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Pyrrhura Onure: Tatus in Aviculture

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Pyrrhura Onure: Tatus in Aviculture 1995 Convention Proceedings Pyrrhura onure: tatus in Aviculture by Rick Jordan, Kutztown, PA GENERAL he genus Pyrrhura is com­ Tprised of 18 different species and 29 subspecific fOlms. They are all New World birds and range from as far north as Costa Rica, in Central America, southward to northern Argentina. TIle majority ofthe species being concentrat­ ed in the north-central region of the South American continent. Joseph Forshaw in Parrots of the World (3rd rev. edition, 1989) ·states the following with regard to this genus: "Pyrrhura Conures are small to medi­ um sized birds with long graduated tails. The bill is rather broad and there is a notch in the upper mandible. The naked cere is prominent, and in many species there is a very prominent ring of bare skin around the eye. In the skull there is a complete orbital ring. Sexual dimorphism is ahsent and young birds mostly resemble adults." STATUS Deforestation is a major problem in many countries ofSouth America, hav­ ing a detrimental affect on many species of Pyrrhura conures. Several species are already listed as endan­ gered and control of these species is strictly controlled by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). It is interesting to note that many of the species listed as 111featened or Endangered originate in Brazil which has prohibited their export for over 30 years. This fact seems to imply that other pressures within the habitat itself are the major contribut.ing factors to the decline of these species and that trade had little to do with the dwinpling numbers in the wild. Many Pyrrhura conures frequent The painted Conure (Pyrrhura pictapicta) is one ofthe most colorful conuresfound in isolated areas pf the South American aviculture.· This excellentpainting was done specificallyfor this issue by Susie Christian. 8 MarchiApril 1996 rain forest. Accessibility is a major con­ breed in the spring season. Pairs . Th~re are an estimated 20-25 pairs tributing factor for the lack of informa­ housed out of doors, where the sum­ In UOited States collections. Since the tion about these birds. A new species, mer is not too hot, may lay second countries of origin do not allow its the EI Oro Conure Pyrrhura orcesi clutches as late as June or even July. export, aviculturists are working hard was not even discovered or recorded Indoor accommodations and the to establish a self-sustaining, genetical­ until 1985, demonstrating how little is manipulation of light, water and food ly diverse captive population in the known of the members of this genus supplies may result in breeding at U.S. Under the strict constraints of the or their habitat. almost any time of year. However, Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992, even under artificial conditions, most imports of importation of wild caught AVICULTURE pairs breed in mid to late spring. or captive bred birds for increased via­ Approximately a third of the known bility ofblood lines may be impossible. taxa of Pyrrhura conures are well rep­ TIIE SPECIES resented in aviculture around the White-eared Conure Blue-throated Conure world. Many species are kept by avi­ Pyrrhura leucotis Pyrrhura cmentata culturists but are rarely available due to Range: Northern Venezuela and Range: Eastern Brazil limited breeding results and poorly Eastern Brazil. Status: Deforestation is being blamed crafted trade restrictions. Due to this Status: Little is known of the status of for the endangered status of the Blue­ limited availability of stock, the com­ this species. It must be assumed that throated Conure. It is now listed on monly kept species will become more the population is stable as it has not CITES Appendix I and on the United common and the rare will disappear been uplisted to CITES Appendix I but States Endangered Species Act. from aviculture-and possibly the still remains on Appendix II with all Avicu.lture: The Blue-throated Conure wild-in the future. the other parrots. is rare in aviculture as well. There are As most representatives of the Avicu.lture: The White-eared Conure a few successful breeders in the United genus are rather small, they are easy to is an avicultural rarity. It is being bred Kingdom, Germany and Spain. This accommodate in captivity. Pyrrhura in Europe and the United States but species is not well established in the conures have been produced in many blood lines are limited and inbreeding United States. The total U.S. population collections, even those with very limit­ will undoubtedly take place in the near consists of two females and approxi­ ed space to offer. Their willingness to future. Rumors of its arrival in South mately seven males. The outlook for adapt to small accommodations has Africa have not been confirmed. this bird is not good unless the breed- made them a favorite with indoor breeders as well as those who can cage the birds outdoors. Most of the commonly kept species have been bred to multiple generations and a majority of the available stock is cap­ Judge us by the company we keep tive bred. Pyrrhura conures can be very prolif­ I ic in the caged environment. Clutch sizes vary but are usually three to five eggs with some species being known to produce seven or eight. Fertility rates are generally very high in the com­ monly kept species. Parental habits are probably the most significant hindrance to captive breeding. Some pairs will destroy eggs or chicks in the nest. As with any "lUle" in aviculture, there are many excep­ tions and many pairs will raise any and all of the chicks they produce. Artificial USDA • u.s. Center for Disease Control • Mayo Clinic • Saudi Royal Family incubation and hand rearing from the Sloan-Kettering Institute • Walt Disney World • Busch Gardens • Opryland first day is to be avoided at all costs. Six Flags • Lion Country Safari • U.S. Army • U.S. Air Force • VA Hospitals The average weight of a newly Countless Zoos • Universities and Game Preserves throughout the Free World hatched Pyrrhura chick is only about 4 grams. This small size necessitates Write for our free catalog! around the clock feedings and a very labor intensive nursery regimen. Survival rates are high in collections The Humidaire Incubator Company where the keeper is very attentive to Department W, P.O. Box 9, New Madison, OH 45346-0009 handfeeding. (800) 410-6925 * FAX (513) 996-3633 BREEDING SEASON 1996 -Our65th Anniversary The majority of Pyrrhura conures afa WATCHBIRD 9 ers in the United States join together Pyrrhura perlata perlata (formerly P 1996 COMMITTEES and import more captive bred stock rodogaster). AVIAN RESEARCH from Europe. The main obstacle to Range: Northern Brazil. William Sager, D.V.M. (508) 486-3101 overcome would be the laws that pro­ Status: In the wild the Crimson-bellied AFA IN BRIEF (monthly newsletter) hibit the commercial use ofthis species Cheryl Jones (509) 226-0611 Conure is quite common throughout fax (509) 326-6725 due to its endangered status. its range. It is listed on Appendix II of AVY AWARDS the CITES treaty only as a vehicle to Dale Thompson (805) 252-4871 Maroon-bellied Conure prevent trade in the species. Brazil CAPTIVE BREEDING SURVEY pyrrhurafrontalis does not consider this species endan­ Starr Kirkchoff (616) 327-3399 Range: BraZil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and gered or threatened and claims that CITES Argentina. over 100,000 of them remain in the AI McNabney (510) 945-1785 Status: Common throughout its range. wild. It is probably the most common and Avicu1ture: Brazil has prohibited the CONSERVATION/SMALL GRANTS Widespread of the genus Pyrrhura. legal export of wild caught Crimson­ Benny Gallaway (409) 775-2000 FAX (409) 775-2002 Aviculture: The Maroon-bellied bellied Conures for over 30 years. CONVENTION COORDINATOR Conure is quite common in aviculture However, either by legal or illegal Mary Perry (801 )582-6445 throughout the world. Exports from commercial trade, this species is repre­ fax (801)486-0757 Paraguay and Argentina have helped sented in European aviculture as well COOPERATIVE BREEDING PGM establish this species in captivity. A as in the Philippines and South Africa. Sharon Garsee (916) 784-1314 large population exists in the United In the United States it is virtually DRAWING COORDINATOR States in both the breeder trade and the unknown except for a few representa­ Cathy Ford (805) 684-0752 pet trade. A lutino form has developed tives that have been illegally imported EDUCATION AND MEDIA SERVICES but to my knowledge is not readily in the last few years. ETHICS available to aviculturists. Breeders in Spain and the rest of Larry Ring (916) 885-7868 Europe and in South Africa report that EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Robert J. Berry (713) 434-8076 Pearly Conure this species is very prolific in a caged fax (713) 433-3731 Pyrrhura perlata environment. Clutch size seems to FINANCE Range: Northern Brazil. average three to six eggs and fertility is Jim Hawley bus (602) 838-4770 Status: Deforestation of the Brazilian very high. Females are at a premium as res (602) 987-9206 fax (602) 987-3389 rain forest is the main pressure and sex ratios are often skewed towards cause of decline in the Pearly Conure. the male gender. New blood lines are FUND RAISING Tom Marshall (703) 777-3252 Most subspecies are still quite common needed in the stock that exists outside ILLEGAL BIRD TRADE in areas of virgin forest but they are of Brazil. The Brazilian government Marty Muschinske (619) 468-3201 receding farther into the forest as bull­ has expressed interest in allowing a LEGAL COUNSEL dozers clear the land to make room for commercial export of captive reared Gary Ulienthal (617) 345-0770 increased agriculture.
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