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Collecting Research Data on Human Sexuality

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Collecting Research Data on Human Sexuality kkeL35473_ch01_001-031.inddeL35473_ch01_001-031.indd PPageage 1 223/09/133/09/13 99:15:15 PPMM useruser //203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles SEXUALITY TODAY kkeL35473_ch01_001-031.inddeL35473_ch01_001-031.indd PPageage 2 223/09/133/09/13 99:15:15 PPMM useruser //203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles Part 1 Social and Biological Foundations of Human Sexuality 2 kkeL35473_ch01_001-031.inddeL35473_ch01_001-031.indd PPageage 3 223/09/133/09/13 99:15:15 PPMM useruser //203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles S tudying sexuality is one avenue to a more complete under- Chapter 1 CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, AND standing of human nature and human societies. In its broadest RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ON sense, sexuality is interwoven with all aspects of being human. SEXUALITY It has been only during the last few generations that reliable information about human sexual arousal and response has emerged. As we venture further into the twenty-fi rst century, Chapter 2 FEMALE SEXUAL ANATOMY much remains to be understood regarding all aspects of human AND PHYSIOLOGY sexuality. To study sexuality is to dissolve disciplinary boundaries. The psychology of sex includes sexual orientations, behaviors, Chapter 3 emotions, and interpersonal connections. The sociology and MALE SEXUAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY anthropology of sex mirror the many social, legal, political, and cultural patterns that play a role in human interactions. It has been said that sex is a biological function and love is a psycho- Chapter 4 logical function, but things are not that simple. Our sexuality HUMAN SEXUAL AROUSAL is related to our attitudes and feelings, our social relationships, AND RESPONSE our cultural expectations, and our history. In terms of recorded human history, scientifi c inquiry and the scientifi c way of think- Chapter 5 ing represent relatively recent approaches to perceiving the DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL world and human nature. Much work remains if we are to under- PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER stand fully the interactions of body, mind, emotion, and spirit in human sexuality. These opening chapters set the stage for the broader per- spective of sex and sexuality that will emerge as you progress through this text. 3 kkeL35473_ch01_001-031.inddeL35473_ch01_001-031.indd PPageage 4 223/09/133/09/13 99:15:15 PPMM useruser //203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles Chapter 1 Cultural, Historical, and Research Perspectives on Sexuality Chapter Outline Culture and Sexuality Long-Term Studies of Adolescent Sexuality Cultural Expressions of the Erotic Trends of Sex Research in the Twenty-First Century A Revolution in Sexual Perspectives The Methods of Sexological Research Times of Transition Collecting Research Data on Human Sexuality A Continuing Sexual Transformation Ethical Issues in Sex Research Milestones in Sexual Science: A Brief Attitude Questionnaire Historical Survey Self-Evaluation: You and Your Sexuality Emerging from the Nineteenth Century (1800s) Twentieth-Century Sex Research Chapter Summary Everyone is a different sexual person, and some individuals face problems about who they feel they should be versus who they actually are, because of pressures from family, friends, and society. Questions can’t simply be answered by a yes or no. Class discussions have helped me realize this and even question things about my own sexuality. —from a student’s comments about what she had learned from a human sexuality course 4 kkeL35473_ch01_001-031.inddeL35473_ch01_001-031.indd PPageage 5 223/09/133/09/13 99:15:15 PPMM useruser //203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles Culture and Sexuality 5 ou’re beginning the fi rst chapter of a text on Human sexuality is a realm of contrasts and Y human sexuality. What is most important for you to contradictions, social trends and cultural imperatives. learn in this and subsequent chapters? What personal The values that surround sexuality are always in fl ux, issues are you facing or hoping to explore? Through- moved by the agendas and whims of governments, out the text you’ll fi nd words written by my students as economic realities, and cultural traditions. Western cul- they studied sexuality. What words would you write if tures continue to perpetuate ambivalent and confl icting I asked you to describe yourself as a sexual person? messages about sex. On one hand, there are suggestions You may have some mixed, even confusing, feel- that sex is somehow “dirty.” On the other hand, we are ings about the place of sexuality in your life. You’re encouraged to save sex for someone we really love. We not alone. On one hand, we’re drawn to it by curiosity are given the impression that sex is sacred and beauti- and lust; on the other, we’re repelled because of em- ful but that the less young people know about it, the barrassment, modesty, or guilt. This inner struggle of better. wills and fears is refl ected in the sexual themes that are Everyone has strong opinions and feelings about so much a part of our culture (see Figure 1.1). certain sex-related topics. The classroom should be one venue in which these topics can be debated and discussed, without fear of experiencing discomfort or being branded in any way. Instructors have an obligation to be sensitive to the wide range of values their students may have; students have an obligation to confront their own feelings and reactions and to tolerate the feelings and reactions of others even as diffi cult topics are opened for consideration. Real learning is about growth, and growth sometimes involves a bit of turmoil. What do you think about the limits or boundaries of sexuality education? In a college course, should some topics be “out of bounds”? Culture and Sexuality When Margaret Mead conducted her groundbreaking fi eld studies of South Seas island cultures in the 1920s and 1930s, she became one of the fi rst anthropologists to examine sexual customs and attitudes. Mead con- cluded that the sexual attitudes and behaviors of indi- vidual human beings are shaped tremendously by the surrounding cultural imperatives (Mead, 1930). Anthro- pologists usually classify cultures on the basis of their subsistence patterns, that is, on how the people pro- duce and distribute food and other goods. Anything that affects a society’s subsistence pattern can infl uence reproduction and thus sexual behavior. Shortages of food, for example, may lead to decreased reproductive rates. Gender roles are closely tied to both reproductive FIGURE 1.1 Sexuality in Urban Western Culture patterns and other social structures. Sexuality therefore Sexuality is a central theme in our culture, as evidenced by the has a place at the center of any culture (Plante, 2006). way in which it constantly appears as an underlying motive in In smaller, homogenous cultures—in which the advertising. Some take this in stride, while others see it as a people are expected to be very much alike in their be- culture that is oversaturated with sex. However one interprets lief patterns and values—a great deal of effort is often it, society’s sexual themes are unavoidable. spent on maintaining conformity. In such homogenous kkeL35473_ch01_001-031.inddeL35473_ch01_001-031.indd PPageage 6 223/09/133/09/13 99:15:15 PPMM useruser //203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles203/MH02056/keL35473_disk1of1/0078035473/keL35473_pagefiles 6 Chapter 1 Cultural, Historical, and Research Perspectives on Sexuality cultures, individuals tend to conduct their sexual lives must be either masculine or feminine, heterosexual or in accordance with accepted social roles. Larger, heter- homosexual. Also, sexual behaviors tend to be judged as ogenous cultures—in which there is a good deal of either good or bad. Naturally such worldviews infl uence human diversity—do not work as deliberately toward the ethical belief systems people hold (Plante, 2006). producing or stabilizing behavioral conformity. These Colleges are working to enhance the understand- cultures tend to have many different patterns of sexual ing and acceptance of cultural diversity, including conduct, including sexual subcultures based on sexual customs related to gender and sexuality. On many orientation or behavioral preferences. North America is campuses, it is not unusual to see orthodox Muslim an example of a heterogenous culture. It has many eth- (Islamic) women wearing head scarves, or garments nic and immigrant groups, each with its own viable that cover most of their bodies and faces (see Figure 1.2). sexual culture. Muslim men are supposed to dress modestly as A recent analysis of 33 countries has also shown that well, although this is less strongly enforced than it is there are quantifi able differences in the ways cultures among women. Islam has very specifi c religious laws regulate the behaviors of their members and how they concerning the behaviors of women and men, and react to behaviors that are considered deviant for the cul- male supremacy is a fundamental tenet. Nevertheless, ture. The study was able to divide nations into two main Islam also recognizes the complementarity of male categories: 1) those that are considered to be tight, mean- and female and celebrates sexual pleasure within ing that they regulate social behaviors strictly and also marriage. have a very low tolerance for behaviors that violate the Around the world, efforts are underway to equal- strong norms; and 2) those that are loose, meaning that ize the availability of sexual health resources cross- their social norms are much weaker and so they tend to culturally. Representatives from 179 nations around have a higher tolerance for behaviors that lie outside the the globe have agreed to make reproductive health norms. Not only do these patterns apply to sexual and accessible to all by the year 2015, as part of what are relationship behaviors, but they affect how these nations called the millennium development goals.
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