Theatrical Adaptations of Shakespeare in Canada in the Early Twentieth Century

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Theatrical Adaptations of Shakespeare in Canada in the Early Twentieth Century Theatrical Adaptations of Shakespeare in Canada in the Early Twentieth Century Dissertation von Stefanie C. A. Brenzel Eingereicht zur Erlangung eines Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) im Fach Anglistik an der Fakultät für Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Bielefeld Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schneider (Universität Bielefeld) Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Niederhoff (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) Bielefeld, im Dezember 2016 Ich danke dem LiLi-Kolleg der Fakultät für Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Bielefeld für die großzügige und unkomplizierte Gewährung eines Stipendiums, das mir die Arbeit an dieser Dissertation ermöglicht hat. 1 Table of Content TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... 4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................ 5 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: A THEORY OF ADAPTATION ........................................................ 16 2.1 Translation Theory ................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Adaptation Theory ................................................................................................. 26 2.3 Adaptation and Translation as Intertextual Procedures .................................... 40 2.4 Adaptation as Translation ..................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 Towards a New Model ..................................................................................... 50 2.4.2 Applying the DAM........................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .............................................. 61 3.1 Canadian National Identity ................................................................................... 61 3.2 The Myth of Insufficiency ...................................................................................... 67 3.2.1 The Myth of an Insufficient Canadian Theatre ............................................ 68 3.2.2 The Lack of Theatrical Traditions ................................................................. 69 3.2.3 Competing Theatres ........................................................................................ 72 3.2.4 Nonprofessional Theatres ............................................................................... 75 3.2.5 The Rise of Professionalism ............................................................................ 82 3.3 The Search for a Canadian National Theatre ...................................................... 84 3.4 Defining the ‘Canadian Theatre’ .......................................................................... 90 3.5 Shakespeare’s Role(s) in Canadian Theatre ........................................................ 95 CHAPTER 4: ANALYZING STAR-CROSSED ........................................................ 99 4.1 Origins and Contexts ............................................................................................ 100 4.2 Product-Oriented Analysis .................................................................................. 104 4.2.1 Language ........................................................................................................ 105 4.2.2 Characters as Pressure Points ...................................................................... 109 4.2.3. Discourse ....................................................................................................... 111 4.2.3.1 Information Dissemination .................................................................... 112 4.2.3.2 Ideologies ................................................................................................. 125 4.3 Function-Oriented Conclusion ............................................................................ 139 CHAPTER 5: ANALYZING ANTIC DISPOSITION ............................................. 142 5.1 Origins and Contexts ............................................................................................ 142 5.2 Product-Oriented Analysis .................................................................................. 144 2 5.2.1 Components as Pressure Points.................................................................... 144 5.2.2 Language ........................................................................................................ 154 5.2.3 Discourse ........................................................................................................ 159 5.2.3.1 Metadrama .............................................................................................. 160 5.2.3.2 Ideologies ................................................................................................. 164 5.2.3.2.1 Pacifism ............................................................................................ 165 5.2.3.2.2 Gender .............................................................................................. 175 5.3 Function-Oriented Conclusion ............................................................................ 178 6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 182 APPENDIX A: OVERVIEW: ADAPTATIONS OF SHAKESPEARE IN CANADA BETWEEN 1900 AND 1960 .................................................................... 193 APPENDIX B: EMAIL INTERVIEW ABOUT CICELY LOUISE EVANS ....... 201 WORKS CITED ......................................................................................................... 204 3 Table of Figures FIGURE 1: THE PROCESS OF DECODING ........................................................................ 22 FIGURE 2: TWO DIMENSIONS OF ADAPTATION ............................................................. 28 FIGURE 3: THE MODEL OF TEXTUAL TRANSFORMATION ............................................. 35 FIGURE 4: CUELLAR’S DYNAMIC TRANSLATION MODEL (DTM) ................................ 51 FIGURE 5: THE SIMPLIFIED DTM .................................................................................. 53 FIGURE 6: DYNAMIC ADAPTATION MODEL (DAM) ..................................................... 55 FIGURE 7: TITLE PAGE STAR-CROSSED ........................................................................ 101 FIGURE 8: CHARACTER CONSTELLATION ROMEO AND JULIET – STAR-CROSSED ..... 109 FIGURE 9: TIME-SCHEME IN STAR-CROSSED .............................................................. 121 FIGURE 10: EVANS’ FAMILY, CIRCA 1940S ................................................................. 145 FIGURE 11: CHARACTER CONSTELLATION HAMLET - ANTIC DISPOSITION ............... 147 4 Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht dramatische Shakespeare-Adaptionen in Kanada in der ersten Hälfte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Zu dieser Zeit wurde das Land schrittweise zu einer autonomen politischen Einheit und verhandelte die eigene nationale Identität in öffentlichen Diskursen. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Faktoren gab es jedoch wenig kanadische Mythen, Nationalhelden oder kulturelle Eigenheiten. Das Fehlen der kanadischen Kultur wurde in künstlerischen Arbeiten wie den Gemälden der „Group of Seven“ sowie zahlreichen Kultur- und Literaturmagazinen der Zeit bemängelt und diskutiert. Literaten, Politiker und Journalisten regten die Entwicklung eines kanadischen Nationaltheaters, ähnlich dem irischen Abbey Theatre, an. Da der Markt aber von ausländischen Theatergruppen aus England und den USA dominiert wurde, wurde das kanadische Theater erst in den 1950er Jahren professionalisiert. Deshalb ist es nur selten Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen geworden. Das nicht-professionelle Theater war jedoch in Kanada ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Kultur und funktionierte als Sprachrohre kultureller und politischer Diskurse. Shakespeare war in Kanada einer der meistgespielten Dramatiker. Seine Dominanz wurde immer häufiger hinterfragt, da kanadische Kritiker auf authentisch kanadische Stück hofften, obwohl es keinen Konsens darüber gab, was solche Stücke letztlich auszeichnete. Durch Schreibwettbewerbe und Theaterfestivals versuchten Theaterbegeisterte die Entwicklung des kanadischen Theaters zu unterstützen. In diesem Zusammenhang erscheint die Adaption von Shakespeares Stücken als ungewöhnlich, da die Umarbeitung eines englischen Dramas nur bedingt zu einem authentisch kanadischen Theaterstück führen kann. Zusätzlich ist die Umarbeitung eines vorhandenen Textes umständlicher als eine Neukomposition. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt aber, dass Shakespeare-Adaptionen durch ihren Bezug auf Englands Nationaldichter die kanadische Nationalidentität auf unterschiedliche Weisen verhandeln. Der Korpus der zu untersuchenden Texte liegt größtenteils nur als Manuskript vor, deshalb gibt der Anhang eine Übersicht mit Zusammenfassung über die kanadischen Shakespeareadaptionen zwischen 1900 und 1953. In den zwei exemplarischen Analysekapiteln zu Star-Crossed und Antic Disposition wird eine neu entwickelte Adaptionstheorie auf jeweils eine publizierte und eine nur als Manuskript vorliegende Adaption angewendet. In beiden Fällen sind die Texte und ihre Autoren in 5 der Wissenschaft unerforscht, weshalb eine kurze Einführung in ihre Entstehungsgeschichten hilft, die Texte einzuordnen. Um diesen Korpus analysieren zu können,
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