaineering including all aspects of rock climbing. g) Winter climbing - UK (Not normally suitable for most young people without substantial prior experience)
Qualification: Instructor/Leader - Mountain Instructors' Certificate (M.I.C. or BMG Carnet holder or Aspirant Guide )
Staffing Ratio: 1:4
Remit: The instruction of snow and ice climbing including winter mountaineering.
2.4.1 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Bouldering: (See the ‘AfPE publication: Safe Practice in PE) Site specific training will provide teachers/instructors with skills at making appropriate, high quality judgements on ratio levels. b) In the event of an emergency a plan for retreat or the summoning of aid must have been devised. c) It is highly recommended that all groups are supported by assistant leaders. d) Group members should be briefed as appropriate on all relevant safety information and conservation precautions. e) Because rock climbing can be stressful to newcomers it is important to provide a gentle introduction, monitoring their psychological state where possible. f) Equipment should be suitable, in good condition, regularly inspected, maintained and within its 'use by' date. A record of inspection should be kept. g) Emergency equipment should be available including: first aid kit, survival bag, a supply of warm clothing, sun cream, water etc. as appropriate.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 21 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 h) Ensure the whole party is supervised at all times including those not involved in rock climbing activity. i) Before using a venue the leader should have ensured any local access conditions will be adhered to, and has normally visited the site. j) Before commencing activity, the equipment of the group should be checked for fit, and to ensure it is worn correctly. k) Information, in some form, should be left with a responsible person of the group's plan before leaving and agreed action to be taken if late back. l) The Leader should warn the group of any hazards encountered. m) Where the risk of a major fall is significant, students should be belayed by rope from above. n) Move at sufficiently steady pace to protect against careless injury. o) All pitches should be belayed by rope from above the student (unless the student is learning lead climbing). p) The belaying method adopted must employ a belay devise, CE-approved harnesses and climbing rope. "Body belaying" is not acceptable. q) All climbers must wear a CE or UIAA approved helmet fastened correctly when climbing, belaying or in an area of potential danger. Helmets are not essential for indoor climbing. r) No climbing or bouldering should take place unless the Instructor/Leader is present.
Useful Address: Mountain Training, Siabod Cottage, Capel Curig, Conwy LL24 0ES Tel: 01690 720272 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mountain-training.org/ Back to contents
2.5. Coasteering and Sea Level Traversing
Qualification: Mountain Instructor's Award or Mountain Leader with Single Pitch Award and site-specific training which has been carried out by an MIC or MIA holder. Where the activity could, or will, involve participants being in water a member of the staff must hold a Life Saving qualification.
Staff Ratio: 1:10. The second leader MUST be competent to evacuate the group. This is site-specific approval only.
Remit: This is site-specific approval only.
2.5.1 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Sea conditions and prevailing weather conditions must be taken into account when choosing the venue.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 22 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 b) In the event of an emergency a plan for retreat or the summoning of aid has been devised. c) Group members should be aged 11 years or over and briefed, as appropriate, on all relevant safety information and conservation precautions. d) All participants must wear a CE or UIAA approved helmet fastened correctly. e) All participants must wear a buoyancy aid correctly fitted at all times (except for sea-level tranversing). f) Equipment should be suitable, in good condition, regularly inspected and maintained. g) Emergency equipment should be available. First aid kit, survival bag and a supply of warm clothing are all recommended. h) Ensure the whole party is supervised at all times including those not directly involved in rock climbing activity. i) Before using a venue the leader should have ensured any local access conditions will be adhered to. j) Before commencing activity the group's equipment should be checked for fit, and to ensure it is worn correctly. k) Information, in some form, of the group's planned activity must be left with a responsible person before leaving. l) The Leader should warn the party of any hazards which may be encountered. m) Any roped sections must be checked by the Instructor before being used by a student. n) The role of the assistant leader must be clearly defined.
2.6. Cycling (including Mountain Biking)
2.6.1 Qualifications: a) Teachers/Youth Workers planning to supervise such an activity should be approved by their Head of Establishment. They should have attended an appropriate training and assessment course according to the type of cycling proposed. (basic skills on site/playground, road cycling/touring, road racing, track cycling, cyclo-cross BMX or mountain biking) The leader must hold a WSCC certificate or hold a Level 2 coach's award from British Cycling, BSCA, SMBLA, CTC, MIAS or an equivalent qualification. They should possess the qualities and experience which demonstrate 2 years substantial cycling experience, practical experience in bike maintenance, previous experience as an assistant leader and hold a current first aid certificate. Note: If off-road routes go 600m above sea level or are more than 20 minutes travelling time from an accessible road or refuge, the leader must also hold a Mountain Leaders' Award of the MTE. b) Groups should be no larger than ten. If there are more participants, riding in two or more smaller groups a few minutes apart should be considered. There must be a minimum ratio of 10:2 leaders of whom one must hold the above
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qualification/recognition. (1:12 in basic, traffic free areas) c) Condition of bicycles: Whether cycles are hired or belong to those taking part, they should be checked for roadworthiness and safety and be suitable to size and weight of the participants. They must comply with the law and it is essential to check brakes, tyres and lights, (if fitted) before any ride. d) Clothing: All cyclists must wear an approved and correctly fitting cycle helmet. Consideration should be given to appropriate clothing and footwear especially if the activity is taking place in wild country when suitable foul weather clothing and survival equipment should be carried.
2.6.2 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Before allowing young people on the roads, leaders must be sure that participants are proficient cyclists and know the Highway Code. (minimum age for open road cycling must be 12). b) On quiet roads it will usually be safe to cycle two abreast, but if there is traffic on the road it will be necessary to proceed in single file. c) With two leaders present, the best system of supervision is for one to be at the front of the party and the other at the rear. (Walkie-talkies are recommended) d) The pace of the group should always be comfortable for the slowest participant. e) A route card and list of members is left with a responsible adult with clear procedures if the ETA is not accomplished. A mobile 'phone can be a most useful asset and is strongly recommended. However, it is important to remember that they do not always work in all areas and battery life can be limited. f) Consideration should be given to carrying sufficient water and food, appropriate to the length and difficulty of the journey.
2.6.3 Touring a) Sound planning and preparation is required for cycle touring. British Cycling and the Cyclists' Touring Club offer useful advice on such matters as choice of basic equipment, the loading and gearing of bikes, route planning and daily schedules. b) The maximum size of a group should be 10 participants (see para 2.6.1(b) above). c) Riders should wear bright coloured clothing or proprietary safety fluorescent webbing.
2.6.4 Mountain and cross-country cycling a) Mountain and cross-country cycling, is a physically demanding sport that requires similar stamina and safety techniques to that necessary for mountain and hill walking. (See section 2.10 Open Country and Fell Walking if applicable.) b) Group leaders should have a good knowledge of mountain bikes, navigational skills and an awareness of safety and group management
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appropriate to the nature of the group and the route proposed. c) They must be properly qualified if visiting mountainous country remote from immediate help and the EVOLVE visit form is required. (See section 2.10.) d) A pre-ride of the proposed route is most important wherever possible, as it will enable the leader to consider a risk assessment, note potential hazards and appropriate stopping places. e) Groups should be small. Planned activities should be well within the capabilities of those taking part and leaders need to ensure that any environmental damage and erosion are kept to a minimum. f) Groups cycling in open country should show the utmost consideration for other users of the countryside. They must only ride where they have approval or legal right. g) Leaders should carry suitable equipment to repair broken chains and mend a puncture and a basic toolkit to effect running repairs. A pump is essential, along with a spare inner tube. A first aid kit some extra clothing and an emergency shelter should be carried. h) Access to many off-road routes involves travelling on public roads. Group Leaders/Instructors should be aware of the additional risks and plan accordingly. i) Route planning for off-road routes should take account of emergency vehicle access points, escape routes, water, and public phones in areas of poor network coverage for mobile phones.
Useful Addresses: British Cycling, Stuart Street, Manchester M11 4DQ Tel: 0161 274 2000 Website: www.bcf.uk.com
Mountain Bike Instructors Award Scheme (MIAS): http://mountainbikeinstructor.com/
British Schools Cycling Association 21 Bedhampton Road, North End, Portsmouth, Hants PO2 7JX Tel: 023 9264 2226 Website: www.bsca.org.uk Back to contents
2.7. High Ropes Courses
Definition: A system of ropes and apparatus where participants climb higher than 2.5 metres above the ground.
Many sites are traditionally targeted at adults and are generally suitable for pupils over 14 years of age. This may extend to all secondary pupils, but the group leader must satisfy themselves that they do represent a suitable and appropriate challenge for their group.
High ropes courses are frequently inappropriate for primary pupils, who are better advised to be involved in low ropes and problem-solving activity, or a medium height course with a continuous belay system, specifically designed for younger pupils.
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Where the primary group has become successful and experienced, it may be appropriate to use individual high ropes modules as a final challenge. It is not a taster or rotation activity for those with little or no relevant experience.
2.7.1 Qualifications
Instructors or Leaders responsible for the supervision of participants must have received site specific training and have been assessed by a person who holds one of the following qualifications:
1. Mountain Instructor Certificate 2 Mountain Instructor Award 4 UIAGM Guide or 2. Assessed as competent by an ERCA High Ropes Trainer, MIA or MIC holder.
2.7.2 Ratios
Group size must not exceed 12. There should be a second adult present or easily available. This is required where young people are participating on very high courses.
2.7.3 Leader's competence
All leaders in charge must be qualified first aiders (minimum: 'emergency first aid' certificate holder) or have someone with such a qualification in attendance. Rescues must be practiced regularly within the context of the frequency of use.
2.7.4 Guidance a) The design of high ropes courses must always provide for back up safety systems on apparatus. b) The design must ensure that there is a fail-safe system that will ensure that all participants are protected throughout the route as soon as they leave the ground. c) All equipment must be used in accordance with manufacturer's advice. Safe working loads must not be exceeded. d) It is bad practice to go straight onto high elements of Ropes Courses. There should be a lead-in progression to this type of activity so that trust and rapport can be established before going onto elements that can be extremely daunting. e) "Cows tail" courses, where the individual is responsible for protecting themselves (as distinct from being top-roped) should only be used when: groups have previously gained experience of working together on roped elements. there is genuine benefit to be gained for participants from this activity. the leader and instructor are satisfied that the participants are competent to move onto this most advanced part of a ropes course. f) Group leaders accompanying a participant are not expected to be experts but a "common sense" approach when making a preliminary visit, is very
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valuable. A full risk assessment, in consultation with the owners/operators should be completed and appropriate techniques used according to the structure, height, experience and abilities of the participants. Maximum fall height should not exceed 1 metre. Waist and chest harness (or full body harness) must be considered. Helmets must be worn by participants and those in close proximity. g) The philosophy of usage should be one of co-operation and support rather than competition against the clock. h) Teachers and Youth Workers must be clear about the likely benefits of using a high ropes course. If a provider is unable to give lots of positive reasons and how to maximise the benefits, it would be wise not to use them. i) All apparatus must be inspected before use. Records of both equipment and apparatus checks must be kept. j) A full safety inspection of all high elements should be carried out annually by somebody with the appropriate technical experience.
2.8. Horse Riding and Pony Trekking Qualifications
2.8.1 Qualifications a) The minimum qualification for coaching beginners is the Preliminary Instructor's Certificate of the British Horse Society or a letter of recognition by the Authority of a person's competence on the strength of his/her past experience and training. Higher qualifications such as the BHS Assistant Instructor, Intermediate Instructor are also acceptable. The British Equestrian Tourism Certificates offer 3 levels of qualification for Pony Trekking Leaders.
Assistant Ride Leader Ride Leader Holiday Riding Centre Manager
The Riding for the Disabled Association publishes details of their RDA instructors scheme and recommended Health and Safety Guidance Notes.
Group Leaders must be satisfied that the establishment they are proposing to use follows the relevant standards laid down by the appropriate National Governing Body. b) Horse riding and pony trekking should take place at a riding establishment that is licensed by the appropriate local authority. It must also be either approved by the B.H.S., or the Association of British Riding Schools. (Many unrecognised centres do not provide suitable equipment or standards of instruction for young people.) c) Pupil/student ratio to instructor should be appropriate to the competence of the group. They must not exceed 8:1 and there must be at least one qualified BHS instructor if going off-site.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 27 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 d) All riders must wear a riding hat that is of a current B.S.I standard, designed for the purpose and in good condition. It must be correctly fitted and to a minimum standard of PAS 015, EN 1384. e) All riders must wear long trousers and footwear of a design that cannot slip through the stirrup.
2.8.2 Guidance a) Teachers/leaders should see that safety precautions which are drawn up by the riding establishment are observed by their pupils. b) An appropriate size of horse is provided. c) Preliminary riding instruction must be given before extensive pony trekking is undertaken. Pupils must not be allowed to ride unsupervised. Inexperienced riders should not be taken on roads. d) Riding and trekking off the premises should be escorted by a minimum of two qualified escorts. e) Protective clothing, first aid kit and map should be carried for trekking in wild country. f) Before setting out on an expedition, preliminary riding instruction must be given. (Those involved in Duke of Edinburgh's Award Bronze or Silver expeditions must have reached Pony Club 'C' standard, BHS Progressive test 6 or Riding Club grade 2.) The Leaders must know the area and details of the route to be taken must be left at the centre. The young people must have sufficient food and an appropriate size of horse to ride. Adults must be briefed on safety procedures and communication and the group must keep together. The weather conditions must be checked and 'escape routes' must be known in case of an emergency.
Useful Addresses The British Horse Society, Abbey Park, Stareton, Kenilworth, Warwickshire CV8 2XZ Tel: 01926 707700 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bhs.org.uk British Association of Riding Schools, Bramble Hill Far, Five Oaks Road, Slinfold, Horsham, West Sussex RH13 0RL Website: www.abrs-info.org
Riding for the Disabled, Norfolk House, 1a Tournament Court, Edgehill Drive, Warwick CV34 6LG Tel: 0126 492915 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rda.org.uk/ Back to contents
2.9. Low Ropes courses and Assault courses
2.9.1 Qualifications
Leaders must be trained in group management. They must be familiar with the particular apparatus arrangement and any potential risks. Leader training must
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 28 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 have included risk evaluation, management and the sympathetic care of anxious young people.
2.9.2 Staffing
Leader approval will be at the discretion of Heads of Establishment. The Outdoor Education Advisor (0330 222 8344) may be called upon for advice. Ratios must not exceed 1:12. A qualified first aider, who may or may not be the leader, must be present.
2.9.3 Equipment
Equipment must be inspected regularly and on the day in which it is used. Equipment must be serviced regularly. A record must be kept of inspections and regular servicing.
2.9.4 Usage
This type of equipment should not be used for runs against the clock. Races of this order are considered to apply undue pressure and reduce attention to care.
2.9.5 Guidance - Apparatus and design layout a) The design must take account of the current BSI and CE requirements relating to apparatus design, e.g. there must not be finger trap areas. Participants who fall cannot fall on any other apparatus/ equipment, etc. b) All participants must be taught how to 'spot' effectively. c) The layout will ensure that all landing areas around apparatus is level and free from obstruction for at least 1.8 metres, unless teamwork activities using 'spotters' will remove the risk of falling to the ground. d) For apparatus above 1 metre high, impact absorbent surfaces should be laid. e) The maximum height from which it is possible for a participant to fall must not exceed 2.5 metres. f) When apparatus is designed to cause participants to lose balance, impact absorbent surfaces must be laid irrespective of the apparatus height, unless the method of usage provides team support to prevent falling. g) The layout must take account of the nature of the group challenges to be set, stressing that activities must not be ‘set against the clock’. Back to contents
2.10. Open Country and Fell Walking
The Licensing Regulations 1996 and the United Kingdom Training Board/British Mountaineering Council provide clear regulation and guidance for Trekking on foot in "Wild Country" in the United Kingdom and Ireland. a) Lowland Country
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Qualification: Instructor/Leader - As below or holder of Basic Expedition Leader Award or Lowland Leader or approved by Head of Establishment on basis of prior experience. (NB. Day walks only – not camping or expeditions). A current first aid qualification is required to validate the award.
Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (one qualified leader plus competent assistant), *see 2.10.2 for DofE groups.
Remit: To provide basic skills training in leadership and journeying in the countryside (normal or open country, not wild country as defined by the MTE), between the months of April and October. b) Upland, moorland, fell, hill or downland - Summer Conditions (e.g. Dartmoor)
Qualification: Instructor/Leader - as below or holder of the Hill & Moorland Leader award (+ valid first aid qualification)
Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (one qualified leader plus competent assistant)
Remit: Leadership of groups, remote from immediate help, in wild open moorland country under summer conditions and fall within the technical definition as laid down by the MTE i.e: a) open uncultivated, non-mountainous, high or remote country b) areas where movement off steep or rocky ground is NOT required c) areas that are enclosed by well-defined geographical or man-made boundaries and d) areas of remoteness that are easily exited in a few hours c) Wild/Mountain Country - Summer conditions
Qualification: Instructor/Leader - as below or Mountain Instructors' Award (MIA) or Summer Mountain Leader (ML) or in-house assessed (County Award) or European ML (+ valid first aid qualification)
Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (one qualified leader plus competent assistant).
Remit: The leadership of hillwalking groups under summer conditions (excluding roped climbing or technical terrain and travel on snow). d) Wild/Mountain Country - Winter conditions
Qualification: Instructor/Leader - Mountain Instructors' Certificate (M.I.C.) or BMG Carnet holder or Aspirant Guide or Winter Mountain Leader (+ valid first aid qualification)
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Staffing Ratio: 2:10 (one qualified leader plus competent assistant who has considerable experience of these conditions).
Remit: The leadership of Hillwalking parties under winter conditions (excluding roped climbing or technical terrain).
2.10.1 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles
Although it is the instructor's responsibility to ensure every member of the group is properly prepared before heading into the countryside, the following provides guidance on good practice for teachers/leaders to use when accompanying the group.
Leaders/Instructors should be very familiar with the type of terrain and conditions to be found on their planned trip before taking groups into that environment. The leader's assistant must be competent in leading the group back to safety. a) The value of progressive training in outdoor skills cannot be over emphasised. The strength of the party will usually be that of its weakest member. Training programmes executed on terrain offering relatively few hazards can be vital, developing competence and initiative. b) It is important that early training in walking skills should include accurate judgement of pace. c) With progressive training some young people will be able to plan and carry out their own expeditions, to this end even when expedition groups are accompanied by a leader/instructor, individuals should be given constant practice in the relevant skills of map reading, navigation and decision making. d) The number of young people with one qualified leader will vary according to the weather conditions, the competence and experience of the assistant leaders, the nature of the group and the route to be followed but should be such that proper supervision can be maintained. e) Before departure from base the leader should ensure that the following points have been observed:
A local weather forecast has been obtained. A route card has been prepared giving details of the route to be taken and alternative routes for bad weather or other emergency, the names of party members, the estimated time of arrival at their destination or return to base and any other relevant information. The route card should be left with a responsible person who would take action in the event of the party being overdue. The walk is within the capabilities of the group bearing in mind the possible weather conditions. No young person is carrying a load which exceeds one quarter of their body weight. All walkers are wearing appropriate clothing and footwear and carrying suitable spare clothing and waterproofs. Sufficient maps, compasses, torches and spares are carried for the size of the group and nature of the activity.
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f) Leaders are carrying first aid kit and emergency equipment. They must have considered having a mobile phone; and a GPS; and have knowledge of their use and limitations. g) Leaders are aware of emergency procedures.
Unaccompanied Expedition Groups (remote supervision)
Unaccompanied expedition groups must not operate in wild or remote country when winter conditions prevail. These are most likely to be found between November and March. The adult expedition organisers must ensure that the group is competent to undertake the proposed journey safely. The group must not be less than four. All must be fully aware of the route to be taken and have completed a route card. The correct clothing, equipment and safety devices must be checked by an adult organiser. Each person should have a waterproofed printed card setting out clear details of accident procedure and know what to do in an emergency, e.g. getting lost, becoming benighted or straying off route. All ventures including practice journeys are to be supervised by an experienced adult. For reasons of safety, Girls ventures and young groups must be more closely supervised and it is important that contact with an adult should be easily available at night.
2.10.2 Guidance on acceptable competency standards for Instructor/Trainers of Duke of Edinburgh’s Award expedition groups (See: Section 31, page 27, WSCC Regulations for Ed. Visits or WSCC Guidelines for the operation of the Duke of Edindburgh’s Award)
Minimum qualification: Basic Expedition Leader certificate or Lowland Leader or equivalent assessed competence (Mountain or Hill and Moorland Leader plus practical expedition skills module.) Ratio: 2:14 (one qualified plus a competent assistant)
Remit: to provide basic skills training in leadership and journeying in the countryside (not wild country) between April and October.
To take responsibility for the training of a school/youth group participating in expeditioning (particularly with reference to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award) the adult in charge must have the following credentials: a) Previous experience of assisting the leadership and training of, at least one, school/youth group expedition similar in style to the proposed visit. b) Can demonstrate good judgement, planning and preparation, based upon wide personal experience. c) Have attended an awareness raising training course or similar event. d) Have a basic standard of technical ability in expeditioning, camp craft, navigation and group work leadership (as assessed by a person qualified to
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make such a judgement) e.g. BEL, LL, H&ML, ML, or equivalent. e) Have knowledge of the environment in which the activity takes place - open country in West Sussex, New Forest, or similar. f) Hold an up-to-date and appropriate first aid qualification. g) Be approved by the head of an establishment as being 'fit and trustworthy' (e.g.: DBS police checked) h) Able to demonstrate competent leadership of young people on 'off-site' activities. Able to command respect from both the young participants and other adults. i) Aged at least 21 years.
Underpinning knowledge: The leader must have a good understanding of:
National Safety Guidelines and the safety policies of WSCC Emergency procedures Sources of information on expeditioning Correct use of clothing and equipment for likely conditions The benefits of evaluating the activity, participant progress/behaviour, content, structure and process of the activity.
Example Organisers are expected to make a judgement on suitable staffing ratios. These are examples of the minimum levels of supervision required:
Situation Total number of supervisors Number of required (able to demonstrate qualified adults the necessary competencies (BEL or described above) equivalent) A group of 20 bronze 2 adults (including at least one who 2 DofE award participants is employed and approved by the training in West Sussex school A group of 36 young 3 adults (including at least 1 adult 3 people in expedition employed and approved by the groups of 4/5 on their school) unaccompanied final expedition of their silver award in the New Forest A group of 10 young 1 (assessed or competent for the 1 (Hill and people aged 16-20 terrain) employed and approved by Moorland Leader, undertaking training for the school (plus a competent plus expedition their Gold expedition on assistant) skills module) ML or Dartmoor. equivalent
A final expedition of a 1 (including at least 1 adult 1 (as above) gold award group of 7 employed and approved by the young people being school) monitored by the local panel.
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NB: Mixed gender groups will require mixed gender staffing.
Useful Address: Mountain Training, Siabod Cottage, Capel Curig, Conwy LL24 0ES Tel: 01690 720272 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mountain-training.org/ Back to contents
2.11. Orienteering
2.11.1 Qualifications
Teachers/youth workers and others taking groups of young people to organised orienteering events should be approved by their head of establishment and have first-hand experience of the sport. Leaders should be fully aware of the coaching award scheme and the safety recommendations of the British Orienteering Federation. For orienteering anywhere other than on a West Sussex County Council (WSCC) Education Establishment's grounds the leader must hold one of the following:
British Orienteering Federation Instructor's Award (BOF Level 2 Certificate) British Orienteering Federation Teacher/Leader Certificate (Level 1 Certificate)
For Orienteering in mountainous country the necessary additional qualifications will be required e.g. Mountain Leadership Summer Award or Lowland Leader or Moorland Leader Award with B.O.F. training.. Those adults wishing to develop the sport are advised to attend an instructors award course organised by the British Orienteering Federation.
2.11.2 Ratios
Young people should operate in pairs, especially in the introductory stages. The ratio for Off-site Orienteering other than at B.O.F. events must be 2:12 (one of the leaders must be qualified).
2.11.3 Equipment and Clothing
Much basic orienteering takes place in open country. However, when running through dense or abrasive undergrowth participants in orienteering events should have full leg and arm cover to minimise the risk of scratches and grazes which could lead to infection. Although events are not normally held in exposed areas, competitors' clothing should give adequate protection against cold, wind and rain. Stout footwear which will grip on sloping or slippery surfaces should be worn. A polythene map bag, whistle and compass and a knowledge of how to use them are essential and it is sensible to carry a watch.
2.11.4 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Participation
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Those in charge of parties at organised events should ensure that each competitor chooses a course which is appropriate to their age, fitness and previous experience. Leaders should ensure that beginners are aware of the scale and main symbols used on orienteering maps. It is particularly important to draw attention to areas marked `out of bounds' and to the colour convention of the maps. Leaders should stress the importance of reporting to the finish and of handing in control cards. This requirement applies to all competitors whether they complete a course or retire. Absolute beginners should also be given clear instructions about what to do if they become lost. It might be helpful to suggest a compass direction that should be walked in such an event. If someone is apparently lost at the conclusion of such an activity, the person in charge should first check that the young person is missing and if so search obvious features such as control points, paths or rides and boundaries. Other participants should not be used to help in the search. It is then a matter of judgement, depending on the time of day and prevailing weather conditions, as to when the police should be alerted. It is useful safety strategy to set an outside time limit by which all participants must return to base.
2.11.5 Terrain
It is often feasible for activities to be based on a permanent orienteering course in the locality. Failing this, the event organiser should endeavour to use a small area with clearly defined boundaries and take care to ensure that obvious hazards such as quarries, crags, deep ponds or marshes, major roads and railway lines are clearly marked `out of bounds' on the map and, if necessary, taped off. The planned duration and technical difficulty of the course should be well within the capabilities of the participants, and should involve safety strategies to limit the effects of navigational errors. Permission to use the area should be obtained in advance and, for Sussex, it is advisable to contact the South Downs Orienteers website: www.southdowns-orienteers.org.uk or contact the Outdoor Education Adviser (0330 222 8344).
Offsite in countryside that is not fenced and may have natural hazards
What evidence do I have that this group can cope with this location? What are the additional hazards in this natural environment? For example waterfalls, fast deep water, sheer drops, very boggy ground that could cause entrapment, steep slippery slopes. What are the consequences if my group or individuals get lost? What are the strategies available to me? How many staff do I need? What staff competences do I need? Is this a suitable environment for my young people to go solo rather than in pairs or groups? How do I warn my participants of the specific hazards of which to be aware on this course?
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Useful Addresses British Orienteering, Scholes Mill, Old Coach Road, Tansley, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 5FY Tel: 01629 583037 Email: [email protected] www.britishorienteering.org.uk
British Schools Orienteering Association BOSA, 5 Rounds Hill, Kenilworth CV8 1DW Website: www.bsoa.org Back to contents
2.12. Shooting
Regulations
2.12.1 Qualifications
Supervision must be undertaken by an adult (over 21) who must hold, as a minimum, a recognised Range Conducting Officer's qualification (RCO), an Instructor/Coach with the following:- 2.12.2 Air Gun shooting a) National Small-bore Rifle Association (NSRA) Club Instructor's award, or higher qualification, or b) NSRA Youth Proficiency Scheme (YPS) Instructor's diploma; or
2.12.3 Small-bore Rifle shooting a) National Small-bore Rifle Association (NSRA) Club Instructor's award, or higher qualification. b) A Range Conducting Officers Certificate issued by one of the armed services for the type of shooting being undertaken. c) Certification must be current i.e. obtained within the last seven years.
2.12.4 Clay Pigeon Shooting a) The Clay Pigeon Shooting Association is the National Governing Body for the sport in England. It regulates and develops all aspects of the sport and their advice and guidance must be sought before considering this activity. b) The CPSA recommended criteria for ranges and facilities must be complied with. c) Persons wishing to introduce others to the sport must be a qualified CPSA Coach.
2.12.5 Staffing ratio/shooting conditions a) The ratio of participants to instructors must not exceed 12:1 (air rifle) or 5:1 (small-bore rifle). b) Only one person shall shoot at any one target.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 36 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 c) A maximum of six targets shall be permitted on a range. Primary school aged children (under 11) should not participate in this activity. Heads of establishment should consider the advisability of participation by, 11 to 13 year olds.
2.12.6 Equipment and Ammunition a) Small bore rifles must be single-shot competition type, 0.22 LR (5.6mm) calibre. Sporting guns and rifles with magazines are not permitted. b) Air rifles must be of 0.177 in. (4.5mm) calibre only. c) The head of establishment must give approval in the first instance before small-bore rifles or air rifles are acquired. d) Small-bore ammunition will be accounted for at all times, and there must be a check at the conclusion of each session with a record being made of the amount used. Great care must be taken to ensure that no small-bore ammunition or air gun pellets are removed from the range area. e) All rifles will be kept in an arms chest or armoury and special precautions will be taken to ensure that keys are locked away in a separate location. (See clause 2.12.3.2(b) below). f) Small-bore ammunition will be kept separate from the rifles in a locked arms chest or safe in a separate location.
2.12.7 Range Requirements a) A range for air gun shooting must be sited in consultation with the Outdoor Education Office and comply with National Small-bore Rifle Association specifications. Although the police do not require to inspect security arrangements for air guns, it will be necessary that these precautions be approved by the Outdoor Education Office. b) Air pistol shooting is not permitted. c) An adequate backstop capable of absorbing the impact of an air gun pellet should be provided behind the pellet catchers/target holders. This will prevent damage to the building fabric and decoration. Pellet catchers/target holders are obtainable from the National Small-bore Rifle Association and from reputable gun dealers. d) Pellet catchers/target holders must be metal lined and backed, and be capable of stopping air gun pellets at short range. e) All shooting will be at penetrable paper targets only f) All windows in the range area must be protected with material capable of stopping air gun pellets at short range. g) Lighting fixtures in the range area, and any special target lighting, should be protected to prevent damage. Any projections such as radiators or piers must be protected with material capable of absorbing the impact of a pellet so as to prevent a ricochet hazard. h) The range must be so constructed that access to the firing area (that part of the range in front of the firing point) is not possible whilst shooting is in progress.
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 37 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 i) Shooting must be the only activity taking place in the range room. j) Normally all air gun shooting takes place in indoor ranges. Outdoor ranges used for this purpose must comply with the National Small-bore Rifle Association specification for outdoor ranges.
2.12.8 Small-bore Ranges a) A range for small-bore shooting must be sited in consultation with the Outdoor Education Office and be constructed to National Small-bore Rifle Association specifications. A current Safety Certificate issued by the appropriate military authority, or other competent inspecting authority that may be appointed, must be displayed in the range (or a photocopy). b) Secure storage, or an armoury, must be provided for rifles and ammunition. Security arrangements must be approved by the police Crime Prevention Officer. c) In order to minimise any hazard to shooters from lead pollution on indoor small-bore ranges, it is important that satisfactory ventilation is provided. This is achieved by establishing a steady airflow from behind the firing point towards the targets. d) Ranges must be cleaned regularly to remove polluted dust and debris. Cleaning contractors should be made aware that dust on small-bore ranges will contain lead and unburned propellant, and they must therefore be competent to handle and dispose of dangerous toxic waste.
2.12.9 Operating Procedures a) When shooting is in progress, the range must be under the command of a Qualified Instructor OR Range Officer in accordance with Section 2.12.1. b) Standard range safety procedures require the use of hearing protection on small-bore ranges. This is recommended, though optional, on air gun ranges. c) Participants should always wash their hands after a shooting session, and especially before handling food.
National Governing Body: National Small-bore Rifle Association Lord Roberts Centre, Bisley Camp, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONP Telephone: 01483 485502/485503 Website: www.nsra.co.uk
Clay Pigeon Shooting Association, Edmonton House, National Shooting Centre, Brookwood, Working, Surrey GU29 0NP Telephone: 01483 485 400 website: www.cpsa.co.uk Back to contents
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2.13. Snowsports: Skiing and snowboarding
All skiing and snowboarding activities, whether instruction or practice, must be supervised by an appropriately qualified teacher, youth worker, ski instructor or qualified coach.
2.13.1 Qualifications – Snow Skiing a) To instruct group members to ski on snow. The minimum requirements are that the instructor is:
A member/employee of the local ski school, or A qualified member of British Association of Snowsport Instructors (BASI) (minimum Level two Certificate holder), or A qualified coach of the National Governing Body (e.g. Snowsport England). b) To lead/organise groups on a snowsports / school / ski visit, abroad or in Scotland The group leader must have attended a SSE Snowsports Course Organisers' Course and have accompanied an experienced leader on a previous snowsports course.
NOTE: The above does not qualify the group leader to instruct or supervise skiing or snowboarding activities. A member of WSCC staff that wishes to supervise children and/or young people skiing/boarding on snow will need a national qualification or letter of approval from the Local Authority after an assessment has been made based on past experience, ability and training.
2.13.2 Qualifications – Artificial or Indoor Snow Slope Skiing
To instruct skiing on an artificial slope leaders must be a qualified Snowsports England coach, or fully trained and assessed by the slope's management or hold an Artificial Ski Slope Instructors' Certificate or a Club Instructors Award (A.S.S.I. Part I plus an appropriate endorsement by the local ski club, school, ski school or ski slope). or a Level two Instructors' Certificate of the British Association of Ski Instructors.
2.13.3 Qualifications: Snowboarding
The minimum qualification for teaching snowboarding on snow is being a member/employee of the local Snowsports school or a BASI Snowboard Instructor Certificate holder. To lead groups of young people snowboarding, the teacher/leader must hold the Snowboard leader qualification from either Snowsport England or Snowsports Scotland or a recognised Coach/Instructor qualification. Ratio: there must be no more than 10 students to one qualified instructor. On Artificial Slopes the minimum qualification to supervise this activity must be an Artificial Snowboard Instructor qualified by Snowsports England.
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ALL PARTICIPANTS IN SNOWBOARDING ACTIVITIES MUST BE SUPERVISED AND WEAR PROPERLY FITTING HELMETS AT ALL TIMES. Consideration should be given, as part of a risk assessed approach, for other items of protective clothing e.g. wrist guards.
2.13.4 Staffing Ratios a) The number of pupils participating in snowboarding or skiing with one qualified adult must not exceed 12:1 for instruction or 10:1 for supervision/leading on snow. b) No pupil may ski or snowboard unsupervised. c) Only groups accompanied by qualified instructors may go off piste or in a 'Snow Park'. The advice of local experts must be sought in all matters concerning both on and off piste skiing or snowboarding. (N.B. You must also check that your school journey insurance policy covers these types of activity.)
2.13.5 Skiing equipment a) Skis must be good quality, have modern release mechanisms with integral ski brakes and must be adjusted to meet the needs of each skier in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedure. b) Skis should be of appropriate length. c) Helmets must be worn by all participants unless a risk assessment conducted by a qualified competent person, indicates it is safe not to do so.
2.13.6 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Preparation for snow skiing is essential and must include a course of pre-ski exercises designed to strengthen the relevant muscle areas and improve cardio-respiratory fitness. If possible, attendance at an artificial ski slope course of training is highly recommended. b) Initial instruction should include the safe carrying of skis and the handling of ski sticks. c) All young people must wear suitable clothing for skiing. This will normally include:-
A windproof ski jacket Salopettes or equivalent. Jeans must not be worn Gloves or mitts A helmet/hat One or more sweaters/fleeces (Two thin ones using the 'layering' principle, are better than one thick sweater) Sunglasses or goggles must have shatterproof lenses giving a high level of ultra-violet protection d) It is the responsibility of the school group leader to ensure that all of their group is safely off the mountain at the end of the activity. e) When practising on no account may a pupil ski on runs of a difficulty which
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they have not previously skied with and under the guidance of a qualified instructor. Even if the students have already skied a given run, their ability to do so again depends on their current levels of confidence and fatigue. Changing snow and weather conditions can greatly influence the degree of difficulty experienced. f) Prior to the trip, students should be introduced to the F.I.S. Rules for the conduct of skiers (The Ski Way Code). Whilst in the resort, they should be reminded of the rules, and of their relevance and importance in ensuring everyone's safety.
2.13.7 Artificial Ski Slope a) No instructor should be responsible for more than 12 learners. b) All skiers must wear: Gloves or mitts Warm clothing which covers legs and arms c) Skiers must not wear any loose clothing which might get caught in the ski- tow e.g. no scarves or rucksacks d) Initial training must include guidance on the safest way to fall.
Useful contact: Snowsport England www.snowsportengland.org.uk Back to contents
2.14. War Games/Paintballing
This activity is sometimes used for its team building and leadership training qualities. Consideration must be given to the educational value of such opportunities.
2.14.1 Notes of Guidance and Additional Safety principles a) The site must be clearly defined with a safe area. Guns must be left outside. Toilets should be available in this safe area. b) Areas of play need to be small and specific e.g. 100 square metres. c) There must be a known procedure for first aid, vehicular access, rescue of an injured person and anticipation for a worst case. d) The mask must cover head and ears. There also needs to be goggles and full body protection. e) There will remain an inherent risk that is the ultimate responsibility of the school or youth group leader. f) The supervision must be appropriate and the staff duly checked as being acceptable. g) Briefings must be clear and concise.
2.14.2 Indemnities
Some providers require unreasonable indemnities to be signed by participants.
The Head of Legal Services should be consulted on acceptable wording.
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3. Safety on Water
3.1 Water Safety General
Waterborne educational activity now takes a variety of forms. It may concentrate on the acquisition of physical skills, contribute to programmes of personal development, or add an additional dimension to the study of the environment. It is important that an individual's introduction to these activities emphasises the importance of safe practice, proper procedures, adequate training and the need for vigilance. This should include being taught: a) about hazards, risks and control measures, b) recognising hazards and taking action to control the risks to themselves and to others, c) to manage their environment to ensure the health and safety of themselves and others. Those in charge of young people must always be aware of their responsibilities in these respects without diminishing the pleasure and the freedom which can accompany the activity.
A number of safety principles are common to all water-related activities: a) conducting the activity in suitable conditions b) using appropriately qualified and experienced leaders c) using appropriate and reliable equipment d) subjecting equipment to regular and vigorous safety checks e) ensuring participants have the level of water confidence needed for the activity. Guidance on appropriate regulations for water activities not listed in this document can be obtained from the Outdoor Education Adviser, 0330 222 8344.
3.1.1 Contaminated Water
Attention is drawn to the risks to health from contact with fresh water contaminated by the urine of domestic and wild animals or by the tissues of infected animals. Haemorrhagic Jaundice (Leptospirosis or Weil's Disease) is a recreational hazard to bathers, campers or sports people in infected areas. The illness has many manifestations which range from influenza-like symptoms to fatal disease. Rats and other rodents acts as carrier hosts for the disease. Good hygiene practice is recommended. Scratches and abrasions should be covered with waterproof plaster before entering the water; inhalation or swallowing of water should be avoided and showers should be taken after fresh-water sports and other outdoor activities, particularly following immersion. In case of emergency reference should be made to the National Leptospirosis Service (NLS) Public Health England, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/leptospira-reference-unit- services
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3.1.2 Hypothermia
Hypothermia due to exposure, possibly linked with exhaustion, should be minimised by ensuring that all participants are suitably clothed, in a normal state of health, and not suffering from any debilitating illness (See section 3.15 Hypothermia)
3.1.3 Supervision of Recreational Swimming - Swimming Pools (for Swimming other than in Swimming Pools see section 3.12)
Supervision of recreational swimming during educational visits may be undertaken by either a qualified teacher, youth worker or a responsible adult with the approval of the Head of Establishment. (Please refer to note (i) below.)
General Points
(i) The West Sussex County Council: ‘Regulations for supervision of swimming sessions in school or public swimming pools’ 2013 guidance must be followed. (See EVOLVE or WSGFL websites)
(ii) Supervision Competencies
All teachers and/or supervisors who are on the poolside, and not Rescue Test or life-guard qualified, must be able to demonstrate the following: have a thorough knowledge of the pool's routines, normal and emergency operating procedures, i.e. Location of telephones, emergency equipment, first aid kit, etc. and aware of potential risk factors to be able to administer expired air resuscitation (EAR) to be able to administer cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) be able to initiate emergency procedures be able to recognise pupils in potential difficulties be able and willing to effect a rescue using throwing and reaching methods using the equipment on the poolside, i.e.: pole, buoyancy aids, etc. or, if necessary and appropriate, able and prepared to enter the water to rescue and land a casualty.
(iii) Attention is drawn to pages 253-262 of the AfPE booklet: "Safe Practice in Physical Education" 2012 (being updated during 2016).
(iv) Leaders should make themselves aware of the location of aids such as, poles, throw-lines, rings etc. where these are available.
(v) Procedure for obtaining assistance in the event of an accident should be established by the Group Leader. Back to contents
3.2 Angling
Supervision of angling should be undertaken by a leader who has received approval from the Head of Establishment. The National Anglers Council Proficiency Scheme may usefully assist judgments regarding supervisors. The seasonal
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3.2.1 Angling - inland and piers a) The ratio of students to leader/instructor should be appropriate for the water being used and not exceed 12:1. b) At least one leader/instructor must be proficient in life saving and resuscitation, and be aware of the dangers of hypothermia.
3.2.2 Guidance
Fishing from piers, jetties and harbours is not recommended and needs to conform to site-specific operating procedures. The risk-benefit assessment would take into account and be able to manage issues such as: barriers length of drop to the water depth of water ease of access and egress should someone fall in any obstructions above ground or below the water line lifesaving and throw-bag competence of leaders water confidence of participants, their experience and known behaviour.
3.2.3 Sea Angling - shore, rocks or boat a) The ratio of students to leaders/instructors must not exceed 8:1. b) The leader/instructor must be proficient in life saving and resuscitation, and be aware of the dangers of hypothermia. c) Members of the group should remain in contact with one another. d) The leader must take into account tide changes and be aware of deteriorating weather conditions which may affect the activity. e) All members of the group should be appropriately dressed.
Sea angling from a boat requires special care and the skipper of the boat should have expert knowledge of sea fishing and boat handling. A Department of Transport registered/licensed craft and a skipper with a Boatman's Licence is recommended.
It is recommended that preparation for a shore fishing trip pre-event training should use material available from the Royal National Lifeboat Institute (RNLI), available as a downloadable PDF on beach safety, and use the pages relating to riptides; sun safety; tides and waves; weaver fish and man-made hazards – www.beachsafety.org.uk/BS/download/default.asp
Or contact the Beach Safety Manager or Education Manager – both can be found at RNLI HQ, West Quay Road, Poole, Dorset BH15 1HZ, telephone 0800 328 0600.
3.2.4 Guidance
The leader must ensure appropriate safety precautions are taken which will include having suitable personal buoyancy aids available, seeing that the
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 44 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 students are suitably dressed, checking that the students are water confident and can swim at least 50m in light clothing, checking on weather conditions before departure and leaving details of the trip and expected return time with a responsible person. Night fishing is not permitted.
3.2.5 Wading
Wading is an advanced skill in any water conditions and must not take place without specific approval by the Outdoor Education Adviser.
Typical conditions would require wading whilst seashore fishing (shallow beach or tidal gully) or salmon/trout fishing on rivers or streams to be employed under individual event guidelines and strict criteria. The minimum ratio in the water is 1:1, with a second safety person on the bank side. The safety person may cover more than one pair when the second or third pair are in constant visual contact. The pupil, the instructor and the safety person must wear personal protective equipment rated at 50 Newtons.
Conservation – all disciplines of fishing promote conservation with recommended ‘catch and release’ policies. Knowledge of these codes are recommended to all participants: coarse fishing – National Federation of Anglers ‘Keep-net Code’. coarse fishing – National Angling Alliance ‘Code of Conduct for Coarse Anglers’. sea fishing – national and regional fish-size limits, available from regional Sea Fisheries Committees and the National Federation of Sea Anglers. the Rules or Codes of Fishery, where fishing is taking place. the Countryside Code. Back to contents
3.3 Canoeing (including Stand-Up Paddle-boarding SUP)
To lead groups canoeing the minimum qualifications for leaders/instructors must be as follows:
British Canoe Union UKCC (or equivalent qualifications) SEA
Class A Level 4 Coach (Sea) Open seas and crossings, dangerous waters in shore, conditions in excess of 4 star
Class B Level 3 Coach Open sea (excluding overfalls, tidal races, (Sea) difficult landings or open crossings 5kms from land in any direction): Harbour entrances and river mouths. Wind strength not above Force 4 Class C Level 2 Coach Close in shore (up to 500m) off safe holiday + beaches 4 star (Sea) Kayak
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British Canoe Union UKCC (or equivalent qualifications)
SURF Moderate Surf (under 1 metre) Level 3 Surf Coach
Surf (over 1 metre) Level 4 Surf Coach
INLAND Class A Level 4 Coach (Inland) B.C.U. Grade III (see also 3.3.11) waters Kayak or Canoe or above
Class B Level 3 Coach (Inland) B.C.U. Grade II white water (see also 3.3.11) Kayak or Canoe 4 star level
Class C Level 2 Coach (Inland) Grade I water Kayak or Canoe Very large lakes and reservoirs Estuaries and harbours (see also 3.3.11 for definition)
Class D Level 1 Coach Small lakes and reservoirs Canals Non tidal inland rivers (No moving water) Placid Water (see also 3.3.11 for definition)
3.3.1 Staffing Ratios
The following staff ratios are recommended for practical teaching purposes. BCU UKCC Level 3 coaches are, however, trained to recognise when circumstances allow these regulations to be safely exceeded, or when lower limits should be applied.
For initial training in sheltered water - kayaks 1:8
For initial training in sheltered water - open canoes 1:6 boats (1 or 2 crew per canoe)
For surfing, Grade II white water activities and class B Sea - 1:6
(Note: The Technical adviser for sheltered waters (inland or sea) must be a BCU UKCC Level 3 Coach. For more challenging waters a Level 5 coach is required as technical adviser)
3.3.2 Guidance and Operational Principles a) All members of the group should be able to swim, in light clothing, a
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distance of 50 metres in outdoor, unheated water. Level 3 coaches should be allowed to use discretion in allowing non- swimmers to take part in activities provided stable craft are used and additional staffing is provided. b) The clothing worn by each member of the party must be appropriate, adequately warm and windproof in order to prevent the risk of hypothermia. If necessary wetsuits, or 'dry' tops/bottoms should also be worn. c) All canoeists must wear an approved buoyancy aid when afloat and when entering or leaving a canoe. They must be done up properly and checked by the coach. Buoyancy Aids must meet CE specifications, and bear the relevant stamp of approval. d) Capsize instruction should be given prior to going afloat. Capsize drill should be satisfactorily completed before the wearing of spraydecks or the use of less stable craft. e) Each Kayak or canoe should be fitted with at least 6.5kg positive buoyancy, evenly placed in front and rear so that, when full of water the Kayak or canoe will float horizontally. Kayaks should be fitted with rear buoyancy where appropriate. The buoyancy should be secure inside the boat so that turbulence cannot flush it out. Fixed buoyancy is not required where there is sufficient buoyancy in the integral construction of the craft (e.g. Open Canoes with sandwich hull construction containing closed cell foam). f) All footrests should be so designed as to provide a bulkhead which will not permit the feet to pass, or so designed as to allow canoeists to withdraw their feet or legs if they pass the bar or plate. White water playboats may have foam blocks in the bows but paddlers must be able to exit the cockpit easily. g) Where fitted, painters and deck lines must be firmly fixed in such a way as to hold them taut and away from the cockpit area. h) When provided, a spray deck should be fitted with a release strap to enable the canoeist to remove the spray cover from the cockpit rim. i) The canoe or kayak shall be fitted at each end with end loops, toggles or handles to provide handholds. Note: Toggles are not appropriate on craft used on white water grade III and above. j) The canoe and equipment including buoyancy must be checked before canoeing begins and have the name of establishment or centre being used clearly visible. k) A system of recall and other communication must be established. l) Before canoeing the person in charge must make suitable arrangements for rescue. These should include leaving details with a responsible person ashore, information about:
number in group canoe/kayak type and colours intentions and times alternative arrangements equipment carried amount of experience clothing
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and may also include:
(i) posting a look-out to keep all canoes/kayak under observation;
(ii) having a rescue boat under way (this may be another canoe) in a position to effect a quick rescue.
3.3.3 Canoeing/Kayaking Expeditions – Sheltered Waters (Class C and D) a) The expedition leader must be a BCU UKCC Level 2 Coach or above (see Section 3.3.11). b) Before a young person undertakes a canoeing expedition they must have been fully briefed on capsize procedure. A capsize drill should be practiced (with the spray deck in position, wearing a life jacket or buoyancy aid and using a paddle) at an appropriate stage in the training programme. c) Staffing ratios must be a minimum of the following:-
1-4 students: Level 2 Coach 5-8 students: Level 2 Coach + 1 competent assistant (BCU UKCC 3 star or canoe safety test) or Level 3 Coach 9-12 students: 2 x Level 2 Coaches d) Recall signals should be simple, clearly understood and obeyed at once. A whistle is recommended for this purpose. e) For coastal passages both leader and assistant must carry spare split paddles. For inland expeditions these may be in the boat but easily accessible. f) All kayaks should have a fitting spray deck complete with release straps. g) The expedition leader and their assistant must carry all the equipment (between them) listed in the BCU UKCC Level 2 Coach entry requirements (3 star test). h) On inland waters, the leader must be thoroughly acquainted with the route that is to be followed and where special features are to be encountered (e.g. white water) the leader must undertake a personal reconnaissance by canoe/kayak or on the bank as appropriate. The reconnaissance to take place before the expedition arrives at the water.
3.3.4 Canoeing/Kayaking Expeditions – Open Waters a) The expedition leader must be a BCU UKCC Level 3 Coach (Sea) or above. b) Before undertaking a sea or tidal waters expedition, rescue drills must be practised. These should include appropriate rafting and towing techniques. c) The size of the group should not exceed 12 pupils/students and never have less than one leader and a competent assistant.
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Ratios:
1-8 students: BCU UKCC Level 3 Coach + 1 competent assistant (BCU UKCC Level 2 Coach + 4 star sea) 9-12 students: BCU UKCC Level 3 Coach + 2 competent assistants (BCU UKCC Level 2 Coach + 4 star sea
3.3.5 Guidance a) Before embarking on a coastal route the weather, tides, local hazards or dangers, must be considered and the Coastguard must be advised before embarking. b) Before kayaking around headlands the person in charge must satisfy themself that there are no unusual dangers e.g. tidal currents, rocks, etc. Local knowledge should be sought and where possible the person in charge should canoe/kayak the route before taking a party. Additional safety precautions may include ensuring that someone is stationed on the shore to follow, where possible, the progress of the fleet. c) Flares or other suitable means of indicating distress should be carried by the leader together with the other equipment listed in the BCU UKCC 4 star test syllabus. A spare split paddle must be carried by the leader and their assistants. d) Kayaks should possess maximum buoyancy (single pillar buoyancy should be supplemented) and integral buoyancy by means of bulk heads and watertight hatches is acceptable. Bow and stern toggles are recommended and adequate spray decks. Deck lines, when fitted, must be taut and not able to foul the cockpit area. e) Each member of the group should carry all the equipment listed in the BCU UKCC 4 star test syllabus, a hand held flare should be included at the discretion of the leader taking into account the type of group involved, and the nature of the journey being tackled. f) In addition the following should be available to all: (i) A waterproof anorak and adequate canoeing clothing (ii) A brightly coloured helmet (iii) A tow line g) Spare split paddles carried by other persons in the group is recommended. These may be in the boats, but should be easily accessible. h) All sea canoeing/kayaking expeditions must be accompanied by an appropriate escort vessel which may be the Leader's canoe/kayak or a powered boat. The escort vessel must be equipped with at least a compass (open sea), torch, whistle, buoyant tow-lines, spare paddles, exposure bags, first aid kit and emergency rations including drinking water. Consider means to communicate to the shore e.g.: VHF or mobile phone.
3.3.6 Canoe Surfing a) The leader must be a BCU UKCC Level 3 Surf Coach (see 3.3.1). b) A canoeing helmet must be worn. c) The size of the group must be limited to not more than six young people
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with one qualified coach and a competent assistant. (6:12) d) Appropriate safety precautions for the particular circumstances must be taken by the leader. e) The surfing area must be clearly defined by markers on the beach.
3.3.7 White Water Grade II a) The expedition leader must be a minimum BCU UKCC Level 3 Inland coach (see 3.3.1). b) There should be a ratio of competent canoeists/kayakers as follows:
1-6 students: Leader 5-8 students: Leader + 1 competent assistant leader (Level 2 Coach + 4 star or BCU)
The leader and each member of the group should be fully equipped in accordance with the recommendations in the 4 star inland Test Syllabus of the BCU UKCC c) Where white water training is involved, each student must be equipped with a suitable (C.E. labelled) canoeing helmet. Canoeing helmets should fit well down on the forehead, and not pull back easily when tugged. Fastenings should not be subject to corrosion, and should remain secure under stress. Helmets which incorporate foam cushioning are particularly recommended.
3.3.8 White Water Grade III/IV a) The expedition leader must hold a minimum qualification of BCU UKCC Level 4 Inland coach (see 3.3.1). b) A ratio of six students to one expedition leader and one competent assistant must not be exceeded. c) All members of the group must be fully equipped in accordance with all the recommendations in the 4 star Test syllabus of the BCU or carry those items as laid down by the leader. d) All canoeists must wear clothing suitable for grade III/IV water.
3.3.9 Canoeing in Swimming Pools a) The Coach in overall charge must be a minimum of a qualified BCU Level 2 Coach when buoyancy aids are worn. If they are not worn, then a second adult with a life saving qualification must stay on the pool side. b) A ratio of 1:8 students with buoyancy aids and 2:8 without buoyancy aids.
3.3.10 Guidance and Additional Operational Principles for Canoeing in swimming pools a) Only paddles with plastic or untipped wooden blades may be used. Pool Bats or other round ended boats are preferable. b) If buoyancy aids are worn they must comply with paragraph 3.3.2(c).
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3.3.11 Classification of Waters
Waters known to be in use locally to West Sussex.
Sea
Class A Selsey Bill (other than at slack water) - and open sea
Class B Sea between 500m and 5km from land Arun outflow; Chichester Harbour entrance; Langstone Harbour entrance; Pagham Harbour entrance; Shoreham Harbour entrance; Littlehampton Harbour entrance.
Class C Chichester Harbour; Langstone Harbour; Hayling Bay; shore from West Wittering to Brighton Marina (excluding Selsey Bill and harbour/river mouths)
Inland
Class A Shoreham Harbour/River Adur up to railway bridge 200m up stream from Adur Centre between 3 and 5 hours after high tide
Class B River Arun between sea entrance and Littlehampton footbridge and the River Lavant or River Rother when flowing
Class C Shoreham Harbour/River Adur to railway bridge 200m up river from Adur Centre at times other than specified above. River Adur up stream of railway bridge. River Arun up stream of Littlehampton footbridge. Weirwood Lake, Bewl Bridge reservoir, Ardingly reservoir
Class D Felbridge Lake, Tilgate Lake, Shopwyke/Westhampnett Lake, Chichester Canal and Southwater Lake
Non-tidal rivers and lakes are normally private property and access for canoeing is usually controlled. Because of this difficulty the British Canoe Union has established a network of local access officers who are charged with establishing access agreements for waters in their area. Canoeists wishing to paddle a particular stretch of water are asked to contact the local access officer to find out what the situation is and then to abide by the conditions of any agreement that is in force.
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3.3.12 Stand Up Paddle-boarding (SUP)
These requirements and guidance should be read in conjunction with those that relate to Canoeing. All of the procedures, water confidence and operational practice requirements etc. that apply to Canoeing also apply to this activity. While there are SUP qualifications, in the UK these are still yet not widely available. It is therefore essential that the competence of those leading this activity is adequately assured. It is useful to refer to the Statements of Competence Guidance from the Adventure Activities Licensing Authority…’ (L77) at page 4 paragraph 22 onwards says that providers may demonstrate the competence of their instructors by:
(i) Externally awarded qualifications; or (ii) In–house training; or (iii) Experience.
All Standard Operating Procedures and staff training for Stand Up Paddle-boarding must have been approved by a Level 3 BCU Coach.
For participants from West Sussex, at the current development of the sport, SUP will be limited to Very Sheltered and Sheltered Water (Class C or D).
In particular the risk assessment should take account of the increased vulnerability of SUPs in windy conditions and the increased possibility of (many) participants ending up in the water. It is likely that the Risk Assessment will conclude that for novices to SUP that the activity will only take place in very light, on-shore wind conditions, with participants well-clothed for the weather and water temperature and in a sheltered location where the rescue of participants from the water has been adequately thought through and where there are no underwater hazards.
Participants must:
be able to swim (as water competence statement). wear a CE approved 50N buoyancy aid. be adequately clothed (in the UK wetsuits would usually be needed). wear appropriate footwear. be adequately protected from the sun.
Additionally providers must ensure that boards and equipment are appropriate for novice use. In addition to a SUP it may be that rescue provision is from a kayak or canoe. Staff should hold an appropriate qualification. If a powered safety craft is used the same equipment and driver qualifications as for sailing are required. SUPs should be fitted with leashes and all participants should ensure these are attached just above the ankle. Attention is drawn to the risk of injury when falling off SUPs in shallow water. When arriving or leaving shallow areas SUPs should be paddled from a kneeling position. Tuition should take place in deeper water where the risk of injury from falling off the SUP and hitting the bottom is minimised i.e. certainly beyond waist depth. Back to contents
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3.4 Dragon Boating
3.4.1 Qualifications a) To be in charge of a boat on placid water a leader must be qualified as a British Dragon Boat Racing Association Club Helm (e.g. placid water applies to canals and small still lakes or reservoirs). b) On any other water a leader must be qualified as a BDRA instructor or coach.
3.4.2 Staffing ratios a) For young people training away from organised events where good safety cover is available a suitably qualified lifesaver must also be on board. b) Apart from participating in organised events, each boat containing young people must be accompanied by two adults. One adult will be the qualified helm and the other adult must be an experienced dragon boat paddler and be a qualified lifesaver. In addition one of the adults must be a trained first aider.
3.4.3 Equipment/environment a) The leader must ensure that the following equipment is readily available: A whistle A throw bag First aid kit Bailers Painters at bow and stern Bivi bag b) Areas of water to be used for Dragon Boat training must be agreed with the Outdoor Education Adviser after seeking guidance from the B.D.R.A. c) All crews will wear BCU/CE approved buoyancy aids or buoyancy aids with a minimum capacity of 50 newtons. 3.4.4 Guidance and Additional Safety Principles a) The leader is responsible for ensuring that the boat is 'waterworthy', that the drum and drummer's seat (if used) are securely attached, balancing the crew, informing the crew of the 'buddy system', capsize procedure and taking a head count. b) A Dragon Boat becomes unstable as it approaches its load carrying limit. The leader should give serious consideration to reducing the number in the boat if working with a heavy crew. c) The procedure for 'bracing the boat' and an emergency stop should be introduced at an early stage of the crew's training. d) Students must be able to swim 50 metres in light clothing as an indicator of competence and water confidence. e) The Water Safety policy of the B.D.R.A. should be read for further guidance.
National Governing Body: British Dragon Boat Racing Association Website: www.dragonboat.org.uk Back to contents
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3.5 Power Boating
3.5.1 Qualifications
Leaders/Instructors taking responsibility for a group/activity afloat must be qualified as follows.
Sea
Class A RYA Powerboat Trainer (see 3.3.11) RYA Advanced Powerboat Instructor RYA Powerboat Instructor holding Advanced Certificate Class B RYA Powerboat Instructor holding Advanced Certificate (see 3.3.11) Or higher qualification Class C RYA Powerboat Instructor with coastal endorsement (see 3.3.11) Or higher qualification The restriction of class B water can be lifted for instructors with coastal endorsement in the following circumstance: When the class C water (where the planned activity is to take place) requires the traversing of class B water, (i.e. Harbour entrances) when the weather and tide dictate safe conditions. N.B. From January 2017, the RYA will remove the distinction between Coastal and Non Coastal as well as Tidal and non Tidal Instructor Qualifications, so leaders/instructors should ensure they have the necessary knowledge and experience to undertake the activity in the selected venue. This has implications on sections 3.5.1 Class C and 3.8.1.
Inland
Class B RYA Powerboat Instructor (see 3.3.11) Or higher qualification Class C RYA Powerboat Instructor (see 3.3.11) OR higher qualification Class D RYA Level 2 Powerboat Certificate (Planning or Displacement) (see 3.3.11) Or higher qualification For holders of a Level 2 Certificate: The certificate must be applicable for the craft being used. This Certificate is not an appropriate qualification for instructing on any class of water. The qualification indicates that, the holder has had sufficient instruction to be safe on the water and should be able to handle the craft.
3.5.2 Staffing Ratio:
Powerboat Trainers, Advanced Powerboat Instructors 6:1 Powerboat Instructors with or without Advanced certificate 3:1 Level 2 Certificate holder - not qualified to instruct, only helm 3:1
Staffing ratios relate to the number of students to instructor. Powerboat trainers are permitted the additional ratio of 6:1 when teaching safety boat and advanced powerboat courses and can be responsible for more than one boat.
3.5.3 Personal buoyancy
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Sea
Class A Everyone must wear at least a 150N lifejacket with an ISO or EN compliant light attached. (DoT approved lights are acceptable). The life jacket must conform to EN 396/150 12402-4 or CE 395. Class B & C Everyone must either wear a buoyancy aid of at least 50N, or a life jacket. Both must conform to EN 393/150 12402-5. Class B, C, D As listed above for Sea class B & C waters
3.5.4 Guidance and Additional Operating Safety Principles a) Dry suits are strongly recommended to be worn by everybody on board when operating in Sea class A waters. For all other classes of water (sea & inland) the clothing worn must be suitable for the conditions and location. Particular attention should be paid to the warmth of the underclothes and the waterproofness of the outer clothing. b) Warm hat and gloves should be carried by all on board. In summer months, it may be necessary to carry a hat that will protect the head from the sun and sunglasses to protect the eyes from the glare from the sun when reflected from the water. c) Footwear should be worn at all times, and be appropriate for the conditions and location of activity. d) The Powerboat checklist in the RYA log book should be followed before any planned activity. e) All charts on board should be either laminated or waterproofed. f) A weather forecast should be sought for the time and area of the planned activity. If a coastal route is to be undertaken, the advice of the Coastguard must be sought before proceeding. g) All planning craft must be fitted with 'kill cords'. h) All members should be made aware of emergency procedures. i) The leader/instructor should check the correct fitting of all personal buoyancy. j) The boat should be of sound construction and suitable for the planned activity. Attention is drawn to the use of powerboats when NOT used for the purpose of tuition in the power boat itself or for the support of other RYA tuition. If a boat is used for activities outside the RYA’s variation for example for trips to the beach, environmental studies or ferrying between locations , then the boat will have to be suitably coded for the commercial operation and driven by a person with suitably commercially endorsed qualifications.
All commercial vessels must be certified under the appropriate MCA code of practice. A variation of this requirement is currently made for commercial vessels that would otherwise have had to be certified under the Code of Practice for the safety of small vessels in commercial use for sport or pleasure operating from a nominated departure point (NDP Code), but which are being used solely for tuition purposes at RYA recognised training centres. This alternative to the NDP
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Code allows vessels to operate within three miles of a nominated departure point or within three miles from the limit of categorised waters and never more than three miles from land, in favourable weather and daylight.
Note: The coding of small commercial vessels is being harmonised into a common code (SCV Code). The RYA alternative will still apply and existing coded vessels should have no problems with transferring to the new code. Anyone affected by these changes must familiarise themselves with the detail of the new SCV Code.
Useful Address:
Royal Yachting Association, RYA House, Ensign Way, Hamble, Hants SO31 4YA Tel: 023 8060 4100 Website: www.rya.org.uk Back to contents
3.6 Rafting (improvised and white water)
Rafting, either as a task-centred learning exercise though to paddling inflatables on white water rivers, is increasing in popularity. Leaders and Instructors should be aware of the particular and local hazards associated with these variations of the activity. Instructors should be approved by their Head of Establishment/Line Manager, have previous experience of the activity, and have detailed knowledge of the particular piece of water. Because of the potentially wide range of possibilities, it is vital that the supervising instructor undertakes a very precise site-specific risk assessment.
3.6.1 Instructor qualifications: a) Improvised raft building must be supervised by a Leader with a BCU UKCC Level 2 Coach qualification or equivalent. b) For rafting on open or moving water Leaders must hold an appropriate British Canoe Union Coaching Award for White Water Rafting.
3.6.2 Guidance a) Personal (CE approved) buoyancy aids and helmets (unless there is a good reason not to) of the correct size must be properly worn by all taking part in the activity. b) Ensure that the materials used for building the raft do not present any hazards - splinters, sharp edges or anything which could trap participants or any part of a body if the raft sinks or capsizes. c) Ensure that appropriate rescue equipment is available. This may be a throw- line, a small unpowered vessel/canoe or, if on open water, a powered vessel crewed by an RYA Safety Boat Driver and helper and a land-based co- ordinator. d) Participants who get wet or fall into ponds should have a shower immediately after the activity. e) All leaders/instructors and safety boat drivers should carry an appropriate knife to cope with entrapment. f) According to the time of year, water and air temperature, and the weather
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on the day, waterproof clothing and/or wet suits may need to be provided. The type of clothing must form part of the risk assessment for the activity. g) For those not working from an outdoor centre or specific base, consideration must be given to ensuring that there is adequate provision for dealing with a cold casualty or other emergency.
Useful addresses:
British Canoeing, National Water Sports Centre, Adbolton Lane, Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham, England NG12 2LU Tel: 0845 370 9500 Email: [email protected] Website: www.britishcanoeunion.org.uk Back to contents
3.7 Rowing and Boating
The leader in charge of a group should be approved by their head of establishment. It is also recommended for the leader to be suitably qualified by the Amateur Rowing Association and hold the RYA Safety Boat Drivers Award.
Qualifications
For the purpose of these safety control measures, the term ‘supervised’ means that the person holding that qualification must be present and actively supervising in a manner appropriate to the situation and conditions. It must be noted that an RYA Senior Instructor who is actively involved with working with a group may not supervise other groups at the same time.
Category of water
The supervising instructor must be qualified in the type of water being used, e.g. inland or coastal
Activity Supervised by Instructions given by Rowing RYA Senior Instructor OR UKCC Level 2 certificate in Coaching Rowing UKCC Level 3 certificate in Coaching Rowing Note: There must be at least two qualified staff. One must always be afloat and the second, if not on the water, then immediately available (irrespective of the group size)
Student Water competence and safety craft
All who take part must be able to swim 50 metres or, if the venture specific risk assessment allows, parental consent must confirm that the participant has been seen, by the parent, in water with head submerged without being distressed. This is to ensure that students can cope safely with capsize situations.
3.7.1 Guidance and Additional Operational Practice
Adventurous Activities Guidance (revised 2016) www.westsussexvisits.org 57 Adventurous Activities Guidance 2016 a) The leader is responsible for ensuring that craft and equipment are suitable for the type of water being used and the ability level of the students. b) Adequate safety precautions should be taken which will include a full briefing for participants about local navigation rules and the effects of currents, weirs, sluices and winds where relevant, providing appropriate buoyancy aids if necessary, safety boat support, access to first aid facilities, having dry clothing available and having access to showers and to a telephone. c) Consideration for others should also be emphasised and some indication given of the right and customs of other water users. d) Emergency procedure in the event of a capsize or other accident while rowing should be clearly known by all participants. e) The Code of Practice and Guidance Notes for water safety as published by the Amateur Rowing Association must be practised at all times. f) Safety Boat drivers must hold RYA Powerboat Level 2 or above. National Governing Body: British Rowing, 6 Lower Mall, Hammersmith, London, W6 9DJ Telephone: 020 8237 6700 Fax: 020 8237 6749 www.britishrowing.org Back to contents
3.8 Sailing - Dinghies
3.8.1 Qualifications
Leaders/instructors taking responsibility for groups afloat must hold a current valid qualification as follows:-
Sea Class A & B (See B3.8.6) R.Y.A. Senior Instructor + Tidal Endorsement
Inland Class B (See B3.8.6) R.Y.A. Senior Instructor
Sea Class C (See B3.8.6) Inland C & D (See B3.8.6) R.Y.A. Senior Instructor - Tidal endorsement if appropriate
A leader/instructor who is responsible for and instructing just one crewed dinghy must hold the R.Y.A. Sailing Instructors Certificate (with tidal endorsement if appropriate). The RYA Assistant Instructor's Award is also appropriate when operating at an RYA Training Centre under the supervision of a RYA Senior Instructor.
3.8.2 Staffing Ratios
One Senior Instructor must be in overall charge of sailing, whose decisions will be final regarding advisability of all on water activities. The Senior Instructor (SI) must be on the water or the sailing activity must be DIRECTLY observable by the SI.
The ratio of students to qualified instructor must not exceed 9:1 in 2/3 person
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3.8.3 Equipment a) Personal Buoyancy. Whatever the weather conditions, all personnel afloat, (instructors and crews) must wear a personal buoyancy aid or life jacket that conforms to either EN 393/150 12402-5 and bears the CE mark of European approval. The buoyancy aid must be done up, worn correctly and provide at least 50 Newtons buoyancy relative to the person wearing it. Personal buoyancy should be checked by the person in charge before going afloat and life jackets should also be checked periodically for leaks. Students and staff sailing in single handed craft should wear an approved buoyancy aid and not an inherent buoyancy life jacket. b) Boat buoyancy. All boats must either have built in buoyancy or be fitted with buoyancy appropriate to the class of boat. Periodically, at least once a year, a swamping test must be carried out according to the class rules or, for non-class boats, to the satisfaction of the person in charge of sailing. All such inspections should be formally recorded. A visual inspection is required each time before going afloat and any deficiency must be recorded. c) Each boat should be suitably equipped and carry at least a painter, bucket or bailer and paddle or oars where possible and appropriate. d) The clothing worn by each member of the group must be appropriate and adequately warm and windproof in order to prevent the risk of hypothermia. If necessary, and especially during winter conditions, a wet suit or dry suit should be worn. Wellington boots and jeans must not be worn afloat (sea boots may be acceptable). Protection against the sun is equally as important and the use of high factor sunscreen and the wearing of hats is recommended. e) Helmets: It is recommended that beginners wear helmets of an appropriate design, especially in single handed craft. Senior Instructors (S.I.s) need to make a judgement based upon age, participants, the weather and conditions and type of craft being used. f) Risk assessments dealing with entrapment and other risks associated with a total inversion must be carried relating to the type of boat, trapeze harnesses, the potential absence of an air pocket under the hull, rigging and experience of crew and helm. Suitable safety equipment must be carried to aid release of trapped crew members. Masthead flotation must be used for all training involving high performance dinghies and/or trapeze work where there is a risk of there being no air pocket under the upturned hull. Attention is drawn to the advisability of using masthead floats on any dinghy which may reduce the risk of equipment damage from inversion in shallow water or may simplify the task of managing a group of beginners.
3.8.4 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) A risk assessment that refers to local operating procedures needs to be conducted before the activity takes place and any accident/incidents must be
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reported on return. b) All members of the group must be confident in the water with appropriate personal buoyancy. Senior Instructors/County Award holders should be allowed to use discretion in allowing non-swimmers to take part in activities. c) Capsize procedure must form part of any first briefing prior to taking any new participant on to the water. Capsize recovery procedures should be explained in the training programme, and should then be practised at an appropriate early stage. d) A system of communication between the leader and fleet and shore must be established and recall arrangements must be understood by all those afloat. e) Rescue. The Senior Instructor/County Award holder in charge must make suitable arrangements for rescue. Local conditions govern such arrangements but they may include:
(i) posting a look-out to keep all boats under observation;
(ii) having a safety boat under way in a position to effect a quick rescue. The safety boat must be fitted with a 'KILL CORD', and suitably equipped. Items to consider: knife, spare kill cord, a buoyant line, towline, exposure bags, first aid kit, anchor, bailer, flares and warps. There should be at least two experienced or qualified persons aboard, one of whom should hold the R.Y.A. Safety Boat Certificate and a current first aid certificate. f) Reference should be made to the guidance notes for the inspection of RYA Training Centres for further information.
3.8.5 Additional Regulations for Expeditions on Tidal Waters Class A or B (Sea) a) Expeditions are defined as a trip of varying time or distance away from the home sailing area where complete self-sufficiency is a necessity. b) An itinerary comprising: sailing area, estimated time of arrival back, and special considerations, must be left with a responsible person on shore. c) The Senior Instructor in charge must have, or have obtained knowledge of local tidal currents and coastal features and conducted a risk assessment as appropriate. d) The local Coastguard or Harbour Master must be notified of the proposed sailing itinerary and return time if the party will be venturing onto open sea. e) In addition to the items normally carried, each boat must carry a compass (open sea), anchor and warp, whistle, emergency food and exposure bag. f) A VHF radio must be carried by the leader in charge and both it and the operator must be properly licensed. g) A suitable motorised safety boat equipped with flags or other means of communication with the sailing boat(s), buoyant line, tow-line, compass, spare clothes and exposure bags, first aid kit, emergency food including drinking water, anchor and warp, torch, flares and appropriate chart must be in attendance.
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h) Where expeditions are taking place in open water, leaders/instructors should ensure they comply with the requirements of SOLAS V – safety of Life at Sea, Chapter V.
3.8.6 Classification of Waters
Waters known to be in use in the area
Sea
Class A Selsey Bill - open sea up to 5 miles off-shore
Class B To sea within 3 miles of a nominated departure point and never more than 3 miles from land in favourable weather and daylight. Chichester Harbour entrance, Langstone Harbour entrance, Shoreham Harbour entrance, Littlehampton Harbour entrance
Class C Chichester Harbour, Langstone Harbour, Hayling Bay, within 500 metres of the shore from West Wittering to Brighton Marina (excluding Selsey Bill and harbour/river mouths)
Inland: Not applicable.
Class A Not applicable
Class B Shoreham Harbour/River Adur to railway bridge 200m up river from Adur Centre between 3 and 5 hours after high tide
Class C Shoreham Harbour/River Adur up to railway bridge 200m up stream from Adur Centre at times other than specified above. River Adur up stream of railway bridge. River Arun up stream of Littlehampton footbridge. Weirwood Lake, Bewl Bridge reservoir, Ardingly reservoir
Class D Felbridge Lake, Tilgate Lake, Shopwyke Lake, River Rother, Chichester Canal
Useful Address:
Royal Yachting Association, RYA House, Ensign Way, Hamble, Southampton, Hampshire SO50 4YA Tel: 023 8060 4100. Website: www.rya.org.uk Back to contents
3.9 Sailing – Open Sea Cruising a) The person in charge of an offshore vessel should, at least, be a qualified MCA/RYA Yachtmaster Offshore/Coastal Skipper or hold a letter of recognition by the Director of Education in respect of past experience and/or other qualifications. Additionally they should have recent and relevant experience of the type and size of vessel and the environment in which she is
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to be used. All offshore vessels will need a qualified assistant Skipper (Coastal/Day Skipper). b) The vessel to be used must comply with the minimum criteria laid down by the R.Y.A. regarding its design and equipment carried on board. They must comply with the Codes of Practice for the safety of small commercial sailing vessels and small commercial motor vessels issued by the Department of Transport. During the early stages of a course the person in charge is likely to have very little idea of the strength of his crew and he may find himself in the situation in which crew strength is so depleted by sea-sickness that he has virtually to manage the boat single-handed. Boats used for training should therefore be easy to sail short-handed. They should also take account of the safety principles contained within the R.Y.A. Booklet: Boat Safety Handbook - This publication should be used as a guide, for a minimum level of safety. Additional safety equipment may be considered, depending on the cruising area being used. c) All commercial craft must be certified under the appropriate Maritime Coast Guard Agency code of practice. If any boat or group wishes to operate outside of MCA categorised waters it must be certified under an appropriate MCA code of practice. For sailing yachts this is currently the safety of small commercial sailing vessels – a code of practice (Blue Code). d) An exception to this requirement is currently made for RYA training centres so long as the vessels stay within three miles of a nominated point of departure or within three miles from the limit of categorised waters. Note: The coding of small commercial vessels is being harmonised into a common code (SCV Code). Existing coded vessels should have no problems with transferring to the new code. Anyone affected by these changes must familiarise themselves with the detail of the new SCV code. Where expeditions are taking place in open water, leaders/instructors should ensure they comply with the requirements of SOLAS V – safety of Life at Sea Chapter V
Useful Address: Royal Yachting Association, RYA House, Ensign Way, Hamble, Southampton, Hampshire SO50 4YA Tel: 023 8060 4100. Website: www.rya.org.uk Back to contents
3.10 Sub-Aqua and Snorkelling
3.10.1 Qualifications a) Instructors must hold an Instructor qualification from a HSE approved Diving Organisation.
HSE approves qualifications issued by the following Recreational Agencies/Organisations for divers wishing to undertake duties as an instructor, supervisor, or diver engaged in a diving project. Duties are set out in regulations 10, 12 and 13 of the Diving at work regulations 1997.
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
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International Technical Diving Association National Association of SCUBA Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional SCUBA Association UK (PSA) Sub Aqua Association (SAA) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (SSAC) SCUBA Diving International (UK) (SDI) SCUBA Schools International Technical Diving International(SSI)
The approved qualifications issued by the listed Recreational Agencies/Organisations are limited to those, which have been agreed with the HSE. b) In the pool the instructors must hold a valid B.S.A.C. Snorkel Instructor Award or PADI snorkel instructor plus RLSS approved pool lifeguard cover. c) In Open Water an instructor must hold a valid B.S.A.C. Advanced/Open Water Snorkel Instructor Award or PADI Open Water instructor plus RLSS approved Beach lifeguard. d) For sub-aqua training in a pool - B.S.A.C. Club Instructor. e) Open Water Diving - The instructor must hold a valid B.S.A.C. Open Water Instructor Award or equivalent and be diving on a regular, recent basis (i.e. 35 per annum). f) Providers must provide evidence of holding a public liability insurance policy for at least £10 million.
3.10.2 Staffing Ratios
The ratio of young people to qualified staff must be: a) Snorkelling
Pool 10:1 Open water 4:1
Sub Aqua Diving 8-10 year old: Pool 6:1 (max depth 2mtr) Open water N/A
10-12 year old: Pool 4:1 + qualified Safety Diver Open water 4:1 + qualified Safety Diver
When taking 10 or 11 year olds on an open water dive, the maximum instructor to participant ratio is also four to one (4:1). However, no more than two 10 or 11 year old children may be included in a group of four participants. Max depth 12 mtr. 12 and older Pool 8:1 (max depth 6mtr) Open water 4:1+ qualified Safety Diver (max depth 18mtr)
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The leader/instructor should be satisfied that adequate provision for emergencies has been made prior to pool training sessions and open water training sessions. All equipment should be of a good reputable standard, in current service within the manufacturers recommended schedules. A safety diver or boat cover should always be available. During open water dives a shore cover should also be available.
All divers (students and staff) should wear a suitable buoyancy compensator and each sub-aqua group should use a surface marker buoy. All pupils should know the techniques of rescue and expired air resuscitation by the time they embark on open water dives.
Qualified Instructors are trained to conduct a risk assessment and will reduce the ratios as required by the prevailing conditions.
3.10.3 Guidance and Additional Operational Principles a) All who take part in snorkelling or sub-aqua courses must be able to swim 200 metres and treadwater/float for 10 minutes. b) The leader/instructor should be satisfied that pupils are fit to take part in each event. No member of the group who is not medically fit should be allowed to take part. A doctor's approval for the group member should be sought if any question is raised about the individual's level of fitness. A Self Declaration form (as recommended by BSAC) should be duly signed by the parent/guardian. c) Divers, whether snorkelling or Scuba diving, should work in pairs when in open water. d) It is essential that all members of an open water diving party are familiar with rescue and emergency procedures. e) When diving in UK waters, adequate protective clothing should be worn. f) An HSE recognised/Approved Code of Conduct should be observed. g) The driver of any safety boat used should be suitably qualified and experienced.
Useful Address:
British Sub Aqua Club, Telford’s Quay, South Pier Road, Ellesmere Port, South Wirral, Cheshire CH65 4FL Tel: 0151 350 6200 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bsac.com
PAD1 International Ltd Unit 7, St. Philips Central, Albert Road, St. Philips, Bristol, BS2 0PD Tel: 0117 300 7234
Professional Association of Diving Instructors: Website: www.padi.com Back to contents
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3.11 Surfing
Surfing is being incorporated in some programmes of outdoor education. this activity requires the same vigilance as other water-based activities and the leader must be approved by the Head of Establishment.
3.11.1 Qualifications a) The British Surfing Association's National Coaching Accreditation Scheme provides courses for instructors who must be qualified in life-saving and first aid (e.g. RLSS Beach Lifeguard or Surf Lifesaving Association: Surf Life Guard Award). BSA Coach Level 1 Assistant is not acceptable for the Instructor. b) A staffing ratio of 1:6 is recommended with a maximum of 10 participants.
3.11.2 Guidance a) Teaching locations appropriate to the ability of the participants should be selected and the content of the lesson planned accordingly. All participants must be able to swim 50 metres without wearing any external buoyancy. b) When beginners are being introduced to the activity, participants should be paired with a shore-based member who is responsible for observing the member afloat. Management of the surfing zone is critical and participants should be carefully briefed on the necessity of adhering to the incoming and outgoing lane system. A lifeguard watch must be operated whilst the activity is in progress. c) Staff are encouraged to ensure that boards selected for beginners have adequate floatation and are suitable for the varying physiques and levels of fitness of the participants. Beginners should wear wetsuits, preferably ones which cover both arms and legs. Useful Address:
Surfing GB: website http://surfinggb.com/ Back to contents
3.12 Swimming (other than in swimming pools)
This section applies to all swimming and similar water activities, excepting those which take place in a swimming pool/bath.
To obtain current advice and regulations regarding the conduct of curriculum swimming sessions, on site or in a local pool, leaders must consult the current West Sussex swimming regulations 2013 available on the West Sussex grid for Learning or the EVOLVE websites.
When bathing or 'splash about' takes place in conjunction with another watersport such as canoeing or sailing their appropriate regulations will apply, providing everyone continues to wear their personal buoyancy.
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3.12.1 Qualifications a) The teacher/leader/instructor must hold the Royal Life Saving Society/UK (RLSS/UK) Bronze Medallion with proven current competence through the National Water Safety Management Programme. (for beaches: RLSS National Beach Life Guard Qualification.) b) If the group is visiting a beach and the teacher/leader does not hold the above qualification, the area where swimming is to take place MUST be patrolled by local lifeguards.
3.12.2 Staffing ratio a) The ratio of pupils/students to qualified leaders must not exceed 8:1. b) Each group of pupils/students must be accompanied by at least two leaders. c) At least one teacher/adult must be on 'Watch Duty' on the shore whenever pupils/ students are in the water. This teacher/adult must not enter the water whilst on duty unless an emergency occurs ensuring other bathers are clearing the water on the whistle blast. d) Written parental consent must be obtained prior to the activity taking place.
3.12.3 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Equipment/environment
(i) The group leader must ensure that the following equipment is readily available: a whistle; a throw bag or torpedo buoy first aid equipment where possible a mobile phone in areas where there is an effective signal
(ii) Air beds, tyres or similar items must not be used as floats. (iii) Bathing must be confined to recognised bathing beaches and in a lifeguard supervised area. (iv) Bathing must be prohibited when red or other danger flags or other signals indicating unfavourable conditions are displayed and during the hours of darkness. (v) There must be no bathing in canals, near weirs, locks or where there are any discharge pipes. b) Student competence
Leaders must ensure that pupils/students do not enter the water within one hour of taking a significant meal. c) Leader's responsibilities
(i) The 'Watch Duty' teacher/adult must carry a whistle and throw bag for
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use in case of emergency. (ii) The group leader must seek local advice from bodies such as Lifeguard units or HM Coastguards on the existence of fast-shelving beaches, quick sand, strong currents, and any other dangers. (If practicable sea shores should be inspected at low tide). There must be a known recall signal. (iii) The group leader must set definite limits for swimmers and non- swimmers and must take these limits known to all members of the group. Swimmers should be recommended to swim along the beach and not away from the shore. (iv) The following factors must be taken into account when determining these limits:
the age of the participants the ability of the participants the nature of the water and shore the weather conditions the distance over which the voice and other signals will carry the safety devices at the group's disposal (safety boat, safety line, floats, etc.). d) The group leader must:
(i) be aware of the dangers of over confidence when bathing in the sea, in rivers or in lakes (this applies especially to pupils/students who have only recently learnt to swim or those who can only swim a short distance in a swimming pool). He/she must also be aware of the effects of cold water bathing and the risk of infection from water pollution. (ii) be warned of the dangers involved when it is not possible to see the bottom of the water, or judge the depth of the water in which they are swimming. Group members must be warned not to dive or jump into unknown waters. (iii) be informed that if anyone gets into difficulties everyone else should leave the water immediately and report to an identified collection point. Group leaders should check with local authorities to ensure that areas are free from or within acceptable limits of water borne diseases and infections such as weils disease. (See 3.1.4 Water Safety General) e) Surf bathing
All the regulations above apply and in addition:
(i) The supervision ratio must not exceed 1:6. (ii) Surf bathing must be at the 'waters edge' with activities confined to chest deep water. (iii) Only areas recommended by the local life guards must be used. (iv) If small plywood or polyethylene surf boards or body boards are used, a zone with 'In' and 'Out' lanes must be organised.
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(v) Before use pupils/students should be given instruction in the safe use of surf boards/body boards. (vi) All surfboards and bodyboards must have a leash which must be securely attached to the surfer.
National Governing Body: Royal Life Saving Society UK, River House, High Street, Broom, Warwickshire BN50 4HN. Tel: 01789 773994 Website: http://www.rlss.org.uk/ Back to contents
3.13 Water Skiing
3.13.1 Regulations a) Instruction must only be given by adults who hold a British Water Ski Federation Instructors Award. b) Towing boats must be handled only by adults holding the British Water Ski Federation Instructors Award. There must be two adults in the towing boat. c) Local authority byelaws and British Water Ski Safety Regulations must be observed. d) All participants must wear a properly fitting buoyancy aid of at least 50 newtons. e) If towing any type of inflatable (e.g. 'Banana Boats') all participants must wear helmets.
3.13.2 Staffing Ratios
The ratio of pupils/students to adults must not exceed 6:1.
3.13.3 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) The instructor must only take responsibility for the performer being towed. All other participants must have separate, appropriate supervision. b) Clothing, equipment and buoyancy must conform to the current British Water Ski Federation Instructors Award requirements. c) Only separate, agreed areas may be used for water skiing. Great care must be taken to avoid conflict with other water users. d) All planning craft MUST be fitted with 'Kill Cords" and worn by the driver of the towing boat. e) When using coastal waters it is recommended that a Marine Band VHF or mobile phone is carried.
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3.14 Windsurfing
3.14.1 Qualifications: a) An RYA Senior Instructor (dinghy sailing or windsurfing) must be responsible for groups afloat. b) Leaders/instructors wishing to instruct in windsurfing must hold a R.Y.A. Windsurfing Instructors Certificate.
3.14.2 Staffing Ratio:
In the initial stages of learning the staff pupil ratio for instruction should be 1:6 but can increase to 1:10 as proficiency increases.
3.14.3 Equipment: a) A powered rescue craft must be available and on the water at all times windsurfing is taking place. In tidal waters and on the open sea the safety boat must be staffed by two people who are qualified to operate the craft. It may cover two groups of 6 windsurfing boards operating in the same area providing it has the capacity to transport all of the group ashore. b) Buoyancy aids to EN 393/150 12402-5 standard 50 Newtons must be worn.
3.14.4 Guidance and Additional Operational Safety Principles a) Protective clothing appropriate for the weather conditions and water temperature must be worn. In this country that will almost always mean that a wet suit will be worn. b) The leader is responsible for ensuring that the equipment is suitable for the type of water and skill of the pupil and that adequate precautions have been taken in accordance with safety features that follow. c) The leader should be able to tow a pupil from another board in the conditions likely to be encountered. d) The leader should carry a recognised distress signal at all times at sea, e.g. an orange "day glo" flag, orange smoke signal or distress flare. All pyrotechnics should be handled and stored in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. e) Windsurfing must not take place at night or in fog. For windsurfing on the sea, the leader should consult the local coastguard for advice on local conditions and obtain an up-to-date local weather forecast.
3.15 Notes on the prevention and treatment of Hypothermia – Water Activities
Whilst a large proportion of those involved in water activities tend to restrict their activities to no more than one or two hours afloat at any one time, there are many who undergo extensive expeditions, spending many hours afloat at a stretch in exposed conditions.
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From the available medical information, it would appear that all water sports enthusiasts could suffer from the cold in two ways: a) An immersion in water after capsize or man overboard, resulting in rapid cooling of the body (sudden change). b) A gradual cooling of, and loss of energy from, the body, due to prolonged physical exercise coupled with the effect of wind, rain and water accelerating the heat loss from the body to a point where body heat output is overtaken, hence cooling begins. (Not necessarily attributable to water temperature alone.) Cold Water Shock. Attention is drawn to the risk from cold water shock, when in the first minute of immersion in cold water there is a high risk of water inhalation, drowning and passing out through hyper ventilation. The following 10 minutes in cold water are often seen as the last opportunity for the person in the water to save themselves before they lose grip strength. Both these conditions may then be followed by hypothermia.
3.15.1 Prevention a) Hypothermia due to immersion should be minimised by having available suitable safety boats, which in the event of potential prolonged immersion, would retrieve crews from the water. Persons manning such safety boats should have in mind the temperature of the water v. length of immersion safety margins, and act accordingly. b) Hypothermia due to exposure, possibly linked with exhaustion, should be minimised by ensuring that all participants in a normal state of health, and not suffering from any debilitating illness.
3.15.2 Other preventative considerations a) Food. Ensure that all participants are adequately fed. Where appropriate ensure adequate supply of food and hot drinks. b) Clothing. It is essential that adequate clothing be worn, with spare clothes available at all times, when taking part in water-based activities. Perhaps most important are good quality water/wind proof outer garments, as these will inhibit heat loss from the body. The use of a wet suit will not suffice after immersion, unless covered by other layers, including a wind/water proof layer. Naturally a wet suit, or better still a dry suit, with suitable clothes under, are the most efficient when a person is immersed in water. It is important to keep feet warm from a morale point of view, but essential to cut down heat loss from the head (20-40% of heat loss through head). Some form of personal buoyancy can form an additional insulating layer, and may help to influence the type of buoyancy worn.
3.15.3 Recovery from water and initial treatment of Hypothermic victims
The actual technique of rescuing persons from the water may have a direct relationship to their well-being thereafter. All handling of the casualty must be with care, and movements should be even and kept to the minimum practicably possible. Treatment of a hypothermic victim should commence immediately upon clearing the water.
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Initially, while being transferred ashore, treatment will probably mean making sure that a windproof/ waterproof environment is provided and that the casualty is not allowed to chill further. Wrap them in dry clothing e.g. sleeping bag, but do not remove wet clothing unless you are in a warm environment. Try to keep their head slightly down. It is unlikely that active rewarming can commence until a facility ashore is reached. Once ashore the aim should be to prevent further heat loss, improve body heat and circulation, and to obtain medical aid or transport the casualty to hospital. A close watch should be kept on the victim, as a common complication is sudden collapse on or within 15 minutes of rescue.
3.15.4 Sudden Cold Water Immersion
The Royal Life Saving Society (R.L.S.S.) have pointed out that, despite extensive training in survival and life-saving techniques, cold water immersion is a major contributory factor in drowning fatalities in the U.K. Sudden entry into cold water can produce uncontrollable gasping, the end result of which can be dizziness or even loss of consciousness. Blood pressure and pulse rate can rise, the effects of which may be more serious for older participants or those with heart or circulatory disease. Prolonged immersion will inevitably contribute to the onset of hypothermia, although the exact rate of loss will be dependent upon water temperature, amount of body fat, type of clothing and the amount of physical movement. Those responsible for young people should note that certain youngsters are more at risk because of the lack of body fat. As indicated earlier the victim could be suffering from either of the following:-
Immersion resulting in rapid cooling of the body. Exposure exhaustion built up over a period of time. a) Medical opinion would seem to agree that in the case of rapid cooling of the body, such as may be experienced by immersion, post-capsize, and where the victim is conscious, and has no breathing problems, it may be rapidly rewarmed. b) Ideally the whole body, except the head, should be in a bath of stirred water at 41oC (hand hot). c) Should a hot bath not be available conscious, shivering victims may be placed under warm showers, but attendants must be watchful for collapse. d) Recent research has indicated that, where possible, the rescue of a casualty from water should be achieved horizontally rather than vertically. e) Tepid or warm sweet drinks could be given. f) For the treatment of those suffering from a more prolonged exposure, possibly not linked to immersion, one needs to consider the treatment of exhaustion/exposure victims from the mountains and fells. Here it is felt that a slow rewarming of the patient, allowing the person to regenerate his/her own body heat from within, is far safer. Hence the casualty needs to be placed in a well insulated environment - survival/polythene bag, with sleeping bag and spare clothing, in close company with others who may help to raise the temperature of the inhaled air. g) Do not use hot water bottles or electric blankets. h) Finally, the difficulty for the person administering the treatment may be in deciding which of the two treatments to follow, particularly in view of the
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likelihood that already cold and exhausted people are more likely to capsize or fall overboard. Thus, although immersed in water, such people could still be suffering from a more prolonged exposure, and therefore in need of treatment for exhaustion exposure, and not in need of rapid rewarming. Since the immediate available treatment is likely to be in the form of slow rewarming, it is perhaps safest to follow this method, unless it is obvious that the casualty has suffered an immersion in cold water without prior exhaustion/exposure when the hot bath treatment, if available, should be used. In any event, the casualty should receive expert medical help as soon as possible. i) Perhaps "Fast cool, fast warm, slow cool, slow warm" could be a phrase to remember. j) The treatment of Hypothermia, like all other medical problems is constantly being reviewed and it may prove wise for staff to keep in touch with some of the leading medical authorities involved in these studies. Listed below are some of the authorities who have volunteered advice towards the information given above:
Offshore Survival Centre, Stonehaven Royal Navy Institute of Naval Medicine, Hampshire British Red Cross Society St. John Ambulance Association Safety in Education (R. Barratt)
Back to contents
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4. Airborne Activities
Ballooning - Flying - Gliding - Parachuting - Parascending - Kitesurfing
These pursuits will usually take place on sites specially prepared and set aside for the purpose of the activity, and will be under the control of accredited Clubs or Schools of Instruction. The Club or School of Instruction will normally be responsible for providing pilots and/or instructors, and for ensuring that safety precautions are up to nationally accepted standards. Providers must have public liability insurance for at least £10 million.
Qualifications a) A pilot must hold the appropriate statutory qualifications. b) An instructor must hold an appropriate instructor qualification awarded by the body governing the sport in question.
Regulations a) The Outdoor Education Adviser must approve arrangements before any student takes part in any airborne pursuit. b) The safety requirements, laid down by the Governing Body of the activity or sport in question, must be fulfilled. c) Participation must always take place under the direction and control of a qualified pilot or instructor. d) Parents/guardians must be provided with details of the pursuit and give written approval before a student is permitted to go airborne. e) If a Junior School or Primary School child is to be flying in an aircraft then there must be an adult present in addition to the pilot, and this adult should preferably be a teacher. f) Copies of all current insurance details, licences and guarantees must be approved by the County Legal Services prior to EVOLVE visit form being completed.
Note: Hang Gliding and Bungee Jumping activities will not be approved.
Back to contents
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5. Overseas Expeditions
This section provides more specific guidance and regulations that should be followed when participating in Expeditions Overseas. The content is closely based upon guidance that has been produced by the Outdoor Education Advisers Panel in consultation with a wide range of organisations involved with expeditioning overseas. (See National Guidance – 7q Overseas Expeditions)
'Overseas Expeditions' typically take place in remote areas of the world and/or in developing countries, both of which present significant hazards and organisational challenges not encountered in the UK or Europe.
Such experiences can be of great value, indeed the experience of a lifetime. It is important that we challenge and not over protect those for whom we are responsible. However, in order to do this effectively, we must properly assess, prepare for and manage the risks involved.
Participation in such ventures, as well as those with parental responsibility, need to understand that they are potentially hazardous and that they require acceptance of a certain degree of risk.
Reference should also be made to WSCC regulations and Notes of Guidance for educational visits and related Activities with EVOLVE 2015.
This guidance contains comment on:
target expeditions who is responsible for advice, guidance and approval what responsibilities and accountabilities need to be considered leader competencies. See 5.11 - Technical Qualifications for Overseas Expeditions.
Approval requirements a) Very early liaison with the WSCC Outdoor Education Adviser (12-18 months before) b) Choice of provider/location/activity to obtain early ‘online’ approval in principle.
5.1 Purpose of Expeditions
As with any other educational visit, the venture must have clearly defined educational aims, which are appropriate to the needs of the group generally, and to individuals within the group specifically.
The school should consider whether these aims could be met more easily and at less cost through a venture closer to home, e.g. in the UK or Europe, and if so should initially investigate this option.
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Target expeditions
Whilst it is hoped that these guidelines can provide generic information for all expeditions, it is targeted at a particular style of expedition that: a) in essence remains a school/college/youth group expedition; b) is developed or commissioned as an educational package for the under 19s (under 26 in some Special Needs contexts); c) has trekking into remote areas as a component, which may involve fieldwork and community projects; d) visit or journey through one or more challenging environments.
Note: Challenging as compared to the current experience of the young people concerning high mountains, jungle, deserts or similar e) is placed in a considerably contrasting culture(s) to those of the participants f) is usually in the range of two to four weeks duration (although this will vary) g) is designed to be of a team building nature h) raises young people's awareness and skills in assessing and managing risks.
It is not: a) an individual or small independent group's self led expedition b) an over 18 expedition (except as above, in Special Needs situations) c) an extreme challenge in hazardous environments d) a highly technical expedition e) an expedition requiring the young people to manage unknown risks; making decisions without training or relevant information; or to manage known risks without the support of a competent leader. Important note
The latter and similar expeditions would require additional and different risk assessments, guidance and advice, for example the Code of Practice for Youth Expeditions produced by the Young Explorer's Trust.
Hazards and the risk they involve must be seen holistically when considering the welfare of the group or an individual. That is, they could involve physical, emotional, cultural, psychological or similar dimensions in parallel, rather than standing alone.
5.2 Who is responsible for advice, guidance and approval?
It is essential to determine at the onset who has the 'duty of care' of the young people and staff concerned. This will determine the accountability, roles and responsibilities, including providing guidance and approval for each of the agents in the process.
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Typically these agents will be:
The Local Authority the school, youth group or educational establishment. the expedition group (non-commercial) that draws young people from educational establishments and/or their community the commercial company, expedition group or travel firm.
What are the responsibilities and accountabilities?
The Local Authority has responsibilities as outlined in the DfE guidance Health and Safety: Advice on legal duties and powers for Local Authorities, school leaders, schools staff and governing bodies (February 2014)
Governors have the same responsibilities as the Local Authority; to satisfy themselves that a proper risk assessment has been carried out, appropriate safety measures put in place and training needs addressed. Any third party provider, commercial company, expedition travel firm offering an 'expedition' package also have considerable responsibilities.
West Sussex county council (WSCC) needs to ensure that the guidance below is followed: a) Where different agencies are involved, a written contract with roles, responsibilities and agreement recorded should be prepared, e.g. the school, Local Authority and commercial company. Note: School staff accompanying the expedition do so as employees of the Local Authority. They should not compromise this situation by agreeing an alternative relationship or signing a contract. Any contract with parents or young people should also reflect, and not compromise, this relationship. b) Written risk assessments and operating procedures are in place and agreed, with a clear management ethos or culture, in order to show their duty of care to leaders and young people. Note: these must include all elements of the expedition, including any rest and recuperation periods or activity choices offered. c) The prior knowledge and experience of the leaders must be provided. This includes the location area for the expedition and routes to be used. d) Written and agreed emergency procedures and contingency plans are in place. It needs to be accepted that not everything will go to plan.
Evacuation and Rescue a) It is essential to have an accurate knowledge of the scope and limitations of the rescue services before making decisions on the viability of an area or specific route and its suitability for the group concerned. b) It is essential to understand the implications of any individual or group evacuation if an incident or injury occurs. c) It is an essential part of any risk assessment of an area or route that the
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rescue and evacuation procedures are fully considered. In this way it should be extremely unlikely that an educational expedition, of the target group described earlier, would enter areas where the difficulty of evacuation could make an injury or illness life threatening. Similarly, if a life threatening injury or illness could not be evacuated with some efficiency and effectiveness, then the area is inappropriate. d) Commercial companies should illustrate the financial systems and financial bonding arrangements they operate to protect all aspects of the expedition's finances, including training weekends etc. An itemised account should be prepared, balancing income and expenditure. This should be available to parents.
Note: Where the desire to undertake the expedition is from the school or group, then they should consider formulating a specification outline and obtain quotes/tenders for the work (assisted by local financial regulations). The arrangements would then follow the normal cancellation/minimum number policy arrangement and may require separate insurance.
(i) Where the leader is external to the group then sufficient time in training must be made available to:
become personally acquainted with the young people and their leaders to decide if they can work together, as well as to formulate aims and expectations
make a proper assessment of individual, group and assistant leader competencies
(ii) Written child protection procedures should be available and evidence of policies in action, e.g. Disclosure and Barring Service/list 99, male/female leader ratios for mixed groups/accommodation/ camp security.
(iii) Commercial companies should illustrate the known impact of their own and other groups in the same area, i.e. number of expeditions, expedition 'overload'. The Young Explorer's Trust/British Ecological Society Environmental Responsibility for Expeditions is recommended guidance.
Important note:
a) Where the activity is initiated by the educational establishment or group or advertised and recommended through them, then there will be a 'reasonable expectation' by parents and those with parental responsibility, that the activity is approved. If the establishment is involved in anyway, then the Local Authority or governors are likely to be considered accountable in law. b) The responsibilities to be carried out in partnership with others (including active involvement of the young people) should be recorded as part of the contract between the school or group and the third party provider and include: (i) Clear aims, expectations and purposes, in accordance with the age, ability and needs of the young people and staff, and the
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principle of minimum impact. (ii) Young people charters/contracts/codes of behaviour etc are also recommended. (iii) Clear and detailed information to parents. Their consent must be based on a full understanding of the expedition characteristics and programme. Without this knowledge regarding activities or the nature of the supervision, the 'consent' may not be valid in law. For example: codes of practice communications systems the pace and intensity of the expedition injury, illness, incident and emergency procedures and evacuation estimates the leader's qualifications and experience, including in the precise location for the expedition.
Note: It is recommended that it is explained that whilst every step will be taken to ensure the safety of the young people, such activities are by their very nature hazardous. It is important to identify the risks and have them acknowledged.
Clear guidance needs to be given on insurance and indemnification, including public liability and personal accident. The school or group will need to ensure that the Local Authority's liability insurance extends to the expedition. This is best obtained as a written statement.
c) A comprehensive training and induction programme should be planned to identify and improve: (i) appropriate levels of fitness for both young people and staff for the expedition concerned (ii) group dynamics and team work (iii) personal confidence in the skills required (iv) risk assessment and risk management awareness
Note. Expedition fitness is quite specific and requires progressive and well structured training.
d) Considerable research time is required to be prepared for the expedition, including providing information on: (i) medical considerations and arrangements (ii) transport considerations and arrangements (iii) communication systems, availability and options (iv) insurance requirements (v) local financial arrangements (vi) accommodation possibilities and quality (vii) cultural aspects and their likely impact on the expedition (viii) local issues, positive and negative (e.g. the local crime situation) particularly essential for effective emergency planning
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e) Agreement over reducing the environmental impact of the expedition to reasonable level.
5.3 Leader competencies
In this expedition context it would be reasonable to see leadership and duty of care in two forms. It is essential that the technical and pastoral aspects of the expedition leadership are understood:
technical competence - to plan, lead and manage the activities undertaken in an active, on-going risk management context. This person would have the level of experience and qualifications outlined in the matrix (see 5.11). pastoral competence - to mange the care, welfare and experience of young people successfully according to their age, experience and needs. This person would have a nationally recognised qualification: teacher, youth worker, lecturer for example. Just as pastoral competence is developed through positive experience, technical competence must be complemented by the experience of making active judgements/risk assessments in realistic contexts, gaining and developing the leaders’ experience.
In all circumstances relating to the welfare of the group it is the pastoral or group leader who has the final say, for example.
the technical expedition leader may decide the group is not able to go on and explain their reasoning. The pastoral leader may ask for and challenge their reasons, but would not override any such technical decisions.
the pastoral/group leader may ask for an activity to stop, or request a rest or an alternative where their greater knowledge of the group health and welfare leads them to such a decision. The technical leader may again ask for reasons, but would not override any such decisions.
Should a leader have both technical and pastoral competence, they need to be very clear about their responsibilities. Dual competence cannot mean a reduction in ratios, there would need to be a competent assistant.
Important note: Supervision
It is assumed that the young people will be directly supervised throughout their expedition. Should the aim of the expedition include more self-reliant activity, the decision to move to indirect supervision must only be made on observed evidence of the competence of the whole group. Indirect supervision still requires considerable monitoring and the capacity to intervene quickly and directly. Any remote working where the group, or part of the group, does not have quick and direct access to the technical expedition leader or pastoral leader is inappropriate for this type of expeditioning and should not occur. Ratios will vary considerably, based on the risk assessments in the particular environment and if the technical-pastoral roles are split. The major considerations are:
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a minimum of two leaders (see technical/pastoral comments) a good practice guide suggests one leader to three/four participants a maximum recommendation of one leader to six participants a balance of gender to reflect the group.
The technical qualification and additional experience of Leaders
A matrix can be found at B5.8. In presenting the matrix of technical leader competencies, its principles need to be understood.
Where the matrix does not cover the exact terrain or circumstances, these principles need to be applied to that context.
The basic principles are:
a leader should be able to demonstrate current good practice there should be evidence of that competence through an assessment or judgement, made by a person of sufficient status, qualification and/or experience to make that judgement, and be recognised as being able to do so.
Two principle routes are taken in this matrix: a) Recognised qualifications PLUS additional experience and local knowledge. The matrix accepts and promotes the value of a base line of technical competence given by a governing body award such as a mountain qualification. It also accepts that in these contexts it is insufficient without additional experience of the activities in the region concerned and the need for essential local knowledge. These elements need to be seen as complementary requirements. b) Where there is no recognised qualification (in the specific terrain, region or culture) then it is most important principles are applied as realistically as possible.
Where is the evidence of current good practice/competency?
For example the person should be an expeditioner known to recognised expedition groups or major agencies. Their competence would have been evidenced by others able to make a judgement.
The person(s) making the judgement would need to be nationally recognised or recognised by others of such a standing; or part of an organisation that has such a clearly recognisable standing. In the absence of the moderation of an award, this person should be external to the expedition group or company concerned.
Applying the principles in this way allow for a realistic comparison to the first route in terms of the consistency of judgements made.
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5.4 The use of guides
If the use of guides is to be considered as a part of the leader competency in that they supply some of the local knowledge, then similar questions must be asked as far as is practical: a) where is the evidence of current good practice/competency of the actual guides to be used? b) are they a recognised company or individual guide? Have they been used before and to what effect? Evidence would need to be collected, in particular where there is no recognised guiding system c) guides are normally employed for specific route-finding and technical knowledge, and do not have any direct pastoral responsibility it needs to be remembered that a good guide can complement the leader but not replace them d) where there is not good evidence of their competence then the leader should have sufficient experience and local knowledge to manage without them. This would need to be considered before routes are agreed e) where an additional risk assessment is required to manage changing circumstances such as weather, fitness, injury, local conditions etc, the leader must satisfy themselves that the guide and local information are of sufficient quality for them to go ahead, or plan an alternative.
5.5 The use of porters
Where the length of the expedition requires porters to support the carrying of equipment, the leader must ensure that sufficient numbers are available, including the ability to cope with incidents of injury or sustained poor weather. The experience and fitness of the young people allied to the demands of the terrain, environment and weather should determine the weight of the pack or load they can carry.
5.6 Additional leader requirements a) A minimum three day First Aid at Work certificate is required appropriate to working outdoors. Further, in almost all circumstances, a two-day 'far from help' or expedition first aid certificate is also required. (This will be dependent on speed of access to medical help.) b) The assistant leader's qualification should be sufficient to successfully apply the emergency or incident management strategies and evacuate the group from the area should the leader become incapacitated. c) Where activities move beyond walking/journeying e.g. into water based activity, then the Local Authority guidance should be followed. (Contact the Outdoor Education Adviser 0330 222 8344)
5.7 Additional recommendations a) An 'apprenticeship' scheme is recommended for leaders, from assistant to
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deputy leader. This is an essential ingredient to gaining experience. b) For this form of expeditioning a good knowledge of the area is required. The Additional Experience column of the matrix illustrates the experience required, related to the leader's overall competence.
Important note - Approval
Some countries and locations may not be suitable for expeditions if:
maps and accurate route details are not available; there is no standardisation and registration of guides that can be compared with European standards; local weather forecast are not available; local search and rescue facilities are not available or with reasonable access to any point on the expedition; the group does not have a second qualified leader as a back up.
Technical qualifications for Overseas Expeditions See next page 5.8
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Activity/ hazard Terrain Expedition Leader Expedition Additional Essential local knowledge level qualification Assistant Leader experience qualification Day treks and Walking terrain in summer Summer ML Assessed competence Journeying or *the availability and trekking to fixed or conditions European Mountain in this terrain, e.g. expeditioning in efficiency of: mobile camps Leader Summer ML training the region Suitable MoD qualification where assessment of concerned Jungle travel transport systems or specific evidence competence is medical facilities available or holds Walking Group emergency support Leader’s Certificate guides Day treks and Scrambling terrain MIA MIA training or Journeying or accommodation trekking to fixed requiring use of ropes or Summer ML plus expeditioning or mobile camps fixed cable in summer SPA and scrambling Suitable MoD *local culture: conditions in the region qualification or specific advantages/issues concerned evidence of crime Jungle travel competence gender Day treks and Walking terrain above the ML Winter or EML ML Winter or EML Journeying or religions trekking to fixed snow line (non-glacial) where a winter training with winter expeditioning in or mobile camps component has been component the region Jungle travel assessed concerned Jungle travel In order to obtain an Suitable MoD equivalent to the ‘assessed qualification or specific competence’ in other evidence activities, an MoD Day treks and Scrambling terrain MIC MIA with Winter ML Good awareness qualification or similar endorsement would be trekking to fixed requiring the use of ropes of the region required from a recognised or mobile camps or fixed cables including and its sources Suitable MoD source, which in turn would snow and ice conditions qualification or specific need to be able to provide (non glacial) evidence evidence of their ability and experience to make such an Jungle travel assessment. (This could be true of other journeying, e.g. Day treks and Mountaineering requiring UIA Guide MIC Good awareness arctic travel) trekking to fixed the use of ropes or fixed of the region or mobile camps cables including glaciated Suitable MoD and its sources snow and ice qualification or specific Jungle travel evidence
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National Governing Body Contacts - Activity/sports
Adventure Activities 44 Lambourne Crescent Licensing Service Llanishen Cardiff CF14 5GG Tel: 029 2075 5715 http://www.hse.gov.uk/aala/index.htm Angling Trust 6 Rainbow Street Leominster Herefordshire HR6 8DQ www.anglingtrust.net Archery GB (trading name of Lilleshall National Sports Centre Newport GNAS) Shropshire TF10 9AT http://www.archerygb.org/ArcheryGB British Canoe Union (BCU) 18 Market Place Bingham Nottinghamshire NG13 8AP www.bcu.org.uk British Sub Aqua Club Telford’s Quay South Pier Road Ellesmere Port South Wirra Cheshire CH65 4FL Tel: 0151 350 6200 Email: [email protected] www.bsac.com British Caving Association The Old Methodist Chapel Great Hacklow Buxton Derbyshire SK17 8RG www.british-caving.org.uk British Canoeing National Water Sports Centre Adbolton Lane Holme Pierrepont Nottingham England NG12 2LU Tel: 0845 370 9500 Email: [email protected] www.britishcanoeunion.org.uk British Dragon Boat Racing www.dragonboat.org.uk Association British Cycling Stuart Street Manchester M11 4DQ Tel: 0161 274 2000 Website: https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/ British Schools Cycling 21 Bedhampton Road Association North End Portsmouth, Hants PO2 7JX Tel: 023 9264 2226 Website: www.bsca.org.uk
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National Governing Body Contacts - Activity/sports
British Orienteering Scholes Mill Old Coach Road Tansley Matlock Derbyshire DE4 5FY Tel: 01629 583037 Email:[email protected] www.britishorienteering.org.uk British Schools Orienteering BOSA, 5 Rounds Hill, Kenilworth CV8 1DW Association Website: www.bsoa.org British Sub Aqua Club Telford’s Quay, South Pier Road, Ellesmere Port, South Wirral, Cheshire CH65 4FL Tel: 0151 350 6200 Email: [email protected] www.bsac.com The British Gliding 8 Merus Court Association Meridian Business Park Leicester LE19 1RJ Tel: 0116 289 2956 Email: [email protected] Website: www.gliding.co.uk The British Parachute 5 Wharf Way Association Glen Parva Leicester, LE2 9TF. Tel: 0116 278 5271 Website: www.bpa.org.uk Clay Pigeon Shooting Edmonton House Association National Shooting Centre Brookwood Working Surrey GU29 0NP Telephone: 01483 485 400 website: www.cpsa.co.uk The British Horse Society Abbey Park Stareton Kenilworth Warwickshire CV8 2XZ Tel: 01926 707700 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bhs.org.uk Riding for the Disabled Norfolk House 1a Tournament Court Edgehill Drive Warwick CV34 6LG Tel: 0126 492915 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rda.org.uk/
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National Governing Body Contacts - Activity/sports
British Equestrian Federation Stoneleigh Park (BEF) Kenilworth Warwickshire CV8 2RH www.bef.co.uk British Association of Morlich House Snowsport Instructors 17 The Square (BASI) Grantown-on-Spey Inverness PH26 3HG www.basi.org.uk British Rowing 6 Lower Mall Hammersmith London W6 9DJ www.britishrowing.org British Water Ski and The Forum Wakeboard Hanworth Lane Chertsey Surrey KT16 9JX www.britishwaterski.org British Mountaineering 177-179 Burton Road Council (BMC) West Didsbury Manchester M20 2BB www.thebmc.co.uk European ATV Safety Units 16-17 Golding Barn Estate Institute (EASI) Henfield Road Small Dole Henfield West Sussex BN5 9HX www.quadsafety.org Mountain Bike Instructors www.mountainbikeinstructor.com Award Scheme (MIAS)
Mountain Training Siabod Cottage Capel Curig, Conwy LL24 0ES Tel: 01690 720272 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mountain-training.org/ Motor Sports Association Motor Sports House (MSA) Riverside Park Colnbrook Berkshire SL3 0HG www.msauk.org National Small-bore Rifle Lord Roberts Centre Association (NSRA) Bisley Camp Brookwood Woking Surrey GU24 0NP www.nsra.co.uk
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National Governing Body Contacts - Activity/sports
PAD1 International Ltd Unit 7 Professional Association of St. Philips Central Diving Instructors Albert Road St. Philips Bristol, BS2 0PD Tel: 0117 300 7234
Website: www.padi.com Royal Life Saving Society UK River House High Street Broom Warwickshire BN50 4HN Tel: 01789 773994 Website: http://www.rlss.org.uk/ Royal Yachting Association RYA House Ensign Way Hamble Hants SO31 4YA Tel: 023 8060 4100 www.rya.org.uk Snowsport England SportPark Loughborough University 3 Oakwood Drive LOUGHBOROUGH Leicestershire LE11 3QF www.snowsportengland.org.uk Surfing GB Website: http://surfinggb.com/ UK Windsurfing Association PO Box 703 Haywards Heath West Sussex RH16 9EE www.ukwindsurfing.com
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