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Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) En Colombia: Revisión Taxonómica Y Evaluación De Su Estatus Genérico 1

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Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) En Colombia: Revisión Taxonómica Y Evaluación De Su Estatus Genérico 1 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 1 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico Betsy Viviana Rodríguez Cabeza Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Bogotá, Colombia 2013 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 2 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico Betsy Viviana Rodríguez Cabeza Trabajo de investigación presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias Biología Director: Ph.D., Carlos Alberto Parra Osorio Codirector: Doctor, Santiago Díaz Piedrahita Línea de Investigación: Sistemática Grupo de Investigación: Sistemática y evolución de Gimnospermas y Angiospermas neotropicales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Bogotá, Colombia 2013 El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 3 A mis papás Sixto y Esneda por todo su amor, gran esfuerzo, consejos, formación personal y por inculcar en mi la fuerza y constancia para trabajar y cumplir las metas propuestas. A mis hermanos Edison y Elmer por su cariño y porque aún en la distancia están siempre presentes para apoyarme en los buenos y malos momentos de mi vida. A mis sobrinos Daniela y Andrei por sus sonrisas, abrazos y por dar tanta alegría a mi vida. A mis primas Ara Celi, Celi, Isabel, Nicol, Carmen y a Don Martín por acogerme en su hogar y brindarme todo su cariño. A esa persona especial, mil gracias por sus palabras de apoyo y por ser compañía, energía y alegría durante esta etapa de mi vida, te quiero mucho. El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 4 Agradecimientos Al profesor Santiago Díaz Piedrahita por permitirme ser su estudiante, compartir conmigo su tiempo y conocimientos, por su constante formación y enseñanzas en el mundo de las compuestas. Al profesor Carlos Alberto Parra Osorio por aceptar la dirección de mi trabajo de maestría, por su tiempo, recomendaciones y consejos invaluables a lo largo de mis estudios de maestría y para mi trabajo de tesis. Al Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, especialmente al profesor Jaime Aguirre, por facilitar mi trabajo, permanencia y permitirme trabajar en sus instalaciones. A los profesores del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales especialmente a los curadores del Herbario Nacional Colombiano y al profesor Carlos Sarmiento por su constante disposición y colaboración a lo largo de mi maestría. Al Herbario Nacional Colombiano por facilitar la revisión de sus colecciones. A los herbarios nacionales CAUP, CUVC, FAUC, JAUM, HECASA, HUA, HUQ, MEDEL, PSO, SURCO, TOLI, UIS, UTMC y VALLE por facilitar la revisión de sus colecciones mediante visitas o a través de préstamos. A los herabarios NY y GH por facilitar el préstamo de ejemplares generales y ejemplares típicos. A la Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá - DIB- por el apoyo financiero concedido al proyecto “El género Chromolaena (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: Revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus génerico” mediante la convocatoria “Apoyo de la DIB a tesis de investigación en posgrado”. Al Instituto de Genética de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por facilitar sus laboratorios para la extracción y secuenciación de marcadores de ADN de especies de Chromolaena. Al padre Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso S.J. (Q.E.P.D.) por la revisión de las descripciones latinas de las nuevas especies de Chromolaena. El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 5 A Dalia Marcela Alvear y a el profesor Jose Luis Fernández Alonso por su gran colaboración en la consecusión y envío de los protólogos de algunas especies de Chromolaena y Eupatorium. A Carolina Mateus Gutierrez, por su amistad incondicional, compañía y constante apoyo durante los últimos años. El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 6 Resumen El género Chromolaena DC. (Asteraceae-Eupatorieae) está conformado por cerca de 170 especies que se distribuyen desde el sur de los Estados Unidos hasta el sur de Argentina, con la mayor concentración de especies en Brasil. Este trabajo presenta la revisión taxonómica de Chromolaena para Colombia y somete a prueba la hipótesis de monofilia del género con base en caracteres moleculares de la región ITS del genoma nuclear. Para la revisión taxonómica se estudiaron 1422 especímenes de especies del género depositados en 17 herbarios y se realizaron recolecciones en campo de algunas especies. Para evaluar la monofilia del género se analizaron secuencias del espaciador transcribible interno (ITS) del genoma nuclear, con el método de Máxima Parsimonia. Para Colombia se registraron 27 especies de Chromolaena distribuidas en todo el territorio nacional, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 3900 m; Ch. odorata es la única especie registrada sobre el nivel del mar y Ch. columbiana alcanza la mayor altitud (3900 m). Del total de especies aquí incluidas tres son nuevas para la ciencia (Ch. baccharidifolia, Ch. lepidodisca, Ch. macarenensis), tres son nuevos registros (Ch. larensis, Ch. moritziana, Ch. santanensis) y trece son reportadas como especies endémicas (Ch. baccharidifolia, Ch. bullata, Ch. caldensis, Ch. chrysosticta, Ch. diaphanophlebia, Ch. hypericifolia, Ch. iridolepis, Ch. leivensis, Ch. lepidodisca, Ch. perglabra, Ch. perijaensis, Ch. tacotana y Ch. macarenensis). Se reducen a la sinonimia de Ch. odorata a Ch. barranquillensis y a la de Ch. caldensis a Ch. suratensis. Como parte de la revisión taxonómica se presenta una clave taxonómica para el género, y para cada especie se incluye la nomenclatura y tipificación del taxón, una descripción, la etimología del nombre, comentarios con afinidades taxonómicas y morfológicas, la distribución geográfica con mapas de distribución y en algunos casos ilustraciones o fotografías. El análisis filogenético basado en caracteres moleculares de ITS permitió deducir que Chromolaena es un género monofilético que no es parte de Eupatorium, lo cual es congruente con la propuesta de clasificación taxonómica de King & Robinson (1987) realizada con base en caracteres morfológicos. Palabra clave: Botánica, Taxonomía, Asteraceae, Eupatorieae, Praxelinae, Chromolaena, Colombia El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 7 Abstract Chromolaena DC. (Asteraceae-Eupatorieae) has ca. 170 species that are distributed from southern United States to the south of Argentina, and more of it species grows in Brazil. In this thesis, the taxonomic treatment of Chromolaena for Colombia is presented, and the monophyly of Chromolaena is tested based on molecular characters of the ITS region of the nuclear genome. For the taxonomic revision, 1422 specimens from 17 herbaria were studied, as well as additional collections of selected species obtained in the field. To test the monophyly of Chromolaena, sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear genome were analysed, using the method of maximum parsimony. For Colombia, 27 species of Chromolaena were identified and they are distributed all along the National territory, growing from sea level up to 3900 m; Ch. odorata is the only species of the genus that grows at sea level, and Ch. columbiana is the only one that grows at the higher altitude (3900 m) recorded for the presence of the genus in Colombia. Of all Chromolaena species included here, three are new for science (Ch. baccharidifolia, Ch. lepidodisca, Ch. macarenensis), three are new records for Colombia (Ch. larensis, Ch. moritziana, Ch. santanensis) and thirteen are endemics of the Country (Ch. baccharidifolia, Ch. bullata, Ch. caldensis, Ch. chrysosticta, Ch. diaphanophlebia, Ch. hypericifolia, Ch. iridolepis, Ch. leivensis, Ch. lepidodisca, Ch. perglabra, Ch. perijaensis, Ch. tacotana and Ch. macarenensis). Ch. barranquillensis is considered here as a synonym of Ch. odorata, and Ch. suratensis is considered here as a synonym of Ch. caldensis. As part of the taxonomic treatment, a taxonomic key to separate the species of the genus that grows in Colombia is included, as well as information about the nomenclature and typification of every species, a morphological description of it, the etymology of the species name, comments with morphological affinities, geographic distribution with distribution maps, and in some cases illustration or photographs of the species. The phylogenetic analysis made with ITS characters allowed to infer that Chromolaena is a monophyletic genus, and it is not part of Eupatorium, which is congruent to the taxonomic classification made by King & Robinson (1987), based on morphological characters. Keywords: Botany, Taxonomy, Asteraceae, Eupatorieae, Praxelinae, Chromolaena, Colombia. El género Chromolaena DC. (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) en Colombia: revisión taxonómica y evaluación de su estatus genérico 8 Contenido Resumen ...................................................................................................................................
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