Theme: Internet
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University „Džemal Bijedić“ in Mostar Faculty of Information Technology Theme: Internet Student: Mentor: Mostar, July 2013 Contents 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................3 2. Internet..........................................................................................................................4 3. Conclusion....................................................................................................................11 Introduction The term internet can be explained as a massive public spider web of computer connections. We can say that because it connects many things such as: personal computers, cell phones, mainframes, car alarms, music players, GPS units, soda pop machines, and even dog collars. The purpose of these computer connections is to share a free information. 2 The internet is built on a chaotic disarray of hardware, governed by minimal standards and with even fewer rules. Thousands of different software packages broadcast on the internet, are connecting millions of users each day. The Internet was nicknamed "The Information Superhighway", during the Clinton administration, but that term has now become inadequate to describe the sheer size of the Internet's reach. Internet is the largest computer network with a large number of permanent and temporary users. It is estimated that there are about 10 million computers that are constantly active and about 500 million users who are occasionally included in order to search and exchange information. The number of users is constantly increasing, so that in a very short period of time it took one of the most important places for the storage, retrieval and utilization of various information. Internet is practical realization of connecting hundreds of millions of computers into a single network. Internet The emergence of the Internet and computers, as well as their development of the first years is merit of technologically most advanced countries of our time: the United States of America. Like most projects, the U.S. military and the government, the emergence of the Internet is 3 shrouded in secrecy. Real, concrete reasons why the U.S. government has encouraged the development of the network are unclear. There are two reasons that have led to the development of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The official reason for building ARPANET was to enable professionals working in the military-industrial complex around the world, simultaneous use of a numerous computer databases. Unofficially, the top U.S. military learned that the Soviet Union has a long-range, intercontinental nuclear missiles. With those missiles Soviet army could destroy any part of the world. Military information system was centralized and if the center was destroyed, the U.S. military unit would become unable to defend the country. Therefore, the Army decided on decentralization, but only IT and the 1969th The U.S. established a military computer network ARPANET. The first step was to connect two computers at UCLA and Berkeley ,in Los Angeles, so at the end of 1969th there were 4 of them in the ARPANET , and one of them was owned by the Ministry of Defense. Number of connected computers is growing rapidly, and in 1971. there was a network ALOHANET of remote and isolated University of Hawaii attached as well. In 1983. the army separated from ARPANET and established its own network MILNET, out of fear that a growing number of network users will jeopardize national security. Parallel with these two networks developed a network of National Science Foundation NSFNET, which is from 1988th connected with ARPANET. Since then, on the network system are rapidly joining many new networks, so Internet began to be a synonym for the online conglomerate. Looking at the earliest history of the Internet it seems to be more the product of spontaneous than something planned. The term Internet comes from the English word interconnected and Networks (network computer system). In everyday life it is often identified with the World Wide Web (WWW), which is not so true in fact because the WWW is only one part, one service within the Internet as a global idea. The emergence of the Internet is related to 1969 when the United States started to work on the project of the Ministry of Defense called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency), which connected computers at universities and research centers, although in the background of that development was a development of a Wired Network Connection divided and an interrupted communication system in case of nuclear war ("cold War"). Such military objectives were, however, as this day and everywhere in the world, practically funded civil projects that have used this system. On the development of the Internet did not, as one might suppose, fundamentally affected Windows owned by Bill Gates (Microsoft),actually it was UNIX System. By introducing internet protocol TCP / IP (later Telnet, FTP) using of the name internet has began. From the very beginning of a system, the most important applications was electronic mail (e-mail). The rapid development of the Internet is from the 1993rd through the World Wide Web and the first graphical capable browser called "Mosaic". 4 That WWW, that many nowadays consider to be an internet, developed in 1989. by Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee. The author is an Englishman, but the system is promoted at CERN in Geneva (Switzerland). For his work, along with numerous other awards, Queen of England also named him a knight (Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire). So, thanks to his discovery and the new system, for the first time internet could be used by amateurs and not just scientist. Thus, the Internet has become a catalyst for rapid digital revolution which we have witnessed. Internet and many services within it, have become quite complicated for those who do not know him well, because it offers a whole range of always new opportunities, services and supports: IP. telephony, Groupware, Wikis, Blogs, super-fast connections that enable Vlogs, Video on demand, peer-o. Peer Wired Network Connection as File Sharing and Online games. Development is going on over the Web 2.0, Web 3.0 ... Internet has exceeded the limits of the United States already in the early seventies, and in 1992. it exceeds the threshold of one million computers spread all over the world. The Internet Society is founded and it declares it the common good of humanity. In 1993rd World Wide Web was established and the Internet has entered in every segment of human activity. By launching the project CARNet (Croatian Academic and Research Network) in 1991. began the introduction to the internet in Croatia. At the beginning of the 1992. the agency Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) gave CARNet right to administer the Internet community in Croatia. That same year the first communication line between Croatia and Austria was established, so Croatia became part of the Internet. First institutions connected to the Internet were FER, RBI, Faculty FESB in Split, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Economics in Osijek, and the Ministry of Science and Technology, which initiated that project. For the next few years CATNet was the only Internet service provider in Croatia (the Internet provider), and the service is provided to all citizens totally free. In 1996th the Internet has been commercialized and suddenly blossomed. Today, according to the latest survey of 100 households 26 of them have Internet access. Internet can be defined as a global computer information network, consisting of a large number of smaller interconnected computer networks, which enable the transfer of information between computers that are part of the network. So it may be defined as a network of networks. This literally means that it is the largest network that connects millions of personal computers, local area (LAN) and diffuse (WAN) network in a shared network. Computers and individual networks are inside of the internet connected in different ways. So there are various kinds of relationships that are used by internet. On one hand, the average user, in most parts of the world, connects to the internet via modem. On the other hand, there are links that connect computers to call servers, hosts or nodes. These are mostly extremely powerful computers, capable of processing huge amounts of data, and it is through them that individuals connect the modem to the Internet. Servers are usually networked with satellites 5 and radio links, and fiber optic and telephone cables. These computers are connected by specialized computers called routers (routers). Routers check which way is data moving over the Internet and decide where to send them. Unlike traditional media to transfer data, such as radio and television Internet is a decentralized network, which means that there is no central place from which it is operated. Data travels over the network divided into packets. Each of these packets contains information from where he went and where is his destination. That's why it does not matter which way these packages pass if your destination is properly prepared, so it means it does not matter which way the sent message travels through the Internet - it will eventually find its way to the goal. For their proper travel through the Internet and assembling on their destination ensures TCP / IP protocol, which has the task to ensure that message will arrive in the same form in which it was sent. The Internet is based on a client-server relation between computers, that is called client-server architecture. In the client-server architecture some of computers act as servers or data servers, and other computers act as clients or recipients of the data, so that a computer- client can access many different servers, and only a single server can be accessed by multiple client computers. Once a client establishes a connection to the server that contains the requested information, the server sends it to the client as a file. A special computer program called browser allows user to search for documents.