DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effects of Chromolaena Odorata on Tree Growth Dynamics at Buffelsdraai Landfill Site

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effects of Chromolaena Odorata on Tree Growth Dynamics at Buffelsdraai Landfill Site The effects of Chromolaena odorata on tree growth dynamics at Buffelsdraai Landfill site by Rerani Ramaano Thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Discipline of Ecology, School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa 2019 i Table of Contents List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ v List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... vi List of appendices ................................................................................................................................. vii Preface…….......................................................................................................................................... viii Declaration 1: Plagiarism ....................................................................................................................... ix Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. xi Abstract… ............................................................................................................................................. xii Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Restoration and rehabilitation of ecosystems .......................................................................... 1 1.2.1. Restoration and rehabilitation definitions .............................................................................. 1 1.3. Ecological restoration ............................................................................................................. 2 1.4. Restoration and global climate change ................................................................................... 4 1.5. Invasive alien plants ................................................................................................................ 4 1.5.1. Invasive alien plants in South Africa ...................................................................................... 5 1.5.2. Chromolaena odorata ............................................................................................................. 5 1.6. Effects of alien plant invasion ................................................................................................. 6 1.7. Costs of invasive alien plants control ..................................................................................... 7 1.8. Management of Chromolaena odorata ................................................................................... 8 1.8.1. Biological control of Chromolaena odorata ........................................................................... 8 1.8.2. Chemical control of Chromolaena odorata ............................................................................ 8 1.8.3. Mechanical control of Chromolaena odorata in South Africa ............................................... 9 1.9. Tree-grass competition in savannas ...................................................................................... 10 1.10. Resprouting and reseeding strategies in plants ..................................................................... 12 1.11. Recovery from disturbance-induced damage ........................................................................ 13 1.12. Invasion of the buffer zone of Buffelsdraai Landfill Site ..................................................... 13 1.13. Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 14 1.14. Outline of thesis .................................................................................................................... 14 1.15. References ............................................................................................................................. 15 ii Chapter 2: The influence of understory plants on the growth of established tree saplings in a community restoration initiative ........................................................................................................... 23 2.1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 23 2.2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.3. Methods................................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.1. Study area ............................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2. Study species ......................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.3. Experimental design .............................................................................................................. 28 2.3.4. Sampling ............................................................................................................................... 29 2.3.5. Data analyses ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.4. Results ................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.1. Height growth ....................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2. Canopy diameter ................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3. Trunk diameter ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.4. Stem length ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.5. Discussion and conclusion .................................................................................................... 34 2.6. References ............................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 3: The responses of an alien invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata, to repeated cutting ....... 42 3.1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 42 3.3. Methods................................................................................................................................. 45 3.3.1. Study area ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.3.2. Study species ......................................................................................................................... 45 3.3.3. Sampling ............................................................................................................................... 46 3.3.4. Data analysis ........................................................................................................................ 47 3.4. Results ................................................................................................................................... 47 3.4.1. Effect of cutting frequency and height on number of resprouting shoots ............................. 47 3.4.2. Shoot length .......................................................................................................................... 48 3.4.3. Shoot diameter ...................................................................................................................... 48 3.4.4. Shoot production ................................................................................................................... 48 3.4.5. Total shoot basal area:stump basal area ratio ..................................................................... 48 iii 3.4.6. Shoot taper function .............................................................................................................. 49 3.5. Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 56 3.6. References ............................................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 4: Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................................ 63 4.1. Summary ............................................................................................................................... 63 4.2. Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 65 4.3. References ............................................................................................................................. 66 iv
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antimicrobial Activity of Flavonoids and Steroids Isolated from Two Chromolaena Species
    Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 39, n. 4, out./dez., 2003 Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids and steroids isolated from two Chromolaena species Silvia Helena Taleb-Contini1, Marcos José Salvador1, Evandro Watanabe2, Izabel Yoko Ito2, Dionéia Camilo Rodrigues de Oliveira2* 1Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 2 Departamentos de Física e Química e de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo The crude extracts (dichloromethanic and ethanolic) and some Unitermos • Chromolaena compounds (8 flavonoids and 5 steroids) isolated from Chromolaena • Asteraceae *Correspondence: squalida (leaves and stems) and Chromolaena hirsuta (leaves and • Flavonoids D. C. R. de Oliveira flowers) have been evaluated against 22 strains of microorganisms • Steroids Departamento de Física e Química Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas including bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and yeasts. • Antimicrobial activity de Ribeirão Preto, USP All crude extracts, flavonoids and steroids evaluated have been Av. do Café, s/n 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brasil shown actives, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. E mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Concentration (MIC) in the range of 64 to 250 µg/mL) was showed for crude extract of Castanea sativa. The Flavonoids are phenolic substances widely analyse by TLC and HPLC of the active fraction showed distributed in all vascular plants. They are a group of about the presence of flavonoids rutin, hesperidin, quercetin, 4000 naturally compounds known, and have been shown to apigenin, morin, naringin, galangin and kaempferol. have contribute to human health through our daily diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporton the Rare Plants of Puerto Rico
    REPORTON THE RARE PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO tii:>. CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION ~ Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, Missouri July 15, l' 992 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Center for Plant Conservation would like to acknowledge the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the W. Alton Jones Foundation for their generous support of the Center's work in the priority region of Puerto Rico. We would also like to thank all the participants in the task force meetings, without whose information this report would not be possible. Cover: Zanthoxy7um thomasianum is known from several sites in Puerto Rico and the U.S . Virgin Islands. It is a small shrub (2-3 meters) that grows on the banks of cliffs. Threats to this taxon include development, seed consumption by insects, and road erosion. The seeds are difficult to germinate, but Fairchild Tropical Garden in Miami has plants growing as part of the Center for Plant Conservation's .National Collection of Endangered Plants. (Drawing taken from USFWS 1987 Draft Recovery Plan.) REPORT ON THE RARE PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements A. Summary 8. All Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands Species of Conservation Concern Explanation of Attached Lists C. Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands [A] and [8] species D. Blank Taxon Questionnaire E. Data Sources for Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands [A] and [B] species F. Pue~to Rico\Virgin Islands Task Force Invitees G. Reviewers of Puerto Rico\Virgin Islands [A] and [8] Species REPORT ON THE RARE PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO SUMMARY The Center for Plant Conservation (Center) has held two meetings of the Puerto Rlco\Virgin Islands Task Force in Puerto Rico.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Plants at the UHCC
    Flora Checklist Texas Institute for Coastal Prairie Research and Education University of Houston Donald Verser created this list by combining lists from studies by Grace and Siemann with the UHCC herbarium list Herbarium Collections Family Scientific Name Synonym Common Name Native Growth Accesion Dates Locality Comments Status Habit Numbers Acanthaceae Ruellia humilis fringeleaf wild petunia N forb 269 10/9/1973 Acanthaceae Ruellia nudiflora violet wild petunia N forb Agavaceae Manfreda virginica false aloe N forb Agavaceae Polianthes sp. polianthes ? forb 130 8/3/1971 2004 roadside Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans eastern poison ivy N woody/vine Apiaceae Centella erecta Centella asiatica erect centella N forb 36 4/11/2000 Area 2 Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace I forb 139-142 1971 / 72 No collections by Dr. Brown. Perhaps Apiaceae Eryngium leavenworthii Leavenworth's eryngo N forb 144 7/20/1971 wooded area in pipeline ROW E. hookeri instead? Apiaceae Eryngium yuccifolium button eryngo N forb 77,143,145 71, 72, 2000 Apiaceae Polytaenia texana Polytaenia nuttallii Texas prairie parsley N forb 32 6/6/2002 Apocynaceae Amsonia illustris Ozark bluestar N Forb 76 3/24/2000 Area 4 Apocynaceae Amsonia tabernaemontana eastern bluestar N Forb Aquifoliaceae Ilex vomitoria yaupon N woody Asclepiadaceae Asclepias lanceolata fewflower milkweed N Forb Not on Dr. Brown's list. Would be great record. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias longifolia longleaf milkweed N Forb 84 6/7/2000 Area 6 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed N Forb 35 6/7/2002 Area 7 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias viridis green antelopehorn N Forb 63, 92 1974 & 2000 Asteraceae Acmella oppositifolia var.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES and CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS of Chromolaena Odorata (L.) King & Robinson
    BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson FARNIDAH HJ JASNIE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR JUNE 2009 ABSTRACT Chloromolaena odorata was screened for its phytochemical properties and pharmacological activities. Phytochemical screening of C. odorata indicates the presence of terpenoid, flavonoid and alkaloid. GCMS analysis of the leaf extract of C. odorata shows four major compounds which are cyclohexane, germacrene, hexadecoic acid and caryophyllene. While, HPLC analysis has identify five peaks; quercetin-4 methyl ether, aromadendrin-4’-methyl ether, taxifolin-7-methyl ether, taxifolin-4’- methyl ether and quercetin-7-methyl ether, kaempferol-4’-methyl ether and eridicytol-7, 4’-dimehyl ether, quercetin-7,4’-dimethyl ether. By using the column chromatography, three compounds were isolated; 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one; 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-chromen-4-one and of 2- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-chromen-4-one. The toxicity evaluation and dermal irritation of the aqueous leaf extract of C. odorata verifies that it is non-toxic at the maximum dose of 2000mg/kg. For the formaldehyde induced paw oedema evaluation, it proves that the leaf extract of the plant is 80.24% (concentration of 100mg/kg) as effective as Indomethacine (standard drug). The methanolic extract (100mg/ml) of the plant shows negative anti- coagulant, as it causes blood clot in less than two minutes. Meanwhile, the petroleum ether and chloroform leaf extract shows negative anti-coagulant, as they prolong the blood coagulation from to two minutes to more than three minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromolaena Odorata Newsletter
    NEWSLETTER No. 19 September, 2014 The spread of Cecidochares connexa (Tephritidae) in West Africa Iain D. Paterson1* and Felix Akpabey2 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa 2Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PO Box M.32, Accra, Ghana Corresponding author: [email protected] Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. that substantial levels of control have been achieved and that (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) is a shrub native to the Americas crop yield has increased by 50% due to the control of the that has become a problematic invasive in many of the weed (Day et al. 2013a,b). In Timor Leste the biological tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World (Holm et al. control agent has been less successful, possibly due to the 1977, Gautier 1992). Two distinct biotypes, that can be prolonged dry period on the island (Day et al. 2013c). separated based on morphological and genetic characters, are recognised within the introduced distribution (Paterson and Attempts to rear the fly on the SA biotype have failed Zachariades 2013). The southern African (SA) biotype is only (Zachariades et al. 1999) but the success of C. connexa in present in southern Africa while the Asian/West African (A/ South-East Asia indicates that it may be a good option for WA) biotype is present in much of tropical and subtropical control of the A/WA biotype in West Africa. A colony of the Asia as well as tropical Africa (Zachariades et al. 2013). The fly was sent to Ghana with the intention of release in that first records of the A/WA biotype being naturalised in Asia country in the 1990s but the colony failed before any releases were in India and Bangladesh in the 1870s but it was only in were made (Zachariades et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromolaena Weed
    PEST ADVISORY LEAFLET NO. 43 Plant Protection Service Secretariat of the Pacific Community August 2004 Chromolaena (Siam) Weed Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson is one of the world’s worst tropical weeds (Holm et al 1979). It is a member of the tribe Eupatorieae in the sunflower family Asteraceae. The weed goes by many common names including Siam weed, devil weed, bizat, tawbizat (Burma), tontrem khet (Cambodia), French weed (Laos), pokpok tjerman (Malaysia), communist weed (West Africa), triffid bush (South Africa), Christmas bush (Caribbean), hagonoy (Philippines), co hoy (Vietnam). In October 2000 ‘chromolaena’ was adopted as the standard common name by the International Chromolaena Working Group1. DISTRIBUTION The native range of chromolaena is in the Americas, extending from Florida (USA) to northern Argentina. Away Figure 1: Mature chromolaena can grow up to 3 m in open from its native range, chromolaena is an important weed space (above). Regrowth from stump (below). in tropical and subtropical areas extending from west, central and southern Africa to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, southern China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Timor, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and Majuro in the Marshall Islands.The Majuro outbreak is being targeted for eradication. An outbreak found in northeastern Australia during the mid 1990s is also being eradicated. Chromolaena is absent from Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, all Polynesian countries and territories including Hawaii, and New Zealand. DESCRIPTION, BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Chromolaena is a much-branched perennial shrub that forms dense tangled bushes 1.5–3 m in height in open conditions (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridization in Compositae
    Hybridization in Compositae Dr. Edward Schilling University of Tennessee Tennessee – not Texas, but we still grow them big! [email protected] Ayres Hall – University of Tennessee campus in Knoxville, Tennessee University of Tennessee Leucanthemum vulgare – Inspiration for school colors (“Big Orange”) Compositae – Hybrids Abound! Changing view of hybridization: once consider rare, now known to be common in some groups Hotspots (Ellstrand et al. 1996. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 93: 5090-5093) Comparison of 5 floras (British Isles, Scandanavia, Great Plains, Intermountain, Hawaii): Asteraceae only family in top 6 in all 5 Helianthus x multiflorus Overview of Presentation – Selected Aspects of Hybridization 1. More rather than less – an example from the flower garden 2. Allopolyploidy – a changing view 3. Temporal diversity – Eupatorium (thoroughworts) 4. Hybrid speciation/lineages – Liatrinae (blazing stars) 5. Complications for phylogeny estimation – Helianthinae (sunflowers) Hybrid: offspring between two genetically different organisms Evolutionary Biology: usually used to designated offspring between different species “Interspecific Hybrid” “Species” – problematic term, so some authors include a description of their species concept in their definition of “hybrid”: Recognition of Hybrids: 1. Morphological “intermediacy” Actually – mixture of discrete parental traits + intermediacy for quantitative ones In practice: often a hybrid will also exhibit traits not present in either parent, transgressive Recognition of Hybrids: 1. Morphological “intermediacy” Actually – mixture of discrete parental traits + intermediacy for quantitative ones In practice: often a hybrid will also exhibit traits not present in either parent, transgressive 2. Genetic “additivity” Presence of genes from each parent Recognition of Hybrids: 1. Morphological “intermediacy” Actually – mixture of discrete parental traits + intermediacy for quantitative ones In practice: often a hybrid will also exhibit traits not present in either parent, transgressive 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of the Invasive Plant Species Chromolaena Odorata L. in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines
    2011 International Conference on Environmental and Agriculture Engineering IPCBEE vol.15(2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore Distribution of the Invasive Plant Species Chromolaena Odorata L. in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines Lina T. Codilla1,2+, Ephrime B. Metillo2 1JH Cerilles State College, Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines 9200 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines 9200 Abstract. The ecology of the highly invasive plant species C. odorata is poorly studied in the Philippines in spite of the fact that it is hard to eradicate, a nuisance in plantations, and known to harm domesticated animals and decimate native plant species. In order to determine the distribution of the species and local ecological factors, we estimated in 75 transect lines the percentage cover of C. odorata and other plant species growing around it, and concurrently determined soil parameters (soil type, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and % organic matter) in three Provinces of the Zamboanga Peninsula, Southern Philippines. Multivariate Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed no significant relationship between soil parameters and the abundance of C. odorata suggesting eurytopy to edaphic conditions. Peak abundance of C. odorata was associated with reduced abundance of native plant species, but coconut, banana, mango and tree plantation environments appeared to promote growth and the competitive edge of C. odorata. This study demonstrates that through a multivariate approach we were able to discern that C. odorata is a highly adaptable species that pose a threat to native plant biodiversity, and that its distribution and spread seem to be supported by plant monoculture systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Release of Cecidochares (Procecidochares) Connexa Macquart (Diptera:Tephritidae)
    Field Release of Cecidochares (Procecidochares) connexa Macquart (Diptera:Tephritidae), a non-indigenous, gall-making fly for control of Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae) in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands Environmental Assessment February 2002 Agency Contact: Tracy A. Horner, Ph.D. USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Permits and Risk Assessment Riverdale, MD 20137-1236 301-734-5213 301-734-8700 FAX Proposed Action: The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Insepction Service (APHIS) is proposing to issue a permit for the release of the nonindigenous fly, Cecidochares (Procecidochares) connexa Macquart (Diptera:Tephritidae). The agent would be used by the applicant for the biological control of Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Type of Statement: Environmental Assessment For Further Information: Tracy A. Horner, Ph.D. 1. Purpose and Need for Action 1.1 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is proposing to issue a permit for release of a nonindigenous fly, Cecidochares (Procecidochares) connexa Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae). The agent would be used by the applicant for the biological control of Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, (Asteraceae) in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. C. connexa is a gall forming fly. Adults live for up to 14 days and are active in the morning, mating on Siam weed and then ovipositing in the buds. The ovipositor is inserted through the bud leaves and masses of 5 to 20 eggs are laid in the bud tip or between the bud leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) En Colombia: Revisión Taxonómica Y Evaluación De Su Estatus Genérico 1
    El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 1 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico Betsy Viviana Rodríguez Cabeza Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Bogotá, Colombia 2013 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 2 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico Betsy Viviana Rodríguez Cabeza Trabajo de investigación presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias Biología Director: Ph.D., Carlos Alberto Parra Osorio Codirector: Doctor, Santiago Díaz Piedrahita Línea de Investigación: Sistemática Grupo de Investigación: Sistemática y evolución de Gimnospermas y Angiospermas neotropicales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Bogotá, Colombia 2013 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 3 A mis papás Sixto y Esneda por todo su amor, gran esfuerzo, consejos, formación personal y por inculcar en mi la fuerza y constancia para trabajar y cumplir las metas propuestas. A mis hermanos Edison y Elmer por su cariño y porque aún en la distancia están siempre presentes para apoyarme en los buenos y malos momentos de mi vida. A mis sobrinos Daniela y Andrei por sus sonrisas, abrazos y por dar tanta alegría a mi vida. A mis primas Ara Celi, Celi, Isabel, Nicol, Carmen y a Don Martín por acogerme en su hogar y brindarme todo su cariño.
    [Show full text]
  • 128 the Impact of Cecidochares Connexa on Chromolaena Odorata
    Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata and other Eupatorieae, Nairobi, Kenya, 1-2 November 2010. Zachariades C, Strathie LW, Day MD, Muniappan R (eds) ARC-PPRI, Pretoria (2013) pp 128-133 The impact of Cecidochares connexa on Chromolaena odorata in Guam Gadi V.P. Reddy1,3*, Rosalie S. Kikuchi1 and R. Muniappan2 1Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA 2IPM CRSP, Virginia Tech, 526 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 3Current address: Montana State University, Western Triangle Ag Research Center, 9546 Old Shelby Rd, Conrad, MT 59425, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Asteraceae) is one of the most serious invasive weeds in Guam and on other Micronesian Islands. For biological control of this weed, a moth, Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from India and Trinidad and a gall fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Indonesia were introduced into Guam and other Micronesian islands in 1985 and 1998, respectively. To assess the impact of these established natural enemies, eight field sites in northern, central and southern Guam, each with well-established stands of C. odorata, were assessed in 2009. Measurements of various growth parameters of C. odorata indicated steady decline in the number of stems and leaves, and height of plants at the sites from October 2009 to September 2010. This gives a snapshot picture of the decline of C. odorata on Guam, likely due to the introduced natural enemies. KEYWORDS: Cecidochares connexa; chromolaena; damage; Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata INTRODUCTION Guam started in 1983 and has been reviewed by Muniappan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Siam Weed (Chromolaena Odorata)
    Invasive Species Fact Sheet Pacific Islands Area Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) Scientific name & Code: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson, CHOD Synonyms - Eupatorium odoratum L. Family: Asteraceae (sunflower family) Common names: English – Siam weed, Jack in the bush, Chromolaena, bitter bush, Christmasbush, devil weed; Chamorro – masigsig; Chuukese – otuot; Filipino – agonoi, huluhagonoi; Kosraean – mahsrihsrihk; Palauan – kesengesil, ngesngesil; Pohnpeian – masigsig, wisolmatenrehwei Origin: Tropical America Description: Perennial herb, subshrub, or shrub with long rambling branches. Leaves opposite, velvety to slightly hairy, sharp-tipped, delta to oval shaped with 3 nerves, and 1-5 coarse teeth along leaf edges. Flowers in many heads at the end of stalks, trumpet-shaped pale purple to off-white flowers above pale bracts with green nerves, 20-30 or more to a group. Flowers in the winter at the start of the dry season. Seeds (achenes) have dull white hairs (5 mm long). Propagation: Primarily wind-dispersal of seeds, but can propagate vegetatively from stems and root fragments. Seeds can cling to hair, clothing, and shoes. The tiny seeds occur as contaminant in imported seed. Seed production is prolific but seed longevity in the soil is little more than 3 weeks. Distribution: Common in many tropical areas as a weed. Identified in Agrigan, Aguijan, Pagan, Rota, Saipan, Tinian, and Guam. Habitat / Ecology: Grows on many soil types but prefers well-drained soils, does not tolerate shade and thrives in open areas. Grows in croplands, pastures, forest margins, river flats, and disturbed rainforests. Environmental impact: Forms dense stands that prevent establishment of other species. It is a strong competitor and had a toxic effect to other plant species (allelopathic).
    [Show full text]