Newsletter No 252 January 2019

Published by RUGBY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY www.rugbynaturalhistory.org.uk

PRESIDENT – Dr P Reeve

Contents this edition ~ Spring indoor meetings: programme ~Waste reduction appeal ~Unusual sightings ~Photographic competition report ~Membership renewal ~AGM reminder ~Summer field visit report ~Data protection information ~Indoor meeting reports ~Current committee members ~Annual dinner invitation Appendix included in email version: species list for Coombe Abbey Country Park fungal foray Attached separately: annual dinner choice/booking form; AGM Agenda; committee nomination form

Mayfly at Upton House. © Dave Champion Winner of the RNHS 2018 photographic competition.

Spring programme

Now, surely you’ve finally got your 2019 diary, so don’t forget to put in the Thursday evening indoor meeting dates for the rest of the term. Here they are.....

2019

January 10, Tricia Scott (Warwickshire Bat Group), Ecology and Conservation UK of Bats January 24, Scott Hackett, Temple Balsall and Cuttle Pool Nature Reserve February 7, Dr Chris Leach, Change perspectives of galls and their communities February 21, AGM, followed by a quiz (this year set by Janice Tolley-Hodges and Paul Hodges) March 7, Fern Hodges and Tony Landless, UK Wildlife Cruise March 21, Annual dinner, Badger’s Tea Room (with raffle - tickets will be available in advance) (see below for how to book)

Where do frogs fly flags? From tadpoles.

©*

Unusual sightings

Regulars at indoor meetings will know that we have a recent sightings “shout out” early in each one. Here are some examples. At an October meeting it was reported by David Long that gamochaeta pensylvanica (a species normally found in the USA - Pennsylvania cudweed) had appeared by Kwik Fit in Rugby - the council had since sprayed it.... David and others also reported a large number of bee orchid spikes at a surprising location in Rugby. As this newsletter is posted to society’s website (ie open to anyone on the internet), the location will not be revealed here (but ask David). Graham Robson reported that little owls had returned to his farm, then told us about a rook with white wing bars in Dunchurch (leucism, the group commented). We heard from Bernard Scott that red kites were getting in on the act at the Cotswold Falconry at Batsford. (See also Mark Slater’s talk report below.) In mid November we agreed that the fieldfare had arrived.

Do let the editor know whether (or not) you’d like this mini-feature to have a regular spot in the newsletter – presumably it would be of most interest to those who hadn’t been able to attend meetings. Normally it would be limited to sightings in Warwickshire, or perhaps just Rugby district. (I’ve checked that this would include Marton and Leamington Hastings! Let me know if it doesn’t cover your home patch....) Mark demonstrates an alternative approach below.

Membership renewal

All that is free of charge to members of the society. Did you remember to renew by the end of December? Oh dear – if not, your membership has officially expired – act now to stick with us. The renewal form was attached to the email bringing the October newsletter. So that you don’t forget again, we’d strongly encourage you to set up a bank standing order for this purpose. That would also be a tremendous help to the treasurer.

Summer field visit report

Coombe country park The final field visit of the 2018 season was on Saturday 6 October to Coombe (Abbey) country park, where Paul Hodges led a search as part of International Fungal Foray Weekend. His species list, compiled over the Saturday and Sunday (when there was also a guided walk) is in Appendix 1. Seventeen people took part, including three “repeat customers”.

What do you call a frog who wants to be a cowboy? Hopalong Cassidy ©*

Indoor meeting reports

Local biodiversity action plans Paul Hodges opened the season’s programme on 29 September with an explanation of local biodiversity action plans (LBAPs), using case studies of Coombe (Abbey) country park and the old Oxhouse Farm nature reserve (now the Neal Trust SSSI meadow butterfly reserve).

Priority habitats considered included reed beds, wet woodlands (alder and willow carrs), wet grasslands, fen and emergent vegetation, acid grassland, neutral grassland, calcareous grassland (Neal Trust SSSI meadow- rheatic lst), rivers and streams, and wood pasture (with veteran trees).

Priority species considered included reed buntings (linked to reed-beds, carr, fen and emergent vegetation), snipe (wet grassland, fen and emergent vegetation), sand martins, swifts, otters, pipistrelle, brown long-eared, Daubenton’s and noctule bats, water shrews (reed-beds, fen and emergent vegetation), harvest mice (wet grassland, fen and emergent vegetation), hedgehogs (neutral and wet grassland, hedges and carr), willow tits (willow and alder carr), marsh tits, lesser spotted woodpeckers (carr and wood pasture - veterans), green woodpeckers (neutral grassland and wood pasture), black poplars (populus nigra, var betufolia), small heath butterflies (acid grassland), grizzled skipper butterflies, dingy skipper butterflies, white letter hairstreak butterflies (elms), dark green fritillary butterflies (the Neal Trust Oxhouse reserve), pink balerina waxcap fungi (neutral and acid grasslands), some red data book beetles such as jewel beetles and click beetles (wood pasture) and great crested newts.

Paul highlighted the importance of partnership working. Examples were those involved in the Princethorpe Woodlands Living Landscape Project (now Dunsmore Living Landscape Project): Warwickshire Wildlife Trust; Coventry City Council; Warwickshire District Council (Warwickshire Biodiversity Audit Team and Local Biodiversity Action Plan and Warwickshire Biological Records Centre); Warwickshire branch of the Butterfly Conservation Society; Warwickshire Fungus Survey and the Cotswold Fungus Group; the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO); the RSPB; and the Botanical Society of the British Isles (BSBI) Warwickshire Branch (John and Monika Walton).

Paul’s conclusions related to the importance of active conservation management tasks to maintain priority habitats at the right stage of natural succession (eg reed beds or grasslands).

The effects of Brexit were considered on wildlife and habitat protection – issues included funding for active nature conservation management and surveying and monitoring of priority species and habitats. PH

Amphibians and Reptiles in Warwickshire Some thirty plus members were introduced to the world of WART, that is the Warwickshire Amphibian and Reptile Team, by Jan Clemons on the evening of 11 October. Firstly the sightings were called for and griffon vulture, short-toed eagle and black redstart were put forward all being encountered on an Iberian journey. Closer to home brimstone, hobby still active, buzzards and red kites were reported, also forty species of fungi on a foray at Coombe Country Park. The reports concluded with a discussion as to the seemingly lower number of starlings present in the area.

So, to herpetology. It was stated that in general the widespread species are becoming much rarer. Frogs and toads were the first subject, the four native species common frog, common toad, natterjack toad and pool frogs being described. Frogs generally have smooth skin, a black patch behind the eye, various colourations and patterns and tend to leap around, whereas toads have rough skin, will stay in the hand if caught and walk or hop. Frog spawn is founds in clumps, toad spawn in strings; as for tadpoles the grey ones are toad, the black ones that gather in shoals are frog.

Frogs at the former Central station, Ashlawn Cutting

Next the three species of newt were covered smooth newt, palmate newt and great-crested newt (photo below © Jan Clemons). Smooth newt has smooth skin and a continuous crest, palmate newt has smooth skin, a filament on the tail and a pinkish chin with no spots as compared to the smooth newt. The much larger great-crested newt has warty skin, an indentation in the crest and a white or silvery flash on the tail, and is cast as the scourge of all property developers!

What do you say when you “Warts new?” meet a toad? ©*

Then to snakes and lizards. The common lizard has a speckled back and orange belly, with the females having a line along the back, and they give birth to live young. They warm up then come out actively hunting - they have the capability to darken the skin to warm up quickly. The sand lizard males have broad heads and green sides, whereas the females are identifiable by their bold eye markings. Slowworms are typically grey or brown with blue spots, only the females have stripes and darker brown sides. They are classed as lizards as they have eyelids and snakes do not, colour variations from yellow, gold and ivory, pink have been noticed. I would imagine most of us have seen a grass snake, fast and alert and an excellent swimmer in the water hunting fish in that familiar serpentine motion. They have distinctive collars of variable colours and are the snakes that can feign death if threatened. Not to be confused with the adder, albeit they often are. The adder (extinct in Warwickshire) has slitted pupils to the eyes whereas the grass snake has round pupils, not that you would want to stare into a snake’s eyes to find out – I recall “Jungle Book” and “Trust in Me”!! Adders only reproduce every two years and are very secretive and masters of camouflage, the prominent zigzag markings always give an adder away.

Photo © Jan Clemons: grass snake at Jees silt ponds

After introducing us to the various species and their identification traits, Jan described some of the work that WART members do, surveying colonies of great-crested newts, but now the removal of these is done on an area basis which makes it easier for developers to have them removed to special reserves. The use of newt traps was described and the process of catching and counting amphibians by torch light. The current lobbying is for developers to provide a way for creatures to escape from roadside gully pots and WART do much work with amphibian ladders to enable this. All in all I found Jan’s talk very entertaining and informative on a level all could understand and think about. MS

Where do tadpoles In a croakroom. change? ©*

Astonishing fungi With John and Val Roberts giving the talk and his wonderful photographs, we knew we were in for a treat on 25 October. Everybody comes into contact with microfungi: on our shoes; in the air; and in the soil. They grow in association with both living and dead plants. With the living, both the plant and the fungi benefit, while with dead matter, or items such as leaves and pine needles, they help them rot down. They grow in all seasons - some coming out from spring to others coming out after frost.

You cannot assume that members of the same family are edible. With the boletus, you have the cep or penny bun, which is excellent to eat, whereas the devil’s or satan’s boletus, as the name implies, is deadly.

Fungi come in a vast range of shapes, sizes and colours, from the tiny nail-like ones that grow on horse dung to the cauliflower fungus that can reach football size. With their some forty different ways to reproduce, they certainly live up to the title of the talk. Astonishing. DP

Conservation of Lear’s macaw in Brazil Where are macaws found in the wild? On 8 November, forty members of the society heard Steve Brookes tell us this and many more surprising facts about these particular species of parrot. Some are especially rare – Spix’ macaw was recently declared extinct in the wild, with 150 or so in captivity, and the glaucous macaw hasn’t been seen since 1960. Even the well known hyacinth macaw has fallen from two million in the wild to about 6,500 now. (Another teaser – what is the top-to-tail length of a hyacinth macaw?)

After whom is Lear’s macaw named? The surprising answer is near the end of this report. The range of Lear’s macaw (anodorhynchus [toothless beak] leari) is exceptionally small. Little was known about them until relatively recently because the subsistence farmers in the area don’t travel much. The farmers used to shoot the macaws to supplement their own diets and because the birds partly ate and partly spoiled their crops of corn. Now there are half a dozen kinds of conservation project, focusing on different ways to help the macaws.

Steve showed us a photo of a tree-filled canyon – tricky to locate birds in such a place, and accessible to view from the cliff tops only after a long crawl on rough tracks in a 4 x 4 vehicle, with a 1.30 am start from the visitor lodges essential for seeing the macaws come up from their nests in the cliffs. To conserve the habitat, rangers protect the land and fences are erected to keep out livestock – mostly goats, which eat the licuri palm that would normally be the favourite food of the Lear’s macaw.

The second type of project we heard about was checking the nests, which the macaws make in holes (up to three or four metres deep) in the sandstone cliffs. The chicks are 6 checked, measured, ringed and might have radio tags attached to their backs. It has been known for a swarm of bees to be cleared, and ladders installed by poachers are removed. This all sounded like a dangerous task to undertake.

Thirdly, a corn subsidy has been offered to the farmers. They use the licuri palms for cooking, animal feed and craft work, so what is left can be eaten or wasted by the macaws in less than an hour. Following assessment visits, the farmers are paid for lost crops in vouchers for sacks of processed corn (there being a suspicion that cash might end up in the bars). In 2006 160 sixty-kilo sacks of corn were supplied; this has risen to 810 sacks, though last year no subsidy was provided as the crops had failed along with the rains. Planting of licuri palms is the fourth type of project undertaken. Fifty were planted in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of the Parrot Society (UK). Local people helped by digging holes, erecting protective fences – then watching the parrot enthusiasts plant. (To be fair, they did join in after a while.)

All Lear’s macaws are owned by the Brazilian government (recent changes to this are being watched with some concern). All had to be returned to the country, but now captive breeding is undertaken by licensed establishments to provide a back-up population, using a “stud book” system to ensure genetic variation. The only place in the UK where they can be bred legally is Harewood Bird Garden in Yorkshire. Finally, there is a release project. This has to ensure that the birds are introduced to food sources and taught how to avoid predators. The birds are checked and isolated for a long period before release to prevent the introduction of disease.

To raise funds to support his poetry writing, Edward Lear (“The Owl and the Pussycat” is my favourite) also drew a book of parrots, based on collected skins. He wrongly identified one of these, later determined to be a previously unknown species which, being shown in his book, became known as Lear’s macaw. The hyacinth macaw is about a metre long. Macaws naturally only inhabit Central and South America. An informative talk, to be sure, supported by colourful photos (two of Steve’s are included here). For anyone who would like to know more, though, details of Steve’s book on parrots, and information about trips to see macaws, can be found online at his own website or that of the World Parrot Trust. https://www.parrots.org https://www.wildparrotsupclose.com In case you

7 weren’t at the talk to hear this or the other teaser answers, in nature macaws inhabit only south and central America, the hyacinth macaw is about a metre long. FH

Birds and wildlife of the Falkland Islands Standing in at very short notice on 22 November, for the guest speaker who had cancelled two days previously owing to a family bereavement, resident naturalist Paul Hodges gave an extremely well researched and informative talk to some thirty members of the Society on all aspects of the wildlife to be found on the Falkland Islands.

Photo © David Knapp: king penguins at Bluff Cove, East Falkland

The Falkland Islands are located between latitude 51 degrees and 53 degrees south, and longitude 57 degrees and 62 degrees west, in the South Atlantic Ocean, approximately 400 miles off the south-eastern tip of South America and some 8,000 miles from the UK. Along with islands such as Anguilla, Bermuda, Montserrat and the Cayman Islands, the Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory with internal self-governance and the UK taking responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. Direct flights are available from the UK on a Ministry of Defence operated air service from Brize Norton, Oxfordshire, with a total flight time of eighteen hours, which includes a refuelling stop at the mid-way point on Ascension Island.

On average, the Falklands are cooler than London in the summer, but warmer in the winter.

The Falklands archipelago consists of 778 islands, with a total land area of approximately 12,000 square kilometres; roughly half the size of Wales. The two main islands are East Falkland and West Falkland, separated by the Falkland Sound. East Falkland is home to the capital, Stanley, where just over 85% of the island’s 2,500 inhabitants live. Despite several large mountain ranges the Islands are relatively flat, rising to no more than 705 metres above sea level. The coastline varies from rugged coastal cliffs to miles of undisturbed white sand beaches, interspersed with rocky headlands and large kelp forests. Many sheltered inlets are found along the length of the coast, providing refuge to wildlife and yachtsmen alike.

(Heading to) Bluff Cove, East Falkland Photos © David Knapp

More than 220 species of bird have been identified in the Falkland Islands, including five species of breeding penguin (king, gentoo, rockhopper, magellanic and macaroni) and around 72% of the world’s total black-browed albatross population. The two endemic species of the islands are Cobb’s wren and the flightless Falkland steamer duck. Other species of note are black-crowned night-heron, black-necked swan, white-tufted grebe, southern giant petrel, upland goose, striated caracara, sooty shearwater, imperial shag, ruddy-headed goose and turkey vulture. There are also fourteen species of regularly occurring marine mammal such as southern elephant seal, southern sea lion, Commerson’s dolphin, Peale’s dolphin and killer whale (orca). On land the vegetation is equally diverse, with over 350 identified species of plant, of which thirteen are endemic and 175 are native, with many “new” species brought over from the UK.

Upland Geese, Falklands

Photo © David Knapp

With a noticeable absence of trees and an incredibly rocky and barren terrain, all forms of life on the islands have had to adapt to an extremely harsh environment, including strong winds from Antarctica blowing across the open waters of the south Atlantic all year round. Whilst the Falkland Islands are about the same distance from the south pole as London is from the north pole, they do not benefit from the modifying effects of warm oceanic currents such as the Gulf Stream. DK

Annual dinner

The final event of the autumn/winter programme is the annual dinner. This will take place on Thursday 21 March 2019 (7.00pm for 7.30pm) at Badger’s Tea Room, Brandon Marsh Nature Reserve, Brandon Lane, Coventry, CV3 3GW. The cost for the three course meal will be £18.50 per person, inclusive of tea/coffee and a gratuity for the staff. Soft drinks will be available for purchase but guests are welcome to take their own wine, beer or other drinks of their choosing. If required, lifts to and from the reserve can be arranged and, as usual, non-members are 9 welcome. Entry to Badger’s will be via the main entrance to the reserve and the WWT shop will be open from 6.30pm until 7.30pm.

As in previous years, I am sure that this will be a very popular event, so to guarantee your place(s), please complete and return the form attached to the email bringing this newsletter (with payment) to Lyn Classey as soon as possible, and by Thursday 28 February 2019 at the latest. David Knapp “B-Y-O”

On the subject of taking your own, here’s an idea for a small but important contribution to cutting down on single-use plastic. Please do consider bringing a reusable cup to meetings so that the society can reduce its consumption of throw-away cups for after-talk coffees. Many supermarkets and coffee shops offer them for sale now. Oxfam in Rugby has bamboo versions which are less enormous than some and relatively attractive. (Other charity shops are available, of course....)

What did the frog order at McDonald’s?

French flies and a diet croak. ©*

Photographic competition

On 6 December Joan Sherratt introduced members’ entries into the society photographic competition. Here’s her review.

As usual the standard was high. It was a pleasure to scan in photographs and to mount the display. Biddy Allen was extremely helpful with the assembly of the five boards. The PowerPoint presentation does enable the photographs to be judged by all the members and we must thank Martin Sherratt and David Wan for the smooth operation. Some people are pleasantly surprised at how good their photographs appear when enlarged, even if the colour values are sometimes distorted by the projection system. Thank you to all the photographers.

The members seemed very happy with the method of judging and cooperated in discussion. The newly introduced most biologically interesting image in each section was very popular and next year will be included amongst the prize winners. It was interesting to hear Dave Campion`s account of grass snake mating balls. Several members expressed how much they felt valued and involved, they enjoyed being active, rather than passive, participants. Thank you to Janice and Paul for their tallying of the votes.

The photos which members judged were the most interesting in each category from a natural history viewpoint: Dave Champion’s grass snake mating ball at Southam; eyelash fungi at Westonburt, also by Dave; and lion’s mane jellyfish in Anglesey, by Janet Milwain (© here and below: the society’s accomplished photographers).

The competition was followed by an excellent buffet - thank you to all those who contributed food and what would we do without the work of those who set it up and cleared away? The raffle was a large one and £57 was raised; again thanks to the ticket sellers and the generous givers of prizes. The whole occasion was a good start to the Christmas season and marked the end of 2018. However, the number of entries was down even though some members had been coerced into entering photographs. We would welcome feedback as to why this was so. For example: Are the categories too limiting? Would people like to see the return of the landscape section? Is the cost of printing getting prohibitive? Does the standard scare you?

If you have views on this competition, the organisation or the format would you email Joan [email protected] or talk to her at any of the meetings. The committee welcomes your opinion - it is invaluable in providing a rewarding programme.

Flora and fungi category prize winners

1st Dave Champion’s dryad’s saddle, Ufton

2nd Tony Smith’s common spotted orchid at Hauxley

3rd Janet Milwain’s Cawston Woods

Vertebrate category prize winners

1st Paul Hodges’ brown hare

2nd Di Weaver’s female wigeon

3rd Dave Champion’s sparrowhawk

In the invertebrates category, 2nd prize went to Janet Milwain’s lion’s mane jellyfish (see above) and 3rd prize was awarded to Hilary Robson’s jewel (left).

First prize in the category, along with the society’s shield for the most interesting exhibit, went to Dave Champion for his mayfly at Upton House (see front page). I

Annual general meeting

Attached to the email bringing this newsletter are the papers relating to the society’s AGM on 21 February: the agenda and a committee nomination form. Do talk to someone on the committee about what taking on a role would involve, if you’re unsure, or to Wendy Classey on procedure. Some current members are not standing again, so you won’t be stepping on toes....

Data protection (the General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR] refers) To comply with the data protection regulations which came into effect in May, your consent is required for the society to hold your personal information. Please see your membership 2019 application form for details.

Acknowledgments and next newsletter

Did you hear about the illegally parked frog?

Many thanks to Ted Pearson for the frog and toad jokes (!) and to clipart-library.com, clipart- black.com, twistynoodle.com, shutterstock and Vectoons for illustrations (*©). Thanks, too, to everyone whose photographs appear in this edition, as well as to Dave Poole, David Knapp, Paul Hodges, Mark Slater and Joan Sherratt for their talk reports and other material. The editor’s special thanks to Lyn Classey both for distributing the newsletter and for help with the competition photos, which can also be seen on the society’s website.

The deadline for contributions to the next newsletter is 28 March, for publication in April 2019. Simply email articles to the editor (Fern Hodges, see below), or send in ideas for items. If you’d like to have the appendices included with your copy, please either give your email address to Lyn so that you can receive the digital version or (for those who still need a printed hard copy) let him know that you’d like to have them added. Sorry, but the lovely photos have to be left out of the printed version for cost reasons.

Committee members with specific roles

CHAIRMAN Mr T Landless, 27 Spicer Place, Rugby VICE-CHAIRMAN Mr L Classey , 13 Orson Leys, Rugby HON SECRETARY Mrs W Classey, 13 Orson Leys, Rugby HON TREASURER Mr David Knapp, 44 Orson Leys, Rugby PROGRAMME SECRETARIES Mr P Hodges and Mrs J Tolley-Hodges 30 Rupert Brooke Road, Rugby NEWSLETTER EDITOR Miss Fern Hodges, [email protected]

Appendix 1 Species list for Coombe Country Park (Visitor centre, copses, causeway, Smite Stream, the Wrautums Field, heathland) 6 and 7 October 2018 Compiled by Paul E Hodges CEnv, CMIEEM, PgDip, BSc(Hons), NVQ III, NEBSMC, C & G II

Field Mushroom – Agaricus campestris Oak Brackets- Inonotus dryadeus on the events field Split Fibercap- Inocybe rimosa Orange Peel Fungus – Aleuria aurantia Lilac Fibercap- Inocybe geophylla, var lilacina on bare ground near the adventure play area Alder Brackets- Inonotus radiatus Tawny Grisette- Amanita fulva Sulphur Tuft- Hypholoma fasiculare on the heathland under birches Ugly Milkcap-Lactarius turpis Fly Agaric- Amanita muscaria on heathland associated with birches on heathland associated with birches Stump Puffballs- Lycoperdon pyriforme The Blusher-Amanita rubescens Fairy Ring Champignon- Marasmius oreades on heathland and main drive on events field and formal gardens Honey Fungus- Armilaria mellea Chicken on the Woods/Sulphur Polypore- in formal gardens and woodlands Laetiporus sulphurous, on oak and yew Purple Jelly Disc- Ascocoryne sarcoides Birch Polypores- Piptoporus betulinus Jelly Ear- Auricularia auricular-judae on silver and hairy birches on elder near to the Wrautums field Deer Shield- Pleurotus cervinus Smokey Brackets- Bjerkandera adusta on stumps and logs Yellow Fieldcap- Bolibitius vitellinus Dryads Saddles- Polyporus Squamosus on events field and Wrautums field Charcoal Burners- Russula cyanoxantha Yellow Stagshorn- Calocera viscosa Yellow Swamp Brittlegills- Russula claroflava Lemon Disco- Bisporella citrina Sycamore Tarspot- Rhytisma acerinum Chalciporus piperatus- Peppery Bolete on sycamore leaves on heathland associated with birches Common Earthballs- Scleroderma citrinum Green Elfcup- Cholociboria aeruginascens on heathland on lime and oak branches Scaly Earthballs- Scleroderma verruvosum Firerug inkcaps- Coprinus domesticus on acid grass/heathland Common Inkcaps- Coprinus atramentarius Turkey Tail- Trametes versicolor Magpie Inkcaps- Coprinus picaeus Bleeding Oak Crust- Stereum gausapum on woodchips on oak logs Russet toughshank- Collybia dryophylla Hairy Curtain Crust- Stereum hirsutum King Alfreds Cakes- Daldinea concentrica Bleeding Broadleaf Crust- Stereum rugosum on ash on logs Blushing Bracket- Daedaleopsis confragosa Birch Knight- Tricholoma fulvum Beefsteak Fungus- Fisulina hepatica with birch on heathland on oaks and sweet chestnuts Candlesnuff Fungus- Xylaria hypoxylon Velvet Shanks- Flammulina velutipes Deadmans Fingers- Xylaria polymopha Many Zoned Polypore- Coriolus versicolor Paxillus involutus- Brown Rollrim Oak Mazegill- Daedalea quercina with birch on heathland on oak Coral Spot Fungus- Nectria cinnabarina Artists Bracket-Ganoderma applanatum Lilac bonnets- Mycena pura on beech Grooved Bonnets- Mycena polygramma Willow Brackets- Phellinus ignarius Common Bonnets- Mycena galericulata on crack willow Clustered Bonnets- Mycena inclinata Hen of the Woods- Grifola frondosa Buttercaps- Collybia butracea Common Rustgill- Gymnopilus penetrans Glistening Inkcaps- Coprinus micaceus Meadow Waxcaps- Hygrocybe pratensis Elder Whitewash- Hypholoma sambuci Poisonpie- Hebeloma crustuliniforme Deceiver- Laccaria laccata