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(IGCE) CAMPUS DE RIO CLARO Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Geologia Regional Área De Geologia Regional i UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS E CIÊNCIAS EXATAS (IGCE) CAMPUS DE RIO CLARO Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia Regional Área de Geologia Regional ESFENÓFITAS DO MONUMENTO NATURAL DAS ÁRVORES FOSSILIZADAS DO TOCANTINS, BACIA DO PARNAÍBA (PERMIANO, BRASIL) RODRIGO NEREGATO Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Rosemarie Rohn Davies Tese de Doutorado elaborada junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências - Área de concentração em Geologia Regional para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Geologia Regional. Rio Claro - SP Outubro de 2012 ii iii COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Profa. Dra. Rosemarie Rohn Davies IGCE/Unesp/Rio Claro (SP) Prof. Dr. Joel Carneiro de Castro IGCE/Unesp/Rio Claro (SP) Prof. Dr. Roberto Iannuzzi Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/Porto Alegre (RS) Profa. Dra. Fresia Soledad Ricardi-Branco IG/Unicamp/Campinas (SP) Prof. Dr. Jefferson Prado Instituto de Botânica/Divisão de Fitotaxonomia/São Paulo (SP) iv We must become the changes we want to see in the world. Mahatma Ghandi Sonhem o mundo, Não essa pálida visão da realidade. Neil Gaiman in “Sandman: a história de mil gatos” v Para minha família, pelo incondicional apoio ao longo de todos esses anos de universidade e pela compreensão da minha ausência muitas vezes necessária. Para Tucum também, companheiro inquebrantável em todos os momentos. vi AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora, por me apresentar à Paleobotânica e aceitar me orientar em um tema tão árido. Parte do que sou certamente se deve a ela; Gostaria de externar meus profundos agradecimentos à banca examinadora, cujos comentários foram importantíssimos para melhorar substancialmente este trabalho: Prof. Dr. Joel Carneiro de Castro, Prof. Dr. Roberto Iannuzzi, Profa. Dra. Fresia Soledad Ricardi-Branco e ao Prof. Dr. Jefferson Prado; À Sra. Suzana Rohn por todo o tempo dispendido em traduzir os indecifráveis artigos em alemão; Ao querido amigo Roberto Iannuzzi por tudo que fez por mim durante estes anos de doutorado: campos, paleobotânica, conversas, conselhos, risadas… É sempre muito bom tê-lo presente; Gostaria imensamente de agradecer as amigas Tati e Fran pelo apoio e carinho em todos os muitos momentos difíceis desta tese; Ao Prof. Dr. Norberto Morales, coordenador do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Geologia Regional, pela inspiração que é; À nossa secretária Rosângela Vacello. É sempre muito bom ter um anjo da guarda nos protegendo; Ao técnico do Laboratório de Laminação, Júnior, por todas as dicas e ajuda durante o polimento dos fósseis estudados; Ao amigo Gouveia por toda a ajuda com o inglês da tese. Grande amigo; Aos amigos Ronny Röβler, Ramona Schwab, Mathias Merbitz, Ralph Kretzschmar, e em especial a Zhou ‘’Jumper’’ Feng, Thorid Zierold e Melaine Kutloch, do Museu für Naturkunde, Chemnitz, por tornarem tão agradáveis meus dias na Alemanha; Ao Sr. João, da empresa Jet Service Jateamento, que gentilmente nos emprestou seu jato de areia para limparmos os fósseis; À Profa. Fresia Ricardi-Branco, do Instituto de Geociências, Unicamp, que gentilmente nos emprestou seu equipamento fotográfico, e ao Rafa, por ter nos acolhido tão comodamente em sua casa; Ao paleobotânico Robert Noll, de Tiefenthal, Alemanha, que muitíssimo contribuiu na descrição dos fósseis estudados aqui. E pelo ótimo vinho também; vii Um agradecimento mais que especial a Mab, Nakao e em especial ao tio Ivo, meus companheiros de república nestes últimos anos. Foi um convívio imensamente bom; Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico pela concessão da bolsa de estudo (Processo número 141365/2008-0). viii RESUMO Pela primeira vez são descritos, em detalhe, caules de esfenófitas permianos da Bacia do Parnaíba, atribuídos ao gênero Arthropitys, anteriormente conhecidos nas Províncias Florísticas Euramericana e Cataísica. Apresentam-se permineralizados por sílica, com preservação celular, em depósitos fluviais que provavelmente foram controlados por estações secas e úmidas bem definidas. Diversos exemplares possuem ramos conectados ou tocos de ramos. Com base em suas características anatômicas e morfológicas, estão sendo propostas cinco novas espécies: Arthropitys isoramis e Arthropitys tabebuiensis apresentam cavidades medulares grandes, enquanto Arthropitys buritiranensis possui cavidade de dimensões médias; estas espécies possivelmente habitaram as margens dos rios; Arthropitys tocantinensis e Arthropitys barthelli apresentam cavidades das medulas muito pequenas com corpo secundário bastante maciço, interpretando-se que tenham ocupado áreas mais afastadas das drenagens, com substratos mais firmes. Um exemplar de Arthropitys isoramis, com 2.35 m de comprimento e 12 cm de diâmetro máximo, é o primeiro, em âmbito mundial, a preservar a raiz. Ao contrário das reconstruções clássicas do gênero, nas quais a raiz seria similar ao da esfenófita moderna Equisetum, o sistema radicular está disposto verticalmente e de modo contínuo em relação ao caule, formado por três eixos verticais e outros mais oblíquos. Arthropitys tabebuiensis assemelha-se significativamente a Arthropitys bistriata do Asseliano-Sakmariano de Chemnitz, Alemanha, o que corrobora outras evidências paleobotânicas desta idade para a Formação Motuca e sugere algum intercâmbio florístico entre a região da Bacia do Parnaíba e a Província Euramericana. Palavras-chave: Arthropitys, esfenófitas, Bacia do Parnaíba, Formação Motuca, Permiano. ix ABSTRACT Permian sphenophyte stems from the Parnaíba Basin are described in detail for the first time and classified into Arthopitys genera, previously known in the Euramerican and Cathaysian Floristic Province. They are silica-permineralized with cell preservation and were found in fluvial deposits, which originated under probable marked dry and wet seasons. Several specimens have connected branches or branch-stumps. Based on their anatomical and morphological characteristics, five new species are proposed: Arthropitys isoramis and Arthropitys tabebuiensis have large pith cavities whereas Arthropitys buritiranaensis show a little smaller pith; these species possibly lived at the river side sites. Arthropitys tocantinensis and Arthropitys barthelli have relatively small pith cavitys and massive secondary bodies, suggesting that they occupied distal areas, where the soil was more aggregate. One of the specimens of Arthropitys isoramis has 2.35 m long and 12 cm wide and present exceptional preservation, and is the first in global ambit to preserve an attached root. Differently from the traditional reconstructions based on the modern Equisetum, the studied specimen presents a vertical root which is continuous with respect to the stem, formed by three vertical axes and smaller more oblique axes. Arthropitys tabebuiensis is relatively similar to Arthropitys bistriata from the Asselian-Sakmarian interval in Chemnitz, Germany. This fact corroborates other paleobotanical evidence of this age to Motuca Formation suggesting that there were some floristic relationships with the Euramerican Province during the Permian. Key words: Arthropitys, sphenophytes, Parnaíba Basin, Motuca Formation, Permian. x ÍNDICE I: Aspectos gerais..................................................................................................1 1. Introdução................................................................................................... 1 2. A Terra e as floras no Neopaleozóico........................................................ 2 2.1. Paleogeografia e paleoclimas......................................................... 2 2.2. As províncias florísticas no Neopaleozóico..................................... 8 3. A Bacia do Parnaíba................................................................................. 11 3.1. Estratigrafia da Bacia do Parnaíba no Permiano.......................... 12 3.1.1. Formação Pedra de Fogo.................................................. 12 3.1.2. Formação Motuca.............................................................. 14 3.1.3. Posicionamento estratigráfico dos caules fósseis............. 16 3.2. A área do Monumento Natural das Árvores Fósseis do Tocantins (MNAFTO)......….......................................................................... 17 3.3. Vegetais fósseis encontradas na Bacia do Parnaíba e no MNAFTO e suas implicações paleofitogeográficas e cronoestratigráficas.. 22 3.4. O processo de fossilização dos vegetais na Bacia do Parnaíba.. 25 4. O estado da arte da Classe Sphenopsida................................................ 27 II. Annotated catalog of Arthropitys Goeppert 1864-5: considerations about nomenclature, classification criteria and validity of species......................... 51 1. Introduction............................................................................................... 51 2. Research Objectives…………..……………………………………………... 51 3. Material and methods............................................................................... 52 4. Nomenclature issue.................................................................................. 52 5. Hierarchy of important anatomical and morphological characters when limiting species..................................................................................... 54 6. Annotated catalog..................................................................................... 57 7. Final considerations.................................................................................. 72 7.1. Nomenclatual questions………………………………...…………… 72 7.2. The described species………………………….……..….…………. 72 xi III:
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