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Recent Sedimentary Processes Along the Makran Trench (Makran Active Margin, Off Pakistan)

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Recent Sedimentary Processes Along the Makran Trench (Makran Active Margin, Off Pakistan) Marine Geology 271 (2010) 17–31 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Recent sedimentary processes along the Makran trench (Makran active margin, off Pakistan) Nicolas Mouchot a,⁎, Lies Loncke b, Geoffroy Mahieux c, Julien Bourget d, Siegfried Lallemant a, Nadine Ellouz-Zimmermann e, Pascale Leturmy a a Université de Cergy-Pontoise, GEC Geosciences Environnement Cergy, 5 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy Cedex, France b Université de Perpignan, Laboratoire IMAGES, 52 av Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France c Université de Picardie Jules Verne, FRE 3298 Geosystemes, 80000 Amiens, France d Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, 33000 Bordeaux, France e Institut Français du Pétrole, 1 & 2 av Bois Préau, 92500 Rueil-Malmaison, France article info abstract Article history: A geophysical and geological survey (CHAMAK) has been carried out on the Makran accretionary wedge off Received 14 November 2008 Pakistan in order to understand the structure of the margin and the recent sedimentary processes in this self- Received in revised form 18 January 2010 maintaining prism disconnected from the modern Indus inputs (Qayyum et al., 1997; Gaedicke et al., 2002a; Accepted 21 January 2010 Schluter et al., 2002). Available online 29 January 2010 Morphostructural analysis, based on the interpretation of bathymetric data and backscatter imagery, as well Communicated by D.J.W. Piper as a 3.5 kHz echo-character mapping, allow us to distinguish three structural domains, from north to south, where sedimentary processes differ: (1) the accretionary wedge to the north, (2) the trench and (3) the Keywords: northern Murray Ridge at the seaward edge of the trench. The accretionary wedge is cut by canyons Makran margin responsible for an important erosion of the prism especially in the eastern part of the wedge. Within the morphostructure trench, sediments transported by the canyons generate sediment waves and are transported westward, echo-character mapping parallel to the E–W axis of the trench. The eastern part of the abyssal plain is eroded by strong turbidity sediment dispersal pattern currents whereas important sediment deposition occurs in the western part of the abyssal plain, as a sediment waves consequence of a decrease in the current energy. Nearly no mass transport deposits are recognized in the erosional pools study area except near the ridges forming the accretionary wedge. Small-scale slope failure scars are scours described. The prevalence of turbiditic processes and the existence of a morphological barrier formed by the Murray Ridge allow the confinement of turbidites within the trench. Migrating sediment waves seem to be common sedimentary structures in this setting. These features might be produced by important velocity decrease of turbidity currents when reaching the trench. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction drained by small seasonal coastal rivers in arid and semi-arid environments. Detrital sediments related to sub-marine and conti- The study of sedimentary processes along active margins has two nental erosion of the wedge flow through large structurally controlled main goals: i) to understand the effect of active tectonics on sediment canyons and reach the trench. The eastern part of the prism has been mobilization and in particular in the triggering of slope instabilities; recently surveyed by different groups as reported in Kukowski et al. this is very important in assessing coastal risks associated with such (2001) and Ellouz-Zimmermann et al. (2007a,b). The main deforma- settings, ii) to know the sediment content and architecture of these tional style and the morphology of the prism have been described. The systems. Accretionary prisms are indeed recognized as important trench of the Makran margin is entirely filled by sediments (Schluter petroleum provinces where various combinations of active tectonic et al., 2002; Ellouz-Zimmermann et al., 2007b) resulting in gentle and sedimentary processes (turbiditic, hemipelagic and mass wast- slopes. One peculiarity of the recent Makran accretionary prism is its ing) create a wide variety of hydrocarbon-trapping structures. disconnection since Early Miocene from the Himalayan inputs The Makran convergent margin is a wide accretionary wedge (Qayyum et al., 1997; Schluter et al., 2002). As a consequence, the located in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan (Fig. 1) Makran prism has been “self-maintained” since that time, essentially built by off-scraping sediments eroded from the outcropping older parts of the accretionary wedge and arid surrounding lands (Prins et al., 2000). ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 1 34 25 73 64; fax: +33 1 34 25 73 50. In this paper, we present an analysis of CHAMAK surface data along E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Mouchot). the very eastern Pakistani Makran margin (Fig. 2a and b). The aim of 0025-3227/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.01.006 18 N. Mouchot et al. / Marine Geology 271 (2010) 17–31 Fig. 1. Regional geological sketch map of the Makran convergent margin off Pakistan. The borders between Eurasian, Arabian and Indian plates correspond to the Murray Ridge fracture, the Makran subduction and the Ornach–Nal fault (ONF). The CHAMAK survey is outlined by a white rectangle. The Murray Ridge, located south the surveyed area, delimits the Oman basin and the Indus basin respectively. this study is to complement the knowledge on sediment transfers and the Indus basin to the south filled by the modern Indus deep-sea fan processes occurring in this active margin, knowing that similar and the Oman basin to the north essentially filled by material eroded sedimentary systems may have participated to the building of the from the Makran accretionary wedge and arid surrounding lands frontal wedge since the Miocene. (Prins et al., 2000). Bathymetry and backscatter imagery are data commonly used for During the Plio-Pleistocene, the turbidite sedimentation in the the analysis of sediment processes along active margins. Echo- Makran and Indus Fan systems appears to be controlled by sea-level characters studies have been widely used in order to determine and climate (Prins and Postma, 2000) and it was more active during sediment processes in various deep-sea environments, frequently in the last glacial sea-level lowstand (Prins et al., 2000). Turbidite passive margin context (Jacobi, 1976; Embley and Langseth, 1977; activity and trench filling rates are high even during the Holocene sea- Damuth, 1980a; Damuth and Flood, 1985; Pratson and Laine, 1989; level highstand conditions (von Rad and Tahir, 1997) in both systems Damuth, 1994; Gaullier and Bellaiche, 1998; Loncke et al., 2002), but in spite of different tectonic settings. Most of Himalaya-derived more rarely in convergent margin contexts (Henry et al., 1990; sediments are trapped in the Indus fan (Prins and Postma, 2000) and Whitmore et al., 1999; Chow et al., 2001; Chiu and Liu, 2008). The only the sediments derived from rivers draining the Makran margin more rugged seafloor and the higher slope values generally observed were directly connected to the Makran canyons are involved in the in such environment may disturb acoustic acquisition and explain the turbidite system growth (Kukowski et al., 2001). Overall higher lack of interest in using echo-character mapping in convergent margin turbidite frequencies are observed in the proximity of the deforma- context. In this study, echo-character mapping has been carried out tion front of the accretionary prism (Prins et al., 2000). mainly in the trench and along the widest intra-slope basins The morphology of the Makran accretionary prism has been completing surface data analysis. previously studied (Kukowski et al., 2001; Ellouz-Zimmermann et al., 2007b) and can be divided into three domains (Fig. 3): the 2. Location and geological setting accretionary wedge, the trench and the Murray Ridge system. Ellouz-Zimmermann et al. (2007b) reported a significant change in The Makran accretionary wedge extends over 1000 km in the wedge morphology east of Pasni (63.5°E). It results in a dramatic southern Iran and Pakistan. South of the Makran margin, the decrease in size, length of thrust sheets and in distance between each northeast-southwest trending Murray Ridge system is the transten- thrust. Moreover ridges seem to be more sinuous and prominent sional boundary between the Indian and Arabian plates (Quittmeyer compared to the area investigated further west by the MAMUT survey and Kafka, 1984; Gordon and Demets, 1989; Edwards et al., 2000; (Kukowski et al., 2001). Erosion has been depicted as a major process Gaedicke et al., 2002a,b)(Fig. 1). occurring on the wedge, expressed by numerous circular or linear The build up of the accretionary wedge during the Paleocene was slump scars cutting the ridges and by large canyons cutting the wedge enhanced by a direct input of Himalayan detrital sediments to the (Ellouz-Zimmermann et al., 2007b). Makran margin through the paleo-Indus deep-sea fan system (Garzanti et al., 1996; Qayyum et al., 1997). A major uplift of the 3. Data set and methods Murray Ridge system during the Early Miocene was followed by an additional uplift in the Pliocene (Gaedicke et al., 2002a) shifting the The southeastern Makran accretionary wedge was investigated influx of Indus River to the south (Qayyum et al., 1997). The during the CHAMAK survey. This survey was carried out aboard the development of this bathymetric high has probably acted like a dam French R/V Marion Dufresne during fall 2004, and allowed us to prohibiting direct Indus sediment supply to the active margin (Clift et investigate the physiography of the northeastern Arabian Sea al., 2001, 2002; Schluter et al., 2002). In any case, the uplift of the (including the eastern Makran accretionary wedge, the trench and a Murray Ridge has divided the Arabian Sea in two sedimentary basins: part of the Murray Ridge system) using a multibeam Thomson “sea Fig.
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