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Use of Biodiesel Improves Air Quality

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Use of Biodiesel Improves Air Quality FFallall 22007007 CCleanlean AirAir ForumForum I the state, with useful tips for consumers nfo on on rom around . Use of Biodiesel Improves Air Quality Typically, most school buses in the United States use die- However, due to the power and durability of diesel engines, sel fuel, as do most heavy-duty trucks used for hauling goods they are used in most school buses in the U.S. The West Vir- across the nation. If you have been in an automobile behind ginia Department of Education has an economic incentive in a vehicle using diesel fuel, chances are you smelled the sooty, place for the use of alternative fuels, and as biodiesel availabil- volatile smell in the exhaust gases that are a by-product of us- ity becomes widespread, more and more county school sys- ing diesel. Undoubtedly you remember it from your days as a tems are taking advantage of biodiesel (see map on page 3). student as well. There is no doubt that diesel engine exhaust West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection employ- contributes to air pollution. However, strides have been made in ees recently toured the bus fl eets at the biodiesel-using county recent years to lessen diesel fuel’s impact on our atmosphere. school systems of Marion and Monongalia counties, which The mandated use of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) means pioneered school bus biodiesel use in the state, and rode on that today’s diesel fuel contains 97% less sulfur than pre-2006 biodiesel-fueled buses. We observed that even when stand- levels. ing directly behind Diesel engine ex- the exhaust of a haust emissions school bus using contain hundreds of B20 biodiesel, that chemical compounds, there was little of the some of which are characteristic smell, emitted as gases, and and almost no evi- others as fi ne particu- dence of the black late. The main gases sooty particles that emitted are carbon di- normally accompany oxide, oxygen, carbon diesel engine ex- monoxide, sulfur diox- haust. ide, nitrogen oxides, B20 biodiesel is a and hydrocarbons, as combination of petro- well as water vapor. leum diesel and 20% Hazardous constitu- biodiesel. Biodiesel ents of the hydrocar- is typically derived bon portion include from soybeans, al- benzene, toluene, though other plants and acrolein. The fi ne such as rapeseed particulates emitted in A Monongalia County school bus fills up with biodiesel. Photo by Ron Snow. are also used. Most diesel engine exhaust West Virginia county are particularly troubling, as they are so small they can avoid school systems also use B5 biodiesel (5% biodiesel) in the many of the human respiratory system’s defense mechanisms wintertime to alleviate fuel gelling issues due to colder tem- and enter deeply into the lungs. Diesel engine exhaust has peratures. The use of biodiesel by school systems results in been linked as a trigger to people who suffer from asthma, and cleaner air and a healthier environment for students and driv- is considered “likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhala- ers, and will only increase as the use of this cleaner alternative tion” by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. fuel becomes more prevalent. An ad hoc publication of the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection’s Division of Air Quality in conjunction with the West Virginia Division of Energy Biodiesel Conference Set The fi rst West Virginia Friends of Biodiesel Conference is Cities advances the from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Tuesday, October 2, at the Days nation’s economic, Hotel Conference Center in Flatwoods, West Virginia. environmental and The conference brings together biodiesel users and energy security by potential users in an effort to spread knowledge about this supporting local renewable fuel and its potential for reducing emissions that decisions to adopt contribute to air pollution. practices that Biodiesel, a clean-burning alternative fuel produced contribute to the from domestic, reduction of petroleum renewable consumption. Clean resources such as Cities carries out this soybeans, does not mission through a contain petroleum. network of more than Using domestically 80 volunteer coalitions, produced biodiesel which develop public/ can help to reduce private partnerships dependence on to promote alternative foreign sources of fuels and vehicles, fuel blends, fuel economy, hybrid vehicles petroleum, one of and idling reduction. The West Virginia Clean State Program the goals of West is housed in the West Virginia Division of Energy, a West Virginia’s new Virginia Department of Commerce agency. energy plan. The fuel can be used in diesel engines only, in For more information about the conference, contact Kelly a variety of blends along with petroleum diesel. A. Bragg, coordinator of the West Virginia Clean State Twenty-two county school systems and one public transit Program, at (800) 982-3386 or (304) 558-2234 or via e-mail authority in West Virginia fuel their buses with some blend of at [email protected]. biodiesel. Invited participants to the conference also include biodiesel marketers, who supply the state with the fuel; new West West Virginia Virginia biodiesel producers, who will have the capacity to Friends of Biodiesel make more than 30 million gallons annually (see story on Conference page 8); and state agencies with ties to the fuel, including environmental and regulatory bodies. Tuesday, October 2 The conference will present information on the proper 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. handling, storage and use of biodiesel. Cold weather can cloud and even gel any diesel fuel, including biodiesel. Days Hotel Generally, the standard storage and handling procedures Conference Center used for petroleum diesel can be used for biodiesel. It is Flatwoods, W.Va. critically important to know whether the biodiesel used meets a strict industry specifi cation called ASTM D6751, which will Register online ensure that it performs properly. The West Virginia Friends www.wvdo.org/community/ of Biodiesel Conference will also cover fuel and marketing WVFOBregistration.html standards. The conference will stimulate networking and an exchange For more information, contact of ideas between biodiesel users and potential users, Kelly A. Bragg, coordinator of providing a venue to educate key segments of West Virginia’s the West Virginia Clean State biodiesel market and encourage the replication of the fuel’s use. Program, (800) 982-3386, (304) The conference’s sponsoring organization is the West 558-2234 or kbragg@energywv. Virginia Clean State Program, the state-level facet of the org. U.S. Department of Energy’s Clean Cities Program. Clean Page 2 Clean Air Forum Fall 2007 West Virginia County School Systems Using Biodiesel Map created by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection’s Division of Air Quality and the West Hancock Virginia Division of Energy based upon survey results of county Brooke school system transportation directors as well as biodiesel distributors. For a more detailed map on county school systems Ohio and biodiesel potential, go to www.wvdep.org/daq and click on the “Diesel Exhaust Emissions” link. Marshall Monongalia Wetzel Marion Morgan Preston Tyler Berkeley Mineral Pleasants Harrison Taylor Hampshire Jefferson Doddridge Wood Ritchie Barbour Tucker Grant Wirt Lewis Gilmer Hardy Upshur Jackson Calhoun Randolph Mason Braxton Roane Pendleton Putnam Webster Cabell Clay Kanawha Nicholas Pocahontas Wayne Lincoln Boone Fayette Counties using biodiesel as of July 2007 Greenbrier Logan Mingo Counties slated to begin using biodiesel Raleigh Summers Wyoming Monroe Mcdowell Mercer BBiodieseliodiesel PProductionroduction Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refi nery process called transesterifi cation. This pro- cess is a reaction of the oil with an alcohol to remove the glycerin, which is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Fuel-grade biodiesel must be produced to strict industry specifi cations (ASTM D6751) to ensure proper performance. Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have successfully completed the health effects testing requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Biodiesel that meets ASTM D6751 and is legally registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency becomes a legal motor fuel for sale and distribution. Raw vegetable oil cannot meet biodiesel fuel specifi cations; it is not registered with the EPA and it is not a legal motor fuel. – From the Offi cial Site of www.biodiesel.org the National Biodiesel Board. Clean Air Forum Page 3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrids – also known as hybrid electric vehicles – offer a tax incentive and compare various makes and models of hybrid good opportunity for consumers to reduce emissions, improve vehicles at www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/hev/. air quality and lower driving costs. Because of their high fuel Hybrids combine a conventional vehicle’s combustion engine economy (some get as much as 60 miles per gallon), they also and the electric motor of an electric vehicle, eliminating the reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign oil. need for the vehicle to be plugged in to recharge. The vehicle’s Ford, General Motors, Honda, Nissan and Toyota offer technology allows it to operate in electric-only mode under several models of light-duty hybrid vehicles including cars, certain conditions, with no emissions and using no gasoline. Of trucks and even sport utility vehicles. Options also exist for course, the vehicle operates in the gasoline mode too, at times, buying heavy-duty hybrid buses, trucks and shuttles. with a corresponding increase in fuel use. It is the combination The latest list of hybrids from the Alternative Fuels Data of the two modes that allows hybrids to have lower emissions Center includes Ford’s Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner; and reduced fuel use. General Motors - Saturn’s VUE Green Line; Honda’s Accord According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s Clean Cities and Civic; Nissan’s Altima; and Toyota’s Camry, Highlander, website, “conventional vehicles release harmful chemicals, or Lexus GS 450h, Lexus RX 400h and Prius.
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